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Kong WS, Li JJ, Deng YQ, Ju HQ, Xu RH. Immunomodulatory molecules in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Cancer Lett 2024; 598:217113. [PMID: 39009068 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. According to clinical diagnosis and treatment, liver metastasis occurs in approximately 50 % of CRC patients, indicating a poor prognosis. The unique immune tolerance of the liver fosters an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In the context of tumors, numerous membrane and secreted proteins have been linked to tumor immune evasion as immunomodulatory molecules, but much remains unknown about how these proteins contribute to immune evasion in colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM). This article reviews recently discovered membrane and secreted proteins with roles as both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive molecules within the TME that influence immune evasion in CRC primary and metastatic lesions, particularly their mechanisms in promoting CRLM. This article also addresses screening strategies for identifying proteins involved in immune evasion in CRLM and provides insights into potential protein targets for treating CRLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shuai Kong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China; Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jia-Jun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yu-Qing Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China; Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Huai-Qiang Ju
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China; Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China; Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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2
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Martínez-Pérez J, Torrado C, Domínguez-Cejudo MA, Valladares-Ayerbes M. Targeted Treatment against Cancer Stem Cells in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6220. [PMID: 38892410 PMCID: PMC11172446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (SC) theory proposes that a population of SCs serves as the driving force behind fundamental tumor processes, including metastasis, recurrence, and resistance to therapy. The standard of care for patients with stage III and high-risk stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) includes surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Fluoropyrimidines and their combination with oxaliplatin increased the cure rates, being able to eradicate the occult metastatic SC in a fraction of patients. The treatment for unresectable metastatic CRC is based on chemotherapy, antibodies to VEGF and EGFR, and tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. Immunotherapy is used in MSI-H tumors. Currently used drugs target dividing cells and, while often effective at debulking tumor mass, these agents have largely failed to cure metastatic disease. SCs are generated either due to genetic and epigenetic alterations in stem/progenitor cells or to the dedifferentiation of somatic cells where diverse signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, Notch, TGF-β/SMAD, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, DNA damage response, and Hippo-YAP play a key role. Anti-neoplastic treatments could be improved by elimination of SCs, becoming an attractive target for the design of novel agents. Here, we present a review of clinical trials assessing the efficacy of targeted treatment focusing on these pathways in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martínez-Pérez
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio (HUVR), Avenida de Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio (HUVR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida de Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Carlos Torrado
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - María A. Domínguez-Cejudo
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio (HUVR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida de Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Manuel Valladares-Ayerbes
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio (HUVR), Avenida de Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio (HUVR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida de Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
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3
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Hiura K, Watanabe M, Hirose N, Nakano K, Okamura T, Sasaki H, Sasaki N. Mitotic Spindle Positioning (MISP) Facilitates Colorectal Cancer Progression by Forming a Complex with Opa Interacting Protein 5 (OIP5) and Activating the JAK2-STAT3 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3061. [PMID: 38474305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who experience long-term chronic inflammation of the colon are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Mitotic spindle positioning (MISP), an actin-binding protein, plays a role in mitosis and spindle positioning. MISP is found on the apical membrane of the intestinal mucosa and helps stabilize and elongate microvilli, offering protection against colitis. This study explored the role of MISP in colorectal tumorigenesis using a database, human CRC cells, and a mouse model for colitis-induced colorectal tumors triggered by azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment. We found that MISP was highly expressed in colon cancer patient tissues and that reduced MISP expression inhibited cell proliferation. Notably, MISP-deficient mice showed reduced colon tumor formation in the AOM/DSS-induced colitis model. Furthermore, MISP was found to form a complex with Opa interacting protein 5 (OIP5) in the cytoplasm, influencing the expression of OIP5 in a unidirectional manner. We also observed that MISP increased the levels of phosphorylated STAT3 in the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway, which is linked to tumorigenesis. These findings indicate that MISP could be a risk factor for CRC, and targeting MISP might provide insights into the mechanisms of colitis-induced colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Hiura
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Masaki Watanabe
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Naoki Hirose
- The Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakano
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hayato Sasaki
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Nobuya Sasaki
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
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Binabaj MM, Asgharzadeh F, Rahmani F, Al-Asady AM, Hashemzehi M, Soleimani A, Avan A, Mehraban S, Ghorbani E, Ryzhikov M, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM. Vactosertib potently improves anti-tumor properties of 5-FU for colon cancer. Daru 2023; 31:193-203. [PMID: 37740873 PMCID: PMC10624787 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-023-00474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that the TGF-β signaling pathway plays a critical role in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. The aim of the current study is to investigate the therapeutic potential of Vactosertib (EW-7197), a selective inhibitor of TGF-β receptor type I, either alone or in combination with the standard first-line chemotherapeutic treatment, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), in CRC progression in both cellular and animal models. METHODS Real-Time PCR, Zymography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) tissue staining, and Flow cytometry techniques were applied to determine the anti-tumor properties of this novel TGF-β inhibitor in in vitro (CT-26 cell line) and in vivo (inbred BALB/C mice) samples. RESULTS Our findings showed that Vactosertib decreased cell proliferation and induced spheroid shrinkage. Moreover, this inhibitor suppressed the cell cycle and its administration either alone or in combination with 5-FU induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of p53 and BAX proteins. It also improved 5-FU anti-cancer effects by decreasing the tumor volume and weight, increasing tumor necrosis, and regulating tumor fibrosis and inflammation in an animal model. Vactosertib also enhanced the inhibitory effect of 5-FU on invasive behavior of CRC cells by upregulating the expression of E-cadherin and inhibiting MMP-9 enzymatic activity. CONCLUSION This study demonstrating the potent anti-tumor effects of Vactosertib against CRC progression. Our results clearly suggest that this inhibitor could be a promising agent reducing CRC tumor progression when administered either alone or in combination with standard treatment in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moradi Binabaj
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- Kashmar School of Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdulridha Mohammed Al-Asady
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Kerbala, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq
| | | | - Atena Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Mehraban
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Ghorbani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Singh S, Gouri V, Samant M. TGF-β in correlation with tumor progression, immunosuppression and targeted therapy in colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2023; 40:335. [PMID: 37855975 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex malignancy responsible for the second-highest cancer deaths worldwide. TGF-β maintains normal cellular homeostasis by inhibiting the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis, but its elevated level is correlated with colorectal cancer progression, as TGF-β is a master regulator of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a critical step of metastasis. Tumors, including CRC, use elevated TGF-β levels to avoid immune surveillance by modulating immune cell differentiation, proliferation, and effector function. Presently, the treatment of advanced CRC is mainly based on chemotherapy, with multiple adverse effects. Thus, there is a need to develop alternate tactics because CRC continue to be mostly resistant to the present therapeutic regimen. TGF-β blockade has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Blocking TGF-β with phytochemicals and other molecules, such as antisense oligonucleotides, monoclonal antibodies, and bifunctional traps, alone or in combination, may be a safer and more effective way to treat CRC. Furthermore, combination immunotherapy comprising TGF-β blockers and immune checkpoint inhibitors is gaining popularity because both molecules work synergistically to suppress the immune system. Here, we summarize the current understanding of TGF-β as a therapeutic target for managing CRC and its context-dependent tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Singh
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vinita Gouri
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.
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Peng H, Ying J, Zang J, Lu H, Zhao X, Yang P, Wang X, Li J, Gong Z, Zhang D, Wang Z. Specific Mutations in APC, with Prognostic Implications in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2023; 55:1270-1280. [PMID: 37114476 PMCID: PMC10582542 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2023.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Loss-of-function mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene are common in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, the characteristic of APC specific mutations in mCRC is poorly understood. Here, we explored the clinical and molecular characteristics of N-terminal and C-terminal side APC mutations in Chinese patients with mCRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hybrid capture-based next-generation sequencing was performed on tumor tissues from 275 mCRC pati-ents to detect mutations in 639 tumor-associated genes. The prognostic value and gene-pathway difference between APC specific mutations in mCRC patients were analyzed. RESULTS APC mutations were highly clustered, accounting for 73% of all mCRC patients, and most of them were truncating mutations. The tumor mutation burden of the N-terminal side APC mutations group (n=76) was significantly lower than that of the C-terminal side group (n=123) (p < 0.001), further confirmed by the public database. Survival analysis showed that mCRC patients with N-terminus side APC mutations had longer overall survival than C-terminus side. Tumor gene pathway analysis showed that gene mutations in the RTK/RAS, Wnt and transforming growth factor β signaling pathways of the C-terminal group were significantly higher than those of the N-terminal group (p < 0.05). Additionally, KRAS, AMER1, TGFBR2, and ARID1A driver mutations were more common in patients with C-terminal side APC mutations. CONCLUSION APC specific mutations have potential function as mCRC prognostic biomarkers. There are obvious differences in the gene mutation patterns between the C-terminus and N-terminus APC mutations group, which may have certain guiding significance for the subsequent precise treatment of mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Peng
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Jun Ying
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Jia Zang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Hao Lu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Xiaokai Zhao
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Companion Diagnostics, Jiaxing Yunying Medical Inspection Co., Ltd., Jiaxing,
China
- Department of R&D, Zhejiang Yunying Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing,
China
| | - Pengmin Yang
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Companion Diagnostics, Jiaxing Yunying Medical Inspection Co., Ltd., Jiaxing,
China
- Department of R&D, Zhejiang Yunying Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing,
China
| | - Xintao Wang
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Companion Diagnostics, Jiaxing Yunying Medical Inspection Co., Ltd., Jiaxing,
China
- Department of R&D, Zhejiang Yunying Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing,
China
| | - Jieyi Li
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Companion Diagnostics, Jiaxing Yunying Medical Inspection Co., Ltd., Jiaxing,
China
- Department of R&D, Zhejiang Yunying Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing,
China
| | - Ziying Gong
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Companion Diagnostics, Jiaxing Yunying Medical Inspection Co., Ltd., Jiaxing,
China
- Department of R&D, Zhejiang Yunying Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing,
China
| | - Daoyun Zhang
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Companion Diagnostics, Jiaxing Yunying Medical Inspection Co., Ltd., Jiaxing,
China
- Department of R&D, Zhejiang Yunying Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing,
China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai,
China
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Mohseni N, Ghaniee Zarich M, Afshar S, Hosseini M. Identification of Novel Biomarkers for Response to Preoperative Chemoradiation in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer with Genetic Algorithm-Based Gene Selection. J Gastrointest Cancer 2023; 54:937-950. [PMID: 36534304 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-022-00873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conventional treatment for patients with locally advanced colorectal tumors is preoperative chemo-radiotherapy (PCRT) preceding surgery. This treatment strategy has some long-term side effects, and some patients do not respond to it. Therefore, an evaluation of biomarkers that may help predict patients' response to PCRT is essential. METHODS We took advantage of genetic algorithm to search the space of possible combinations of features to choose subsets of genes that would yield convenient performance in differentiating PCRT responders from non-responders using a logistic regression model as our classifier. RESULTS We developed two gene signatures; first, to achieve the maximum prediction accuracy, the algorithm yielded 39 genes, and then, aiming to reduce the feature numbers as much as possible (while maintaining acceptable performance), a 5-gene signature was chosen. The performance of the two gene signatures was (accuracy = 0.97 and 0.81, sensitivity = 0.96 and 0.83, and specificity = 86 and 0.77) using a logistic regression classifier. Through analyzing bias and variance decomposition of the model error, we further investigated the involved genes by discovering and validating another 28-gene signature which possibly points towards two different sub-systems involved in the response of the patients to treatment. CONCLUSIONS Using genetic algorithm as our gene selection method, we have identified two groups of genes that can differentiate PCRT responders from non-responders in patients of the studied dataset with considerable performance. IMPACT After passing standard requirements, our gene signatures may be applicable as a robust and effective PCRT response prediction tool for colorectal cancer patients in clinical settings and may also help future studies aiming to further investigate involved pathways gain a clearer picture for the course of their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Mohseni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Lund University, Skåne, Sweden
| | | | - Saeid Afshar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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8
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Zhang Y, Li QS, Liu HL, Tang HT, Yang HL, Wu DQ, Huang YY, Li LC, Liu LH, Li MX. MKRN1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by activating the TGF-β signalling pathway through SNIP1 protein degradation. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:219. [PMID: 37620897 PMCID: PMC10464235 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Makorin ring finger protein 1 (MKRN1) gene, also called RNF61, is located on the long arm of chromosome 7 and is a member of the RING finger protein family. The E3 ubiquitin ligase MKRN1 is closely linked to tumour development, but the exact mechanism needs to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the specific mechanism and role of MKRN1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) development. METHODS MKRN1 expression in CRC was analysed using the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopaedia and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Rectal tumour tissues were frozen to explore the MKRN1 expression in CRC and its clinical significance. The impact of MKRN1 on CRC cell proliferation and migration was observed using CCK8, colony formation, wound healing, and transwell assays. A combination of MKRN1 quantitative proteomics, ubiquitination modification omics analysis, and a string of in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed the potential mechanisms by which MKRN1 regulates CRC metastasis. RESULTS MKRN1 expression was significantly elevated in CRC tissues compared to paracancerous tissues and was positively linked with prognosis (P < 0.01). MKRN1 downregulation inhibits CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Conversely, MKRN1 overexpression promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells. Mechanistically, MKRN1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CRC cells via ubiquitination and degradation of Smad nuclear-interacting protein 1 (SNIP1). Furthermore, SNIP1 inhibits transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling, and MKRN1 promotes TGF-β signalling by degrading SNIP1 to induce EMT in CRC cells. Finally, using conditional knockout mice, intestinal lesions and metastatic liver microlesions were greatly reduced in the intestinal knockout MKRN1 group compared to that in the control group. CONCLUSIONS High MKRN1 levels promote TGF-β signalling through ubiquitination and degradation of SNIP1, thereby facilitating CRC metastasis, and supporting MKRN1 as a CRC pro-cancer factor. The MKRN1/SNIP1/TGF-β axis may be a potential therapeutic target in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Guizhou Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Shan Li
- Guizhou Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Lin Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ting Tang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Lin Yang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dao-Qiu Wu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ying Huang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Cheng Li
- Clinical Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
- Department of HematologyGuizhou Province Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guizhou, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meng-Xing Li
- Clinical Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China.
- Department of HematologyGuizhou Province Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guizhou, Guiyang, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China.
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Pourali G, Zafari N, Velayati M, Mehrabadi S, Maftooh M, Hassanian SM, Mobarhan MG, Ferns GA, Avan A, Khazaei M. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) and Programmed Death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in Pancreatic Cancer. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1335-1345. [PMID: 38053355 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501264450231129042256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one the most lethal malignancies worldwide affecting around half a million individuals each year. The treatment of PC is relatively difficult due to the difficulty in making an early diagnosis. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional factor acting as both a tumor promoter in early cancer stages and a tumor suppressor in advanced disease. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a ligand of programmed death-1 (PD-1), an immune checkpoint receptor, allowing tumor cells to avoid elimination by immune cells. Recently, targeting the TGF-β signaling and PD-L1 pathways has emerged as a strategy for cancer therapy. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge regarding these pathways and their contribution to tumor development with a focus on PC. Moreover, we have reviewed the role of TGF-β and PD-L1 blockade in the treatment of various cancer types, including PC, and discussed the clinical trials evaluating TGF-β and PD-L1 antagonists in PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Pourali
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Doctor, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nima Zafari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahla Velayati
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Mehrabadi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mina Maftooh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Yi M, Li T, Niu M, Wu Y, Zhao Z, Wu K. TGF-β: A novel predictor and target for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1061394. [PMID: 36601124 PMCID: PMC9807229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1061394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling regulates multiple physiological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, immune homeostasis, and wound healing. Besides, TGF-β plays a vital role in diseases, including cancer. Accumulating evidence indicates that TGF-β controls the composition and behavior of immune components in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Advanced cancers leverage TGF-β to reshape the TME and escape immune surveillance. TGF-β-mediated immune evasion is an unfavorable factor for cancer immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that hyperactive TGF-β signaling is closely associated with ICI resistance. It has been validated that TGF-β blockade synergizes with ICI and overcomes treatment resistance. TGF-β-targeted therapies, including trap and bispecific antibodies, have shown immense potential for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarized the predictive value of TGF-β signaling and the prospects of TGF-β-targeted therapies for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianye Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengke Niu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuze Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Kongming Wu, ; Zhenyu Zhao,
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Kongming Wu, ; Zhenyu Zhao,
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11
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Bhat AA, Nisar S, Singh M, Ashraf B, Masoodi T, Prasad CP, Sharma A, Maacha S, Karedath T, Hashem S, Yasin SB, Bagga P, Reddy R, Frennaux MP, Uddin S, Dhawan P, Haris M, Macha MA. Cytokine- and chemokine-induced inflammatory colorectal tumor microenvironment: Emerging avenue for targeted therapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:689-715. [PMID: 35791509 PMCID: PMC9395317 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a predominant life-threatening cancer, with liver and peritoneal metastases as the primary causes of death. Intestinal inflammation, a known CRC risk factor, nurtures a local inflammatory environment enriched with tumor cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immunosuppressive cells, and secretory growth factors. The complex interactions of aberrantly expressed cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and matrix-remodeling enzymes promote CRC pathogenesis and evoke systemic responses that affect disease outcomes. Mounting evidence suggests that these cytokines and chemokines play a role in the progression of CRC through immunosuppression and modulation of the tumor microenvironment, which is partly achieved by the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells. These cells impart features such as cancer stem cell-like properties, drug resistance, invasion, and formation of the premetastatic niche in distant organs, promoting metastasis and aggressive CRC growth. A deeper understanding of the cytokine- and chemokine-mediated signaling networks that link tumor progression and metastasis will provide insights into the mechanistic details of disease aggressiveness and facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for CRC. Here, we summarized the current knowledge of cytokine- and chemokine-mediated crosstalk in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, which drives immunosuppression, resistance to therapeutics, and metastasis during CRC progression. We also outlined the potential of this crosstalk as a novel therapeutic target for CRC. The major cytokine/chemokine pathways involved in cancer immunotherapy are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A. Bhat
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic ImagingCancer Research DepartmentSidra MedicineDoha26999Qatar
| | - Sabah Nisar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic ImagingCancer Research DepartmentSidra MedicineDoha26999Qatar
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical OncologyDr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer HospitalAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)New Delhi110029India
| | - Bazella Ashraf
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesCentral University of KashmirGanderbalJammu & Kashmir191201India
| | - Tariq Masoodi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic ImagingCancer Research DepartmentSidra MedicineDoha26999Qatar
| | - Chandra P. Prasad
- Department of Medical OncologyDr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer HospitalAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)New Delhi110029India
| | - Atul Sharma
- Department of Medical OncologyDr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer HospitalAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)New Delhi110029India
| | - Selma Maacha
- Division of Translational MedicineResearch BranchSidra MedicineDoha26999Qatar
| | | | - Sheema Hashem
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic ImagingCancer Research DepartmentSidra MedicineDoha26999Qatar
| | - Syed Besina Yasin
- Department of PathologySher‐I‐Kashmir Institute of Medical SciencesSrinagarJammu & Kashmir190011India
| | - Puneet Bagga
- Department of Diagnostic ImagingSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTN38105USA
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision MedicineDepartment of RadiologyPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | | | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research InstituteHamad Medical CorporationDoha3050Qatar
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic ImagingCancer Research DepartmentSidra MedicineDoha26999Qatar
- Laboratory Animal Research CenterQatar UniversityDoha2713Qatar
| | - Muzafar A. Macha
- Watson‐Crick Centre for Molecular MedicineIslamic University of Science and TechnologyAwantiporaJammu & Kashmir192122India
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12
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Ren T, Jia H, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Ma Q, Yao D, Gao X, Xie D, Xu Z, Zhao Q, Zhang Y. Inhibition of Angiogenesis and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling: Synergistic Effect of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors and Bevacizumab. Front Oncol 2022; 12:829059. [PMID: 35847929 PMCID: PMC9283643 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.829059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab (Bev) is a humanized vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody that is used with chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Bev-induced hypertension (HT) is the most common adverse reaction during clinical practice. However, at present, appropriate antihypertensive agents for Bev-induced HT are unavailable. In this study, retrospective analysis of clinical data from mCRC patients who received renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASIs) showed significant survival benefits of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) over patients who received calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and patients who received no antihypertensive drug (NO: Y2020046 retrospectively registered). An experiment of HCT116 colon cancer cell xenografts in mice confirmed that combined treatment of Bev and lisinopril (Lis), a RASI, synergistically inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth and enhanced the concentration of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) in tumor tissues. Our results showed that the addition of Lis did not interfere with the vascular normalization effect promoted by Bev, but also inhibited collagen and hyaluronic acid (HA) deposition and significantly downregulated the expression of TGF-β1 and downstream SMAD signaling components which were enhanced by Bev, ultimately remodeling primary extracellular matrix components. In conclusion, RASIs and Bev have synergistic effect in the treatment of colorectal cancer and RASIs might be an optimal choice for the treatment of Bev-induced HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Ren
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Qun Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xudong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Danni Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Zihua Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingchun Zhao
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Qingchun Zhao, ; Yingshi Zhang,
| | - Yingshi Zhang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Qingchun Zhao, ; Yingshi Zhang,
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13
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Tewari D, Priya A, Bishayee A, Bishayee A. Targeting transforming growth factor-β signalling for cancer prevention and intervention: Recent advances in developing small molecules of natural origin. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e795. [PMID: 35384373 PMCID: PMC8982327 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is the world's second leading cause of death, but a significant advancement in cancer treatment has been achieved within the last few decades. However, major adverse effects and drug resistance associated with standard chemotherapy have led towards targeted treatment options. OBJECTIVES Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays a key role in cell proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, regeneration, and tissue homeostasis. The prime objective of this review is to decipher the role of TGF-β in oncogenesis and to evaluate the potential of various natural and synthetic agents to target this dysregulated pathway to confer cancer preventive and anticancer therapeutic effects. METHODS Various authentic and scholarly databases were explored to search and obtain primary literature for this study. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) criteria was followed for the review. RESULTS Here we provide a comprehensive and critical review of recent advances on our understanding of the effect of various bioactive natural molecules on the TGF-β signaling pathway to evaluate their full potential for cancer prevention and therapy. CONCLUSION Based on emerging evidence as presented in this work, TGF-β-targeting bioactive compounds from natural sources can serve as potential therapeutic agents for prevention and treatment of various human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Tewari
- Department of PharmacognosySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwaraPunjabIndia
| | - Anu Priya
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwaraPunjabIndia
| | | | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic MedicineLake Erie College of Osteopathic MedicineBradentonFloridaUSA
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14
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Ge H, Xu C, Chen H, Liu L, Zhang L, Wu C, Lu Y, Yao Q. Traditional Chinese Medicines as Effective Reversals of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Induced-Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Targets and Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:842295. [PMID: 35308223 PMCID: PMC8931761 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.842295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide. Distant metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related mortality in patients with CRC. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process triggered during tumor metastasis, which is also the main impetus and the essential access within this duration. Therefore, targeting EMT-related molecular pathways has been considered a novel strategy to explore effective therapeutic agents against metastatic CRC. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) with unique properties multi-target and multi-link that exert their therapeutic efficacies holistically, which could inhibit the invasion and metastasis ability of CRC cells via inhibiting the EMT process by down-regulating transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smads, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, and Notch signaling pathways. The objective of this review is to summarize and assess the anti-metastatic effect of TCM-originated bioactive compounds and Chinese medicine formulas by mediating EMT-associated signaling pathways in CRC therapy, providing a foundation for further research on the exact mechanisms of action through which TCMs affect EMT transform in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhang Ge
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changhong Wu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Yao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qinghua Yao,
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15
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Zhong X, Ni J, Jia Z, Yan H, Zhang Y, Liu Y. CBX3 is associated with metastasis and glutathione/glycosphingolipid metabolism in colon adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 13:246-255. [PMID: 35284119 PMCID: PMC8899731 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-22-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is the major cause of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) mortality. Increasing studies demonstrated that the epigenetics and downstream expression change of pivotal genes may act as a major role in promoting COAD progression and metastasis. Therefore, identifying the dysregulation of key genes associating with COAD metastasis may provide a new strategy for the discovery of potential treatment targets. METHODS This study included a single-cell RNA sequencing profile consisting of 17,469 tumor cells derived from 23 samples, and 326 COADs available from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), etc. The study was performed using comparative analysis to characterize the role of CBX3 in COAD metastasis and progression. RESULTS This study revealed that the mRNA level of Chromebox homolog 3 (CBX3) in the metastatic COAD was significantly higher than that of the primary COAD and normal colon tissues (Wilcoxon's rank-sum test, P<0.05). Activation of CBX3 was involved in regulating an interaction network consisting of CCT6A, LSM5, and GGCT, etc., which may subsequently participate in glutathione metabolism. Besides, CBX3 also exhibited a negative correlation with glycosphingolipid metabolism, which may associate with the regulation of CBX3 on DNA methylation. Clinical data analysis demonstrated that patients with high CBX3 mRNA levels showed a nearly 2-fold shorter overall survival time than the control group (hazard ratio =1.59; likelihood ratio test, P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that CBX3 overexpression is associated with COAD metastasis. CBX3 downstream regulation network involves in TCP1 complex, LSM family, and glutathione metabolism, which may provide a potential target for suppressing tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhong
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhijun Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunyun Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Despotovic J, Dragicevic S, Nikolic A. Effects of Chemotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer on the TGF-β Signaling and Related miRNAs hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p and hsa-miR-93-5p. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:757-767. [PMID: 33826035 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-00980-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients are treated with standard chemotherapeutic drugs in the form of FOLFOX and FOLFIRI regimens. There are no reliable markers that could predict response to chemotherapy for mCRC. TGF-β signaling which interacts with microRNA (miRNA) network has important roles in tumor progression and chemotherapy resistance, thus the interplay between TGF-β signaling and miRNAs could be crucial for treatment response. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of chemotherapy for mCRC on TGF-β signaling and related miRNAs. Hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p and hsa-miR-93-5p were selected out of 316 miRNAs with multiple targets within the TGF-β signaling by in silico analysis. SW620 cells were treated with chemotherapeutic drugs for mCRC for 1, 3 and 6 days and expression of selected miRNAs, PAI-1, CDH1 and VIM was measured. Expression of TGF-β signaling-related hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p and hsa-miR-93-5p was time-dependently altered in SW620 cells treated with chemotherapeutics for mCRC. The expression of hsa-miR-93-5p remained downregulated after 6 days under combined treatments FOX and FIRI as well as the hsa-miR-17-5p expression under FIRI. Chemotherapy regimens for mCRC increased expression of a major TGF-β signaling target gene PAI-1, independently of the selected miRNAs expression. These treatments also increased the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers CDH1 and VIM on day 3 resulting in decrease of mesenchymal-like characteristics. However, their expression returned close to basal level on day 6. In conclusion, after initial response to chemotherapeutic drugs SW620 cells start to return close to the basal mesenchymal state while the long-term downregulated expression pattern of hsa-miR-93-5p and hsa-miR-17-5p makes them candidates worth testing as biomarkers for monitoring combined chemotherapeutic treatments therapy response in mCRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Despotovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sandra Dragicevic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Nikolic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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17
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Lv X, Xu G. Regulatory role of the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway in the drug resistance of gastrointestinal cancers. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:1648-1667. [PMID: 34853641 PMCID: PMC8603464 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i11.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, including esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancer, is one of the most prevalent types of malignant carcinoma and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Despite significant advances in therapeutic strategies for GI cancers in recent decades, drug resistance with various mechanisms remains the prevailing cause of therapy failure in GI cancers. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway has crucial, complex roles in many cellular functions related to drug resistance. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the role of the TGF-β signaling pathway in the resistance of GI cancers to conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and traditional medicine. Various processes, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell development, tumor microenvironment alteration, and microRNA biogenesis, are proposed as the main mechanisms of TGF-β-mediated drug resistance in GI cancers. Several studies have already indicated the benefit of combining antitumor drugs with agents that suppress the TGF-β signaling pathway, but this approach needs to be verified in additional clinical studies. Moreover, the identification of potential biological markers that can be used to predict the response to TGF-β signaling pathway inhibitors during anticancer treatments will have important clinical implications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqun Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Guoxiong Xu
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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18
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Ottaiano A, Santorsola M, Caraglia M, Circelli L, Gigantino V, Botti G, Nasti G. Genetic regressive trajectories in colorectal cancer: A new hallmark of oligo-metastatic disease? Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101131. [PMID: 34034007 PMCID: PMC8144733 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) originates as consequence of multiple genetic alterations. Some of the involved genes have been extensively studied (APC, TP53, KRAS, SMAD4, PIK3CA, MMR genes) in highly heterogeneous and poly-metastatic cohorts. However, about 10% of metastatic CRC patients presents with an indolent oligo-metastatic disease differently from other patients with poly-metastatic and aggressive clinical course. Which are the genetic dynamics underlying the differences between oligo- and poly-metastatic CRC? The understanding of the genetic trajectories (primary→metastatic) of CRC, in patients selected to represent homogenous clinical models, is crucial to make genotype/phenotype correlations and to identify the molecular events pushing the disease towards an increasing malignant phenotype. This information is crucial to plan innovative therapeutic strategies aimed to reverse or inhibit these phenomena. In the present study, we review the genetic evolution of CRC with the intent to give a developmental perspective on the border line between oligo- and poly-metastatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ottaiano
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS "G. Pascale", Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariachiara Santorsola
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS "G. Pascale", Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio, 7 80138, Naples, Italy; Biogem Scarl, Institute of Genetic Research, Laboratory of Precision and Molecular Oncology, 83031, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Luisa Circelli
- AMES-Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale, 80013, Casalnuovo di Napoli, Italy
| | - Valerio Gigantino
- Innovalab scarl, Molecular Biology, Centro Direzionale, isola A2, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS "G. Pascale", Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Nasti
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS "G. Pascale", Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
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19
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Yang Y, Ye WL, Zhang RN, He XS, Wang JR, Liu YX, Wang Y, Yang XM, Zhang YJ, Gan WJ. The Role of TGF- β Signaling Pathways in Cancer and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:6675208. [PMID: 34335834 PMCID: PMC8321733 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6675208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway mediates various biological functions, and its dysregulation is closely related to the occurrence of malignant tumors. However, the role of TGF-β signaling in tumorigenesis and development is complex and contradictory. On the one hand, TGF-β signaling can exert antitumor effects by inhibiting proliferation or inducing apoptosis of cancer cells. On the other hand, TGF-β signaling may mediate oncogene effects by promoting metastasis, angiogenesis, and immune escape. This review summarizes the recent findings on molecular mechanisms of TGF-β signaling. Specifically, this review evaluates TGF-β's therapeutic potential as a target by the following perspectives: ligands, receptors, and downstream signaling. We hope this review can trigger new ideas to improve the current clinical strategies to treat tumors related to the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen-Long Ye
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiao-Shun He
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jing-Ru Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xue-Mei Yang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yu-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen-Juan Gan
- Department of Pathology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215124, China
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Kostovski O, Antovic S, Trajkovski G, Kostovska I, Jovanovic R, Jankulovski N. High expression of CD133 - stem cell marker for prediction of clinically agressive type of colorectal cancer. POLISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2021; 92:9-14. [PMID: 32759397 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.0999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
<b> Background:</b> Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. The cancer stem cell (CSC) markers are associated with aggressive cancer types and poor prognosis. The objective of the study was to evaluate the CD133 expression and to correlate it with clinicopathological features in patients with CRC. <br><b>Material and Methods:</b> Our study included ninety patients with CRC who underwent curative surgical resection from 2012 to 2017 at the University Clinic for Digestive Surgery, Skopje, North Macedonia. Tumor samples were first analyzed with standard histopathological methods and then the CD133 expression was investigated immunohistochemically. The level of expression of CD133 was classified semiquantitatively. Low positivity was defined as positive immunoreactivity in <50% of tumor glands, and high positivity was defined as positive immunoreactivity in ≥50% of tumor glands. Furthermore, clinicopathological features of patients were retrospectively reviewed. <br><b>Results:</b> High expression of CD133 was found in 47.8% of patients' CRC samples. In 69.6% of patients with metastatic lesions in visceral organs we found high expression of CD133. We found statistically significant differences in the expression of CD133 between patients with and without visceral metastatic lesions (P = 0.0153), between patients with a different T category (P = 0.0119), N status (P = 0.0066) and grade (G) (P = 0.0115). Our results showed that the stage of disease has the greatest impact on expression of CD133 (P < 0.00001). <br><b>Conclusion:</b> High expression of CD133 is a useful marker for prediction of the clinically aggressive type of CRC and can be routinely implemented in standard pathohistological diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognen Kostovski
- University Clinic of Abdominal surgery, Facutly of medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Svetozar Antovic
- University Clinic of Abdominal surgery, Facutly of medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Gjorgji Trajkovski
- University Clinic of Abdominal surgery, Facutly of medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Irena Kostovska
- Institute of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Facutly of medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Rubens Jovanovic
- Institute of Pathology, Facutly of medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Nikola Jankulovski
- University Clinic of Abdominal surgery, Facutly of medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia
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Kim BG, Malek E, Choi SH, Ignatz-Hoover JJ, Driscoll JJ. Novel therapies emerging in oncology to target the TGF-β pathway. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:55. [PMID: 33823905 PMCID: PMC8022551 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β signaling pathway governs key cellular processes under physiologic conditions and is deregulated in many pathologies, including cancer. TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine that acts in a cell- and context-dependent manner as a tumor promoter or tumor suppressor. As a tumor promoter, the TGF-β pathway enhances cell proliferation, migratory invasion, metastatic spread within the tumor microenvironment and suppresses immunosurveillance. Collectively, the pleiotropic nature of TGF-β signaling contributes to drug resistance, tumor escape and undermines clinical response to therapy. Based upon a wealth of preclinical studies, the TGF-β pathway has been pharmacologically targeted using small molecule inhibitors, TGF-β-directed chimeric monoclonal antibodies, ligand traps, antisense oligonucleotides and vaccines that have been now evaluated in clinical trials. Here, we have assessed the safety and efficacy of TGF-β pathway antagonists from multiple drug classes that have been evaluated in completed and ongoing trials. We highlight Vactosertib, a highly potent small molecule TGF-β type 1 receptor kinase inhibitor that is well-tolerated with an acceptable safety profile that has shown efficacy against multiple types of cancer. The TGF-β ligand traps Bintrafusp alfa (a bifunctional conjugate that binds TGF-β and PD-L1), AVID200 (a computationally designed trap of TGF-β receptor ectodomains fused to an Fc domain) and Luspatercept (a recombinant fusion that links the activin receptor IIb to IgG) offer new ways to fight difficult-to-treat cancers. While TGF-β pathway antagonists are rapidly emerging as highly promising, safe and effective anticancer agents, significant challenges remain. Minimizing the unintentional inhibition of tumor-suppressing activity and inflammatory effects with the desired restraint on tumor-promoting activities has impeded the clinical development of TGF-β pathway antagonists. A better understanding of the mechanistic details of the TGF-β pathway should lead to more effective TGF-β antagonists and uncover biomarkers that better stratify patient selection, improve patient responses and further the clinical development of TGF-β antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Gyu Kim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ehsan Malek
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Adult Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplant Section, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James J Ignatz-Hoover
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Adult Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplant Section, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James J Driscoll
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Adult Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplant Section, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Vundavilli H, Datta A, Sima C, Hua J, Lopes R, Bittner M. Targeting oncogenic mutations in colorectal cancer using cryptotanshinone. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247190. [PMID: 33596259 PMCID: PMC7888617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent types of cancer in the world and ranks second in cancer deaths in the US. Despite the recent improvements in screening and treatment, the number of deaths associated with CRC is still very significant. The complexities involved in CRC therapy stem from multiple oncogenic mutations and crosstalk between abnormal pathways. This calls for using advanced molecular genetics to understand the underlying pathway interactions responsible for this cancer. In this paper, we construct the CRC pathway from the literature and using an existing public dataset on healthy vs tumor colon cells, we identify the genes and pathways that are mutated and are possibly responsible for the disease progression. We then introduce drugs in the CRC pathway, and using a boolean modeling technique, we deduce the drug combinations that produce maximum cell death. Our theoretical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of Cryptotanshinone, a traditional Chinese herb derivative, achieved by targeting critical oncogenic mutations and enhancing cell death. Finally, we validate our theoretical results using wet lab experiments on HT29 and HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haswanth Vundavilli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aniruddha Datta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chao Sima
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jianping Hua
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rosana Lopes
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Bittner
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Jena BC, Mandal M. The emerging roles of exosomes in anti-cancer drug resistance and tumor progression: An insight towards tumor-microenvironment interaction. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188488. [PMID: 33271308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex network of cellular organization consisting of fibroblasts, adipocytes, pericytes, immune cells endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix proteins. Besides communicating with each other, tumor cells are also involved in the tumor stroma interaction. Presently, most of the studies have focused on the contribution of TME in supporting tumor growth through intercellular communication by physical contact between the cells or through paracrine signaling cascades of growth factors and cytokines. The crosstalk between the tumor and TME has a pivotal role in the development of anti-cancer drug resistance. Drug resistance, be it against targeted or non-targeted drugs, has emerged as a major hurdle in the successful therapeutic intervention of cancer. Among the several mechanisms involved in the development of the resistance to anti-cancer therapies, exosomes have recently come into the limelight. Exosomes are the nano-sized vesicles, originated from the endolysosomal compartments and have the inherent potential to shuttle diverse biomolecules like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to the recipient cells. There are also instances where the pharmacological compounds are transferred between the cells via exosomes. For instance, the transfer of the cargoes from the drug-resistant tumor cells immensely affects the recipient drug-sensitive cells in terms of their proliferation, survival, migration, and drug resistance. In this review, we have discussed multiple aspects of the exosome-mediated bidirectional interplay between tumor and TME. Furthermore, we have also emphasized the contribution of exosomes promoting drug resistance and therapeutic strategies to mitigate the exosome induced drug resistance as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Chandra Jena
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
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24
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Li Y, Li L, Qin J, Wu J, Dai X, Xu J. OSR1 phosphorylates the Smad2/3 linker region and induces TGF-β1 autocrine to promote EMT and metastasis in breast cancer. Oncogene 2020; 40:68-84. [PMID: 33051597 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) plays a critical role in multiple carcinogenic signal pathways, and its overexpression has been found in various types of cancer; however, the pathophysiological role of OSR1 in breast cancer has not been evaluated. This study aims to elaborate on the role of OSR1 in breast cancer metastasis and the specific regulatory mechanism. Our results showed that OSR1 mRNA and protein were upregulated in both human breast cancer samples and cell lines. Moreover, phosphorylated OSR1 (p-OSR1) was an independent poor prognostic indicator in patients with breast cancer. OSR1 upregulation induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells with the increasing metastatic capacity. In contrast, deleting OSR1 in aggressive breast cancer cells inhibited these phenotypes. OSR1 is the critical activator for transcription factors of EMT. Mechanistically, we found that OSR1 can directly interact and phosphorylate the linker region of Smad2 at Thr220 and Smad3 at Thr179. Phosphorylated Smad2/3 translocated into the nucleus to enhance transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) autocrine signalling and increase the transcription of EMT regulators. Importantly, interruption of the OSR1-Smad2/3-TGF-β1 signalling axis elicited a robust anti-EMT and anti-metastatic effect in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, we conclude that OSR1-mediated Smad2/3-TGF-β1 signalling promotes EMT and metastasis representing a promising therapeutic target in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Junyi Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xueming Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Junming Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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25
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RUNX1 regulates TGF-β induced migration and EMT in colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153142. [PMID: 32866710 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) was one of the most malignant tumors worldwide due to its metastasis. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in CRC migration, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) works as a dominating cytokine in CRC EMT process. Here, we originally identified RUNX1 as an important factor among TGF-β induced EMT in CRC. We found that RUNX1 was overexpressed with the treatment of TGF-β, accompanied with enhanced cancer cell migration and EMT which was characterized by up-graded N-Cadherin levels. Vice versa, knockdown of RUNX1 attenuated the migration ability of TGF-β induced CRC cells. In addition, decreased expression of N-Cadherin suggested that EMT was also attenuated after knocking down RUNX1. Similar decrease was observed in EMT regulator snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAI1). And the knockdown effect of RUNX1 cannot be reversed by the addition of TGF-β. Moreover, we observed that RUNX1 expression was higher in CRC tumor tissues than in normal epithelial tissues. The enhanced expression was detected in cancer cell nucleus. These results revealed RUNX1 could regulate colorectal cancer migration via TGF-β signaling pathway, and RUNX1 might serve as a potential target for preventing CRC metastasis.
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26
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Wen L, Zhang X, Zhang J, Chen S, Ma Y, Hu J, Yue T, Wang J, Zhu J, Wu T, Wang X. Paxillin knockdown suppresses metastasis and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer via the ERK signalling pathway. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:1105-1115. [PMID: 32705241 PMCID: PMC7388420 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paxillin (PXN) is a cytoplasmic protein that plays an important role in regulating focal adhesion, cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell motility. The present study aimed to investigate the role of PXN in the metastasis of human colorectal cancer (CRC) and its possible mechanisms. Immunohistochemical staining of tissues from 102 surgical CRC patients revealed that high PXN expression was positively correlated with tumour‑node‑metastasis (TNM) stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and recurrence at distant sites after radical surgery. In 24 cases of stage IV CRC, PXN expression in liver metastasis was higher than that in the matched primary tumour. The knockdown of PXN inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion potential of SW480 cells in vitro and in vivo. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the effect of PXN on ultrastructural characteristics, observed mainly in microvilli and desmosomes. The downregulation of PXN decreased the activation of extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and suppressed the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Following the downregulation of PXN, the addition of an ERK activator or inhibitor restored or further suppressed EMT, respectively, accompanied by corresponding changes in cell migration and invasion. Collectively, the present results confirmed the important role of PXN in CRC metastasis and revealed that PXN regulated EMT progression via the ERK signalling pathway. PXN may represent a future therapeutic strategy to prevent the EMT‑associated progression and invasion of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Shanwen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Yongchen Ma
- Department of Endoscopic Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Jianwen Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Taohua Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Jingui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
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Zurawa-Janicka D, Kobiela J, Slebioda T, Peksa R, Stanislawowski M, Wierzbicki PM, Wenta T, Lipinska B, Kmiec Z, Biernat W, Lachinski AJ, Sledzinski Z. Expression of HTRA Genes and Its Association with Microsatellite Instability and Survival of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3947. [PMID: 32486357 PMCID: PMC7312515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HtrA proteases regulate cellular homeostasis and cell death. Their dysfunctions have been correlated with oncogenesis and response to therapeutic treatment. We investigated the relation between HtrA1-3 expression and clinicopathological, and survival data, as well as the microsatellite status of tumors. Sixty-five colorectal cancer patients were included in the study. The expression of HTRA1-3 was estimated at the mRNA and protein levels by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. Microsatellite status was determined by high-resolution-melting PCR. We found that the HTRA1 mRNA level was higher in colorectal cancer tissue as compared to the unchanged mucosa, specifically in primary lesions of metastasizing cancer. The levels of HtrA1 and HtrA2 proteins were reduced in tumor tissue when compared to unchanged mucosa, specifically in primary lesions of metastasizing disease. Moreover, a decrease in HTRA1 and HTRA2 transcripts' levels in cancers with a high level of microsatellite instability compared to microsatellite stable ones has been observed. A low level of HtrA1 or/and HtrA2 in cancer tissue correlated with poorer patient survival. The expression of HTRA1 and HTRA2 changes during colorectal carcinogenesis and microsatellite instability may be, at least partially, associated with these changes. The alterations in the HTRA1/2 genes' expression are connected with metastatic potential of colorectal cancer and may affect patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zurawa-Janicka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Jarek Kobiela
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (J.K.); (A.J.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Tomasz Slebioda
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (T.S.); (M.S.); (P.M.W.); (Z.K.)
| | - Rafal Peksa
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (R.P.); (W.B.)
| | - Marcin Stanislawowski
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (T.S.); (M.S.); (P.M.W.); (Z.K.)
| | - Piotr Mieczyslaw Wierzbicki
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (T.S.); (M.S.); (P.M.W.); (Z.K.)
| | - Tomasz Wenta
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Zbigniew Kmiec
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (T.S.); (M.S.); (P.M.W.); (Z.K.)
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (R.P.); (W.B.)
| | - Andrzej Jacek Lachinski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (J.K.); (A.J.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zbigniew Sledzinski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (J.K.); (A.J.L.); (Z.S.)
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28
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Shen CJ, Chang KY, Lin BW, Lin WT, Su CM, Tsai JP, Liao YH, Hung LY, Chang WC, Chen BK. Oleic acid-induced NOX4 is dependent on ANGPTL4 expression to promote human colorectal cancer metastasis. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:7083-7099. [PMID: 32641980 PMCID: PMC7330862 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and related mortality are highly associated with metabolic disorders. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of hyperlipidemia-associated CRC metastasis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) on NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which might provide new targets for improving outcomes in patients with hyperlipidemia-associated CRC metastasis. Methods: The clinical relevance of relationship between NOX4 expression and ANGPTL4 was examined in CRC patients by the Oncomine and TCGA data set. Expressions of NOX4, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, and gene regulation of NOX4 in free fatty acids (FFAs)-treated CRC cells were determined. The FFAs-triggered metastatic ability of CRC cells under treatments of antioxidants or knockdown of NOX4, ANGPTL4, and MMPs was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In addition, effects of antioxidants and depletion of metastasis-associated molecules on the correlation between ROS production and FFAs-promoted CRC metastasis were also clarified. Results: In this study, we found that the induction of NOX4, followed by the increased ROS was essential for oleic acid (OA)-promoted CRC cell metastasis. The depletion of ANGPTL4 significantly inhibited c-Jun-mediated transactivation of NOX4 expression, accompanied with reduced levels of ROS, MMP-1, and MMP-9, resulting in the disruption of OA-promoted CRC cell metastasis. Moreover, knockdown of ANGPTL4, NOX4, MMP-1, and MMP-9 or the treatment of antioxidants dramatically inhibited circulating OA-enhanced tumor cell extravasation and metastatic seeding of tumor cells in lungs, indicating that the ANGPTL4/NOX4 axis was critical for dyslipidemia-associated tumor metastasis. Conclusion: The coincident expression of NOX4 and ANGPTL4 in CRC tumor specimens provides the insight into the potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of dyslipidemia-associated CRC metastasis.
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Par-4 mediated Smad4 induction in PDAC cells restores canonical TGF-β/ Smad4 axis driving the cells towards lethal EMT. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 99:151076. [PMID: 32439219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of TGF-β signaling is intricately engrossed in the pathophysiology of pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PDACs). The role of TGF-β all through pancreatic cancer initiation and progression is multifarious and somewhat paradoxical. TGF-β plays a tumor suppressive role in early-stage pancreatic cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting epithelial cell cycle progression, but incites tumor promotion in late-stage by modulating genomic instability, neo-angiogenesis, immune evasion, cell motility, and metastasis. Here, we provide evidences that Par-4 acts as one of the vital mediators to regulate TGF-β/Smad4 pathway, wherein, Par-4 induction/over-expression induced EMT which was later culminated in to apoptosis in presence of TGF-β via positive regulation of Smad4. Intriguingly, Par-4-/- cells were devoid of significant Smad4 induction compared to Par-4+/+ cells in presence of TGF-β and ectopic Par-4 steadily augmented Smad4 expression by restoring TGF-β/Smad4 axis in Panc-1 cells. Further, our FACS and western blotting results unveiled that Par-4 dragged the PDAC cells to G1 arrest in presence of TGF-β byelevating p21 and p27 levels while attenuating Cyclin E and A levels and augmenting caspase 3 cleavage triggering lethal EMT. Through restoration of Smad4, we further establish that in BxPC3 cell line (Smad4-/-), Smad4 is essential for Par-4 to indulge TGF-β dependent lethal EMT program. The mechanistic relevance of Par-4 mediated Smad4 activation was additionally validated by co-immunoprecipitation wherein disruption of NM23H1-STRAP interaction by Par-4 rescues TGF-β/Smad4 pathway in PDAC and mediates the tumor suppressive role of TGF-β, therefore serving as a vital cog to restore the apoptotic functions of TGF-β pathway.
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Wang H, Liu S, Kong F, Xiao F, Li Y, Wang H, Zhang S, Huang D, Wang L, Yang Y. Spred2 inhibits epithelial‑mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer cells by impairing ERK signaling. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:174-184. [PMID: 32319644 PMCID: PMC7251656 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of the sprouty-related EVH1 domain protein 2 (Spred2) is closely associated with highly metastatic phenotypes in various tumors. However, the roles of Spred2 in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) are still largely unexplored. As anticipated, Spred2 expression was significantly downregulated in clinical tumor tissues. To restore Spred2 levels, Ad.Spred2, an adenoviral vector expressing Spred2, was transduced into CRC cells. It was revealed that Ad.Spred2 inhibited the proliferation and decreased the survival and migration of SW480 cells. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential event during tumor metastasis to distant sites. It was revealed that Ad.Spred2 markedly inhibited EMT by promoting F-actin reorganization, upregulating E-cadherin levels and reducing vimentin protein expression. Notably, extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling inhibition by PD98059 induced similar effects on EMT in CRC cells, indicating that Ad.Spred2 regulated EMT in CRC cells in an ERK-dependent manner. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), a well-known inducer of EMT, increased E-cadherin expression, decreased vimentin expression and promoted migration in CRC cells. However, neither Ad.Spred2 nor PD98059 had an obvious effect on the expression of SMAD2/3 or SMAD4 in SW480 cells, indicating that Ad.Spred2 inhibited EMT in a SMAD-independent manner. Notably, Ad.Spred2 transduction downregulated SAMD2/3 and SMAD4 levels in HCT116 cells in an ERK-independent manner. It was speculated that Ad.Spred2 inhibited the EMT of HCT116 cells by both blocking ERK signaling and reducing SMAD signaling. It was concluded that Spred2 inhibited EMT in CRC cells by interfering with ERK signaling, with or without reduced SMAD signaling. Therefore, the introduction of the clinical application of Spred2 has great potential for development as a gene therapy approach for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Shuchen Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Fanxuan Kong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Fengjun Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Experimental Medical Science and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Experimental Medical Science and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Yuefeng Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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Impact of fecal microbiota transplantation on TGF-β1/Smads/ERK signaling pathway of endotoxic acute lung injury in rats. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:52. [PMID: 32015948 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common clinical disease with high morbidity in both humans and animals. Studies have shown that intestinal microbiota affect the pathology and immune function of respiratory diseases through the "gut-lung axis". The authors investigated the therapeutic effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in rats with ALI induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Rats were treated with FMT, and then measured lung wet/dry ratio, PaO2 in artery, proinflammatory marker, and TGF-β1, Smad3, Smad7, and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) protein levels, as well as a histopathologic analysis and high-throughput sequencing of intestinal microbiota. FMT significantly reduced lung wet/dry ratio and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels, but increased the levels of PaO2 in artery. In addition, FMT significantly decreased the expression of TGF-β1, Smad3, and p-ERK, while increased the levels of Smad7. Lung histopathological analyses showed that FMT reduced the inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial lung exudates. High-throughput sequencing of intestinal microbiota analyses showed that FMT reconstructed the structure of intestinal microbiota, and increased the gene abundance of the bacterial community. Therefore, FMT may act on the TGF-β1/Smads/ERK pathway by regulating intestinal microbiota, inhibiting immune inflammation, reducing the production of inflammatory markers in the body and release, and reducing alveolar epithelial damage and repair, thereby improving the endotoxic ALI in rats induced by LPS.
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32
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Mohammadi S, Yousefi F, Shabaninejad Z, Movahedpour A, Mahjoubin Tehran M, Shafiee A, Moradizarmehri S, Hajighadimi S, Savardashtaki A, Mirzaei H. Exosomes and cancer: From oncogenic roles to therapeutic applications. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:724-748. [PMID: 31618516 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes belong to extracellular vehicles that were produced and secreted from most eukaryotic cells and are involved in cell-to-cell communications. They are an effective delivery system for biological compounds such as mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, lipids, saccharides, and other physiological compounds to target cells. In this way, they could influence on cellular pathways and mediate their physiological behaviors including cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, differentiation, and so on. Many research studies focused on their role in cancers and also on potentially therapeutic and biomarker applications. In the current study, we reviewed the exosomes' effects on cancer progression based on their cargoes including miRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs, DNAs, mRNAs, proteins, and lipids. Moreover, their therapeutic roles in cancer were considered. In this regard, we have given a brief overview of challenges and obstacles in using exosomes as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alimohammad Shafiee
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sanaz Moradizarmehri
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah Hajighadimi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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33
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Human Colorectal Cancer from the Perspective of Mouse Models. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100788. [PMID: 31614493 PMCID: PMC6826908 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease that includes both hereditary and sporadic types of tumors. Tumor initiation and growth is driven by mutational or epigenetic changes that alter the function or expression of multiple genes. The genes predominantly encode components of various intracellular signaling cascades. In this review, we present mouse intestinal cancer models that include alterations in the Wnt, Hippo, p53, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathways; models of impaired DNA mismatch repair and chemically induced tumorigenesis are included. Based on their molecular biology characteristics and mutational and epigenetic status, human colorectal carcinomas were divided into four so-called consensus molecular subtype (CMS) groups. It was shown subsequently that the CMS classification system could be applied to various cell lines derived from intestinal tumors and tumor-derived organoids. Although the CMS system facilitates characterization of human CRC, individual mouse models were not assigned to some of the CMS groups. Thus, we also indicate the possible assignment of described animal models to the CMS group. This might be helpful for selection of a suitable mouse strain to study a particular type of CRC.
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de Moura NA, Caetano BFR, Bidinotto LT, Rodrigues MAM, Barbisan LF. Dietary hemin promotes colonic preneoplastic lesions and DNA damage but not tumor development in a medium-term model of colon carcinogenesis in rats. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 846:403076. [PMID: 31585636 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Red and processed meat consumption has been strongly related to increase the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), although its impact is largely unknown. Hemin, an iron-containing porphyrin, is acknowledged as a putative factor of red and processed meat pro-carcinogenic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high dietary hemin on the promotion/progression stages of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (1,2-DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis. Twenty-four Wistar male rats were given four subcutaneous 1,2-DMH injections and received either balanced diet or balanced diet supplemented with hemin 0.5 mmol/kg for 23 weeks. Colon specimens were analyzed for aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumor development. Dietary hemin significantly increased ACF number and fecal water cytotoxicity/genotoxicity in Caco-2 cells when compared to 1,2-DMH control group. However, tumor incidence, multiplicity and cell proliferation did not differ between 1,2-DMH + hemin and 1,2-DMH control group. Gene expression analysis of 91 target-genes revealed that only three genes (Figf, Pik3r5 and Tgfbr2) were down-regulated in the tumors from hemin-fed rats compared to those from 1,2-DMH control group. Therefore, the findings of this study show that high hemin intake promotes mainly DNA damage and ACF development and but does not change the number nor incidence of colon tumors induced by 1,2-DMH in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelci A de Moura
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Brunno F R Caetano
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas T Bidinotto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil; Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB, Barretos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria A M Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis F Barbisan
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Kanehara K, Ohnuma S, Kanazawa Y, Sato K, Kokubo S, Suzuki H, Karasawa H, Suzuki T, Suzuki C, Naitoh T, Unno M, Abe T. The indole compound MA-35 attenuates tumorigenesis in an inflammation-induced colon cancer model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12739. [PMID: 31484999 PMCID: PMC6726640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In inflammatory bowel disease, chronic inflammation results in the development of colon cancer known as colitis-associated cancer. This disease is associated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) signaling. In addition, intestinal fibrosis is a common clinical complication that is promoted by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). In our previous study, MA-35 attenuated renal fibrosis by inhibiting both TNF-α and TGF-β1 signaling. This study aimed to identify the possible antitumor effects and antifibrotic effects of MA-35 using an AOM/DSS mouse model. MA-35 was orally administered every day for 70 days in the AOM/DSS mouse model. There was no difference in weight loss between the AOM/DSS group and the AOMDSS + MA-35 group, but the disease activity index score and the survival rate were improved by MA-35. MA-35 blocked the anemia and shortening of the colon induced by AOM/DSS. MA-35 reduced the macroscopic formation of tumors in the colon. In the microscopic evaluation, MA-35 reduced inflammation and fibrosis in areas with dysplasia. Furthermore, the TNF-α mRNA level in the colon tended to be reduced, and the interleukin 6, TGF-β1 and fibronectin 1 mRNA levels in the colon were significantly reduced by MA-35. These results suggested that MA-35 inhibited AOM/DSS-induced carcinogenesis by reducing inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Kanehara
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shinobu Ohnuma
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Yoshitake Kanazawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sato
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shoji Kokubo
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hideaki Karasawa
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Chitose Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takeshi Naitoh
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takaaki Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan. .,Department of Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan. .,Department of Clinical Biology and Hormonal Regulation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
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Zhu SM, Park YR, Seo SY, Kim IH, Lee ST, Kim SW. Parthenolide inhibits transforming growth factor β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer cells. Intest Res 2019; 17:527-536. [PMID: 31426622 PMCID: PMC6821947 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2019.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the mechanisms by which colorectal cancer (CRC) cells acquire migratory and invasive capacities, and subsequently metastasize. Parthenolide (PT) expresses multiple anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities that inhibit nuclear factor κB by targeting the IκB kinase complex. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether PT can inhibit TGF-β1-induced EMT in CRC cell lines. Methods HT-29 and SW480 cell lines were used in the experiment. Cell viability was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and sub-G1 analysis was measured by flow cytometry. The induction of EMT by TGF-β1 and inhibition of the process by PT was analyzed by phase contrast microscopy, wounding healing, cellular migration and invasion assays, and Western blotting. Results TGF-β1 inhibits HT-29 cell proliferation, but has no effect on SW480 cell proliferation; different concentrations of TGF-β1 did not induce apoptosis in HT-29 and SW480 cells. PT attenuates TGF-β1-induced elongated, fibroblast-like shape changing in cells. PT inhibits TGF-β1-induced cell migration and cell invasion. In addition, other EMT markers such as β-catenin, Vimentin, Snail, and Slug were suppressed by PT, while E-cadherin was increased by PT. Conclusions Our findings show that PT inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT by suppressing the expression of the mesenchymal protein and increasing expression of the epithelial protein. These findings suggest a novel approach for CRC treatment by suppression of TGF-β1-induced EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Mao Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Yong Ran Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Seung Yong Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - In Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Soo Teik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sang Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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Park JH, Kim YH, Park EH, Lee SJ, Kim H, Kim A, Lee SB, Shim S, Jang H, Myung JK, Park S, Lee SJ, Kim MJ. Effects of metformin and phenformin on apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in chemoresistant rectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2834-2845. [PMID: 31278880 PMCID: PMC6726705 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer remain important issues for patients treated with conventional therapeutics. Metformin and phenformin, previously used in the treatment of diabetes, have been shown to have anticancer effects in various cancers, including breast, lung and prostate cancers. However, their molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of these drugs in chemoresistant rectal cancer cell lines. We found that SW837 and SW1463 rectal cancer cells were more resistant to ionizing radiation and 5‐fluorouracil than HCT116 and LS513 colon cancer cells. In addition, metformin and phenformin increased the sensitivity of these cell lines by inhibiting cell proliferation, suppressing clonogenic ability and increasing apoptotic cell death in rectal cancer cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and transforming growth factor‐β/Smad signaling pathways were more activated in rectal cancer cells, and inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 expression using an inhibitor or siRNA sensitized rectal cancer cells to chemoresistant by inhibition of the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, such as X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis, survivin and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1. Moreover, metformin and phenformin inhibited cell migration and invasion by suppression of transforming growth factor β receptor 2‐mediated Snail and Twist expression in rectal cancer cells. Therefore, metformin and phenformin may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of chemoresistant rectal cancer by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and transforming growth factor‐β/Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Heon Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hyeh Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Joo Lee
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Areumnuri Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sehwan Shim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyosun Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Myung
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
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38
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Wang Q, Lu W, Yin T, Lu L. Calycosin suppresses TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration by upregulating BATF2 to target PAI-1 via the Wnt and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in colorectal cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:240. [PMID: 31174572 PMCID: PMC6555005 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the upregulation of basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 2 (BATF2) by calycosin suppresses the growth and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. METHOD Cells were cultured and treated with different concentrations of calycosin for different periods of time. Protein and mRNA expression was determined by western blotting and quantitative PCR. Cell migration was assessed by Transwell experiments. Co-immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays were used to analyze the association between BATF2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. (PAI-1). Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry; β-catenin cellular localization was visualized by immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Calycosin up-regulated the expression of BATF2 via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, which was antagonized by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), calycosin promoted the cell apoptosis and growth inhibition via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. TGF-β promoted cell growth, which was inhibited by calycosin regulating the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. TGF-β suppressed expression of BAX via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway but induced cell apoptosis .calycosin enhanced the effect of TGF-β on cell apoptosis,In addition, calycosin suppressed TGF-β-induced cell migration by increasing BATF2 to target PAI-1. TGF-β-induced EMT was inhibited by calycosin in human CRC LoVo and HCT116 cell lines via the Wnt signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The induction of BATF2 by calycosin may be a feasible therapeutic option for CRC. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China. .,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China. .,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weijun Lu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yin
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China. .,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China. .,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China.
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Khoshakhlagh M, Soleimani A, Binabaj MM, Avan A, Ferns GA, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM. Therapeutic potential of pharmacological TGF-β signaling pathway inhibitors in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 164:17-22. [PMID: 30905655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The TGF-β signaling pathway plays an important role in cancer cell proliferation, growth, inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The role of TGF-β signaling in the pathogenesis of breast cancer is complex. TGF-β acts as a tumor suppressor in the early stages of disease, and as a tumor promoter in its later stages. Over-activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway and over-expression of the TGF-β receptors are frequently found in breast tumors. Suppression of TGF-β pathway using biological or pharmacological inhibitors is a potentially novel therapeutic approach for breast cancer treatment. This review summarizes the regulatory role of TGF-β signaling in the pathogenesis of breast cancer for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atena Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Moradi Binabaj
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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40
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Zeng H, Umar S, Rust B, Lazarova D, Bordonaro M. Secondary Bile Acids and Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon: A Focus on Colonic Microbiome, Cell Proliferation, Inflammation, and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051214. [PMID: 30862015 PMCID: PMC6429521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary bile acids (BAs) and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), two major types of bacterial metabolites in the colon, cause opposing effects on colonic inflammation at chronically high physiological levels. Primary BAs play critical roles in cholesterol metabolism, lipid digestion, and host–microbe interaction. Although BAs are reabsorbed via enterohepatic circulation, primary BAs serve as substrates for bacterial biotransformation to secondary BAs in the colon. High-fat diets increase secondary BAs, such as deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA), which are risk factors for colonic inflammation and cancer. In contrast, increased dietary fiber intake is associated with anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. These effects may be due to the increased production of the SCFAs acetate, propionate, and butyrate during dietary fiber fermentation in the colon. Elucidation of the molecular events by which secondary BAs and SCFAs regulate colonic cell proliferation and inflammation will lead to a better understanding of the anticancer potential of dietary fiber in the context of high-fat diet-related colon cancer. This article reviews the current knowledge concerning the effects of secondary BAs and SCFAs on the proliferation of colon epithelial cells, inflammation, cancer, and the associated microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zeng
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Surgery and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Bret Rust
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
| | - Darina Lazarova
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18509, USA.
| | - Michael Bordonaro
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18509, USA.
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41
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Zhang C, Ji Q, Yang Y, Li Q, Wang Z. Exosome: Function and Role in Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2018; 17:1533033818763450. [PMID: 29681222 PMCID: PMC5949932 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818763450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a kind of nanometric lipidic vesicles, exosomes have been presumed to play a leading role in the regulation of tumor microenvironment through exosomes-mediated transfer of proteins and genetic materials. Tumor-derived exosomes are recognized as a critical determinant of the tumor progression. Intriguingly, some current observations have identified that exosomes are essential for several intercellular exchanges of proteins, messenger RNAs, noncoding RNAs (including long noncoding RNAs and microRNAs) as well as to the process of cancer metastasis and drug resistance. Herein, we review the role of exosomes and their molecular cargos in cancer invasion and metastasis, summarize how they interact with antitumor agents, and highlight their translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,2 Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Ji
- 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Yang
- 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqi Wang
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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42
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R Ebrahim A, El-Mesery M, El-Karef A, Eissa LA. Vitamin D potentiates anti-tumor activity of 5-fluorouracil via modulating caspase-3 and TGF-β1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma-induced in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:1218-1225. [PMID: 30205014 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of vitamin D (Vit D) alone and in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into a control group and 4 groups that received TAA (200 mg/kg, i.p.) twice per week for 16 weeks. These 4 groups were further divided as follows: HCC group; 5-FU group (75 mg/kg, i.p., once weekly for 3 weeks starting from the 12th week); Vit D group (200 IU/kg daily by oral tube for 16 weeks); and 5-FU + Vit D group (received the previously mentioned dosage regimens of 5-FU and Vit D). HCC was detected by histopathological changes in liver sections and the elevation of serum α-fetoprotein (AFP). Treatment with 5-FU + Vit D significantly decreased gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NrF2) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) at both the gene and protein level and serum AFP concentrations in comparison with their corresponding monotherapy. Moreover, 5-FU + Vit D treatment enhanced apoptosis by increasing caspase-3 gene and protein expression. Conclusively, Vit D enhances antitumor activity of 5-FU in an HCC-induced model and improves liver function of treated animals. Combination therapy in a TAA-induced HCC rat model was more effective than 5-FU or Vit D through the modulation of TGF-β1, caspase-3, and NrF2 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal R Ebrahim
- a Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Mesery
- a Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Amro El-Karef
- b Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Laila A Eissa
- a Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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43
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Zhang Z, Xing T, Chen Y, Xiao J. Exosome-mediated miR-200b promotes colorectal cancer proliferation upon TGF-β1 exposure. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1135-1143. [PMID: 30119180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome are emerging mediators of intercellular communication. Cancer-secreted exosome has an effect on the exosome donor cells and support cancer growth and metastasis. Here, we examine the TGF-β1, a multifunctional cytokine involved in the regulation of cellular signaling pathways in human cancers, significantly contributes to upregulate miR-200b in exosome from colorectal cancer cell lines. The miR-200b enriched in exosome can be transferred into a new target cell to facilitating the colorectal cancer cells proliferation. Further studies showing that the exosomal miR-200b could directly target 3'-UTRs of p27 and RND3 resulted in knockdown of respective target proteins in recipient cells. Remarkably, the overexpression of p27/kip1 in HCT-116 cell, not RND3, resulted in effectively inhibited cell proliferation which induced by exosomal miR-200b. Moreover, animal experiment studies also confirmed a stimulating effect of exosomal miR-200b on colorectal cancer cell-derived xenografts. The expression p27/kip1 have decreased in tumors xenografts after injected with exosomal miR-200b. Our observations offer an evidence that whereby exosomal specific miRNA could amplify the proliferative element into the neighboring or distant cells to effective tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Gerontology, The Yeda Hospital of Yantai City, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongchao Xing
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Peoples's Hospital of Shaanxi, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- Department of GeneralSurgery, The First People's Hospital of Xianyang City, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangmei Xiao
- Digestive Department; Tongchuan traditional Chinese medicine hospital, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Ganesan R, Sivalingam N. Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 Inhibits Growth and Proliferation Potential of Smad4 and p53 Mutated Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 25:819-821. [PMID: 29948613 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramamoorthi Ganesan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, 603203, India
| | - Nageswaran Sivalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, 603203, India.
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45
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Rosiq S, Hammam O, Abdelalim A, Anas A, Khalil H, Amer M. Colonic Stem Cells Expression of Lgr5 and CD133 Proteins as Predictive Markers in Colorectal Cancer among Egyptian Patients. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:968-974. [PMID: 29983786 PMCID: PMC6026422 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: Colorectal cancer is the fourth common tumour in Egypt after lymphoid, breast and urinary tumours. The study aims to assess the expression of Lgr5 and CD133 in pre-malignant (adenomatous polyps and IBD), malignant colorectal lesions and normal colonic mucosa by immunohistochemical staining. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study was done on 100 patients presenting with colonic symptoms, patients were divided into four groups; group I including 20 patients in the control group, group II including 20 ulcerative colitis (U.C) patients, group III including 20 patients with adenomatous polyps and group IV including 40 patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). RESULTS: Lgr5 and CD133 expression was significantly higher in carcinoma than in adenomas, IBD and normal mucosa (P < 0.001). Lrg5 and CD133 was positively correlated with histological grade (P = 0.001), depth of invasion (P = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), distant metastasis (P < 0.004) and TNM stage (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Role of Lgr5 and CD133 as stem cell marker was expressed and presented with different expression in the normal colonic mucosa, adenoma and CRC and showed increased expression in an advanced stage of CRC. This may suggest its possible involvement in colorectal tumorigenesis and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saed Rosiq
- Tropical Medicine Department, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat Hammam
- Pathology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelalim
- Tropical Medicine Department, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amgad Anas
- Hepato-Gastroenterology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba Khalil
- Pathology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mosbah Amer
- Tropical Medicine Department, Nasser Institute Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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Qi R, Dong F, Liu Q, Murakumo Y, Liu J. CD109 and squamous cell carcinoma. J Transl Med 2018; 16:88. [PMID: 29625613 PMCID: PMC5889571 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is well-known for its high rate of metastasis with poor prognosis. CD109 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell-surface glycoprotein. Recently, CD109 emerges as a potential biomarker and a therapeutic target for SCCs. Accumulating studies have reported that CD109 is highly expressed in human SCCs of multiple organs, and may contribute to the progression of SCCs. In this review, we summarized the findings on expression pattern of CD109 in SCCs, and discussed the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of CD109 in pathogenesis of SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Qi
- Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Fengyun Dong
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yoshiki Murakumo
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ju Liu
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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Ashktorab H, Mokarram P, Azimi H, Olumi H, Varma S, Nickerson ML, Brim H. Targeted exome sequencing reveals distinct pathogenic variants in Iranians with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7852-7866. [PMID: 28002797 PMCID: PMC5341754 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is currently used to establish mutational profiles in many multigene diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC), which is on the rise in many parts of the developing World including, Iran. Little is known about its genetic hallmarks in these populations. AIM To identify variants in 15 CRC-associated genes in patients of Iranian descent. RESULTS There were 51 validated variants distributed on 12 genes: 22% MSH3 (n = 11/51), 10% MSH6 (n = 5/51), 8% AMER1 (n = 4/51), 20% APC (n = 10/51), 2% BRAF (n = 1/51), 2% KRAS (n = 1/51), 12% PIK3CA (n = 6/51), 8% TGFβR2A (n = 4/51), 2% SMAD4 (n = 1/51), 4% SOX9 (n = 2/51), 6% TCF7L2 (n = 3/51), and 6% TP53 (n = 3/51). Most known and distinct variants were in mismatch repair genes (MMR, 32%) and APC (20%). Among oncogenes, PIK3CA was the top target (12%). MATERIALS AND METHODS CRC specimens from 63 Shirazi patients were used to establish the variant' profile on an Ion Torrent platform by targeted exome sequencing. To rule-out technical artifacts, the variants were validated in 13 of these samples using an Illumina NGS platform. Validated variants were annotated and compared to variants from publically available databases. An in-silico functional analysis was performed. MSI status of the analyzed samples was established. CONCLUSION These results illustrate for the first time CRC mutational profile in Iranian patients. MSH3, MSH6, APC and PIK3CA genes seem to play a bigger role in the path to cancer in this population. These findings will potentially lead to informed genetic diagnosis protocol and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Current address: Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Azimi
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hasti Olumi
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Michael L Nickerson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hassan Brim
- Department of Pathology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Sitaram RT, Mallikarjuna P, Landström M, Ljungberg B. Transforming growth factor-β promotes aggressiveness and invasion of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:35917-35931. [PMID: 27166254 PMCID: PMC5094972 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms whereby transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) promotes clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) progression is elusive. The cell membrane bound TGF-β type I receptor (ALK5), was recently found to undergo proteolytic cleavage in aggressive prostate cancer cells, resulting in liberation and subsequent nuclear translocation of its intracellular domain (ICD), suggesting that ALK5-ICD might be a useful cancer biomarker. Herein, the possible correlation between ALK5 full length (ALK5-FL) and ALK5-ICD protein, phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3), and expression of TGF-β target gene PAI-1, was investigated in a clinical ccRCC material, in relation to tumor grade, stage, size and cancer specific survival. Expression of ALK5-FL, ALK5-ICD, pSmad2/3 and PAI-1 protein levels were significantly higher in higher stage and associated with adverse survival. ALK5-ICD, pSmad2/3 and PAI-1 correlated with higher grade, and ALK5-FL, pSmad2/3 and PAI-1 protein levels were significantly correlated with larger tumor size. Moreover, the functional role of the TGF-β - ALK5-ICD pathway were investigated in two ccRCC cell lines by treatment with ADAM/MMP2 inhibitor TAPI-2, which prevented TGF-β-induced ALK5-ICD generation, nuclear translocation, as well as cell invasion. The present study demonstrated that canonical TGF-β Smad2/3 pathway and generation of ALK5-ICD correlates with poor survival and invasion of ccRCC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviprakash T Sitaram
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Maréne Landström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Börje Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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49
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Cicatiello AG, Ambrosio R, Dentice M. Thyroid hormone promotes differentiation of colon cancer stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:84-89. [PMID: 28342853 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor formation and maintenance depend on a small fraction of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that can self-renew and generate a wide variety of differentiated cells. CSCs are resistant to chemotherapy and radiation, and can represent a reservoir of cancer cells that often cause relapse after treatment. Evidence suggests that CSCs also give rise to metastases. Thyroid hormone (TH) controls a variety of biological processes including the development and functioning of most adult tissues. Recent years has seen the emergence of an intimate link between TH and multiple steps of tumorigenesis. Thyroid hormone controls the balance between the proliferation and differentiation of CSCs, and may thus be a druggable anti-cancer agent. Here, we review current understanding of the effects of TH on colorectal CSCs, including the cross regulatory loops between TH and regulators of CSC stemness. Targeting TH in the tumor microenvironment may improve treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Italy; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy.
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50
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McNabney SM, Henagan TM. Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon and Peripheral Tissues: A Focus on Butyrate, Colon Cancer, Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1348. [PMID: 29231905 PMCID: PMC5748798 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber consumption has been associated with many beneficial effects, including amelioration of obesity and insulin resistance. These effects may be due to the increased production of short chain fatty acids, including propionate, acetate and butyrate, during fermentation of the dietary fiber in the colon. Indeed, oral and dietary supplementation of butyrate alone has been shown to prevent high fat-diet induced obesity and insulin resistance. This review focuses on sources of short chain fatty acids, with emphasis on sources of butyrate, mechanisms of fiber and butyrate metabolism in the gut and its protective effects on colon cancer and the peripheral effects of butyrate supplementation in peripheral tissues in the prevention and reversal of obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M McNabney
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Tara M Henagan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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