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Kowalewski A, Borowczak J, Maniewski M, Gostomczyk K, Grzanka D, Szylberg Ł. Targeting apoptosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116805. [PMID: 38781868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent subtype of renal cancer, accounting for approximately 80% of all renal cell cancers. Due to its exceptional inter- and intratumor heterogeneity, it is highly resistant to conventional systemic therapies. Targeting the evasion of cell death, one of cancer's hallmarks, is currently emerging as an alternative strategy for ccRCC. In this article, we review the current state of apoptosis-inducing therapies against ccRCC, including antisense oligonucleotides, BH3 mimetics, histone deacetylase inhibitors, cyclin-kinase inhibitors, inhibitors of apoptosis protein antagonists, and monoclonal antibodies. Although preclinical studies have shown encouraging results, these compounds fail to improve patients' outcomes significantly. Current evidence suggests that inducing apoptosis in ccRCC may promote tumor progression through apoptosis-induced proliferation, anastasis, and apoptosis-induced nuclear expulsion. Therefore, re-evaluating this approach is expected to enable successful preclinical-to-clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kowalewski
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland; Center of Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland.
| | - Jędrzej Borowczak
- Clinical Department of Oncology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maniewski
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland; Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85-094, Poland
| | - Karol Gostomczyk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85-094, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzanka
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85-094, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szylberg
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland; Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85-094, Poland
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2
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Jeong SU, Hwang HS, Park JM, Yoon SY, Shin SJ, Go H, Lee JL, Jeong G, Cho YM. PD-L1 Upregulation by the mTOR Pathway in VEGFR-TKI-Resistant Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res Treat 2023; 55:231-244. [PMID: 35240013 PMCID: PMC9873321 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2021.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling pathways have been used for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mCCRCC), but resistance to the drug develops in most patients. We aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of the TKI resistance with regard to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and to investigate signaling pathway associated with the resistant mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine the mechanism of resistance, 10 mCCRCC patients from whom tumor tissues were harvested at both the pretreatment and the TKI-resistant post-treatment period were included as the discovery cohort, and their global gene expression profiles were compared. A TKI-resistant renal cancer cell line was established by long-term treatment with sunitinib. RESULTS Among differentially expressed genes in the discovery cohort, increased PD-L1 expression in post-treatment tissues was noted in four patients. Pathway analysis showed that PD-L1 expression was positively correlated with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. The TKI-resistant renal cancer cells showed increased expression of PD-L1 and mTOR signaling proteins and demonstrated aggressive tumoral behaviour. Treatment with mTOR inhibitors down-regulated PD-L1 expression and suppressed aggressive tumoral behaviour, which was reversed with stimulation of the mTOR pathway. CONCLUSION These results showed that PD-L1 expression may be increased in a subset of VEGFR-TKI-resistant mCCRCC patients via the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Un Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hee Sang Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ja-Min Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sun Young Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Su-Jin Shin
- Department of Pathology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Heounjeong Go
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jae-Lyun Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Gowun Jeong
- AI Recommendation, T3K, SK Telecom, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yong Mee Cho
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
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Xiang Y, Zheng G, Zhong J, Sheng J, Qin H. Advances in Renal Cell Carcinoma Drug Resistance Models. Front Oncol 2022; 12:870396. [PMID: 35619895 PMCID: PMC9128023 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.870396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common form of kidney cancer. Systemic therapy is the preferred method to eliminate residual cancer cells after surgery and prolong the survival of patients with inoperable RCC. A variety of molecular targeted and immunological therapies have been developed to improve the survival rate and prognosis of RCC patients based on their chemotherapy-resistant properties. However, owing to tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance, targeted and immunological therapies lack complete and durable anti-tumor responses; therefore, understanding the mechanisms of systemic therapy resistance and improving clinical curative effects in the treatment of RCC remain challenging. In vitro models with traditional RCC cell lines or primary cell culture, as well as in vivo models with cell or patient-derived xenografts, are used to explore the drug resistance mechanisms of RCC and screen new targeted therapeutic drugs. Here, we review the established methods and applications of in vivo and in vitro RCC drug resistance models, with the aim of improving our understanding of its resistance mechanisms, increasing the efficacy of combination medications, and providing a theoretical foundation for the development and application of new drugs, drug screening, and treatment guidelines for RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yien Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ge Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiyao Sheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hanjiao Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Markowitsch SD, Vakhrusheva O, Schupp P, Akele Y, Kitanovic J, Slade KS, Efferth T, Thomas A, Tsaur I, Mager R, Haferkamp A, Juengel E. Shikonin Inhibits Cell Growth of Sunitinib-Resistant Renal Cell Carcinoma by Activating the Necrosome Complex and Inhibiting the AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051114. [PMID: 35267423 PMCID: PMC8909272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy resistance remains a major challenge in treating advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), making more effective treatment strategies crucial. Shikonin (SHI) from traditional Chinese medicine has exhibited antitumor properties in several tumor entities. We, therefore, currently investigated SHI's impact on progressive growth and metastatic behavior in therapy-sensitive (parental) and therapy-resistant Caki-1, 786-O, KTCTL-26, and A498 RCC cells. Tumor cell growth, proliferation, clonogenic capacity, cell cycle phase distribution, induction of cell death (apoptosis and necroptosis), and the expression and activity of regulating and signaling proteins were evaluated. Moreover, the adhesion and chemotactic activity of the RCC cells after exposure to SHI were investigated. SHI significantly inhibited the growth, proliferation, and clone formation in parental and sunitinib-resistant RCC cells by G2/M phase arrest through down-regulation of cell cycle activating proteins. Furthermore, SHI induced apoptosis and necroptosis by activating necrosome complex proteins. Concomitantly, SHI impaired the AKT/mTOR pathway. Adhesion and motility were cell line specifically affected by SHI. Thus, SHI may hold promise as an additive option in treating patients with advanced and therapy-resistant RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha D. Markowitsch
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (O.V.); (P.S.); (Y.A.); (J.K.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Olesya Vakhrusheva
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (O.V.); (P.S.); (Y.A.); (J.K.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Patricia Schupp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (O.V.); (P.S.); (Y.A.); (J.K.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Yasminn Akele
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (O.V.); (P.S.); (Y.A.); (J.K.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Jovana Kitanovic
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (O.V.); (P.S.); (Y.A.); (J.K.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Kimberly S. Slade
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (O.V.); (P.S.); (Y.A.); (J.K.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Anita Thomas
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (O.V.); (P.S.); (Y.A.); (J.K.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (O.V.); (P.S.); (Y.A.); (J.K.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - René Mager
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (O.V.); (P.S.); (Y.A.); (J.K.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (O.V.); (P.S.); (Y.A.); (J.K.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (O.V.); (P.S.); (Y.A.); (J.K.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6131-17-5433; Fax: +49-6131-17-4410
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Liu H. The roles of histone deacetylases in kidney development and disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2021; 25:215-223. [PMID: 33398599 PMCID: PMC7925501 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-020-01995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important epigenetic regulators that mediate deacetylation of both histone and non-histone proteins. HDACs, especially class I HDACs, are highly expressed in developing kidney and subject to developmental control. HDACs play an important role in kidney formation, especial nephron progenitor maintenance and differentiation. Several lines of evidence support the critical role of HDACs in the development and progression of various kidney diseases. HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) are very effective in the prevention and treatment of kidney diseases (including kidney cancer). A better understanting of the molecular mechanisms underlying the role(s) of HDACs in the pathogenesis and progression of renal disease are likely to be of great help in developing more effective and less toxic selective HDAC inhibitors and combinatorial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics and The Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, SL-37, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Markowitsch SD, Schupp P, Lauckner J, Vakhrusheva O, Slade KS, Mager R, Efferth T, Haferkamp A, Juengel E. Artesunate Inhibits Growth of Sunitinib-Resistant Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells through Cell Cycle Arrest and Induction of Ferroptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113150. [PMID: 33121039 PMCID: PMC7692972 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common kidney malignancy. Due to development of therapy resistance, efficacy of conventional drugs such as sunitinib is limited. Artesunate (ART), a drug originating from Traditional Chinese Medicine, has exhibited anti-tumor effects in several non-urologic tumors. ART inhibited growth, reduced metastatic properties, and curtailed metabolism in sunitinib-sensitive and sunitinib–resistant RCC cells. In three of four tested cell lines, ART’s growth inhibitory effects were accompanied by cell cycle arrest and modulation of cell cycle regulating proteins. In a fourth cell line, KTCTL-26, ART evoked ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death, and exhibited stronger anti-tumor effects than in the other cell lines. The regulatory protein, p53, was only detectable in the KTCTL-26 cells, possibly making p53 a predictive marker of cancer that may respond better to ART. ART, therefore, may hold promise as an additive therapy option for selected patients with advanced or therapy-resistant RCC. Abstract Although innovative therapeutic concepts have led to better treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), efficacy is still limited due to the tumor developing resistance to applied drugs. Artesunate (ART) has demonstrated anti-tumor effects in different tumor entities. This study was designed to investigate the impact of ART (1–100 µM) on the sunitinib-resistant RCC cell lines, Caki-1, 786-O, KTCTL26, and A-498. Therapy-sensitive (parental) and untreated cells served as controls. ART’s impact on tumor cell growth, proliferation, clonogenic growth, apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, and metabolic activity was evaluated. Cell cycle distribution, the expression of cell cycle regulating proteins, p53, and the occurrence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated. ART significantly increased cytotoxicity and inhibited proliferation and clonogenic growth in both parental and sunitinib-resistant RCC cells. In Caki-1, 786-O, and A-498 cell lines growth inhibition was associated with G0/G1 phase arrest and distinct modulation of cell cycle regulating proteins. KTCTL-26 cells were mainly affected by ART through ROS generation, ferroptosis, and decreased metabolism. p53 exclusively appeared in the KTCTL-26 cells, indicating that p53 might be predictive for ART-dependent ferroptosis. Thus, ART may hold promise for treating selected patients with advanced and even therapy-resistant RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha D. Markowitsch
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (P.S.); (J.L.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Patricia Schupp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (P.S.); (J.L.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Julia Lauckner
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (P.S.); (J.L.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Olesya Vakhrusheva
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (P.S.); (J.L.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Kimberly S. Slade
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (P.S.); (J.L.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - René Mager
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (P.S.); (J.L.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (P.S.); (J.L.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (P.S.); (J.L.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (R.M.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-631-175-433; Fax: +49-6131-174-410
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Bladder Cancer Metastasis Induced by Chronic Everolimus Application Can Be Counteracted by Sulforaphane In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155582. [PMID: 32759798 PMCID: PMC7432076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic treatment with the mTOR inhibitor, everolimus, fails long-term in preventing tumor growth and dissemination in cancer patients. Thus, patients experiencing treatment resistance seek complementary measures, hoping to improve therapeutic efficacy. This study investigated metastatic characteristics of bladder carcinoma cells exposed to everolimus combined with the isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN), which has been shown to exert cancer inhibiting properties. RT112, UMUC3, or TCCSUP bladder carcinoma cells were exposed short- (24 h) or long-term (8 weeks) to everolimus (0.5 nM) or SFN (2.5 µM), alone or in combination. Adhesion and chemotaxis along with profiling details of CD44 receptor variants (v) and integrin α and β subtypes were evaluated. The functional impact of CD44 and integrins was explored by blocking studies and siRNA knock-down. Long-term exposure to everolimus enhanced chemotactic activity, whereas long-term exposure to SFN or the SFN-everolimus combination diminished chemotaxis. CD44v4 and v7 increased on RT112 cells following exposure to SFN or SFN-everolimus. Up-regulation of the integrins α6, αV, and β1 and down-regulation of β4 that was present with everolimus alone could be prevented by combining SFN and everolimus. Down-regulation of αV, β1, and β4 reduced chemotactic activity, whereas knock-down of CD44 correlated with enhanced chemotaxis. SFN could, therefore, inhibit resistance-related tumor dissemination during everolimus-based bladder cancer treatment.
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Chronic Sulforaphane Administration Inhibits Resistance to the mTOR-Inhibitor Everolimus in Bladder Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114026. [PMID: 32512849 PMCID: PMC7312500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive bladder cancer growth is associated with abnormal activation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, but treatment with an mTOR inhibitor has not been as effective as expected. Rather, resistance develops under chronic drug use, prompting many patients to lower their relapse risk by turning to natural, plant-derived products. The present study was designed to evaluate whether the natural compound, sulforaphane (SFN), combined with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus, could block the growth and proliferation of bladder cancer cells in the short- and long-term. The bladder cancer cell lines RT112, UMUC3, and TCCSUP were exposed short- (24 h) or long-term (8 weeks) to everolimus (0.5 nM) or SFN (2.5 µM) alone or in combination. Cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and cell cycle regulating proteins were evaluated. siRNA blockade was used to investigate the functional impact of the proteins. Short-term application of SFN and/or everolimus resulted in significant tumor growth suppression, with additive inhibition on clonogenic tumor growth. Long-term everolimus treatment resulted in resistance development characterized by continued growth, and was associated with elevated Akt-mTOR signaling and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)1 phosphorylation and down-regulation of p19 and p27. In contrast, SFN alone or SFN+everolimus reduced cell growth and proliferation. Akt and Rictor signaling remained low, and p19 and p27 expressions were high under combined drug treatment. Long-term exposure to SFN+everolimus also induced acetylation of the H3 and H4 histones. Phosphorylation of CDK1 was diminished, whereby down-regulation of CDK1 and its binding partner, Cyclin B, inhibited tumor growth. In conclusion, the addition of SFN to the long-term everolimus application inhibits resistance development in bladder cancer cells in vitro. Therefore, sulforaphane may hold potential for treating bladder carcinoma in patients with resistance to an mTOR inhibitor.
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Lobo J, Jerónimo C, Henrique R. Targeting the Immune system and Epigenetic Landscape of Urological Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030829. [PMID: 32012885 PMCID: PMC7037817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, we have witnessed remarkable advances in targeted therapies for cancer patients. There is a growing effort to either replace or reduce the dose of unspecific, systemic (chemo)therapies, given the associated short- and long-term side effects, by introducing more specific targeted therapies as single or combination agents. Due to the well-known implications of the immune system and epigenetic landscape in modulating cancer development, both have been explored as potential targets in several malignancies, including those affecting the genitourinary tract. As the immune system function is also epigenetically regulated, there is rationale for combining both strategies. However, this is still rather underexplored, namely in urological tumors. We aim to briefly review the use of immune therapies in prostate, kidney, bladder, and testicular cancer, and further describe studies providing supporting evidence on their combination with epigenetic-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lobo
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (R.H.)
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Chang X, Dong R. Transcriptional regulation of autophagy-lysosomal pathway in cancer. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:216-223. [PMID: 31912667 PMCID: PMC6996975 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of autophagy‐lysosomal pathway adapts to cellular stress and enables advanced cancer cells survive. This pathway plays an oncopromoting or oncosuppressing role, depending on context‐dependent stresses and treatment resistance. It remains controversial whether this pathway represents a target for drugs, although autophagy‐lysosomal inducers and inhibitors have been tested in clinical trials for cancer treatment. Therefore, identifying the transcriptional regulators of autophagy‐lysosomal pathway may lead to the development of effective cancer treatment and the improvement of the existing targeted cancer therapies. In this review, we summarize findings from several published studies on transcriptional regulation of autophagy‐lysosomal pathway in cancer biology, and evaluate its functional role as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Chang
- The First Surgical Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruihua Dong
- Oncology department, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
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11
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p53 at the Crossroads between Different Types of HDAC Inhibitor-Mediated Cancer Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102415. [PMID: 31096697 PMCID: PMC6567317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex genetic and epigenetic-based disease that has developed an armada of mechanisms to escape cell death. The deregulation of apoptosis and autophagy, which are basic processes essential for normal cellular activity, are commonly encountered during the development of human tumors. In order to assist the cancer cell in defeating the imbalance between cell growth and cell death, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been employed to reverse epigenetically deregulated gene expression caused by aberrant post-translational protein modifications. These interfere with histone acetyltransferase- and deacetylase-mediated acetylation of both histone and non-histone proteins, and thereby exert a wide array of HDACi-stimulated cytotoxic effects. Key determinants of HDACi lethality that interfere with cellular growth in a multitude of tumor cells are apoptosis and autophagy, which are either mutually exclusive or activated in combination. Here, we compile known molecular signals and pathways involved in the HDACi-triggered induction of apoptosis and autophagy. Currently, the factors that determine the mode of HDACi-elicited cell death are mostly unclear. Correspondingly, we also summarized as yet established intertwined mechanisms, in particular with respect to the oncogenic tumor suppressor protein p53, that drive the interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in response to HDACi. In this context, we also note the significance to determine the presence of functional p53 protein levels in the cancer cell. The confirmation of the context-dependent function of autophagy will pave the way to improve the benefit from HDACi-mediated cancer treatment.
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12
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Makarević J, Rutz J, Juengel E, Maxeiner S, Tsaur I, Chun FKH, Bereiter-Hahn J, Blaheta RA. Influence of the HDAC Inhibitor Valproic Acid on the Growth and Proliferation of Temsirolimus-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040566. [PMID: 31010254 PMCID: PMC6520872 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is elevated in prostate cancer, making this protein attractive for tumor treatment. Unfortunately, resistance towards mTOR inhibitors develops and the tumor becomes reactivated. We determined whether epigenetic modulation by the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA), may counteract non-responsiveness to the mTOR inhibitor, temsirolimus, in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Prostate cancer cells, sensitive (parental) and resistant to temsirolimus, were exposed to VPA, and tumor cell growth behavior compared. Temsirolimus resistance enhanced the number of tumor cells in the G2/M-phase, correlating with elevated cell proliferation and clonal growth. The cell cycling proteins cdk1 and cyclin B, along with Akt-mTOR signaling increased, whereas p19, p21 and p27 decreased, compared to the parental cells. VPA significantly reduced cell growth and up-regulated the acetylated histones H3 and H4. Cdk1 and cyclin B decreased, as did phosphorylated mTOR and the mTOR sub-complex Raptor. The mTOR sub-member Rictor and phosphorylated Akt increased under VPA. Knockdown of cdk1, cyclin B, or Raptor led to significant cell growth reduction. HDAC inhibition through VPA counteracts temsirolimus resistance, probably by down-regulating cdk1, cyclin B and Raptor. Enhanced Rictor and Akt, however, may represent an undesired feedback loop, which should be considered when designing future therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Makarević
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jochen Rutz
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Maxeiner
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Felix K-H Chun
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Bereiter-Hahn
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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13
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Beyens M, Vandamme T, Peeters M, Van Camp G, Op de Beeck K. Resistance to targeted treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R109-R130. [PMID: 32022503 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is part of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mTOR signaling. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway has a pivotal role in the oncogenesis of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) drive angiogenesis in NETs and therefore contributes to neuroendocrine tumor development. Hence, mTOR and angiogenesis inhibitors have been developed. Everolimus, a first-generation mTOR inhibitor, has shown significant survival benefit in advanced gastroenteropancreatic NETs. Sunitinib, a pan-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the VEGF receptor, has proven to increase progression-free survival in advanced pancreatic NETs. Nevertheless, primary and acquired resistance to rapalogs and sunitinib has limited the clinical benefit for NET patients. Despite the identification of multiple molecular mechanisms of resistance, no predictive biomarker has made it to the clinic. This review is focused on the mTOR signaling and angiogenesis in NET, the molecular mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to everolimus and sunitinib and how to overcome this resistance by alternative drug compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Beyens
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Timon Vandamme
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ken Op de Beeck
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Laks DR, Oses-Prieto JA, Alvarado AG, Nakashima J, Chand S, Azzam DB, Gholkar AA, Sperry J, Ludwig K, Condro MC, Nazarian S, Cardenas A, Shih MYS, Damoiseaux R, France B, Orozco N, Visnyei K, Crisman TJ, Gao F, Torres JZ, Coppola G, Burlingame AL, Kornblum HI. A molecular cascade modulates MAP1B and confers resistance to mTOR inhibition in human glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:764-775. [PMID: 29136244 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical trials of therapies directed against nodes of the signaling axis of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in glioblastoma (GBM) have had disappointing results. Resistance to mTOR inhibitors limits their efficacy. Methods To determine mechanisms of resistance to chronic mTOR inhibition, we performed tandem screens on patient-derived GBM cultures. Results An unbiased phosphoproteomic screen quantified phosphorylation changes associated with chronic exposure to the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, and our analysis implicated a role for glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3B attenuation in mediating resistance that was confirmed by functional studies. A targeted short hairpin RNA screen and further functional studies both in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that microtubule-associated protein (MAP)1B, previously associated predominantly with neurons, is a downstream effector of GSK3B-mediated resistance. Furthermore, we provide evidence that chronic rapamycin induces microtubule stability in a MAP1B-dependent manner in GBM cells. Additional experiments explicate a signaling pathway wherein combinatorial extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mTOR targeting abrogates inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3B, leads to phosphorylation of MAP1B, and confers sensitization. Conclusions These data portray a compensatory molecular signaling network that imparts resistance to chronic mTOR inhibition in primary, human GBM cell cultures and points toward new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan R Laks
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Alvaro G Alvarado
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan Nakashima
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shreya Chand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel B Azzam
- Department of Neuroscience, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Kirsten Ludwig
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael C Condro
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Serli Nazarian
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anjelica Cardenas
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michelle Y S Shih
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Bryan France
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA
| | - Nicholas Orozco
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Koppany Visnyei
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas J Crisman
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fuying Gao
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Harley I Kornblum
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA.,Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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15
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Cassano T, Magini A, Giovagnoli S, Polchi A, Calcagnini S, Pace L, Lavecchia MA, Scuderi C, Bronzuoli MR, Ruggeri L, Gentileschi MP, Romano A, Gaetani S, De Marco F, Emiliani C, Dolcetta D. Early intrathecal infusion of everolimus restores cognitive function and mood in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2018; 311:88-105. [PMID: 30243986 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition increases lifespan in mice and restores/delays many aging phenotypes has led to the identification of a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among mTOR inhibitors, everolimus, which has been developed to improve the pharmacokinetic characteristics of rapamycin, has been extensively profiled in preclinical and clinical studies as anticancer and immunosuppressive agent, but no information is available about its potential effects on neurodegenerative disorders. Using a reliable mouse model of AD (3 × Tg-AD mice), we explored whether short-term treatment with everolimus injected directly into the brain by osmotic pumps was able to modify AD-like pathology with low impact on peripheral organs. We first established in non-transgenic mice the stability of everolimus at 37 °C in comparison with rapamycin and, then, evaluated its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics profiles through either a single peripheral (i.p.) or central (i.c.v.) route of administration. Finally, 6-month-old (symptomatic phase) 3 × Tg-AD mice were treated with continuous infusion of either vehicle or everolimus (0.167 μg/μl/day, i.c.v.) using the osmotic pumps. Four weeks after the beginning of infusion, we tested our hypothesis following an integrated approach, including behavioral (tests for cognitive and depressive-like alterations), biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. Everolimus (i) showed higher stability than rapamycin at 37 °C, (ii) poorly crossed the blood-brain barrier after i.p. injection, (iii) was slowly metabolized in the brain due to a longer t1/2 in the brain compared to blood, and (iv) was more effective in the CNS when administered centrally compared to a peripheral route. Moreover, the everolimus-induced mTOR inhibition reduced human APP/Aβ and human tau levels and improved cognitive function and depressive-like phenotype in the 3 × Tg-AD mice. The intrathecal infusion of everolimus may be effective to treat early stages of AD-pathology through a short and cyclic administration regimen, with short-term outcomes and a low impact on peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Magini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Polchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvio Calcagnini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Angelo Lavecchia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosanna Bronzuoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Ruggeri
- Division of Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Gentileschi
- UOSD SAFU, RiDAIT Dept, The Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico De Marco
- UOSD SAFU, RiDAIT Dept, The Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Diego Dolcetta
- UOSD SAFU, RiDAIT Dept, The Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy.
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16
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HDAC Inhibition Counteracts Metastatic Re-Activation of Prostate Cancer Cells Induced by Chronic mTOR Suppression. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090129. [PMID: 30200497 PMCID: PMC6162415 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate whether epigenetic modulation by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition might circumvent resistance towards the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor temsirolimus in a prostate cancer cell model. Parental (par) and temsirolimus-resistant (res) PC3 prostate cancer cells were exposed to the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid (VPA), and tumor cell adhesion, chemotaxis, migration, and invasion were evaluated. Temsirolimus resistance was characterized by reduced binding of PC3res cells to endothelium, immobilized collagen, and fibronectin, but increased adhesion to laminin, as compared to the parental cells. Chemotaxis, migration, and invasion of PC3res cells were enhanced following temsirolimus re-treatment. Integrin α and β receptors were significantly altered in PC3res compared to PC3par cells. VPA significantly counteracted temsirolimus resistance by down-regulating tumor cell–matrix interaction, chemotaxis, and migration. Evaluation of integrin expression in the presence of VPA revealed a significant down-regulation of integrin α5 in PC3res cells. Blocking studies demonstrated a close association between α5 expression on PC3res and chemotaxis. In this in vitro model, temsirolimus resistance drove prostate cancer cells to become highly motile, while HDAC inhibition reversed the metastatic activity. The VPA-induced inhibition of metastatic activity was accompanied by a lowered integrin α5 surface level on the tumor cells.
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17
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Engl T, Rutz J, Maxeiner S, Fanguen S, Juengel E, Koschade S, Roos F, Khoder W, Tsaur I, Blaheta RA. Acquired resistance to temsirolimus is associated with integrin α7 driven chemotactic activity of renal cell carcinoma in vitro. Oncotarget 2018; 9:18747-18759. [PMID: 29721158 PMCID: PMC5922352 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, temsirolimus, has significantly improved the outcome of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, development of temsirolimus-resistance limits its effect and metastatic progression subsequently recurs. Since integrin α7 (ITGA7) is speculated to promote metastasis, this investigation was designed to investigate whether temsirolimus-resistance is associated with altered ITGA7 expression in RCC cell lines and modified tumor cell adhesion and invasion. Caki-1, KTCTL-26, and A498 RCC cell lines were driven to temsirolimus-resistance by exposing them to temsirolimus over a period of 12 months. Subsequently, adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells, to immobilized fibronectin, or collagen was investigated. Chemotaxis was evaluated with a modified Boyden chamber assay and ITGA7 expression by flow cytometry and western blotting. Chemotaxis significantly decreased in temsirolimus-sensitive cell lines upon exposure to low-dosed temsirolimus, but increased in temsirolimus-resistant tumor cells upon reexposure to the same temsirolimus dose. The increase in chemotaxis was accompanied by elevated ITGA7 at the cell surface membrane with simultaneous reduction of intracellular ITGA7. ITGA7 knock-down significantly diminished motility of temsirolimous-sensitive cells but elevated chemotactic activity of temsirolimus-resistant Caki-1 and KTCTL-26 cells. Therefore, ITGA7 appears closely linked to adhesion and migration regulation in RCC cells. It is postulated that temsirolimus-resistance is associated with translocation of ITGA7 from inside the cell to the outer surface. This switch forces RCC migration forward. Whether ITGA7 can serve as an important target in combatting RCC requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engl
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Rutz
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Sorel Fanguen
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Current address: Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Koschade
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frederik Roos
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wael Khoder
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Current address: Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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18
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Earwaker P, Anderson C, Willenbrock F, Harris AL, Protheroe AS, Macaulay VM. RAPTOR up-regulation contributes to resistance of renal cancer cells to PI3K-mTOR inhibition. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191890. [PMID: 29389967 PMCID: PMC5794101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The outlook for patients with advanced renal cell cancer (RCC) has been improved by targeted agents including inhibitors of the PI3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT-mTOR axis, although treatment resistance is a major problem. Here, we aimed to understand how RCC cells acquire resistance to PI3K-mTOR inhibition. We used the RCC4 cell line to generate a model of in vitro resistance by continuous culture in PI3K-mTOR kinase inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 (BEZ235, Dactolisib). Resistant cells were cross-resistant to mTOR inhibitor AZD2014. Sensitivity was regained after 4 months drug withdrawal, and resistance was partially suppressed by HDAC inhibition, supporting an epigenetic mechanism. BEZ235-resistant cells up-regulated and/or activated numerous proteins including MET, ABL, Notch, IGF-1R, INSR and MEK/ERK. However, resistance was not reversed by inhibiting or depleting these pathways, suggesting that many induced changes were passengers not drivers of resistance. BEZ235 blocked phosphorylation of mTOR targets S6 and 4E-BP1 in parental cells, but 4E-BP1 remained phosphorylated in resistant cells, suggesting BEZ235-refractory mTORC1 activity. Consistent with this, resistant cells over-expressed mTORC1 component RAPTOR at the mRNA and protein level. Furthermore, BEZ235 resistance was suppressed by RAPTOR depletion, or allosteric mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. These data reveal that RAPTOR up-regulation contributes to PI3K-mTOR inhibitor resistance, and suggest that RAPTOR expression should be included in the pharmacodynamic assessment of mTOR kinase inhibitor trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adrian L. Harris
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. Protheroe
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Valentine M. Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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19
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Chun P. Therapeutic effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors on kidney disease. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 41:162-183. [PMID: 29230688 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown the involvement of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the development and progression of various renal diseases, highlighting its inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent kidney diseases. Accordingly, numerous studies have shown that HDAC inhibitors protect the kidneys from various diseases through their effects on multiple pathways, such as suppression of transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways, augmentation of apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis. To develop more effective and less toxic isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors and further improve clinical outcomes, it is necessary to identify and understand the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of renal diseases. This review focuses on the roles of HDAC inhibitors and the mechanisms involved in their therapeutic effects in experimental models of kidney diseases including glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, glomerular and tubulointerstitial inflammation, lupus nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, 50834, Republic of Korea.
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20
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HDAC inhibition as a treatment concept to combat temsirolimus-resistant bladder cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110016-110028. [PMID: 29299126 PMCID: PMC5746361 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) might be a promising molecular target to treat advanced bladder cancer, resistance develops under chronic exposure to an mTOR inhibitor (everolimus, temsirolimus). Based on earlier studies, we proposed that histone deacetylase (HDAC) blockade might circumvent resistance and investigated whether HDAC inhibition has an impact on growth of bladder cancer cells with acquired resistance towards temsirolimus. Results The HDAC inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) significantly inhibited growth, proliferation and caused G0/G1 phase arrest in RT112res and UMUC-3res. cdk1, cyclin B, cdk2, cyclin A and Skp1 p19 were down-regulated, p27 was elevated. Akt-mTOR signaling was deactivated, whereas acetylation of histone H3 and H4 in RT112res and UMUC-3res increased in the presence of VPA. Knocking down cdk2 or cyclin A resulted in a significant growth blockade of RT112res and UMUC-3res. Materials And Methods Parental (par) and resistant (res) RT112 and UMUC-3 cells were exposed to the HDAC inhibitor VPA. Tumor cell growth, proliferation, cell cycling and expression of cell cycle regulating proteins were then evaluated. siRNA blockade was used to investigate the functional impact of the proteins. Conclusions HDAC inhibition induced a strong response of temsirolimus-resistant bladder cancer cells. Therefore, the temsirolimus-VPA-combination might be an innovative strategy for bladder cancer treatment.
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21
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Duran I, Lambea J, Maroto P, González-Larriba JL, Flores L, Granados-Principal S, Graupera M, Sáez B, Vivancos A, Casanovas O. Resistance to Targeted Therapies in Renal Cancer: The Importance of Changing the Mechanism of Action. Target Oncol 2017; 12:19-35. [PMID: 27844272 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-016-0463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a complex disease characterized by mutations in several genes. Loss of function of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene is a very common finding in RCC and leads to up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-responsive genes accountable for angiogenesis and cell growth, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Binding of these proteins to their cognate tyrosine kinase receptors on endothelial cells promotes angiogenesis. Promotion of angiogenesis is in part due to the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Inhibition of this pathway decreases protein translation and inhibits both angiogenesis and tumour cell proliferation. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) stand as the main first-line treatment option for advanced RCC, eventually all patients will become resistant to TKIs. Resistance can be overcome by using second-line treatments with different mechanisms of action, such as inhibitors of mTOR, c-MET, programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor, or the combination of an mTOR inhibitor (mTORi) with a TKI. In this article, we briefly review current evidence regarding mechanisms of resistance in RCC and treatment strategies to overcome resistance with a special focus on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Duran
- Sección de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.,Laboratorio de Terapias Avanzadas y Biomarcadores en Oncología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Lambea
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P Maroto
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - S Granados-Principal
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Graupera
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Sáez
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Vivancos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Casanovas
- ProCURE Research Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Avinguda Gran Via, 199-203, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Vitale G, Dicitore A, Pepe D, Gentilini D, Grassi ES, Borghi MO, Gelmini G, Cantone MC, Gaudenzi G, Misso G, Di Blasio AM, Hofland LJ, Caraglia M, Persani L. Synergistic activity of everolimus and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in medullary thyroid carcinoma cell lines. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1007-1022. [PMID: 28453190 PMCID: PMC5537710 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a tumor highly resistant to chemo‐ and radiotherapy. Drug resistance can be induced by epigenetic changes such as aberrant DNA methylation. To overcome drug resistance, we explored a promising approach based on the use of 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (AZA), a demethylating agent, in combination with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in MTC cells (MZ‐CRC‐1 and TT). This combined treatment showed a strong synergistic antiproliferative activity through the induction of apoptosis. The effect of everolimus and/or AZA on genome‐wide expression profiling was evaluated by Illumina BeadChip in MZ‐CRC‐1 cells. An innovative bioinformatic pipeline identified four potential molecular pathways implicated in the synergy between AZA and everolimus: PI3K‐Akt signaling, the neurotrophin pathway, ECM/receptor interaction, and focal adhesion. Among these, the neurotrophin signaling pathway was most directly involved in apoptosis, through the overexpression of NGFR and Bax genes. The increased expression of genes involved in the NGFR‐MAPK10‐TP53‐Bax/Bcl2 pathway during incubation with AZA plus everolimus was validated by western blotting in MZ‐CRC‐1 cells. Interestingly, addition of a neutralizing anti‐NGFR antibody inhibited the synergistic cytotoxic activity between AZA and everolimus. These results open a new therapeutic scenario for MTC and potentially other neuroendocrine tumors, where therapy with mTOR inhibitors is currently approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dicitore
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Davide Gentilini
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa S Grassi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Maria O Borghi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Italy.,Experimental Laboratory of Immuno-rheumatologic Researches, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Gelmini
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria C Cantone
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Germano Gaudenzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Misso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Anna M Di Blasio
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Section Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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23
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Juengel E, Euler S, Maxeiner S, Rutz J, Justin S, Roos F, Khoder W, Nelson K, Bechstein WO, Blaheta RA. Sulforaphane as an adjunctive to everolimus counteracts everolimus resistance in renal cancer cell lines. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 27:1-7. [PMID: 28314474 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, everolimus and temsirolimus, have widened therapeutic options to treat renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, chronic treatment with these inhibitors often induces resistance, leading to therapeutic failure. PURPOSE The natural compound, sulforaphane (SFN), was added to an everolimus based regime in vitro in the hopes of preventing resistance development. METHODS A panel of RCC cell lines (A498, Caki-1, KTCTL-26) was treated with everolimus or SFN or with an everolimus-SFN-combination, either short- (24h) or long-term (8 weeks), and cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle phases were measured. The cell cycle regulating proteins cdk1, cdk2, cyclin A, cyclin B, akt and raptor (both total and activated) were also evaluated. RESULTS Short-term incubation with everolimus (1nM) or SFN (5µM) significantly reduced RCC cell growth. Additive effects on tumor growth and proliferation were evoked by the SFN-everolimus combination. Long-term everolimus-incubation led to resistance development in Caki-1 cells, evidenced by elevated growth and proliferation, associated with an increased percentage of G2/M (non-synchronized cell model) or S-phase (synchronized cell model) cells. Molecular analysis revealed up-regulation of the cdk1-cyclin B and cdk2-cyclin A axis, along with elevated phosphorylation of the mTOR sub-member, raptor. In contrast, resistance development was not observed with the long-term combination of SFN-everolimus. The combination suppressed Caki-1 growth and proliferation, and was associated with an increase in G0/G1-phase cells, diminished cdk1 and akt (both total and activated), cyclin B and raptor expression. CONCLUSION Adding SFN to an everolimus based RCC treatment regimen in vitro delayed resistance development observed with chronic everolimus monotherapy. Ongoing in vivo studies are necessary to verify the in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Interdisciplinary Science Building, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, D-60590, Germany
| | - Stephanie Euler
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Interdisciplinary Science Building, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, D-60590, Germany
| | - Sebastian Maxeiner
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Interdisciplinary Science Building, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, D-60590, Germany
| | - Jochen Rutz
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Interdisciplinary Science Building, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, D-60590, Germany
| | - Saira Justin
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Interdisciplinary Science Building, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, D-60590, Germany
| | - Frederik Roos
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Interdisciplinary Science Building, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, D-60590, Germany
| | - Wael Khoder
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Interdisciplinary Science Building, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, D-60590, Germany
| | - Karen Nelson
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolf O Bechstein
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Interdisciplinary Science Building, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, D-60590, Germany; Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Interdisciplinary Science Building, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, D-60590, Germany.
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24
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Kurdi A, De Doncker M, Leloup A, Neels H, Timmermans JP, Lemmens K, Apers S, De Meyer GRY, Martinet W. Continuous administration of the mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus induces tolerance and decreases autophagy in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3359-3371. [PMID: 27638766 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Everolimus is an allosteric inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) widely known for its potent autophagy stimulating properties. Because everolimus shows poor solubility and stability in aqueous solutions, long-term in vivo administration in preclinical models is challenging. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of short-term and long-term everolimus administration on mTORC1 inhibition and autophagy induction in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We developed a vehicle in which everolimus was solubilized and stable at 37°C for at least 1 month. Using osmotic minipumps, GFP microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 transgenic mice were treated continuously either with vehicle or everolimus (1.5 mg·kg-1 per day) for 3 or 28 days. Alternatively, a regimen consisting of intermittent everolimus administration (every other day) for 56 days by oral gavage was used. Autophagy markers and mTORC1 activation status were investigated in the liver. KEY RESULTS As expected, everolimus inhibited mTORC1 and stimulated autophagy in the liver after 3 days of treatment. However, continuous administration for 28 days resulted in hyperactivation of the Akt1-mTORC1 pathway accompanied by a remarkable decrease in autophagy markers. Everolimus given intermittently for 56 days partially rescued mTORC1 sensitivity to the drug but without inducing autophagy. The failure to induce autophagy following long-term everolimus administration was due to uncoupling of the mTORC1 substrate unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data encourage the use of intermittent everolimus regimens to prevent tolerance and to extend its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Kurdi
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Arthur Leloup
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hugo Neels
- Laboratory for TDM and Toxicology, ZNA Stuivenberg, Antwerp, Belgium.,Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lemmens
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sandra Apers
- Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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25
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Stepanenko AA, Andreieva SV, Korets KV, Mykytenko DO, Baklaushev VP, Chekhonin VP, Dmitrenko VV. mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus and MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 promote chromosomal instability and cell type-dependent phenotype changes of glioblastoma cells. Gene 2015; 579:58-68. [PMID: 26748241 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the RAF/mitogen-activated and extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways are frequently deregulated in cancer. Temsirolimus (TEM) and its primary active metabolite rapamycin allosterically block mTOR complex 1 substrate recruitment. The context-/experimental setup-dependent opposite effects of rapamycin on the multiple centrosome formation, aneuploidy, DNA damage/repair, proliferation, and invasion were reported. Similarly, the context-dependent either tumor-promoting or suppressing effects of RAF-MEK-ERK pathway and its inhibitors were demonstrated. Drug treatment-mediated stress may promote chromosomal instability (CIN), accelerating changes in the genomic landscape and phenotype diversity. Here, we characterized the genomic and phenotypic changes of U251 and T98G glioblastoma cell lines long-term treated with TEM or U0126, an inhibitor of MEK1/2. TEM significantly increased clonal and non-clonal chromosome aberrations. Both TEM and U0126 affected copy number alterations (CNAs) pattern. A proliferation rate of U251TEM and U251U0126 cells was lower and higher, respectively, than control cells. Colony formation efficiency of U251TEM significantly decreased, whereas U251U0126 did not change. U251TEM and U251U0126 cells decreased migration. In contrast, T98GTEM and T98GU0126 cells did not change proliferation, colony formation efficiency, and migration. Changes in the sensitivity of inhibitor-treated cells to the reduction of the glucose concentration were observed. Our results suggest that CIN and adaptive reprogramming of signal transduction pathways may be responsible for the cell type-dependent phenotype changes of long-term TEM- or U0126-treated tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Stepanenko
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zabolotnogo Str. 150, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine.
| | - S V Andreieva
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zabolotnogo Str. 150, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - K V Korets
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zabolotnogo Str. 150, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - D O Mykytenko
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zabolotnogo Str. 150, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - V P Baklaushev
- Department of Medicinal Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow 117997, Russia; Federal Research and Clinical Centre, FMBA of Russia, Orekhoviy bulvar str. 28, Moscow 115682, Russia
| | - V P Chekhonin
- Department of Medicinal Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - V V Dmitrenko
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zabolotnogo Str. 150, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
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26
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Kurdi A, De Meyer GRY, Martinet W. Potential therapeutic effects of mTOR inhibition in atherosclerosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 82:1267-1279. [PMID: 26551391 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant improvement in the management of atherosclerosis, this slowly progressing disease continues to affect countless patients around the world. Recently, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been identified as a pre-eminent factor in the development of atherosclerosis. mTOR is a constitutively active kinase found in two different multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Pharmacological interventions with a class of macrolide immunosuppressive drugs, called rapalogs, have shown undeniable evidence of the value of mTORC1 inhibition to prevent the development of atherosclerotic plaques in several animal models. Rapalog-eluting stents have also shown extraordinary results in humans, even though the exact mechanism for this anti-atherosclerotic effect remains elusive. Unfortunately, rapalogs are known to trigger diverse undesirable effects owing to mTORC1 resistance or mTORC2 inhibition. These adverse effects include dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance, both known triggers of atherosclerosis. Several strategies, such as combination therapy with statins and metformin, have been suggested to oppose rapalog-mediated adverse effects. Statins and metformin are known to inhibit mTORC1 indirectly via 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and may hold the key to exploit the full potential of mTORC1 inhibition in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Intermittent regimens and dose reduction have also been proposed to improve rapalog's mTORC1 selectivity, thereby reducing mTORC2-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Kurdi
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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27
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Sui X, Zhu J, Zhou J, Wang X, Li D, Han W, Fang Y, Pan H. Epigenetic modifications as regulatory elements of autophagy in cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 360:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Yang C, Zhang C, Zhao Z, Zhu T, Yang B. Fighting against kidney diseases with small interfering RNA: opportunities and challenges. J Transl Med 2015; 13:39. [PMID: 25637948 PMCID: PMC4354745 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant improvements in siRNA therapy have been achieved, which have great potential applications in humans. The kidney is a comparatively easy target organ of siRNA therapy due to its unique structural and functional characteristics. Here, we reviewed recent achievements in siRNA design, delivery and application with focuses on kidney diseases, in particular kidney transplant-related injuries. In addition, the strategy for increasing serum stability and immune tolerance of siRNA was also discussed. At last, the future challenges of siRNA therapy including organ/tissue/cell-specific delivery and time-controlled silence, as well as selecting therapeutic targets, were addressed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zitong Zhao
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- Transplant Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University Hospitals of Leicester, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. .,Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China. .,Basic Medical Research Centre, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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29
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Juengel E, Makarević J, Reiter M, Mani J, Tsaur I, Bartsch G, Haferkamp A, Blaheta RA. Resistance to the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus alters adhesion and migration behavior of renal cell carcinoma cells through an integrin α5- and integrin β3-dependent mechanism. Neoplasia 2015; 16:291-300. [PMID: 24862756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) have improved the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, chronic drug exposure may trigger resistance, limiting the utility of these agents. The metastatic behavior of RCC cells, susceptible (RCC(par)) or resistant (RCC(res)) to the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus, was investigated. Adhesion to vascular endothelium or immobilized collagen and fibronectin was quantified. Chemotactic motility was evaluated with a modified Boyden chamber assay. Integrin α and β subtype receptors were analyzed by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. The physiological relevance of the integrins was then determined by blocking studies and small interfering RNA knockdown. Adhesion to endothelial cells and to fibronectin (not to collagen) and chemotaxis were enhanced in RCC(res) compared to RCC(par). RCC(res) detached from fibronectin and motile activity further increased under retreatment with low-dosed temsirolimus. α5 integrin was diminished inside the cell and at the cell surface, whereas the β3 subtype was reduced intracellularly but elevated at the plasma membrane. In RCC(par), blocking α5 surface receptors enhanced RCC-collagen but reduced RCC-fibronectin interaction, whereas the opposite was true for RCC(res). Chemotaxis of RCC(par) but not of RCC(res) was strongly diminished by the α5 antibody. Blocking β3 significantly lowered chemotaxis with stronger effects on RCC(res), compared to RCC(par). Importantly, β3 knockdown reduced chemotaxis of RCC(par) but upregulated the motile behavior of RCC(res). Temsirolimus resistance is characterized by quantitative alterations of integrin α5 and β3 expression, coupled to functional changes of the integrin molecules, and forces a switch from RCC adhesion to RCC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jasmina Makarević
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Reiter
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens Mani
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Georg Bartsch
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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30
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Juengel E, Kim D, Makarević J, Reiter M, Tsaur I, Bartsch G, Haferkamp A, Blaheta RA. Molecular analysis of sunitinib resistant renal cell carcinoma cells after sequential treatment with RAD001 (everolimus) or sorafenib. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:430-41. [PMID: 25444514 PMCID: PMC4407590 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequential application of target drugs is standard procedure after renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients develop resistance. To optimize the sequence, antitumour effects of the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sorafenib on RCC cells with acquired resistance to the TKI sunitinib was evaluated. RCC cells were exposed to 1 μM sunitinib for 24 hrs (as control) and for 8 weeks (to induce resistance) and then switched to RAD001 (5 nM) or sorafenib (5 μM) for a further 8 weeks. Tumour cell growth, cell cycle progression, cell cycle regulating proteins and intracellular signalling were then investigated. Short-term application of sunitinib (24 hrs) induced cell growth blockade with accumulation in the G2/M phase. RCC cells became resistant to sunitinib after 8 weeks, demonstrated by accelerated cell growth along with enhanced cdk1, cdk2, loss of p27, activation of Akt, Rictor and Raptor. Switching to sorafenib only slightly reduced growth of the sunitinib resistant RCC cells and molecular analysis indicated distinct cross-resistance. In contrast, full response was achieved when the cancer cells were treated with RAD001. p19 and p27 strongly increased, phosphorylated Akt, Rictor and Raptor decreased and the tumour cells accumulated in G0/G1. It is concluded that an mTOR-inhibitor for second-line therapy could be the strategy of choice after first-line sunitinib failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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31
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Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis reveals potential biomarkers and pathways in renal cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:939-51. [PMID: 25315187 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common malignancies in adults, and there is still no acknowledged biomarker for its diagnosis, prognosis, recurrence monitoring, and treatment stratification. Besides, little is known about the post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins in RCC. Here, we performed quantitative proteomic analysis on 12 matched pairs of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and adjacent kidney tissues using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLCMS/MS) and Progenesis LC-MS software (label-free) to identify and quantify the dysregulated proteins. A total of 1872 and 1927 proteins were identified in ccRCC and adjacent kidney tissues, respectively. Among these proteins, 1037 proteins were quantified by Progenesis LC-MS, and 213 proteins were identified as dysregulated proteins between ccRCC and adjacent tissues. Pathway analysis using IPA, STRING, and David tools was performed, which demonstrated the enrichment of cancer-related signaling pathways and biological processes such as mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic pathway, cell death, and acetylation. Dysregulation of two mitochondrial proteins, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) were selected and confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry assays using another 6 pairs of ccRCC and adjacent tissues. Further mass spectrometry analysis indicated that both ACAT1 and MnSOD had characterized acetylation at lysine residues, which is the first time to identify acetylation of ACAT1 and MnSOD in ccRCC. Collectively, these data revealed a number of dysregulated proteins and signaling pathways by label-free quantitative proteomic approach in RCC, which shed light on potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic molecular targets for clinical intervention of RCC.
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Brodie SA, Brandes JC. Could valproic acid be an effective anticancer agent? The evidence so far. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:1097-100. [PMID: 25017212 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.940329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid is an inhibitor of class I histone deacetylases. Epigenetic therapies in cancer have been focus of a keen interest and histone deacetylase inhibitors, in particular, have been approved for certain types of hematologic malignancies. Valproic acid is an attractive candidate for cancer therapy due to its mechanism of action, its low cost and generally good clinical tolerability. In the following editorial, we will review its role as monotherapy for cancer, its place in combination epigenetic therapy, and its role as chemosensitizer, and cancer preventative agent.
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Juengel E, Nowaz S, Makarevi J, Natsheh I, Werner I, Nelson K, Reiter M, Tsaur I, Mani J, Harder S, Bartsch G, Haferkamp A, Blaheta RA. HDAC-inhibition counteracts everolimus resistance in renal cell carcinoma in vitro by diminishing cdk2 and cyclin A. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:152. [PMID: 24935000 PMCID: PMC4073177 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted therapies have improved therapeutic options of treating renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, drug response is temporary due to resistance development. Methods Functional and molecular changes in RCC Caki-1 cells, after acquired resistance to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-inhibitor everolimus (Cakires), were investigated with and without additional application of the histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitor valproic acid (VPA). Cell growth was evaluated by MTT assay, cell cycle progression and apoptosis by flow cytometry. Target molecules of everolimus and VPA, apoptotic and cell cycle regulating proteins were investigated by western blotting. siRNA blockade was performed to evaluate the functional relevance of the proteins. Results Everolimus resistance was accompanied by significant increases in the percentage of G2/M-phase cells and in the IC50. Akt and p70S6K, targets of everolimus, were activated in Cakires compared to drug sensitive cells. The most prominent change in Cakires cells was an increase in the cell cycle activating proteins cdk2 and cyclin A. Knock-down of cdk2 and cyclin A caused significant growth inhibition in the Cakires cells. The HDAC-inhibitor, VPA, counteracted everolimus resistance in Cakires, evidenced by a significant decrease in tumor growth and cdk2/cyclin A. Conclusion It is concluded that non-response to everolimus is characterized by increased cdk2/cyclin A, driving RCC cells into the G2/M-phase. VPA hinders everolimus non-response by diminishing cdk2/cyclin A. Therefore, treatment with HDAC-inhibitors might be an option for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma and acquired everolimus resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Interdisciplinary Science Building, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt / Main D-60590, Germany.
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Makarević J, Tawanaie N, Juengel E, Reiter M, Mani J, Tsaur I, Bartsch G, Haferkamp A, Blaheta RA. Cross-communication between histone H3 and H4 acetylation and Akt-mTOR signalling in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1460-6. [PMID: 24779401 PMCID: PMC4124028 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular tumour targeting has significantly improved anti-cancer protocols. Still, the addition of molecular targeting to the treatment regime has not led to a curative breakthrough. Combined mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has been shown not only to enhance anti-tumour potential, but also to prevent resistance development seen under mono-drug therapy. This investigation was designed to evaluate whether cross-communication exists between mTOR signalling and epigenetic events regulated by HDAC. DU-145 prostate cancer cells were treated with insulin-like growth factor (IGF) to activate the Akt-mTOR cascade or with the HDAC-inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) to induce histone H3 and H4 acetylation (aH3, aH4). Subsequently, mTOR, Rictor, Raptor, p70s6k, Akt (all: total and phosphorylated), H3 and H4 (total and acetylated) were analysed by western blotting. Both techniques revealed a link between mTOR and the epigenetic machinery. IGF activated mTOR, Rictor, Raptor, p70s6k and Akt, but also enhanced aH3 and aH4. Inversely, IGFr blockade and knock-down blocked the Akt-mTOR axis, but simultaneously diminished aH3 and aH4. VPA treatment up-regulated histone acetylation, but also activated mTOR-Akt signalling. HDAC1 and 2 knock-down revealed that the interaction with the mTOR system is initiated by histone H3 acetylation. HDAC-mTOR communication, therefore, is apparent whereby tumour-promoting (Akt/mTORhigh, aH3/aH4low) and tumour-suppressing signals (Akt/mTORlow, aH3/aH4high) are activated in parallel. Combined use of an HDAC- and mTOR inhibitor might then diminish pro-tumour effects triggered by the HDAC- (Akt/mTORhigh) or mTOR inhibitor (aH3/aH4low) alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Makarević
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors and epigenetic modifications as a novel strategy in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer J 2014; 19:333-40. [PMID: 23867515 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0b013e3182a09e07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent investigations of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have revealed several epigenetic modifications, as well as alterations in the genes and enzymes that regulate these changes. Preclinical models have revealed that histone gene modifiers and epigenetic alterations may play a critical role in RCC tumorigenesis. Specific changes in DNA methylation and mutations of histone modifiers have been identified and may be associated with an aggressive phenotype. In addition, the potential of reversing the effects of these enzymes and hence reversing the cellular epigenetic landscape to a "normal phenotype" have led to an increasing interest in developing targeted chromatin remodeling agents. However, the translation of the understanding of these changes to the clinic for the treatment of RCC has posed significant challenges, partly due to tumor heterogeneity. This review describes the aberrant histone and DNA alterations recently reported in RCC and highlights the potential targeted chromatin remodeling therapies in the management of this disease.
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Füllgrabe J, Klionsky DJ, Joseph B. The return of the nucleus: transcriptional and epigenetic control of autophagy. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 15:65-74. [PMID: 24326622 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved process by which cytoplasmic components are degraded by the lysosome. It is commonly seen as a cytoplasmic event and, until now, nuclear events were not considered of primary importance for this process. However, recent studies have unveiled a transcriptional and epigenetic network that regulates autophagy. The identification of tightly controlled transcription factors (such as TFEB and ZKSCAN3), microRNAs and histone marks (especially acetylated Lys16 of histone 4 (H4K16ac) and dimethylated H3K9 (H3K9me2)) associated with the autophagic process offers an attractive conceptual framework to understand the short-term transcriptional response and potential long-term responses to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Füllgrabe
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
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Juengel E, Makarević J, Tsaur I, Bartsch G, Nelson K, Haferkamp A, Blaheta RA. Resistance after chronic application of the HDAC-inhibitor valproic acid is associated with elevated Akt activation in renal cell carcinoma in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53100. [PMID: 23372654 PMCID: PMC3553088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted drugs have significantly improved the therapeutic options for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, resistance often develops, negating the benefit of these agents. In the present study, the molecular mechanisms of acquired resistance towards the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) in a RCC in vivo model were investigated. NMRI:nu/nu mice were transplanted with Caki-1 RCC cells and then treated with VPA (200 mg/kg/day). Controls remained untreated. Based on tumor growth dynamics, the mice were divided into “responders” and “non-responders” to VPA. Histone H3 and H4 acetylation and expression of cell signaling and cell cycle regulating proteins in the RCC mouse tumors were evaluated by Western blotting. Tumor growth of VPA responders was significantly diminished, whereas that of VPA non-responders even exceeded control values. Cdk1, 2 and 4 proteins were strongly enhanced in the non-responders. Importantly, Akt expression and activity were massively up-regulated in the tumors of the VPA non-responders. Chronic application (12 weeks) of VPA to Caki-1 cells in vitro evoked a distinct elevation of Akt activity and cancer cells no longer responded with cell growth reduction, compared to the short 2 week treatment. We assume that chronic use of an HDAC-inhibitor is associated with (re)-activation of Akt, which may be involved in resistance development. Consequently, combined blockade of both HDAC and Akt may delay or prevent drug resistance in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jasmina Makarević
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Georg Bartsch
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karen Nelson
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman A. Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Brilli LL, Swanhart LM, de Caestecker MP, Hukriede NA. HDAC inhibitors in kidney development and disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:1909-21. [PMID: 23052657 PMCID: PMC3751322 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) can attenuate acute kidney injury (AKI)-mediated damage and reduce fibrosis in kidney disease models has opened the possibility of utilizing HDACis as therapeutics for renal injury. Studies to date have made it abundantly clear that HDACi treatment results in a plethora of molecular changes, which are not always linked to histone acetylation, and that there is an essential need to understand the specific target(s) of any HDACi of interest. New lines of investigation are beginning to delve more deeply into target identification of specific HDACis and to address the relative toxicity of different HDACi classes. This review will focus on the utilization of HDACis during kidney organogenesis, injury, and disease, as well as on the development of these compounds as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L. Brilli
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 5th Ave., 5061 BST3, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Lisa M. Swanhart
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 5th Ave., 5061 BST3, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Mark P. de Caestecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Neil A. Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 5th Ave., 5061 BST3, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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