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Skeletal Muscle-Adipose Tissue-Tumor Axis: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Exercise Training in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094469. [PMID: 33922898 PMCID: PMC8123194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased visceral adiposity may influence the development of prostate cancer (PCa) aggressive tumors and cancer mortality. White adipose tissue (WAT), usually referred to as periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), surrounds the prostatic gland and has emerged as a potential mediator of the tumor microenvironment. Exercise training (ET) induces several adaptations in both skeletal muscle and WAT. Some of these effects are mediated by ET-induced synthesis and secretion of several proteins, known as myo- and adipokines. Together, myokines and adipokines may act in an endocrine-like manner to favor communication between skeletal muscle and WAT, as they may work together to improve whole-body metabolic health. This crosstalk may constitute a potential mechanism by which ET exerts its beneficial role in the prevention and treatment of PCa-related disorders; however, this has not yet been explored. Therefore, we reviewed the current evidence on the effects of skeletal muscle–WAT–tumor crosstalk in PCa, and the potential mediators of this process to provide a better understanding of underlying ET-related mechanisms in cancer.
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Burton AJ, Gilbert R, Tilling K, Langdon R, Donovan JL, Holly JMP, Martin RM. Circulating adiponectin and leptin and risk of overall and aggressive prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:320. [PMID: 33431998 PMCID: PMC7801499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of advanced, recurrent and fatal prostate cancer. Adipokines may mediate this relationship. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations of leptin and adiponectin with overall and aggressive prostate cancer. Bibliographic databases were systematically searched up to 1st April 2017. Log Odds Ratios (ORs) per 2.5 unit increase in adiponectin or leptin levels were derived and pooled. All analyses were stratified by study type (cross-sectional/prospective). 746 papers were retrieved, 34 eligible studies identified, 31 of these could be included in the meta-analysis. Leptin was not consistently associated with overall prostate cancer (pooled OR 1.00, 95%CI 0.98-1.02, per 2.5 ng/ml increase, prospective study OR 0.97, 95%CI 0.95-0.99, cross-sectional study OR 1.19, 95%CI 1.13-1.26) and there was weak evidence of a positive association with aggressive disease (OR 1.03, 95%CI 1.00-1.06). There was also weak evidence of a small inverse association of adiponectin with overall prostate cancer (OR 0.96, 95%CI 0.93-0.99, per 2.5 µg/ml increase), but less evidence of an association with aggressive disease (OR 0.98, 95%CI 0.94-1.01). The magnitude of any effects are small, therefore levels of circulating adiponectin or leptin alone are unlikely to be useful biomarkers of risk or prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya J Burton
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Level 2, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
| | - Rebecca Gilbert
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate Tilling
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ryan Langdon
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jenny L Donovan
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Level 2, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Zhang Y, Lin T, Zhao Y, Mao Y, Tao Y, Huang Y, Wang S, Hu L, Cheng J, Yang H. Characterization of N-linked intact glycopeptide signatures of plasma IgGs from patients with prostate carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia for diagnosis pre-stratification. Analyst 2020; 145:5353-5362. [PMID: 32568312 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00225a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of novel non-invasive biomarkers for discriminating between prostate carcinoma (PCa) patients and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients is necessary to reduce the burden of biopsies, avoid overdiagnosis and improve quality of life. Previous studies suggest that abnormal glycosylation of immunoglobulin gamma molecules (IgGs) is strongly associated with immunological diseases and prostate diseases. Hence, characterizing N-linked intact glycopeptides of IgGs that correspond to the N-glycan structure with specific site information might enable a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and discovery of novel signatures in preoperative discrimination of BPH from PCa. In this study, we profiled N-linked intact glycopeptides of purified IgGs from 51 PCa patients and 45 BPH patients by our developed N-glycoproteomic method using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography enrichment coupled with high resolution LC-MS/MS. The quantitative analysis of the N-linked intact glycopeptides using pGlyco 2.0 and MaxQuant software provided quantitative information on plasma IgG subclass-specific and site-specific N-glycosylation. As a result, we found four aberrantly expressed N-linked intact glycopeptides across different IgG subclasses. In particular, the N-glycopeptide IgG2-GP09 (EEQFNSTFR (H5N5S1)) was dramatically elevated in plasma from PCa patients, compared with that in BPH patients (PCa/BPH ratio = 5.74, p = 0.001). Additionally, the variations in these N-linked intact glycopeptide abundances were not caused by the changes in the IgG concentrations. Furthermore, IgG2-GP09 displayed a more powerful prediction capability (auROC = 0.702) for distinguishing PCa from BPH than the clinical index t-PSA (auROC = 0.681) when used alone or in combination with other indicators (auROC = 0.853). In conclusion, these abnormally expressed N-linked intact glycopeptides have potential for non-invasive monitoring and pre-stratification of prostate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, MOH; West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Research Center; Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Kazmi N, Haycock P, Tsilidis K, Lynch BM, Truong T, Martin RM, Lewis SJ. Appraising causal relationships of dietary, nutritional and physical-activity exposures with overall and aggressive prostate cancer: two-sample Mendelian-randomization study based on 79 148 prostate-cancer cases and 61 106 controls. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 49:587-596. [PMID: 31802111 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the second most common male cancer worldwide, but there is substantial geographical variation, suggesting a potential role for modifiable risk factors in prostate carcinogenesis. METHODS We identified previously reported prostate cancer risk factors from the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)'s systematic appraisal of the global evidence (2018). We assessed whether each identified risk factor was causally associated with risk of overall (79 148 cases and 61 106 controls) or aggressive (15 167 cases and 58 308 controls) prostate cancer using Mendelian randomization (MR) based on genome-wide association-study summary statistics from the PRACTICAL and GAME-ON/ELLIPSE consortia. We assessed evidence for replication in UK Biobank (7844 prostate-cancer cases and 204 001 controls). RESULTS WCRF identified 57 potential risk factors, of which 22 could be instrumented for MR analyses using single nucleotide polymorphisms. For overall prostate cancer, we identified evidence compatible with causality for the following risk factors (odds ratio [OR] per standard deviation increase; 95% confidence interval): accelerometer-measured physical activity, OR = 0.49 (0.33-0.72; P = 0.0003); serum iron, OR = 0.92 (0.86-0.98; P = 0.007); body mass index (BMI), OR = 0.90 (0.84-0.97; P = 0.003); and monounsaturated fat, OR = 1.11 (1.02-1.20; P = 0.02). Findings in our replication analyses in UK Biobank were compatible with our main analyses (albeit with wide confidence intervals). In MR analysis, height was positively associated with aggressive-prostate-cancer risk: OR = 1.07 (1.01-1.15; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The results for physical activity, serum iron, BMI, monounsaturated fat and height are compatible with causality for prostate cancer. The results suggest that interventions aimed at increasing physical activity may reduce prostate-cancer risk, although interventions to change other risk factors may have negative consequences on other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Kazmi
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Philip Haycock
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Konstantinos Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Brigid M Lynch
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Physical-Activity Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Therese Truong
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), INSERM, Team Cancer and Environment, Villejuif, France
| | - Richard M Martin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Appetite-regulating hormones-leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin-and the development of prostate cancer: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2020; 23:11-23. [PMID: 31147627 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-019-0154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has been proposed as a risk factor for prostate cancer (PCa). In obesity, serum levels of the appetite-regulating hormones-leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin-become deregulated. OBJECTIVE To explore whether serum levels of appetite-regulating hormones associate with the incidence of PCa, the incidence of advanced disease, or PCa-specific mortality. METHODS PRISMA guidelines were followed. A systematic search for relevant articles published until March 2019 was performed using the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Observational studies with data on serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, or ghrelin and PCa outcome were included. Meta-analysis was used to combine risk estimates. Meta-relative risks (mRRs) were calculated using random effects models. When available, raw data was pooled. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and Begg's test. RESULTS Thirty-five studies were eligible for inclusion. The qualitative analysis indicated that leptin was not consistently associated with any PCa outcome, although several cohorts reported decreased adiponectin levels in men who later developed advanced PCa. Based on the meta-analysis, there was no significant effect of leptin on PCa incidence (mRR = 0.93 (95% CI 0.75-1.16), p = 0.52) or advanced PCa (mRR = 0.90 (95% CI 0.74-1.10), p = 0.30). There were insufficient studies to estimate the mRR of PCa incidence for men with the highest levels of adiponectin. The combined risk of advanced PCa for men with the highest levels of adiponectin was reduced but did not reach significance (mRR = 0.81 (95% CI 0.61-1.08), p = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS The current evidence does not suggest an association between leptin and PCa outcome. However, there may be an inverse association between adiponectin and the incidence of advanced PCa that should be investigated by further studies. Serum ghrelin has not been largely investigated.
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Fowke JH, Koyama T, Dai Q, Zheng SL, Xu J, Howard LE, Freedland SJ. Blood and dietary magnesium levels are not linked with lower prostate cancer risk in black or white men. Cancer Lett 2019; 449:99-105. [PMID: 30776477 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest a diet low in dietary magnesium intake or lower blood magnesium levels is linked with increased prostate cancer risk. This study investigates the race-specific link between blood magnesium and calcium levels, or dietary magnesium intake, and the diagnosis of low-grade and high-grade prostate cancer. The study included 637 prostate cancer cases and 715 biopsy-negative controls (50% black) recruited from Nashville, TN or Durham, NC. Blood was collected at the time of recruitment, and dietary intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire. Percent genetic African ancestry was determined as a compliment to self-reported race. Blood magnesium levels and dietary magnesium intake were significantly lower in black compared to white men. However, magnesium levels or intake were not associated with risk of total prostate cancer or aggressive prostate cancer. Indeed, a higher calcium-to-magnesium diet intake was significantly protective for high-grade prostate cancer in black (OR = 0.66 (0.45, 0.96), p = 0.03) but not white (OR = 1.00 (0.79, 1.26), p = 0.99) men. In summary, there was a statistically significant difference in magnesium intake between black and white men, but the biological impact was unclear, and we did not confirm a lower prostate cancer risk associated with magnesium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Fowke
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, TN, USA.
| | - Tatsuki Koyama
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Lauren E Howard
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Surgery Section, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Surgery Section, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Fowke JH, Motley SS. Statin use linked with a decrease in the conversion from high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) to prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:819-825. [PMID: 29617729 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of obesity, metabolic dysregulation and systemic inflammation to advance prostate carcinogenesis are unclear. This study investigates metabolic and inflammatory factors in the transition from high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) to prostate cancer (PC). We prospectively followed 160 men diagnosed with HGPIN at biopsy and therefore at high-risk and clinically monitored for PC. Analyses investigated body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), height, fat mass, lean mass percent body fat, NSAIDs, statins, metformin, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia representing metabolic dysregulation on the risk of a PC diagnosis during follow-up. Systemic inflammation was estimated through measurement of 13 plasma cytokine levels. Statin use was significantly linked with overall PC at follow-up [odds ratio (OR) = 0.45, (0.23, 0.91), P = 0.03], with a somewhat stronger link with high-grade [OR = 0.39, (0.15, 1.04), P = 0.06] PC compared with low-grade PC [OR = 0.50, (0.23, 1.12), P = 0.09]. Non-statin cholesterol-lowering medications, BMI, WHR, diabetes, hypertension and percent body fat were not significantly associated with PC. Although blood IL-12p70, IL-2 and IL-1β levels were significantly lower among statin users, inflammatory markers were not significantly linked with PC and did not explain the observed relationship between statins and lower PC risk. In summary, this prospective study of HGPIN patients at high risk for PC finds that statin use was significantly associated with reduced risk of PC detection at follow-up. Systemic markers of inflammation did not mediate this association, suggesting that statins affect PC progression through alternative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Fowke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Saundra S Motley
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Abdominal obesity and prostate cancer risk: epidemiological evidence from the EPICAP study. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34485-34494. [PMID: 30349643 PMCID: PMC6195387 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of several cancers, but inconsistent results have been observed between body mass index (BMI) and prostate cancer (PCa) risk. However, some associations have been reported with other indicators such as waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR). We investigated the role of anthropometric indicators in PCa risk based on data from the Epidemiological study of Prostate Cancer (EPICAP). EPICAP is a population-based case-control study that included 819 incident PCa in 2012–2013 and 879 controls frequency matched by age. Anthropometric indicators (weight, height, WC, and hip circumference) have been measured at interview. Logistic regression models were used to assess odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between anthropometric indicators (BMI, WC and WHR) and PCa risk. We observed a slight, but not significant increased risk of PCa for men with a WC > 94 cm (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.92–1.56) and for men with a WHR ≥ 0.95 (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.00–1.70 between 0.95 and 1.00, OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.96–1.61 above 1.00). Associations were more pronounced after adjustment and stratification for BMI and in men with aggressive PCa. Our results suggest that abdominal obesity may be associated with an increased risk of PCa, especially aggressive PCa.
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Kumar NB, Patel R, Pow-Sang J, Spiess PE, Salup R, Williams CR, Schell MJ. Long-term supplementation of decaffeinated green tea extract does not modify body weight or abdominal obesity in a randomized trial of men at high risk for prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99093-99103. [PMID: 29228755 PMCID: PMC5716795 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence continues to demonstrate the role of obesity in prostate carcinogenesis and prognosis, underscoring the need to identify and continue to evaluate the effective interventions to reduce obesity in populations at high risk. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of daily consumption of decaffeinated green tea catechins (GTC) formulation (Polyphenon E® (PolyE)) for 1 year on biomarkers of obesity in men who are at high risk for prostate cancer. Materials and Methods A randomized, double-blinded trial was conducted targeting 97 men diagnosed with HGPIN or ASAP. Subjects were randomized to receive GTC (PolyE) (n = 49) or placebo (n = 48) for 1 year. Anthropometric data were collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months and data analyzed to observe change in weight, body mass index (indicator of obesity) and waist: hip ratio (indicator of abdominal obesity). Results Decaffeinated GTC containing 400 mgs of the bioactive catechin, EGCG administered for 1 year to men diagnosed with ASAP and HGPIN appears to be bioavailable, well tolerated but not effective in reducing biomarkers of obesity including body weight, body mass index and waist: hip ratio. Conclusions The results of our trial demonstrates that men who are obese and at high risk for prostate cancer should resort to effective weight management strategies to reduce obesity and not resort to ineffective measures such as taking supplements of green tea to reduce biomarkers of obesity. Changes in body mass index and abdominal obesity seen in other studies were potentially due to caffeine and not GTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagi B Kumar
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Inc., MRC/CANCONT, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Roshni Patel
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Inc., MRC/CANCONT, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Julio Pow-Sang
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Inc., WCB-GU PROG, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Inc., WCB-GU PROG, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Raoul Salup
- James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Christopher R Williams
- Urologic Oncology, Research, and Robotic Surgery, University of Florida and Shands Medical Center, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA
| | - Michael J Schell
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Inc., MRC/BIOSTAT, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Rundle A, Wang Y, Sadasivan S, Chitale DA, Gupta NS, Tang D, Rybicki BA. Larger men have larger prostates: Detection bias in epidemiologic studies of obesity and prostate cancer risk. Prostate 2017; 77:949-954. [PMID: 28349547 PMCID: PMC5460373 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with risk of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa), but not with over-all PCa risk. However, obese men have larger prostates which may lower biopsy accuracy and cause a systematic bias toward the null in epidemiologic studies of over-all risk. METHODS Within a cohort of 6692 men followed-up after a biopsy or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) with benign findings, a nested case-control study was conducted of 495 prostate cancer cases and controls matched on age, race, follow-up duration, biopsy versus TURP, and procedure date. Data on body mass index and prostate volume at the time of the initial procedure were abstracted from medical records. RESULTS Prior to consideration of differences in prostate volume, overweight (OR = 1.41; 95%CI 1.01, 1.97), and obese status (OR = 1.59; 95%CI 1.09, 2.33) at the time of the original benign biopsy or TURP were associated with PCa incidence during follow-up. Prostate volume did not significantly moderate the association between body-size and PCa, however it did act as an inverse confounder; adjustment for prostate volume increased the effect size for overweight by 22% (adjusted OR = 1.52; 95%CI 1.08, 2.14) and for obese status by 23% (adjusted OR = 1.77; 95%CI 1.20, 2.62). Larger prostate volume at the time of the original benign biopsy or TURP was inversely associated with PCa incidence during follow-up (OR = 0.92 per 10 cc difference in volume; 95%CI 0.88, 0.97). In analyses that stratified case-control pairs by tumor aggressiveness of the case, prostate volume acted as an inverse confounder in analyses of non-aggressive PCa but not in analyses of aggressive PCa. CONCLUSIONS In studies of obesity and PCa, differences in prostate volume cause a bias toward the null, particularly in analyses of non-aggressive PCa. A pervasive underestimation of the association between obesity and overall PCa risk may exist in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | - Sudha Sadasivan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | | | - Nilesh S. Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | - Deliang Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Tang B, Han CT, Zhang GM, Zhang CZ, Yang WY, Shen Y, Vidal AC, Freedland SJ, Zhu Y, Ye DW. Waist-hip Ratio (WHR), a Better Predictor for Prostate Cancer than Body Mass Index (BMI): Results from a Chinese Hospital-based Biopsy Cohort. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43551. [PMID: 28272469 PMCID: PMC5341100 DOI: 10.1038/srep43551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether waist-hip ratio (WHR) is a better predictor of prostate cancer (PCa) incidence than body mass index (BMI) in Chinese men. Of consecutive patients who underwent prostate biopsies in one tertiary center between 2013 and 2015, we examined data on 1018 with PSA ≤20 ng/ml. Clinical data and biopsy outcomes were collected. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between BMI, WHR and PCa incidence. Area under the ROC (AUC) was used to evaluate the accuracy of different prognostic models. A total of 255 men and 103 men were diagnosed with PCa and high grade PCa (HGPCa, Gleason score ≥8). WHR was an independent risk factor for both PCa (OR = 1.07 95%Cl 1.03-1.11) and HGPCa (OR = 1.14 95%Cl 1.09-1.19) detection, while BMI had no relationship with either PCa or HGPCa detection. Adding WHR to a multivariable model increased the AUC for detecting HGPCa from 0.66 (95%Cl 0.60-0.72) to 0.71 (95%Cl 0.65-0.76). In this Chinese cohort, WHR was significantly predictive of PCa and HGPCa. Adding WHR to a multivariable model increased the diagnostic accuracy for detecting HGPCa. If confirmed, including WHR measurement may improve PCa and HGPCa detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Tao Han
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gui-Ming Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui-Zhu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Yi Yang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Adriana C. Vidal
- Department of Surgery, Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lohmann AE, Goodwin PJ, Chlebowski RT, Pan K, Stambolic V, Dowling RJO. Association of Obesity-Related Metabolic Disruptions With Cancer Risk and Outcome. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:4249-4255. [PMID: 27903146 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.69.6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 40 years, the prevalence of obesity has increased epidemically worldwide, which raises significant concerns regarding public health and the associated economic burden. Obesity is a major risk factor for several conditions including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, and recent evidence suggests that obesity negatively affects cancer risk and outcome. The relationship between obesity and cancer is complex and involves multiple factors both at the systemic and cellular level. Indeed, disruptions in insulin metabolism, adipokines, inflammation, and sex hormones all contribute to the adverse effects of obesity in cancer development and progression. The focus of this review will be the impact of these systemic obesity-related factors on cancer biology, incidence, and outcome. Potential therapeutic interventions and current clinical trials targeting obesity and its associated factors will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Lohmann
- Ana Elisa Lohmann and Pamela J. Goodwin, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto; Vuk Stambolic, University of Toronto; Vuk Stambolic and Ryan J.O. Dowling, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Rowan T. Chlebowski and Kathy Pan, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Pamela J Goodwin
- Ana Elisa Lohmann and Pamela J. Goodwin, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto; Vuk Stambolic, University of Toronto; Vuk Stambolic and Ryan J.O. Dowling, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Rowan T. Chlebowski and Kathy Pan, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Rowan T Chlebowski
- Ana Elisa Lohmann and Pamela J. Goodwin, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto; Vuk Stambolic, University of Toronto; Vuk Stambolic and Ryan J.O. Dowling, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Rowan T. Chlebowski and Kathy Pan, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Kathy Pan
- Ana Elisa Lohmann and Pamela J. Goodwin, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto; Vuk Stambolic, University of Toronto; Vuk Stambolic and Ryan J.O. Dowling, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Rowan T. Chlebowski and Kathy Pan, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Vuk Stambolic
- Ana Elisa Lohmann and Pamela J. Goodwin, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto; Vuk Stambolic, University of Toronto; Vuk Stambolic and Ryan J.O. Dowling, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Rowan T. Chlebowski and Kathy Pan, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Ryan J O Dowling
- Ana Elisa Lohmann and Pamela J. Goodwin, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto; Vuk Stambolic, University of Toronto; Vuk Stambolic and Ryan J.O. Dowling, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Rowan T. Chlebowski and Kathy Pan, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA
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Cicione A, De Nunzio C, Tubaro A, Cantiello F, Manno S, Oliveira C, Lima E, Damiano R. Metabolic syndrome diagnosis and widespread high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia significantly increase prostate cancer risk: results from a multicenter biopsy study. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:59. [PMID: 26846521 PMCID: PMC4743098 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To test in multicenter setting if patients affected of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and initial widespread high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (wHGPIN) diagnosis are at higher risk of prostate cancer (PCa) on repeat biopsy. Methods Patients clinical charts from three European Academic Hospital were reviewed in order to identify patients with initial diagnosis of HGPIN undergone to repeat biopsy. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were adopted to minimize patient heterogeneity. MetS was defined according to Word Heart Organization criteria while initial wHGPIN when ≥4 cores biopsy were involved. A multivariate logistic model was computed to assess the association between PCa and clinical-pathological variables. Results Overall 283 patients were scheduled. Median age was 67 years (IQR 62–72). MetS was diagnosed in 116/283 (41 %) patients and PCa was detected in 84/283 (29.7 %) patients. In particular, PCa was more frequently diagnosed in patients affected of wHGPIN and MetS (45/86, 52.3 %) than in patients with wHGPIN and normal metabolic profile (28/95, 29.5 %), p = 0.002. The multivariate logistic model confirmed that wHGPIN and MetS are independent risk factors for following PCa diagnosis, respectively OR 2.4 (95 % CI 1.01–5.71, p = 0.04), OR 2.79 (95 % CI 1.49–5.22, p = 0.01) while total PSA and DRE findings are not able to predict PCa at repeat biopsy, OR 1.05 (95 % CI 0.98–1.03 p = 0.69) and OR 1.01 (95 % CI 0.55–1.84, p = 0.96) respectively. Conclusions wHGPIN is positively associated to PCa; assessing metabolic profile and repeat prostate biopsy is advisable in patients with initial diagnosis of wHGPIN. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2085-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cicione
- Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | | | - Andrea Tubaro
- La Sapienza University, Via Grottarossa, 00189, Roma, Italy.
| | | | - Stefano Manno
- Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | | | - Estevao Lima
- Braga Hospital, Sete Fontes, São Victor, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Rocco Damiano
- Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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14
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Davies NM, Gaunt TR, Lewis SJ, Holly J, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Kemp JP, Eeles R, Easton D, Kote-Jarai Z, Al Olama AA, Benlloch S, Muir K, Giles GG, Wiklund F, Gronberg H, Haiman CA, Schleutker J, Nordestgaard BG, Travis RC, Neal D, Pashayan N, Khaw KT, Stanford JL, Blot WJ, Thibodeau S, Maier C, Kibel AS, Cybulski C, Cannon-Albright L, Brenner H, Park J, Kaneva R, Batra J, Teixeira MR, Pandha H, Lathrop M, Smith GD, Martin RM. The effects of height and BMI on prostate cancer incidence and mortality: a Mendelian randomization study in 20,848 cases and 20,214 controls from the PRACTICAL consortium. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:1603-16. [PMID: 26387087 PMCID: PMC4596899 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies suggest a potential role for obesity and determinants of adult stature in prostate cancer risk and mortality, but the relationships described in the literature are complex. To address uncertainty over the causal nature of previous observational findings, we investigated associations of height- and adiposity-related genetic variants with prostate cancer risk and mortality. METHODS We conducted a case-control study based on 20,848 prostate cancers and 20,214 controls of European ancestry from 22 studies in the PRACTICAL consortium. We constructed genetic risk scores that summed each man's number of height and BMI increasing alleles across multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms robustly associated with each phenotype from published genome-wide association studies. RESULTS The genetic risk scores explained 6.31 and 1.46% of the variability in height and BMI, respectively. There was only weak evidence that genetic variants previously associated with increased BMI were associated with a lower prostate cancer risk (odds ratio per standard deviation increase in BMI genetic score 0.98; 95% CI 0.96, 1.00; p = 0.07). Genetic variants associated with increased height were not associated with prostate cancer incidence (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97, 1.01; p = 0.23), but were associated with an increase (OR 1.13; 95 % CI 1.08, 1.20) in prostate cancer mortality among low-grade disease (p heterogeneity, low vs. high grade <0.001). Genetic variants associated with increased BMI were associated with an increase (OR 1.08; 95 % CI 1.03, 1.14) in all-cause mortality among men with low-grade disease (p heterogeneity = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS We found little evidence of a substantial effect of genetically elevated height or BMI on prostate cancer risk, suggesting that previously reported observational associations may reflect common environmental determinants of height or BMI and prostate cancer risk. Genetically elevated height and BMI were associated with increased mortality (prostate cancer-specific and all-cause, respectively) in men with low-grade disease, a potentially informative but novel finding that requires replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Davies
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeff Holly
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Jenny L Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John P Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Doug Easton
- Strangeways Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- Strangeways Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara Benlloch
- Strangeways Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Gronberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedical Technology/BioMediTech, University of Tampere and FimLab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Neal
- Surgical Oncology (Uro-Oncology: S4), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Box 279, Cambridge, UK
- Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Strangeways Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William J Blot
- International Epidemiology Institute, 1455 Research Blvd., Suite 550, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | | | - Christiane Maier
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adam S Kibel
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 45 Francis Street-ASB II-3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jong Park
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University Sofia, 2 Zdrave St, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hardev Pandha
- The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Center National de Génotypage, Evry, France
- McGill University-Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - George Davey Smith
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Bristol Nutrition Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, Bristol, UK.
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15
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Mora BC, Fleshner NE, Klotz LH, Venkateswaran V. The effects of serum from prostate cancer patients with elevated body mass index on prostate cancer cells in vitro. Lipid Insights 2015; 8:11-9. [PMID: 25987846 PMCID: PMC4404997 DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s23135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether serum from obese, compared to non-obese, PCa (prostate cancer) patients creates a growth-enhancing tumor micro-environment in vitro. Serum from 80 subjects was divided into four groups: normal weight men with and without PCa and overweight/obese men with and without PCa. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were measured in LNCaP, and PC3 cells treated with patient serum were obtained from the above groups. The results reveal that proliferation of LNCaP cells was significantly (P = 0.05) greater with serum from non-obese (mean = 1.26 ± 0.20) compared to that from obese patients (mean = 1.16 ± 0.19). Serum from obese PCa patients compared to non-obese PCa patients induced significantly greater amounts of cell migration (P < 0.01) in PC3 cells. Serum from obese patients induced significantly (P < 0.01) lower amounts of cell invasion (mean = 8.2 ± 4.5) compared to non-obese patients (mean = 18.1 ± 5.0) when treated on PC3 cells. Serum TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) levels correlated with LNCaP cell proliferation in vitro in non-obese PCa (P < 0.01) and non-obese control groups (P = 0.05). All statistical calculations controlled for age, since the PCa patient groups were significantly older than the control groups (P < 0.01). In conclusion, serum from obese PCa patients induced greater PCa cell migration and lower cell proliferation and invasion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Mora
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neil E Fleshner
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurence H Klotz
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vasundara Venkateswaran
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Chu KF, Rotker K, Ellsworth P. The Impact of Obesity on Benign and Malignant Urologic Conditions. Postgrad Med 2015; 125:53-69. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Lai GY, Giovannucci EL, Pollak MN, Peskoe SB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Platz EA. Association of C-peptide and leptin with prostate cancer incidence in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25:625-32. [PMID: 24664287 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperinsulinemia is hypothesized to influence prostate cancer risk. Thus, we evaluated the association of circulating C-peptide, which is a marker of insulin secretion, and leptin, which is secreted in response to insulin and influences insulin sensitivity, with prostate cancer risk. METHODS We identified prostate cancer cases (n = 1,314) diagnosed a mean of 5.4 years after blood draw and matched controls (n = 1,314) in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Plasma C-peptide and leptin concentrations were measured by ELISA. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were estimated taking into account the matching factors age and history of a PSA test before blood draw and further adjusting for body mass index, diabetes, and other factors. RESULTS Neither C-peptide (quartile [Q]4 vs. Q1: OR 1.05, 95 % CI 0.82-1.34, p-trend = 0.95) nor leptin (Q4 vs. Q1: OR 0.85, 95 % CI 0.65-1.12, p-trend = 0.14) was associated with prostate cancer risk. Further, neither was associated with risk of advanced or lethal disease (n = 156 cases; C-peptide: Q4 vs. Q1, OR 1.18, 95 % CI 0.69-2.03, p-trend = 0.78; leptin: Q4 vs. Q1, OR 0.74, 95 % CI 0.41-1.36, p-trend = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective study, circulating C-peptide and leptin concentrations were not clearly associated with risk of prostate cancer overall or aggressive disease. Well into the PSA era, our findings do not appear to be supportive of the hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia influences risk of total or aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Y Lai
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Rm E6132, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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18
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Edwards TL, Giri A, Motley S, Duong W, Fowke JH. Pleiotropy between genetic markers of obesity and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1538-46. [PMID: 23810916 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To address inconsistent findings of obesity and prostate cancer risk, we analyzed the association between prostate cancer and genetic markers of obesity and metabolism. METHODS Analyses included 176,520 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with 23 metabolic traits. We examined the association between SNPs and prostate cancer in 871 cases and 906 controls, including 427 high-grade cases with Gleason ≥ 7. Genetic risk scores (GRS) for body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were also created by summing alleles associated with increasing BMI or WHR. RESULTS Prostate cancer was associated with five loci, including cyclin M2, with P values less than 1 × 10(-4). In addition, the WHR GRS was associated with high-grade prostate cancer versus controls [OR, 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00-1.11; P = 0.048] and high-grade prostate cancer versus low-grade prostate cancer (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.13; P = 0.03). None of these findings exceeds the threshold for significance after correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Variants in genes known to be associated with metabolism and obesity may be associated with prostate cancer. We show evidence for pleiotropy between WHR GRS and prostate cancer grade. This finding is consistent with the function of several WHR genes and previously described relationships with cancer traits. IMPACT Limitations in standard obesity measures suggest alternative characterizations of obesity may be needed to understand the role of metabolic dysregulation in prostate cancer. The underlying genetics of WHR or other Metabochip SNPs, while not statistically significant beyond multiple testing thresholds within our sample size, support the metabolic hypothesis of prostate carcinogenesis and warrant further investigation in independent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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