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Logotheti S, Pavlopoulou A, Rudsari HK, Galow AM, Kafalı Y, Kyrodimos E, Giotakis AI, Marquardt S, Velalopoulou A, Verginadis II, Koumenis C, Stiewe T, Zoidakis J, Balasingham I, David R, Georgakilas AG. Intercellular pathways of cancer treatment-related cardiotoxicity and their therapeutic implications: the paradigm of radiotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 260:108670. [PMID: 38823489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Advances in cancer therapeutics have improved patient survival rates. However, cancer survivors may suffer from adverse events either at the time of therapy or later in life. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a clinically important, but mechanistically understudied complication, which interfere with the continuation of best-possible care, induce life-threatening risks, and/or lead to long-term morbidity. These concerns are exacerbated by the fact that targeted therapies and immunotherapies are frequently combined with radiotherapy, which induces durable inflammatory and immunogenic responses, thereby providing a fertile ground for the development of CVDs. Stressed and dying irradiated cells produce 'danger' signals including, but not limited to, major histocompatibility complexes, cell-adhesion molecules, proinflammatory cytokines, and damage-associated molecular patterns. These factors activate intercellular signaling pathways which have potentially detrimental effects on the heart tissue homeostasis. Herein, we present the clinical crosstalk between cancer and heart diseases, describe how it is potentiated by cancer therapies, and highlight the multifactorial nature of the underlying mechanisms. We particularly focus on radiotherapy, as a case known to often induce cardiovascular complications even decades after treatment. We provide evidence that the secretome of irradiated tumors entails factors that exert systemic, remote effects on the cardiac tissue, potentially predisposing it to CVDs. We suggest how diverse disciplines can utilize pertinent state-of-the-art methods in feasible experimental workflows, to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of radiotherapy-related cardiotoxicity at the organismal level and untangle the desirable immunogenic properties of cancer therapies from their detrimental effects on heart tissue. Results of such highly collaborative efforts hold promise to be translated to next-generation regimens that maximize tumor control, minimize cardiovascular complications, and support quality of life in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Logotheti
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Anne-Marie Galow
- Institute for Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Yağmur Kafalı
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Efthymios Kyrodimos
- First Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hippocrateion General Hospital Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aris I Giotakis
- First Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hippocrateion General Hospital Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stephan Marquardt
- Institute of Translational Medicine for Health Care Systems, Medical School Berlin, Hochschule Für Gesundheit Und Medizin, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasia Velalopoulou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ioannis I Verginadis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany; Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Department of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Robert David
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; Department of Life, Light & Matter, Interdisciplinary Faculty, Rostock University, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
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Rao S, Kini V, Hegde SK, Meera S, Rao P, George T, Baliga MS. Ayurvedic Drug Triphala in Combination with Providone Iodine Mitigates Radiation-Induced Mucositis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients without Affecting the Tumor Response. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 75:1480-1489. [PMID: 37636651 PMCID: PMC10447701 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-03516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced mucositis is a dose-limiting concern in the treatment of head and neck cancers (HNC). This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the Ayurvedic drug Triphala in reducing radiation-induced mucositis and influencing tumour control when combined with providone iodine. Data from patient files of HNC patients who received Triphala in conjunction with iodine or iodine alone over the course of curative radiotherapy (> 60 Gy) from May 2013 to February 2015 were extracted for this retrospective chart based study. Data was subjected to statistical analysis, X2 and unpaired t test using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 17 (IBM, Chicago, USA). When compared to iodine alone, the group that utilised Triphala gargling was very efficient in delaying mucositis, the extent of weight loss (p = 0.038), the incidence (p = 0.03), and the number (p = 0.02) of treatment breaks. However, it had no influence on the radiation-induced tumour response. According to the observations, Triphala coupled with iodine was more successful in preventing radiation mucositis, and without affecting the killing of tumour cells than iodine gargle alone. According to the authors, this is the first observation to demonstrate the value of combining providone iodine with Triphala in preventing radiation-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Rao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Mangalore, 575002 India
| | - Venkataraman Kini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Mangalore, 575002 India
| | - Sanath Kumar Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Mangalore, 575002 India
| | | | - Pratima Rao
- Department of Dentistry, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Mangalore, 575002 India
| | - Thomas George
- Research Unit, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Mangalore, 575002 India
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Oh JM, Kim H. The effect of oral bacterial infection on DNA damage response in host cells. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:3157-3168. [PMID: 37559975 PMCID: PMC10408462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining and transferring intact genomes from one generation to another plays a pivotal role in all living organisms. DNA damage caused by numerous endogenous and exogenous factors must be adequately repaired, as unrepaired and accumulated DNA mutations can cause severe deleterious effects, such as cell death and cancer. To prevent adverse consequences, cells have established DNA damage response mechanisms that address different forms of DNA damage, including DNA double-strand breaks, mismatches, nucleotide excision, and base excision. Among several sources of exogenous DNA damage, bacterial infections cause inflammation in the host, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causing oxidative DNA damage. Recent studies have revealed the importance of the oral microbiome in inflammation and several systemic host diseases. Dysbiosis of oral bacteria can induce chronic inflammation, which enhances ROS-induced DNA damage, and improperly repaired damage can lead to carcinogenesis. This review describes the various DNA repair pathways that are affected by chronic inflammation and the discovery of the DNA damage response induced by oral bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Oh
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National UniversityYangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National UniversityYangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongtae Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Genomic Integrity Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNISTUlsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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Hamadi N, Beegam S, Zaaba NE, Elzaki O, Altamimi MA, Nemmar A. Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, Microgliosis and Astrogliosis in the Cerebellum of Mice Chronically Exposed to Waterpipe Smoke. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041104. [PMID: 37189722 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Waterpipe smoking (WPS) is prevalent in Asian and Middle Eastern countries and has recently gained worldwide popularity, especially among youth. WPS has potentially harmful chemicals and is associated with a wide range of adverse effects on different organs. However, little is known regarding the impact of WPS inhalation on the brain and especially on the cerebellum. Presently, we aimed at investigating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as microgliosis and astrogliosis in the cerebellum of BALB/C mice chronically (6 months) exposed to WPS compared with air-exposed mice (control). WPS inhalation augmented the concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β in cerebellar homogenates. Likewise, WPS increased oxidative stress markers including 8-isoprostane, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and superoxide dismutase. In addition, compared with the air-exposed group, WPS caused an increase in the oxidative DNA damage marker, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, in cerebellar homogenates. Similarly, in comparison with the air group, WPS inhalation elevated the cerebellar homogenate levels of cytochrome C, cleaved caspase-3 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Immunofluorescence analysis of the cerebellum showed that WPS exposure significantly augmented the number of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive microglia and astroglia, respectively. Taken together, our data show that chronic exposure to WPS is associated with cerebellar inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, microgliosis and astrogliosis. These actions were associated with a mechanism involving NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naserddine Hamadi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 144534, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sumaya Beegam
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nur Elena Zaaba
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ozaz Elzaki
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mariam Abdulla Altamimi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 144534, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
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Craig DJ, Ambrose S, Stanbery L, Walter A, Nemunaitis J. Systemic benefit of radiation therapy via abscopal effect. Front Oncol 2022; 12:987142. [PMID: 36387120 PMCID: PMC9641206 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.987142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence of a systemic response related to localized radiation therapy (RT) in cancer management is rare. However, enhancing the immune response via immunotherapy followed by localized RT has shown evidence of tumor shrinkage to non-irradiated metastatic disease thereby inducing an "abscopal effect." Combined induction of the cGAS-STING pathway and activation of IFN-gamma signaling cascade related to RT within an activated immune environment promotes neoantigen presentation and expansion of cytotoxic effector cells enabling enhancement of systemic immune response. A proposed mechanism, case examples, and clinical trial evidence of "abscopal effect" benefit are reviewed. Results support strategic therapeutic testing to enhance "abscopal effect."
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Craig
- University of Toledo, Department of Internal Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States
| | | | - Laura Stanbery
- Medical Affairs, Gradalis, Inc., Carrollton, TX, United States
| | - Adam Walter
- Medical Affairs, Gradalis, Inc., Carrollton, TX, United States
- Gynecologic Oncology, Promedica, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - John Nemunaitis
- Medical Affairs, Gradalis, Inc., Carrollton, TX, United States
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Chen J, Li S, Chen Y, Yang J, Dong J. Highly selective detection of adenine and guanine by NH 2-MIL-53(Fe)/CS/MXene nanocomposites with excellent electrochemical performance. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:328. [PMID: 35962293 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are mainly found in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) and play a crucial role in genetic information transfer and protein synthesis. In this study, NH2-MIL-53(Fe)/CS/MXene nanocomposites were prepared for detecting guanine and adenine. With high specific surface area, excellent water dispersion, and numerous active sites, MXene (transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides) provides a good platform for loading primitive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). At the same time, the problem of poor conductivity and dispersion of MOFs is solved. The electrochemical catalytic oxidation of adenine and guanine of NH2-MIL-53 (Fe)/CS/MXene nanocomposites was carried out by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Operating voltage of DPV: 0.7-0.9 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for G, 1.0-1.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for A, 0.8 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), and 1.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for G and A. The concentration ranges for detecting A and G were 3-118 μM and 2-120 μM with detection limits of 0.57 μM and 0.17 μM (S/N = 3), respectively. The nanocomposite was used for detecting G and A in herring sperm DNA, and the content of G and A was found to be about 9 and 11 μM; the RSD values were 3.4 and 1.3%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
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Xie T, Yuan J, Mei L, Li P, Pan R. Luteolin suppresses TNF‑α‑induced inflammatory injury and senescence of nucleus pulposus cells via the Sirt6/NF‑κB pathway. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:469. [PMID: 35747154 PMCID: PMC9204575 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Luteolin (3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy flavone) is a flavonoid, which is widely distributed in various plants including flowers, vegetables, and medicinal herbs and spices. Luteolin can be applied in the treatment of various diseases due to its multiple biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidative activity. However, its role in intervertebral disc degeneration has not been previously reported. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to explore the effects of luteolin on Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced inflammatory injury and senescence of human nucleus pulposus cells (HNPCs), as well as the underlying mechanisms of action of this compound. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by MTT assay and TUNEL staining, respectively. ELISA kits were applied to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines and the activity of telomerase. Senescence β-galactosidase staining was used to detect the activity levels of β-galactosidase in the cells. Cell transfection was performed to achieve interference of sirtuin 6 (Sirt6). The protein expression levels were detected by western blot analysis. TUNEL staining and western blot analysis were performed to assess the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins. The results indicated that TNF-α induced a significant decrease in HNPC viability and an increase in inflammatory factor levels, while the application of luteolin effectively increased cell viability and decreased intracellular interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 expression levels. Furthermore, luteolin decreased apoptosis compared with the TNF-α groups in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the results of the detection kits suggested that luteolin reversed TNF-α-induced senescence. Notably, interference with Sirt6 partially reduced the protective effect of luteolin on TNF-α-induced HNPC senescence via the Sirt6/NF-κB pathway. In summary, the data indicated that luteolin suppresses TNF-α-induced inflammatory injury and senescence of HNPCs via the Sirt6/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Ling Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Ruijie Pan
- College of Acupuncture and Bone Injury, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430061, P.R. China
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Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect Mediated by Exosomes Involves the Replication Stress in Recipient Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084169. [PMID: 35456987 PMCID: PMC9029583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes released by irradiated cells mediate the radiation-induced bystander effect, which is manifested by DNA breaks detected in recipient cells; yet, the specific mechanism responsible for the generation of chromosome lesions remains unclear. In this study, naive FaDu head and neck cancer cells were stimulated with exosomes released by irradiated (a single 2 Gy dose) or mock-irradiated cells. Maximum accumulation of gamma H2A.X foci, a marker of DNA breaks, was detected after one hour of stimulation with exosomes from irradiated donors, the level of which was comparable to the one observed in directly irradiated cells (a weaker wave of the gamma H2A.X foci accumulation was also noted after 23 h of stimulation). Exosomes from irradiated cells, but not from control ones, activated two stress-induced protein kinases: ATM and ATR. Noteworthy is that while direct irradiation activated only ATM, both ATM and ATR were activated by two factors known to induce the replication stress: hydroxyurea and camptothecin (with subsequent phosphorylation of gamma H2A.X). One hour of stimulation with exosomes from irradiated cells suppressed DNA synthesis in recipient cells and resulted in the subsequent nuclear accumulation of RNA:DNA hybrids, which is an indicator of impaired replication. Interestingly, the abovementioned effects were observed before a substantial internalization of exosomes, which may suggest a receptor-mediated mechanism. It was observed that after one hour of stimulation with exosomes from irradiated donors, phosphorylation of several nuclear proteins, including replication factors and regulators of heterochromatin remodeling as well as components of multiple intracellular signaling pathways increased. Hence, we concluded that the bystander effect mediated by exosomes released from irradiated cells involves the replication stress in recipient cells.
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Non-Targeted Effects of Synchrotron Radiation: Lessons from Experiments at the Australian and European Synchrotrons. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12042079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Studies have been conducted at synchrotron facilities in Europe and Australia to explore a variety of applications of synchrotron X-rays in medicine and biology. We discuss the major technical aspects of the synchrotron irradiation setups, paying specific attention to the Australian Synchrotron (AS) and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) as those best configured for a wide range of biomedical research involving animals and future cancer patients. Due to ultra-high dose rates, treatment doses can be delivered within milliseconds, abiding by FLASH radiotherapy principles. In addition, a homogeneous radiation field can be spatially fractionated into a geometric pattern called microbeam radiotherapy (MRT); a coplanar array of thin beams of microscopic dimensions. Both are clinically promising radiotherapy modalities because they trigger a cascade of biological effects that improve tumor control, while increasing normal tissue tolerance compared to conventional radiation. Synchrotrons can deliver high doses to a very small volume with low beam divergence, thus facilitating the study of non-targeted effects of these novel radiation modalities in both in-vitro and in-vivo models. Non-targeted radiation effects studied at the AS and ESRF include monitoring cell–cell communication after partial irradiation of a cell population (radiation-induced bystander effect, RIBE), the response of tissues outside the irradiated field (radiation-induced abscopal effect, RIAE), and the influence of irradiated animals on non-irradiated ones in close proximity (inter-animal RIBE). Here we provide a summary of these experiments and perspectives on their implications for non-targeted effects in biomedical fields.
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Singla RK, Sai CS, Chopra H, Behzad S, Bansal H, Goyal R, Gautam RK, Tsagkaris C, Joon S, Singla S, Shen B. Natural Products for the Management of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Special Focus on Nanoparticles Based Studies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:745177. [PMID: 34805155 PMCID: PMC8602797 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.745177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer among men and the second most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality around the world. The progression of advanced prostate cancer to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) plays a major role in disease-associated morbidity and mortality, posing a significant therapeutic challenge. Resistance has been associated with the activation of androgen receptors via several mechanisms, including alternative dehydroepiandrosterone biosynthetic pathways, other androgen receptor activator molecules, oncogenes, and carcinogenic signaling pathways. Tumor microenvironment plays a critical role not only in the cancer progression but also in the drug resistance. Numerous natural products have shown major potential against particular or multiple resistance pathways as shown by in vitro and in vivo studies. However, their efficacy in clinical trials has been undermined by their unfavorable pharmacological properties (hydrophobic molecules, instability, low pharmacokinetic profile, poor water solubility, and high excretion rate). Nanoparticle formulations can provide a way out of the stalemate, employing targeted drug delivery, improved pharmacokinetic drug profile, and transportation of diagnostic and therapeutic agents via otherwise impermeable biological barriers. This review compiles the available evidence regarding the use of natural products for the management of CRPC with a focus on nanoparticle formulations. PubMed and Google Scholar search engines were used for preclinical studies, while ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed were searched for clinical studies. The results of our study suggest the efficacy of natural compounds such as curcumin, resveratrol, apigenin, quercetin, fisetin, luteolin, kaempferol, genistein, berberine, ursolic acid, eugenol, gingerol, and ellagic acid against several mechanisms leading to castration resistance in preclinical studies, but fail to set the disease under control in clinical studies. Nanoparticle formulations of curcumin and quercetin seem to increase their potential in clinical settings. Using nanoparticles based on betulinic acid, capsaicin, sintokamide A, niphatenones A and B, as well as atraric acid seems promising but needs to be verified with preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K. Singla
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India
| | - Sahar Behzad
- Evidence-Based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Himangini Bansal
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajat Goyal
- MM School of Pharmacy, MM University, Ambala, India
| | | | | | - Shikha Joon
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailja Singla
- iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Bairong Shen
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lobachevsky P, Forrester HB, Ivashkevich A, Mason J, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Sprung CN, Djonov VG, Martin OA. Synchrotron X-Ray Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect: An Impact of the Scattered Radiation, Distance From the Irradiated Site and p53 Cell Status. Front Oncol 2021; 11:685598. [PMID: 34094987 PMCID: PMC8175890 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.685598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation, especially microbeam radiotherapy (MRT), has a great potential to improve cancer radiotherapy, but non-targeted effects of synchrotron radiation have not yet been sufficiently explored. We have previously demonstrated that scattered synchrotron radiation induces measurable γ-H2AX foci, a biomarker of DNA double-strand breaks, at biologically relevant distances from the irradiated field that could contribute to the apparent accumulation of bystander DNA damage detected in cells and tissues outside of the irradiated area. Here, we quantified an impact of scattered radiation to DNA damage response in "naïve" cells sharing the medium with the cells that were exposed to synchrotron radiation. To understand the effect of genetic alterations in naïve cells, we utilised p53-null and p53-wild-type human colon cancer cells HCT116. The cells were grown in two-well chamber slides, with only one of nine zones (of equal area) of one well irradiated with broad beam or MRT. γ-H2AX foci per cell values induced by scattered radiation in selected zones of the unirradiated well were compared to the commensurate values from selected zones in the irradiated well, with matching distances from the irradiated zone. Scattered radiation highly impacted the DNA damage response in both wells and a pronounced distance-independent bystander DNA damage was generated by broad-beam irradiations, while MRT-generated bystander response was negligible. For p53-null cells, a trend for a reduced response to scattered irradiation was observed, but not to bystander signalling. These results will be taken into account for the assessment of genotoxic effects in surrounding non-targeted tissues in preclinical experiments designed to optimise conditions for clinical MRT and for cancer treatment in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Lobachevsky
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Advanced Analytical Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen B Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alesia Ivashkevich
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Therapeutic Goods Administration, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Joel Mason
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organisation (CSIRO) Future Industries, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)/Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris J Hall
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)/Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Olga A Martin
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Chen Z, Yang X, Zhou Y, Liang Z, Chen C, Han C, Cao X, He W, Zhang K, Qin A, Zhou T, Zhao J. Dehydrocostus Lactone Attenuates the Senescence of Nucleus Pulposus Cells and Ameliorates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration via Inhibition of STING-TBK1/NF-κB and MAPK Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:641098. [PMID: 33935734 PMCID: PMC8079987 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.641098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is multifactorial with the senescence of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and closely related to inflammation in NP cells. Dehydrocostus lactone (DHE) is a natural sesquiterpene lactone isolated from medicinal plants that has anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, DHE may have a therapeutic effect on the progression of IDD. In this study, NP cells were used to determine the appropriate concentration of DHE in vitro. The role of DHE in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)–induced activation of inflammatory signaling pathways and cellular senescence, together with anabolism and catabolism of extracellular matrix (ECM) in NP cells, was examined in vitro. The therapeutic effect of DHE in vivo was determined using a spinal instability model of IDD in mice. The TNF-α–induced ECM degradation and the senescence of NP cells were partially attenuated by DHE. Mechanistically, DHE inhibited the activation of NF-κB and MAPK inflammatory signaling pathways and ameliorated the senescence of NP cells caused by the activation of STING-TBK1/NF-κB signaling induced by TNF-α. Furthermore, a spinal instability model in mice demonstrated that DHE treatment could ameliorate progression of IDD. Together, our findings indicate that DHE can alleviate IDD changes and has a potential therapeutic function for the treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihao Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiankun Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - An Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tangjun Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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Marruecos L, Manils J, Moreta C, Gómez D, Filgaira I, Serafin A, Cañas X, Espinosa L, Soler C. Single loss of a Trp53 allele triggers an increased oxidative, DNA damage and cytokine inflammatory responses through deregulation of IκBα expression. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:359. [PMID: 33824284 PMCID: PMC8024389 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dose of Trp53, the main keeper of genome stability, influences tumorigenesis; however, the causes underlying and driving tumorigenesis over time by the loss of a single p53 allele are still poorly characterized. Here, we found that single p53 allele loss specifically impacted the oxidative, DNA damage and inflammatory status of hematopoietic lineages. In particular, single Trp53 allele loss in mice triggered oxidative stress in peripheral blood granulocytes and spleenocytes, whereas lack of two Trp53 alleles produced enhanced oxidative stress in thymus cells, resulting in a higher incidence of lymphomas in the Trp53 knockout (KO) mice compared with hemizygous (HEM). In addition, single or complete loss of Trp53 alleles, as well as p53 downregulation, led to a differential increase in basal, LPS- and UVB-induced expression of a plethora of pro-inflammatory cytokine, such as interleukin-12 (Il-12a), TNFα (Tnfa) and interleukin (Il-23a) in bone marrow-derived macrophage cells (BMDMs) compared to WT cells. Interestingly, p53-dependent increased inflammatory gene expression correlated with deregulated expression of the NF-κB pathway inhibitor IκBα. Chromatin immunoprecipitation data revealed decreased p65 binding to Nfkbia in the absence of p53 and p53 binding to Nfkbia promoter, uncovering a novel crosstalk mechanism between p53 and NF-κB transcription factors. Overall, our data suggest that single Trp53 allele loss can drive a sustained inflammatory, DNA damage and oxidative stress response that, over time, facilitate and support carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marruecos
- Cancer Research Program, CIBERONC Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Manils
- Unitat d'Immunologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Moreta
- Unitat d'Immunologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Gómez
- Unitat d'Immunologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Filgaira
- Unitat d'Immunologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Serafin
- PCB Animal Facility, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Cañas
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Espinosa
- Cancer Research Program, CIBERONC Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepció Soler
- Unitat d'Immunologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Neuropharmacology & Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
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14
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Forrester HB, Lobachevsky PN, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Martin OA, Sprung CN. Abscopal Gene Expression in Response to Synchrotron Radiation Indicates a Role for Immunological and DNA Damage Response Genes. Radiat Res 2021; 194:678-687. [PMID: 32991732 DOI: 10.1667/rade-19-00014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abscopal effects are an important aspect of targeted radiation therapy due to their implication in normal tissue toxicity from chronic inflammatory responses and mutagenesis. Gene expression can be used to determine abscopal effects at the molecular level. Synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy utilizing high-intensity X rays collimated into planar microbeams is a promising cancer treatment due to its reported ability to ablate tumors with less damage to normal tissues compared to conventional broadbeam radiation therapy techniques. The low scatter of synchrotron radiation enables microbeams to be delivered to tissue effectively, and is also advantageous for out-of-field studies because there is minimal interference from scatter. Mouse legs were irradiated at a dose rate of 49 Gy/s and skin samples in the out-of-field areas were collected. The out-of-field skin showed an increase in Tnf expression and a decrease in Mdm2 expression, genes associated with inflammation and DNA damage. These expression effects from microbeam exposure were similar to those found with broadbeam exposure. In immune-deficient Ccl2 knockout mice, we identified a different gene expression profile which showed an early increase in Mdm2, Tgfb1, Tnf and Ccl22 expression in out-of-field skin that was not observed in the immune-proficient mice. Our results suggest that the innate immune system is involved in out-of-field tissue responses and alterations in the immune response may not eliminate abscopal effects, but could change them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pavel N Lobachevsky
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Advanced Analytical Technologies, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, Australia.,CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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15
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Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect: Loss of Radioprotective Capacity of Rosmarinic Acid In Vivo and In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020231. [PMID: 33546480 PMCID: PMC7913630 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In radiation oncology, the modulation of the bystander effect is a target both for the destruction of tumor cells and to protect healthy cells. With this objective, we determine whether the radioprotective capacity of rosmarinic acid (RA) can affect the intensity of these effects. Genoprotective capacity was obtained by determining the micronuclei frequencies in in vivo and in vitro assays and the cell survival was determined by the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay) (MTT) assay in three cell lines (PNT2, TRAMPC1 and B16F10), both in direct exposure to X-rays and after the production of radiation-induced bystander effect. The administration of RA in irradiated cells produced a decrease in the frequency of micronuclei both in vivo and in vitro, and an increase in cell survival, as expression of its radioprotective effect (p < 0.001) attributable to its ability to scavenge radio-induced free radicals (ROS). However, RA does not achieve any modification in the animals receiving serum or in the cultures treated with the irradiated medium, which expresses an absence of radioprotective capacity. The results suggest that ROS participates in the formation of signals in directly irradiated cells, but only certain subtypes of ROS, the cytotoxic products of lipid peroxidation, participate in the creation of lesions in recipient cells.
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16
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Tremi I, Nowsheen S, Aziz K, Siva S, Ventura J, Hatzi VI, Martin OA, Georgakilas AG. Inflammation and oxidatively induced DNA damage: A synergy leading to cancer development. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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The Maternal Leucocytes in Thrombophilia and Hypothyroidism and their Influence on Fetal Cells. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2018-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The literature data show that thrombophilia and maternal dysfunction of thyroid gland during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of miscarriage, placental abruption, hypertensive disorders and fetal growth retardation. It was shown that thyroid hormones and hypercoagulable states influence onto a leucocyte activity. The aim of this study has been to investigate maternal leucocytes changes and their correlation with frequency of fetal cells micronuclei in pregnant women with thrombophilia and hypothyroidism. The samples of blood and amniotic fluid were collected from healthy pregnant women and pregnant women with inherited thrombophilia and hypothyroidism (16 - 18 weeks of gestation). Hematological characteristics were determined by using standard hematological methods. The frequency of micronuclei was determined in fetal cells after amniocentesis by using standard cytogenetic methods. The results of this study showed significant higher levels of β-hCG, number of monocytes and eosinophils in blood of pregnant women with thrombophilia. A large number of eosinophils was documented in blood of pregnant women with hypothyroidism. Increased percentage distribution of eosinophils and basophils is shown in both investigated groups of pregnant women. The increased fetal cells micronuclei frequency and their correlation with percentage distribution of eosinophils and basophils were indicated in pregnant women with hypothyroidism. The obtained results suggest that an increased percentage of eosinophils and basophils in pregnant women with hypothyroidism contribute to a formation of micronuclei in fetal cells.
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18
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Belli M, Indovina L. The Response of Living Organisms to Low Radiation Environment and Its Implications in Radiation Protection. Front Public Health 2020; 8:601711. [PMID: 33384980 PMCID: PMC7770185 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.601711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Life has evolved on Earth for about 4 billion years in the presence of the natural background of ionizing radiation. It is extremely likely that it contributed, and still contributes, to shaping present form of life. Today the natural background radiation is extremely small (few mSv/y), however it may be significant enough for living organisms to respond to it, perhaps keeping memory of this exposure. A better understanding of this response is relevant not only for improving our knowledge on life evolution, but also for assessing the robustness of the present radiation protection system at low doses, such as those typically encountered in everyday life. Given the large uncertainties in epidemiological data below 100 mSv, quantitative evaluation of these health risk is currently obtained with the aid of radiobiological models. These predict a health detriment, caused by radiation-induced genetic mutations, linearly related to the dose. However a number of studies challenged this paradigm by demonstrating the occurrence of non-linear responses at low doses, and of radioinduced epigenetic effects, i.e., heritable changes in genes expression not related to changes in DNA sequence. This review is focused on the role that epigenetic mechanisms, besides the genetic ones, can have in the responses to low dose and protracted exposures, particularly to natural background radiation. Many lines of evidence show that epigenetic modifications are involved in non-linear responses relevant to low doses, such as non-targeted effects and adaptive response, and that genetic and epigenetic effects share, in part, a common origin: the reactive oxygen species generated by ionizing radiation. Cell response to low doses of ionizing radiation appears more complex than that assumed for radiation protection purposes and that it is not always detrimental. Experiments conducted in underground laboratories with very low background radiation have even suggested positive effects of this background. Studying the changes occurring in various living organisms at reduced radiation background, besides giving information on the life evolution, have opened a new avenue to answer whether low doses are detrimental or beneficial, and to understand the relevance of radiobiological results to radiation protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Indovina
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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19
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Apical periodontitis induces changes on oxidative stress parameters and increases Na +/K +-ATPase activity in adult rats. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 118:104849. [PMID: 32847752 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endodontic infection can cause systemic alterations. The involvement of oxidative stress (OS) and transmembrane enzymes compose the pathogenesis of various systemic diseases. However, the relation among apical periodontitis (AP), OS parameters, and Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) pump was not reported in the literature. This study evaluated the AP influence on OS parameters and NKA activity in adult rats. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats (sixteen weeks old) were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: control (CT group; n = 8) and AP (AP group; n = 9), which was induced in the first right mandibular molar tooth. After 21 days of AP induction, mandibles were dissected for radiographic analysis. In addition, the heart, liver, pancreas, and kidney were collected for analysis of endogenous OS parameters and NKA activity. Data were analyzed by Student's T-test. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS AP presence increased reactive species (RS) generation only in the heart, while the other analyzed organs did not have this parameter modified. Heart and pancreas had a decreased endogenous antioxidant system (catalase activity and vitamin C levels), liver and kidney had an increased one. AP increased NKA activity in the heart, liver, and pancreas, but not in the kidney. CONCLUSION The modulation of both endogenous antioxidant defense system and NKA activity in vital organs suggested that alterations in the antioxidant status and cellular electrochemical gradient may be involved in the AP pathophysiology.
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20
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Shemetun OV, Pilinska MA. RADIATION-INDUCED BYSTANDER EFFECT - MODELING, MANIFESTATION, MECHANISMS, PERSISTENCE, CANCER RISKS (literature review). PROBLEMY RADIAT︠S︡IĬNOÏ MEDYT︠S︡YNY TA RADIOBIOLOHIÏ 2020; 24:65-92. [PMID: 31841459 DOI: 10.33145/2304-8336-2019-24-65-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The review summarizes and analyzes the data of world scientific literature and the results of the own research con- cerning one of the main non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation - the radiation induced bystander effect (RIBE) - the ability of irradiated target cells to induce secondary biological changes in non-irradiated receptor cells. The his- tory of studies of this phenomenon is presented - it described under various names since 1905, began to study from the end of the twentieth century when named as RIBE and caused particular interest in the scientific community during recent decades. It is shown that the development of biological science and the improvement of research methods allowed to get new in-depth data on the development of RIBE not only at the level of the whole organism, but even at the genome level. The review highlights the key points of numerous RIBE investigations including mod- eling; methodological approaches to studying; classification; features of interaction between irradiated and intact cells; the role of the immune system, oxidative stress, cytogenetic disorders, changes in gene expression in the mechanism of development of RIBE; rescue effect, abscopal effect, persistence, modification, medical effects. It is emphasized that despite the considerable amount of research concerning the bystander response as the universal phenomenon and RIBE as one of its manifestations, there are still enough «white spots» in determining the mech- anisms of the RIBE formation and assessing the possible consequences of its development for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Shemetun
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of MedicalSciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriia Illienka St., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - M A Pilinska
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of MedicalSciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriia Illienka St., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
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21
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Martin OA, Martin RF. Cancer Radiotherapy: Understanding the Price of Tumor Eradication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:261. [PMID: 32391355 PMCID: PMC7193305 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger F Martin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Lobachevsky PN, Ventura J, Giannakandropoulou L, Forrester H, Palazzolo JS, Haynes NM, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Mason J, Pollakis G, Pateras IS, Gorgoulis V, Terzoudi GI, Hamilton JA, Sprung CN, Georgakilas AG, Martin OA. A Functional Immune System Is Required for the Systemic Genotoxic Effects of Localized Irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 103:1184-1193. [PMID: 30529375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nontargeted effects of ionizing radiation, by which unirradiated cells and tissues are also damaged, are a relatively new paradigm in radiobiology. We recently reported radiation-induced abscopal effects (RIAEs) in normal tissues; namely, DNA damage, apoptosis, and activation of the local and systemic immune responses in C57BL6/J mice after irradiation of a small region of the body. High-dose-rate, synchrotron-generated broad beam or multiplanar x-ray microbeam radiation therapy was used with various field sizes and doses. This study explores components of the immune system involved in the generation of these abscopal effects. METHODS AND MATERIALS The following mice with various immune deficiencies were irradiated with the microbeam radiation therapy beam: (1) SCID/IL2γR-/- (NOD SCID gamma, NSG) mice, (2) wild-type C57BL6/J mice treated with an antibody-blocking macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, which depletes and alters the function of macrophages, and (3) chemokine ligand 2/monocyte chemotactic protein 1 null mice. Complex DNA damage (ie, DNA double-strand breaks), oxidatively induced clustered DNA lesions, and apoptotic cells in tissues distant from the irradiation site were measured as RIAE endpoints and compared with those in wild-type C57BL6/J mice. RESULTS Wild-type mice accumulated double-strand breaks, oxidatively induced clustered DNA lesions, and apoptosis, enforcing our RIAE model. However, these effects were completely or partially abrogated in mice with immune disruption, highlighting the pivotal role of the immune system in propagation of systemic genotoxic effects after localized irradiation. CONCLUSIONS These results underline the importance of not only delineating the best strategies for tumor control but also mitigating systemic radiation toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N Lobachevsky
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Ventura
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Royal Women's Hospital
| | - Lina Giannakandropoulou
- School of Applied Mathematical & Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason S Palazzolo
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Joel Mason
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerasimos Pollakis
- School of Applied Mathematical & Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Institute for Cancer Sciences and Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia I Terzoudi
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- School of Applied Mathematical & Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga A Martin
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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23
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Intracellular and Intercellular Signalling Mechanisms following DNA Damage Are Modulated By PINK1. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1391387. [PMID: 30116473 PMCID: PMC6079383 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1391387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function and accumulation of DNA damage have been recognized as hallmarks of age-related diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction initiates protective signalling mechanisms coordinated at nuclear level particularly by modulating transcription of stress signalling factors. In turn, cellular response to DNA lesions comprises a series of interconnected complex protective pathways, which require the energetic and metabolic support of the mitochondria. These are involved in intracellular as well as in extracellular signalling of damage. Here, we have initiated a study that addresses how mitochondria-nucleus communication may occur in conditions of combined mitochondrial dysfunction and genotoxic stress and what are the consequences of this interaction on the cell system. In this work, we used cells deficient for PINK1, a mitochondrial kinase involved in mitochondrial quality control whose loss of function leads to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, challenged with inducers of DNA damage, namely, ionizing radiation and the radiomimetic bleomycin. Combined stress at the level of mitochondria and the nucleus impairs both mitochondrial and nuclear functions. Our findings revealed exacerbated sensibility to genotoxic stress in PINK1-deficient cells. The same cells showed an impaired induction of bystander phenomena following stress insults. However, these cells responded adaptively when a challenge dose was applied subsequently to a low-dose treatment to the cells. The data demonstrates that PINK1 modulates intracellular and intercellular signalling pathways, particularly adaptive responses and transmission of bystander signalling, two facets of the cell-protective mechanisms against detrimental agents.
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Jakovljevic A, Andric M, Nikolic N, Coric V, Krezovic S, Carkic J, Knezevic A, Beljic-Ivanovic K, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Miletic M, Soldatovic I, Radosavljevic T, Jovanovic T, Simic T, Ivanovic V, Milasin J. Levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and bone resorption regulators in apical periodontitis lesions infected by Epstein-Barr virus. Int Endod J 2018; 51:593-604. [PMID: 29315650 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether apical periodontitis lesions infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) exhibit higher levels of oxidative stress biomarkers [8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)] and bone resorption regulators [receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG)] compared to EBV-negative periapical lesions and healthy pulp tissues. METHODOLOGY The experimental group consisted of 30 EBV-positive and 30 EBV-negative periapical lesions collected in conjunction with apicoectomy. The pulp tissues of 20 impacted third molars were used as healthy controls. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of EBV was performed by nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. The levels of RANKL and OPG were analysed by reverse transcriptase real-time PCR. The levels of 8-OHdG and GSSG were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's correlation were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The levels of RANKL, OPG, 8-OHdG and GSSG were significantly higher in apical periodontitis lesions compared to healthy pulp controls (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). RANKL and OPG mRNA expression was significantly higher in EBV-positive compared to EBV-negative periapical lesions (P < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between EBV copy numbers and levels of RANKL, OPG, 8OH-dG and GSSG in apical periodontitis. CONCLUSION Levels of bone resorption regulators and oxidative stress biomarkers were increased in apical periodontitis compared to healthy pulp tissues. EBV-positive periapical lesions exhibited higher levels of RANKL and OPG compared to EBV-negative periapical lesions. EBV may contribute to progression of apical periodontitis via enhanced production of bone resorption regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jakovljevic
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Andric
- Clinic of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Nikolic
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Coric
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Krezovic
- Clinic of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Carkic
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Knezevic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - K Beljic-Ivanovic
- Clinic of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Miletic
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - I Soldatovic
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T Radosavljevic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T Jovanovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T Simic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Ivanovic
- Clinic of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Milasin
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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25
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Espinoza JL, Minami M. Sensing Bacterial-Induced DNA Damaging Effects via Natural Killer Group 2 Member D Immune Receptor: From Dysbiosis to Autoimmunity and Carcinogenesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:52. [PMID: 29422899 PMCID: PMC5788971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome is constantly exposed to exogenous and endogenous DNA damaging factors that frequently cause DNA damages. Unless repaired, damaged DNA can result in deleterious mutations capable of causing malignant transformation. Accordingly, cells have developed an advanced and effective surveillance system, the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, which maintains genetic integrity. In addition to well-defined outcomes, such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence, another consequence of DDR activation is the induction of natural killer group 2 member D ligands (NKG2D-Ls) on the surface of stressed cells. Consequently, NKG2D-Ls-expressing cells are recognized and eliminated by NKG2D receptor-expressing immune cells, including NK cells, and various subsets of T-cells. Recent pieces of evidence indicate that commensal microbial imbalance (known as dysbiosis) can trigger DDR activation in host cells, which may result in sustained inflammatory responses. Therefore, dysbiosis can be seen as an important source of DNA damage agents that may be partially responsible for the overexpression of NKG2D-Ls on intestinal epithelial cells that is frequently observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and other disorders associated with altered human microbiota, including the development of colorectal cancer. In this article, we discuss recent evidence that appears to link an altered human microbiota with autoimmunity and carcinogenesis via the activation of DDR signals and the induction of NKG2D-Ls in stressed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luis Espinoza
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Mika Minami
- Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka, Japan
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26
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Blyth BJ, Cole AJ, MacManus MP, Martin OA. Radiation therapy-induced metastasis: radiobiology and clinical implications. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 35:223-236. [PMID: 29159430 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is an effective means of achieving local control in a wide range of primary tumours, with the reduction in the size of the tumour(s) thought to mediate the observed reductions in metastatic spread in clinical trials. However, there is evidence to suggest that the complex changes induced by radiation in the tumour environment can also present metastatic risks that may counteract the long-term efficacy of the treatment. More than 25 years ago, several largely theoretical mechanisms by which radiation exposure might increase metastatic risk were postulated. These include the direct release of tumour cells into the circulation, systemic effects of tumour and normal tissue irradiation and radiation-induced changes in tumour cell phenotype. Here, we review the data that has since emerged to either support or refute these putative mechanisms focusing on how the unique radiobiology underlying modern radiotherapy modalities might alter these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Blyth
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia. .,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Aidan J Cole
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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27
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Ventura J, Lobachevsky PN, Palazzolo JS, Forrester H, Haynes NM, Ivashkevich A, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Ntargaras A, Kotsaris V, Pollakis GC, Potsi G, Skordylis K, Terzoudi G, Pateras IS, Gorgoulis VG, Georgakilas AG, Sprung CN, Martin OA. Localized Synchrotron Irradiation of Mouse Skin Induces Persistent Systemic Genotoxic and Immune Responses. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6389-6399. [PMID: 29113972 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of nontargeted (systemic) effects of ionizing radiation is attracting increasing attention. Exploiting synchrotron radiation generated by the Imaging and Medical Beamline at the Australian Synchrotron, we studied radiation-induced nontargeted effects in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were locally irradiated with a synchrotron X-ray broad beam and a multiplanar microbeam radiotherapy beam. To assess the influence of the beam configurations and variations in peak dose and irradiated area in the response of normal tissues outside the irradiated field at 1 and 4 days after irradiation, we monitored oxidatively induced clustered DNA lesions (OCDL), DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), apoptosis, and the local and systemic immune responses. All radiation settings induced pronounced persistent systemic effects in mice, which resulted from even short exposures of a small irradiated area. OCDLs were elevated in a wide variety of unirradiated normal tissues. In out-of-field duodenum, there was a trend for elevated apoptotic cell death under most irradiation conditions; however, DSBs were elevated only after exposure to lower doses. These genotoxic events were accompanied by changes in plasma concentrations of macrophage-derived cytokine, eotaxin, IL10, TIMP1, VEGF, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2, along with changes in tissues in frequencies of macrophages, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes. Overall, our findings have implications for the planning of therapeutic and diagnostic radiation treatments to reduce the risk of radiation-related adverse systemic effects. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6389-99. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ventura
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pavel N Lobachevsky
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason S Palazzolo
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alesia Ivashkevich
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Radiation Oncology, Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andreas Ntargaras
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilis Kotsaris
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Ch Pollakis
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gianna Potsi
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Skordylis
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Terzoudi
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology and Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Ng KL, Khor SM. Graphite-Based Nanocomposite Electrochemical Sensor for Multiplex Detection of Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine: A Biomedical Prospect for Studying DNA Damage. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10004-10012. [PMID: 28845664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), and cytosine (C) are the four basic constituents of DNA. Studies on DNA composition have focused especially on DNA damage and genotoxicity. However, the development of a rapid, simple, and multiplex method for the simultaneous measurement of the four DNA bases remains a challenge. In this study, we describe a graphite-based nanocomposite electrode (Au-rGO/MWCNT/graphite) that uses a simple electro-co-deposition approach. We successfully applied the developed sensor for multiplex detection of G, A, T, and C, using square-wave voltammetry. The sensor was tested using real animal and plant DNA samples in which the hydrolysis of T and C could be achieved with 8 mol L-1 of acid. The electrochemical sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity (G = 178.8 nA/μg mL-1, A = 92.9 nA/μg mL-1, T = 1.4 nA/μg mL-1, and C = 15.1 9 nA/μg mL-1), low limit of detection (G, A = 0.5 μg mL-1; T, C = 1.0 μg mL-1), and high selectivity in the presence of common interfering factors from biological matrixes. The reliability of the established method was assessed by method validation and comparison with the ultraperformance liquid chromatography technique, and a correlation of 103.7% was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Loon Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Wipro Skin Research and Innovation Centre , No. 7 Persiaran Subang Permai, Taman Perindustrian Subang, 47610 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sook Mei Khor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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29
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Souli MP, Klonos P, Fragopoulou AF, Mavragani IV, Pateras IS, Kostomitsopoulos N, Margaritis LH, Zoumpoulis P, Kaklamanis L, Kletsas D, Gorgoulis VG, Kyritsis A, Pissis P, Georgakilas AG. Applying Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) for the Biophysical Characterization of Mammalian Tissues under a Variety of Cellular Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040838. [PMID: 28420124 PMCID: PMC5412422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dielectric properties of biological tissues can contribute non-invasively to a better characterization and understanding of the structural properties and physiology of living organisms. The question we asked, is whether these induced changes are effected by an endogenous or exogenous cellular stress, and can they be detected non-invasively in the form of a dielectric response, e.g., an AC conductivity switch in the broadband frequency spectrum. This study constitutes the first methodological approach for the detection of environmental stress-induced damage in mammalian tissues by the means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) at the frequencies of 1-10⁶ Hz. Firstly, we used non-ionizing (NIR) and ionizing radiation (IR) as a typical environmental stress. Specifically, rats were exposed to either digital enhanced cordless telecommunication (DECT) radio frequency electromagnetic radiation or to γ-radiation, respectively. The other type of stress, characterized usually by high genomic instability, was the pathophysiological state of human cancer (lung and prostate). Analyzing the results of isothermal dielectric measurements provided information on the tissues' water fraction. In most cases, our methodology proved sufficient in detecting structural changes, especially in the case of IR and malignancy. Useful specific dielectric response patterns are detected and correlated with each type of stress. Our results point towards the development of a dielectric-based methodology for better understanding and, in a relatively invasive way, the biological and structural changes effected by radiation and developing lung or prostate cancer often associated with genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Souli
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Klonos
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Adamantia F Fragopoulou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece.
| | - Ifigeneia V Mavragani
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Laboratory Animal Facilities, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Lukas H Margaritis
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece.
| | - Pavlos Zoumpoulis
- Diagnostic Echotomography Medical S.A., 317C Kifissias Avenue, 145 61 Kifissia, Greece.
| | - Loukas Kaklamanis
- Department of Pathology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 356 Sygrou Avenue, 17674 Kallithea, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 60037 Athens, Greece.
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Polycarpos Pissis
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
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30
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Review of the mechanisms involved in the abscopal effect and future directions with a focus on thymic carcinoma. TUMORI JOURNAL 2017; 103:217-222. [PMID: 28291902 DOI: 10.5301/tj.5000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The abscopal effect is a rare phenomenon in radiotherapy, leading to impressive tumor regression outside the radiotherapy field. In this article we describe the occurrence of a postradiotherapy abscopal effect in an 89-year-old patient suffering from a metastatic neuroendocrine large-cell thymic carcinoma, the first case of the abscopal effect related to a thymic carcinoma reported in the literature. Along with the description of this case, we discuss and review the main potential mechanisms of bystander and abscopal effects in solid tumors so as to enable clinicians to identify and control these effects more resourcefully in the age of immunotherapy and stereotactic radiotherapy.
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31
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Piotrowski I, Kulcenty K, Wichtowski M, Murawa D, Suchorska W. Intraoperative Radiotherapy of Breast Cancer and Its Biological Effects. Breast Care (Basel) 2017; 12:109-113. [PMID: 28559768 DOI: 10.1159/000454673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Conservative breast cancer surgery followed by radiation therapy is the standard treatment for this type of cancer. Numerous studies demonstrate that 90% of local recurrences after traditional surgery occur in the same quadrant as the primary cancer. The published data suggest that the wound healing process after surgery alters the area surrounding the original tumor and the modified microenvironment is more favorable for the tumor to recur. The majority of metastases within scar initiated much research, and the consequences of these studies led to clinical trials aimed at assessing whether localized radiotherapy, such as intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT), would be more effective in inhibiting formation of local recurrence than the standard postoperative whole breast radiotherapy. IORT involves irradiation of diseased tissue directly during surgery. The rationale for this approach is the fact that the increase in the radiation dose increases local tumor control, which is the primary goal of radiation therapy. The biological basis of this process are still not thoroughly understood. Gaining new knowledge about the recurrence formation at the molecular level could serve as a starting point for further analysis and to create an opportunity to identify new targets of therapy, and possibly new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Piotrowski
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Pozna'n, Poland.,Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Pozna'n, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kulcenty
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Pozna'n, Poland.,Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Pozna'n, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wichtowski
- Oncological and General Surgery Department I, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Pozna'n, Poland
| | - Dawid Murawa
- Oncological and General Surgery Department I, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Pozna'n, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Suchorska
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Pozna'n, Poland.,Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Pozna'n, Poland
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32
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Herskind C, Talbot CJ, Kerns SL, Veldwijk MR, Rosenstein BS, West CML. Radiogenomics: A systems biology approach to understanding genetic risk factors for radiotherapy toxicity? Cancer Lett 2016; 382:95-109. [PMID: 26944314 PMCID: PMC5016239 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adverse reactions in normal tissue after radiotherapy (RT) limit the dose that can be given to tumour cells. Since 80% of individual variation in clinical response is estimated to be caused by patient-related factors, identifying these factors might allow prediction of patients with increased risk of developing severe reactions. While inactivation of cell renewal is considered a major cause of toxicity in early-reacting normal tissues, complex interactions involving multiple cell types, cytokines, and hypoxia seem important for late reactions. Here, we review 'omics' approaches such as screening of genetic polymorphisms or gene expression analysis, and assess the potential of epigenetic factors, posttranslational modification, signal transduction, and metabolism. Furthermore, functional assays have suggested possible associations with clinical risk of adverse reaction. Pathway analysis incorporating different 'omics' approaches may be more efficient in identifying critical pathways than pathway analysis based on single 'omics' data sets. Integrating these pathways with functional assays may be powerful in identifying multiple subgroups of RT patients characterised by different mechanisms. Thus 'omics' and functional approaches may synergise if they are integrated into radiogenomics 'systems biology' to facilitate the goal of individualised radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Herskind
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | | | - Sarah L Kerns
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | - Marlon R Veldwijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Barry S Rosenstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Catharine M L West
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
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33
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Temelie M, Stroe D, Petcu I, Mustaciosu C, Moisoi N, Savu D. Bystander effects and compartmental stress response to X-ray irradiation in L929 cells. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2016; 55:371-379. [PMID: 27025606 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bystander effects are indirect consequences of radiation and many other stress factors. They occur in cells that are not directly exposed to these factors, but receive signals from affected cells either by gap junctions or by molecules released in the medium. Characterizing these effects and deciphering the underlying mechanisms involved in radiation-induced bystander effects are relevant for cancer radiotherapy and radioprotection. At doses of X-ray radiation 0.5 and 1 Gy, we detected bystander effects as increased numbers of micronuclei shortly after the treatment, through medium transfer and by co-cultures. Interestingly, bystander cells did not exhibit long-term adverse changes in viability. Evaluation of several compartmental stress markers (CHOP, BiP, mtHsp60, cytHsp70) by qRT-PCR did not reveal expression changes at transcriptional level. We investigated the involvement of ROS and NO in this process by addition of specific scavengers of these molecules, DMSO or c-PTIO in the transferred medium. This approach proved that ROS but not NO is involved in the induction of lesions in the acceptor cells. These results indicate that L929 cells are susceptible to stress effects of radiation-induced bystander signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Temelie
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering - IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului St., P.O. BOX MG-6, Magurele, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Stroe
- The Oncologic Radiotherapy Clinic, The Coltea Bucharest Hospital, No. 1-3, I. C. Bratianu Boulevard, District 3, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Petcu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering - IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului St., P.O. BOX MG-6, Magurele, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cosmin Mustaciosu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering - IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului St., P.O. BOX MG-6, Magurele, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Moisoi
- Neuroscience Psychology and Behaviour Department, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Building, University Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Leicester School of Pharmacy, The Gateway, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Diana Savu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering - IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului St., P.O. BOX MG-6, Magurele, Bucharest, Romania.
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Zaballa I, Eidemüller M. Mechanistic study on lung cancer mortality after radon exposure in the Wismut cohort supports important role of clonal expansion in lung carcinogenesis. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2016; 55:299-315. [PMID: 27334643 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer mortality after radon exposure in the Wismut cohort was analyzed using the two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model. A total of 2996 lung cancer deaths among the 58,695 male workers were observed during the follow-up period between 1946 and 2003. Adjustment to silica exposure was performed to find a more accurate estimation of the risk of radon exposure. An additional analysis with the descriptive excess relative risk (ERR) model was carried out for comparison. The TSCE model that best describes the data is nonlinear in the clonal expansion with radon exposure and has a saturation level at an exposure rate of [Formula: see text]. The excess relative risk decreases with age and shows an inverse exposure rate effect. In comparison with the ERR model, the TSCE model predicts a considerably larger risk for low exposures rates below [Formula: see text]. Comparison to other mechanistic studies of lung cancer after exposure to alpha particles using the TSCE model reveals an extraordinary consistency in the main features of the exposure response, given the diversity in the characteristics of the cohorts and the exposure across different studies. This suggests that a nonlinear response mechanism in the clonal expansion, with some level of saturation at large exposure rates, may be playing a crucial role in the development of lung cancer after alpha particle irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zaballa
- Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - M Eidemüller
- Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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Xiao L, Miwa N. The Lipophilic Vitamin C Derivative, 6-O-Palmitoylascorbate Protects Human Keratinocytes and 3D-Human Skin Equivalents Against X-Ray-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis More Markedly Than L-Ascorbic Acid. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:318-329. [PMID: 27350661 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate preventive effects of the lipophilic vitamin C derivative, 6-O-palmitoylascorbate (PlmtVC) against X-ray radiation-induced harmful events. Free radical scavenging activity tests showed that both fresh and old (being kept at 37°C for 72 h) solutions of PlmtVC showed significantly higher abilities for scavenging both DPPH and peroxyl radical (ROO·) radicals than L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) under the same conditions, suggesting that PlmtVC is an antioxidant more efficient and stable than L-AA. Irradiation with X-ray (15 Gy) increased intracellular ROS production, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, in human keratinocytes HaCaT, all of which were repressed, especially for intracellular ROS more markedly, by PlmtVC than by L-AA. After X-ray (15 Gy)-irradiation, caspase 3/7 activation and TUNEL-detected DNA-strand-breakages characteristic of apoptosis obviously increased in HaCaT cells or 3D-skin tissue equivalents, respectively, both of which were prevented more appreciably by PlmtVC than by L-AA. PlmtVC also noticeably prevented cumene hydroperoxide-induced generation of cellular ROS in epidermis parts of 3D-skin equivalents. Thus, PlmtVC prevents X-ray-induced diverse harmful effects, through its antioxidant activity and the palmitoyl moiety-based lipophilicity, more efficiently than L-AA. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 318-329, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Miwa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Radiological Technology, Butsuryo College of Osaka, Otorikitamachi 3-33, Nishi-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 593-8328, Japan
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Siva S, Lobachevsky P, MacManus MP, Kron T, Möller A, Lobb RJ, Ventura J, Best N, Smith J, Ball D, Martin OA. Radiotherapy for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Induces DNA Damage Response in Both Irradiated and Out-of-field Normal Tissues. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4817-4826. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nuta O, Somaiah N, Boyle S, Chua MLK, Gothard L, Yarnold J, Rothkamm K, Herskind C. Correlation between the radiation responses of fibroblasts cultured from individual patients and the risk of late reaction after breast radiotherapy. Cancer Lett 2016; 374:324-30. [PMID: 26944319 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Late normal tissue toxicity varies widely between patients and limits breast radiotherapy dose. Here we aimed to determine its relationship to DNA damage responses of fibroblast cultures from individual patients. Thirty-five breast cancer patients, with minimal or marked breast changes after breast-conserving therapy consented to receive a 4 Gy test irradiation to a small skin field of the left buttock and have punch biopsies taken from irradiated and unirradiated skin. Early-passage fibroblast cultures were established by outgrowth and irradiated in vitro with 0 or 4 Gy. 53BP1 foci, p53 and p21/CDKN1A were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy. Residual 53BP1 foci counts 24 h after in vitro irradiation were significantly higher in fibroblasts from RT-sensitive versus RT-resistant patients. Furthermore, significantly larger fractions of p53- but not p21/CDKN1A-positive fibroblasts were found in cultures from RT-sensitive patients without in vitro irradiation, and 2 h and 6 d post-irradiation. Exploratory analysis showed a stronger p53 response 2 h after irradiation of fibroblasts established from patients with severe reaction. These results associate the radiation response of fibroblasts with late reaction of the breast after RT and suggest a correlation with severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilia Nuta
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, UK
| | - Navita Somaiah
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sue Boyle
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Melvin Lee Kiang Chua
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, UK; National Cancer Centre, Singapore Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610
| | - Lone Gothard
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - John Yarnold
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, UK; Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Herskind
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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Kelley K, Knisely J, Symons M, Ruggieri R. Radioresistance of Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8040042. [PMID: 27043632 PMCID: PMC4846851 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is frequently used as part of the standard of care treatment of the majority of brain tumors. The efficacy of RT is limited by radioresistance and by normal tissue radiation tolerance. This is highlighted in pediatric brain tumors where the use of radiation is limited by the excessive toxicity to the developing brain. For these reasons, radiosensitization of tumor cells would be beneficial. In this review, we focus on radioresistance mechanisms intrinsic to tumor cells. We also evaluate existing approaches to induce radiosensitization and explore future avenues of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kelley
- Radiation Medicine Department, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Jonathan Knisely
- Radiation Medicine Department, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Marc Symons
- The Feinstein Institute for Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Rosamaria Ruggieri
- Radiation Medicine Department, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
- The Feinstein Institute for Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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Mavragani IV, Laskaratou DA, Frey B, Candéias SM, Gaipl US, Lumniczky K, Georgakilas AG. Key mechanisms involved in ionizing radiation-induced systemic effects. A current review. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:12-33. [PMID: 30090323 PMCID: PMC6061884 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00222b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms respond to physical, chemical and biological threats by a potent inflammatory response, aimed at preserving tissue integrity and restoring tissue homeostasis and function. Systemic effects in an organism refer to an effect or phenomenon which originates at a specific point and can spread throughout the body affecting a group of organs or tissues. Ionizing radiation (IR)-induced systemic effects arise usually from a local exposure of an organ or part of the body. This stress induces a variety of responses in the irradiated cells/tissues, initiated by the DNA damage response and DNA repair (DDR/R), apoptosis or immune response, including inflammation. Activation of this IR-response (IRR) system, especially at the organism level, consists of several subsystems and exerts a variety of targeted and non-targeted effects. Based on the above, we believe that in order to understand this complex response system better one should follow a 'holistic' approach including all possible mechanisms and at all organization levels. In this review, we describe the current status of knowledge on the topic, as well as the key molecules and main mechanisms involved in the 'spreading' of the message throughout the body or cells. Last but not least, we discuss the danger-signal mediated systemic immune effects of radiotherapy for the clinical setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifigeneia V Mavragani
- Physics Department , School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences , National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) , Zografou 15780 , Athens , Greece . ; ; Tel: +30-210-7724453
| | - Danae A Laskaratou
- Physics Department , School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences , National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) , Zografou 15780 , Athens , Greece . ; ; Tel: +30-210-7724453
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology , University Hospital Erlangen , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Serge M Candéias
- iRTSV-LCBM , CEA , Grenoble F-38000 , France
- IRTSV-LCBM , CNRS , Grenoble F-38000 , France
- iRTSV-LCBM , Univ. Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble F-38000 , France
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology , University Hospital Erlangen , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Frédéric Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department , School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences , National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) , Zografou 15780 , Athens , Greece . ; ; Tel: +30-210-7724453
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Widel M. Radiation Induced Bystander Effect: From <i>in Vitro</i> Studies to Clinical Application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ijmpcero.2016.51001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Martin OA, Yin X, Forrester HB, Sprung CN, Martin RF. Potential strategies to ameliorate risk of radiotherapy-induced second malignant neoplasms. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 37-38:65-76. [PMID: 26721424 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review is aimed at the issue of radiation-induced second malignant neoplasms (SMN), which has become an important problem with the increasing success of modern cancer radiotherapy (RT). It is imperative to avoid compromising the therapeutic ratio while addressing the challenge of SMN. The dilemma is illustrated by the role of reactive oxygen species in both the mechanisms of tumor cell kill and of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. We explore the literature focusing on three potential routes of amelioration to address this challenge. An obvious approach to avoiding compromise of the tumor response is the use of radioprotectors or mitigators that are selective for normal tissues. We also explore the opportunities to avoid protection of the tumor by topical/regional radioprotection of normal tissues, although this strategy limits the scope of protection. Finally, we explore the role of the bystander/abscopal phenomenon in radiation carcinogenesis, in association with the inflammatory response. Targeted and non-targeted effects of radiation are both linked to SMN through induction of DNA damage, genome instability and mutagenesis, but differences in the mechanisms and kinetics between targeted and non-targeted effects may provide opportunities to lessen SMN. The agents that could be employed to pursue each of these strategies are briefly reviewed. In many cases, the same agent has potential utility for more than one strategy. Although the parallel problem of chemotherapy-induced SMN shares common features, this review focuses on RT associated SMN. Also, we avoid the burgeoning literature on the endeavor to suppress cancer incidence by use of antioxidants and vitamins either as dietary strategies or supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Xiaoyu Yin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
| | - Helen B Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Roger F Martin
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Lobachevsky P, Ivashkevich A, Forrester HB, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Sprung CN, Martin OA. Assessment and Implications of Scattered Microbeam and Broadbeam Synchrotron Radiation for Bystander Effect Studies. Radiat Res 2015; 184:650-9. [PMID: 26632855 DOI: 10.1667/rr13720.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation is an excellent tool for investigating bystander effects in cell and animal models because of the well-defined and controllable configuration of the beam. Although synchrotron radiation has many advantages for such studies compared to conventional radiation, the contribution of dose exposure from scattered radiation nevertheless remains a source of concern. Therefore, the influence of scattered radiation on the detection of bystander effects induced by synchrotron radiation in biological in vitro models was evaluated. Radiochromic XRQA2 film-based dosimetry was employed to measure the absorbed dose of scattered radiation in cultured cells at various distances from a field exposed to microbeam radiotherapy and broadbeam X-ray radiation. The level of scattered radiation was dependent on the distance, dose in the target zone and beam mode. The number of γ-H2AX foci in cells positioned at the same target distances was measured and used as a biodosimeter to evaluate the absorbed dose. A correlation of absorbed dose values measured by the physical and biological methods was identified. The γ-H2AX assay successfully quantitated the scattered radiation in the range starting from 10 mGy and its contribution to the observed radiation-induced bystander effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Lobachevsky
- a Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia;,b Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alesia Ivashkevich
- c MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research and.,e College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Helen B Forrester
- c MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research and.,d Hudson Institute, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, VIC, Australia;,f Monash University, Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- g CSIRO Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC, Australia;,h Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and
| | - Chris J Hall
- g CSIRO Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carl N Sprung
- c MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research and.,d Hudson Institute, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, VIC, Australia;,f Monash University, Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- a Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia;,b Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia;,i Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Georgakilas AG, Pavlopoulou A, Louka M, Nikitaki Z, Vorgias CE, Bagos PG, Michalopoulos I. Emerging molecular networks common in ionizing radiation, immune and inflammatory responses by employing bioinformatics approaches. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Nikitaki Z, Hellweg CE, Georgakilas AG, Ravanat JL. Stress-induced DNA damage biomarkers: applications and limitations. Front Chem 2015; 3:35. [PMID: 26082923 PMCID: PMC4451417 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of environmental stresses like chemicals, UV and ionizing radiation and organism's endogenous processes such as replication stress and metabolism can lead to the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) that can attack cellular vital components like DNA, proteins and lipid membranes. Among them, much attention has been focused on DNA since DNA damage plays a role in several biological disorders and aging processes. Thus, DNA damage can be used as a biomarker in a reliable and accurate way to quantify for example radiation exposure and can indicate its possible long term effects and cancer risk. Based on the type of DNA lesions detected one can hypothesize on the most probable mechanisms involved in the formation of these lesions for example in the case of UV and ionizing radiation (e.g., X- or α-, γ-rays, energetic ions, neutrons). In this review we describe the most accepted chemical pathways for DNA damage induction and the different types of DNA lesions, i.e., single, complex DNA lesions etc. that can be used as DNA damage biomarkers. We critically compare DNA damage detection methods and their limitations. In addition, we suggest the use of DNA repair gene products as biomarkes for identification of different types of stresses i.e., radiation, oxidative, or replication stress, based on bioinformatic approaches and meta-analysis of literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharenia Nikitaki
- DNA Damage and Repair Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Christine E Hellweg
- Radiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine Köln, Germany
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage and Repair Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Jean-Luc Ravanat
- Laboratoire des Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, Institut des Nanosciences et Cryogénie, Service de Chimie Inorgranique et Biologique, Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France ; CEA, Institut des Nanosciences et Cryogénie, Service de Chimie Inorgranique et Biologique Grenoble, France
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Persa E, Balogh A, Sáfrány G, Lumniczky K. The effect of ionizing radiation on regulatory T cells in health and disease. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:252-61. [PMID: 25754816 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treg cells are key elements of the immune system which are responsible for the immune suppressive phenotype of cancer patients. Interaction of Treg cells with conventional anticancer therapies might fundamentally influence cancer therapy response rates. Radiotherapy, apart from its direct tumor cell killing potential, has a contradictory effect on the antitumor immune response: it augments certain immune parameters, while it depresses others. Treg cells are intrinsically radioresistant due to reduced apoptosis and increased proliferation, which leads to their systemic and/or intratumoral enrichment. While physiologically Treg suppression is not enhanced by irradiation, this is not the case in a tumorous environment, where Tregs acquire a highly suppressive phenotype, which is further increased by radiotherapy. This is the reason why the interest for combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy approaches focusing on the abrogation of Treg suppression has increased in cancer therapy in the last few years. Here we summarize the basic mechanisms of Treg radiation response both in healthy and cancerous environments and discuss Treg-targeted pre-clinical and clinical immunotherapy approaches used in combination with radiotherapy. Finally, the discrepant findings regarding the predictive value of Tregs in therapy response are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Persa
- Frédéric Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Frédéric Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- Frédéric Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Frédéric Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary.
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Sprung CN, Forrester HB, Siva S, Martin OA. Immunological markers that predict radiation toxicity. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:191-7. [PMID: 25681035 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a major modality of cancer treatment responsible for a large proportion of cancer that is cured. Radiation exposure induces an inflammatory response which can be influenced by genetic, epigenetic, tumour, health and other factors which can lead to very different treatment outcomes between individuals. Molecules involved in the immunological response provide excellent potential biomarkers for the prediction of radiation-induced toxicity. The known molecular and cellular immunological responses in relation to radiation and the potential to improve cancer treatment are presented in this review. In particular, immunological biomarkers of radiation-induced fibrosis and pneumonitis in cancer radiotherapy patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunology and Infectious Disease, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.
| | - Helen B Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunology and Infectious Disease, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Shankar Siva
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Vic., Australia
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Haikerwal SJ, Hagekyriakou J, MacManus M, Martin OA, Haynes NM. Building immunity to cancer with radiation therapy. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:198-208. [PMID: 25592036 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been a dramatic shift in the focus of cancer research toward understanding how the body's immune defenses can be harnessed to promote the effectiveness of cytotoxic anti-cancer therapies. The ability of ionizing radiation to elicit anti-cancer immune responses capable of controlling tumor growth has led to the emergence of promising combination-based radio-immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. Herein we review the immunoadjuvant properties of localized radiation therapy and discuss how technological advances in radio-oncology and developments in the field of tumor-immunotherapy have started to revolutionize the therapeutic application of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh J Haikerwal
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Jim Hagekyriakou
- Department of Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Michael MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia.
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Systemic DNA damage accumulation under in vivo tumor growth can be inhibited by the antioxidant Tempol. Cancer Lett 2014; 353:248-57. [PMID: 25069035 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently we found that mice bearing subcutaneous non-metastatic tumors exhibited elevated levels of two types of complex DNA damage, i.e., double-strand breaks and oxidatively-induced clustered DNA lesions in various tissues throughout the body, both adjacent to and distant from the tumor site. This DNA damage was dependent on CCL2, a cytokine involved in the recruitment and activation of macrophages, suggesting that this systemic DNA damage was mediated via tumor-induced chronic inflammatory responses involving cytokines, activation of macrophages, and consequent free radical production. If free radicals are involved, then a diet containing an antioxidant may decrease the distant DNA damage. Here we repeated our standard protocol in cohorts of two syngeneic tumor-bearing C57BL/6NCr mice that were on a Tempol-supplemented diet. We show that double-strand break and oxidatively-induced clustered DNA lesion levels were considerably decreased, about two- to three fold, in the majority of tissues studied from the tumor-bearing mice fed the antioxidant Tempol compared to the control tumor-bearing mice. Similar results were also observed in nude mice suggesting that the Tempol effects are independent of functioning adaptive immunity. This is the first in vivo study demonstrating the effect of a dietary antioxidant on abscopal DNA damage in tissues distant from a localized source of genotoxic stress. These findings may be important for understanding the mechanisms of genomic instability and carcinogenesis caused by chronic stress-induced systemic DNA damage and for developing preventative strategies.
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