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Zhang Y, Xu W, Peng C, Ren S, Mustafe Hidig S, Zhang C. Exploring the role of m7G modification in Cancer: Mechanisms, regulatory proteins, and biomarker potential. Cell Signal 2024; 121:111288. [PMID: 38971569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The dysregulation of N(7)-methylguanosine (m7G) modification is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of cancers. Aberrant expression of these regulatory proteins in various cancers, including lung, liver, and bladder cancers, suggests a universal role in tumorigenesis. Studies have established a strong correlation between the expression levels of m7G regulatory proteins, such as Methyltransferase like 1 (METTL1) and WD repeat domain 4 (WDR4), and clinical parameters including tumor stage, grade, and patient prognosis. For example, in hepatocellular carcinoma, high METTL1 expression is associated with advanced tumor stage and poor prognosis. Similarly, WDR4 overexpression in colorectal cancer correlates with increased tumor invasiveness and reduced patient survival. This correlation underscores the potential of these proteins as valuable biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Additionally, m7G modification regulatory proteins influence cancer progression by modulating the expression of target genes involved in critical biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Their ability to regulate these processes highlights their significance in the intricate network of molecular interactions driving tumor development and metastasis. Given their pivotal role in cancer biology, m7G modification regulatory proteins are emerging as promising therapeutic targets. Targeting these proteins could offer a novel approach to disrupt the malignant behavior of cancer cells and enhance treatment outcomes. Furthermore, their diagnostic and prognostic value could aid in the early detection of cancer and the selection of appropriate therapeutic strategies, ultimately enhancing patient management and survival rates. This review aims to explore the mechanisms of action of RNA m7G modification regulatory proteins in tumors and their potential applications in cancer progression and treatment. By delving into the roles of these regulatory proteins, we intend to provide a theoretical foundation for the development of novel cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuanhui Peng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenli Ren
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sakarie Mustafe Hidig
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Stanton SE, Castle PE, Finn OJ, Sei S, Emens LA. Advances and challenges in cancer immunoprevention and immune interception. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e007815. [PMID: 38519057 PMCID: PMC10961508 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive cancers typically evade immune surveillance through profound local and systemic immunosuppression, preventing their elimination or control. Targeting immune interventions to prevent or intercept premalignant lesions, before significant immune dysregulation has occurred, may be a more successful strategy. The field of cancer immune interception and prevention is nascent, and the scientific community has been slow to embrace this potentially most rational approach to reducing the global burden of cancer. This may change due to recent promising advances in cancer immunoprevention including the use of vaccines for the prevention of viral cancers, the use of cancer-associated antigen vaccines in the setting of precancers, and the development of cancer-preventative vaccines for high-risk individuals who are healthy but carry cancer-associated heritable genetic mutations. Furthermore, there is increasing recognition of the importance of cancer prevention and interception by national cancer organizations. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) recently released the National Cancer Plan, which includes cancer prevention among the top priorities of the institute. The NCI's Division of Cancer Prevention has been introducing new funding opportunities for scientists with an interest in the field of cancer prevention: The Cancer Prevention-Interception Targeted Agent Discovery Program and The Cancer Immunoprevention Network. Moreover, the Human Tumor Atlas Network is spearheading the development of a precancer atlas to better understand the biology of pre-invasive changes, including the tissue microenvironment and the underlying genetics that drive carcinogenesis. These data will inform the development of novel immunoprevention/immuno-interception strategies. International cancer foundations have also started recognizing immunoprevention and immune interception with the American Association for Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK and the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer each implementing programming focused on this area. This review will present recent advances, opportunities, and challenges in the emerging field of cancer immune prevention and immune interception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha E Stanton
- Cancer Immunoprevention Laboratory, Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Philip E Castle
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shizuko Sei
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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3
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Han X, Yan T, Wang L, He B, Yu H. Knockdown of PTEN promotes colon cancer progression and induces M2 macrophage polarization in the colon cancer cell environment. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2023; 66:478-487. [PMID: 37530327 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_786_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This article aims to study the effect of phosphate and tension homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) knockdown on colon cancer progression and macrophage polarization in the cancer environment. Materials and Methods and Results The expression of PTEN in colon cancer tissues and colon cancer cells was significantly lower than in precancerous tissues or CCD-18Co cells, and the decrease was most evident in SW620 cells. The expressions of phosphate (p)-p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), activator protein 1 (AP-1), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein in colon cancer tissues and cells were significantly higher than in precancerous tissues or CCD-18Co cells (P-values < 0.05). Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and Caspase-3 expressions in colon cancer tissues and cells were significantly lower than in precancerous tissues or CCD-18Co cells (P-values < 0.05). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was applied to measure cell viability. Transwell evaluated the cell migration and invasion ability. Si-PTEN improved the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SW620 cells (P-values < 0.05). The expression levels of arginase-1 (Arg-1), CD163, CD206 in colon cancer tissues were significantly higher than in precancerous tissues (P-values < 0.05). The cell cycle, the number of M1 and M2 double-positive cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Si-PTEN reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which upregulated the expression of Arg-1, CD206, CD163, p-p38, JNK, and AP-1 (P-values < 0.05). Conclusion Si-PTEN promoted colon cancer progression and induced the polarization of M2 tumor-associated macrophages in the colon cancer cell environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- General Surgery Department, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ting Yan
- General Surgery Department, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of General Medicine, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Bin He
- General Surgery Department, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Huaxu Yu
- General Surgery Department, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
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4
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William WN, Zhang J, Zhao X, Parra E, Uraoka N, Lin HY, Peng SA, El-Naggar AK, Rodriguez-Canales J, Song J, Gillenwater AM, Wistuba I, Myers J, Gold K, Ferrarotto R, Hwu P, Davoli T, Lee JJ, Heymach JV, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Lippman SM. Spatial PD-L1, immune-cell microenvironment, and genomic copy-number alteration patterns and drivers of invasive-disease transition in prospective oral precancer cohort. Cancer 2023; 129:714-727. [PMID: 36597662 PMCID: PMC10508302 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of the immune landscape led to breakthrough trials of programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors for recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma therapy. This study investigated the timing, influence of somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs), and clinical implications of PD-L1 and immune-cell patterns in oral precancer (OPC). METHODS The authors evaluated spatial CD3, CD3/8, and CD68 density (cells/mm2 ) and PD-L1 (membranous expression in cytokeratin-positive intraepithelial neoplastic cells and CD68) patterns by multiplex immunofluorescence in a 188-patient prospective OPC cohort, characterized by clinical, histologic, and SCNA risk factors and protocol-specified primary end point of invasive cancer. The authors used Wilcoxon rank-sum and Fisher exact tests, linear mixed effect models, mediation, and Cox regression and recursive-partitioning analyses. RESULTS Epithelial, but not CD68 immune-cell, PD-L1 expression was detected in 28% of OPCs, correlated with immune-cell infiltration, 9p21.3 loss of heterozygosity (LOH), and inferior oral cancer-free survival (OCFS), notably in OPCs with low CD3/8 cell density, dysplasia, and/or 9p21.3 LOH. High CD3/8 cell density in dysplastic lesions predicted better OCFS and eliminated the excess risk associated with prior oral cancer and dysplasia. PD-L1 and CD3/8 patterns revealed inferior OCFS in PD-L1 high intrinsic induction and dysplastic immune-cold subgroups. CONCLUSION This report provides spatial insight into the immune landscape and drivers of OPCs, and a publicly available immunogenomic data set for future precancer interrogation. The data suggest that 9p21.3 LOH triggers an immune-hot inflammatory phenotype; whereas increased 9p deletion size encompassing CD274 at 9p24.1 may contribute to CD3/8 and PD-L1 depletion during invasive transition. The inferior OCFS in PD-L1-high, immune-cold OPCs support the development of T-cell recruitment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N. William
- Department of Thoracic / Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Hospital BP, a Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, 01323-001 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic / Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016
| | - Edwin Parra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Naohiro Uraoka
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Heather Y. Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - S. Andrew Peng
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Adel K. El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jaejoon Song
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ann M. Gillenwater
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ignacio Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jeffrey Myers
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kathryn Gold
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Renata Ferrarotto
- Department of Thoracic / Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Teresa Davoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016
| | - J. Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - John V. Heymach
- Department of Thoracic / Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Vassiliki A. Papadimitrakopoulou
- Department of Thoracic / Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Pfizer Inc, New York, NY
| | - Scott M. Lippman
- Department of Thoracic / Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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5
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Charbel A, Tavernar L, Albrecht T, Brinkmann F, Verheij J, Roos E, Vogel MN, Köhler B, Springfeld C, Brobeil A, Schirmacher P, Singer S, Mehrabi A, Roessler S, Goeppert B. Spatiotemporal analysis of tumour-infiltrating immune cells in biliary carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1603-1614. [PMID: 36068277 PMCID: PMC9596479 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraductal papillary neoplasms (IPN) and biliary epithelial neoplasia (BilIN) are well-defined precursor lesions of biliary tract carcinoma (BTC). The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive characterisation of the inflammatory microenvironment in BTC precursor lesions. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess tumour-infiltrating immune cells in tissue samples from patients, for whom precursor lesions were identified alongside invasive BTC. The spatiotemporal evolution of the immune microenvironment during IPN-associated carcinogenesis was comprehensively analysed using triplet sample sets of non-neoplastic epithelium, precursor lesion and invasive BTC. Immune-cell dynamics during IPN- and BilIN-associated carcinogenesis were subsequently compared. RESULTS Stromal CD3+ (P = 0.002), CD4+ (P = 0.007) and CD8+ (P < 0.001) T cells, CD20+ B cells (P = 0.008), MUM1+ plasma cells (P = 0.012) and CD163+ M2-like macrophages (P = 0.008) significantly decreased in IPN compared to non-tumorous biliary epithelium. Upon transition from IPN to invasive BTC, stromal CD68+ (P = 0.001) and CD163+ (P < 0.001) macrophages significantly increased. In contrast, BilIN-driven carcinogenesis was characterised by significant reduction of intraepithelial CD8+ T-lymphocytic infiltration from non-tumorous epithelium via BilIN (P = 0.008) to BTC (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION IPN and BilIN are immunologically distinct entities that undergo different immune-cell variations during biliary carcinogenesis. Intraepithelial CD8+ T-lymphocytic infiltration of biliary tissue decreased already at the IPN-precursor stage, whereas BilIN-associated carcinogenesis showed a slowly progressing reduction towards invasive carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse Charbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg (LCCH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca Tavernar
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg (LCCH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Albrecht
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg (LCCH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fritz Brinkmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg (LCCH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Roos
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Nadja Vogel
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Köhler
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg (LCCH), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Centre for Tumour Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Springfeld
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg (LCCH), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Centre for Tumour Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Brobeil
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Tumor Bank Unit, Tissue Bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg (LCCH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Singer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg (LCCH), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Roessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg (LCCH), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Goeppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Liver Cancer Centre Heidelberg (LCCH), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Hospital RKH Kliniken Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany.
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6
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Gan CP, Lee BKB, Lau SH, Kallarakkal TG, Zaini ZM, Lye BKW, Zain RB, Sathasivam HP, Yeong JPS, Savelyeva N, Thomas G, Ottensmeier CH, Ariffin H, Cheong SC, Lim KP. Transcriptional analysis highlights three distinct immune profiles of high-risk oral epithelial dysplasia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954567. [PMID: 36119104 PMCID: PMC9479061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) are precursors of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and the presence of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) in OPMD confers an increased risk of malignant transformation. Emerging evidence has indicated a role for the immune system in OPMD disease progression; however, the underlying immune mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we used immune signatures established from cancer to delineate the immune profiles of moderate and severe OED, which are considered high-risk OPMD. We demonstrated that moderate and severe OEDs exhibit high lymphocyte infiltration and upregulation of genes involved in both immune surveillance (major histocompatibility complex-I, T cells, B cells and cytolytic activity) and immune suppression (immune checkpoints, T regulatory cells, and tumor-associated macrophages). Notably, we identified three distinct subtypes of moderate and severe OED: immune cytotoxic, non-cytotoxic and non-immune reactive. Active immune surveillance is present in the immune cytotoxic subtype, whereas the non-cytotoxic subtype lacks CD8 immune cytotoxic response. The non-immune reactive subtype showed upregulation of genes involved in the stromal microenvironment and cell cycle. The lack of T cell infiltration and activation in the non-immune reactive subtype is due to the dysregulation of CTNNB1, PTEN and JAK2. This work suggests that moderate and severe OED that harbor the non-cytotoxic or non-immune reactive subtype are likely to progress to cancer. Overall, we showed that distinct immune responses are present in high-risk OPMD, and revealed targetable pathways that could lead to potential new approaches for non-surgical management of OED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Phei Gan
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bernard Kok Bang Lee
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Shin Hin Lau
- Cancer Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Thomas George Kallarakkal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Center, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zuraiza Mohamad Zaini
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bryan Kit Weng Lye
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Rosnah Binti Zain
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Center, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Dentistry, Malaysian Allied Health Sciences Academy (MAHSA) University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
| | - Hans Prakash Sathasivam
- Cancer Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Joe Poh Sheng Yeong
- Integrative Biology for Theranostics, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Natalia Savelyeva
- Head and Neck Center, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Thomas
- Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christian H. Ottensmeier
- Head and Neck Center, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hany Ariffin
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sok Ching Cheong
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kue Peng Lim
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Microenvironment in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: Multi-Dimensional Characteristics and Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168940. [PMID: 36012205 PMCID: PMC9409092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of diseases involving the oral mucosa and that have a risk of carcinogenesis. The microenvironment is closely related to carcinogenesis and cancer progression by regulating the immune response, cell metabolic activities, and mechanical characteristics. Meanwhile, there are extensive interactions between the microenvironments that remodel and provide favorable conditions for cancer initiation. However, the changes, exact roles, and interactions of microenvironments during the carcinogenesis of OPMDs have not been fully elucidated. Here, we present an updated landscape of the microenvironments in OPMDs, emphasizing the changes in the immune microenvironment, metabolic microenvironment, mechanical microenvironment, and neural microenvironment during carcinogenesis and their carcinogenic mechanisms. We then propose an immuno–metabolic–mechanical–neural interaction network to describe their close relationships. Lastly, we summarize the therapeutic strategies for targeting microenvironments, and provide an outlook on future research directions and clinical applications. This review depicts a vivid microenvironment landscape and sheds light on new strategies to prevent the carcinogenesis of OPMDs.
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8
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Teixeira de Alencar Filho JM, Sampaio PA, Silva de Carvalho I, Rocha da Silva A, Pereira ECV, Araujo E Amariz I, Nishimura RHV, Cavalcante da Cruz Araújo E, Rolim-Neto PJ, Rolim LA. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with therapeutic and biomedical applications: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:937-949. [PMID: 33915072 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1924149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are a recent group of nano porous materials with exceptional physical properties, such as large surface areas, high pore volumes, low densities and well-defined pores. This type of material has been used frequently for biomedical and therapeutic applications, such as drug delivery systems and theranostic materials.Areas covered: In this review, the authors searched for patents filed in the last 10 years, found in different databases, related to the therapeutic or biomedical application of MOFs for use in different health fields. The possibility of these new materials becoming new therapeutic possibilities available to the population was emphasized.Expert opinion: The advances in research with MOFs have grown in the last 10 years and with that many possibilities for their applications have emerged in several areas, especially biomedical. The possibility of using these materials in drug delivery systems is the most common form of possibility of use in the health area, mainly due to easy obtaining and high reproducibility, which are seen very positively by the drug development technology sector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedrita Alves Sampaio
- Central de Análises de Fármacos, Medicamentos E Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina-PE, Brasil
| | - Iure Silva de Carvalho
- Central de Análises de Fármacos, Medicamentos E Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina-PE, Brasil
| | | | | | - Isabela Araujo E Amariz
- Central de Análises de Fármacos, Medicamentos E Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina-PE, Brasil
| | | | | | - Pedro José Rolim-Neto
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Medicamentos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brasil
| | - Larissa Araújo Rolim
- Central de Análises de Fármacos, Medicamentos E Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina-PE, Brasil
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9
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Gurizzan C, Lorini L, Paderno A, Tomasoni M, Zigliani G, Bozzola A, Ardighieri L, Battocchio S, Bignotti E, Ravaggi A, Romani C, De Cecco L, Serafini MS, Miceli R, Bardellini E, Majorana A, Piazza C, Bossi P. Immunotherapy for the prevention of high-risk oral disorders malignant transformation: the IMPEDE trial. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:561. [PMID: 34001010 PMCID: PMC8130439 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMD) have a non-negligible malignant transformation rate of up to 8%. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in critical chromosomal loci has proven to be the most effective marker in defining the risk of transformation and it is found in about 28% of OPMD and may therefore identify patients carrying higher risk. To date, clinical management of OPMD is limited to surgical excision and clinical surveillance, which however do not fully prevent oral cancer development. Immune system has been shown to play a key role in transformation surveillance mechanism and an immunosuppressive imbalance may be responsible for progression to cancer. Given all these considerations, we designed a clinical trial with the aim to prevent OPMD neoplastic transformation and revert the LOH status. Methods This is a phase II, open label, single arm, multicentric trial involving Italian referral centres and expected to enrol 80 patients out of a total of 175 screened. Patients who meet all inclusion criteria and test positive for LOH after an incisional biopsy of the OPMD will undergo a short course of immunotherapy with 4 administration of avelumab. After 6 months since treatment start, resection of the entire OPMD will be performed and LOH assessment will be repeated. The follow-up for malignant transformation and safety assessment will last 30 months from the end of treatment, for a total planned study duration of approximately 5.5 years. Discussion Restoring the activity of immune system through checkpoint inhibitor may play a crucial role against malignant transformation of OPMD by reverting the balance in favour of immune control and preventing cancer occurrence. Trial registration This trial was prospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT04504552 on 7th August 2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08297-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gurizzan
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Lorini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Paderno
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Tomasoni
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Zigliani
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Bozzola
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Ardighieri
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simonetta Battocchio
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eliana Bignotti
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Ravaggi
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Romani
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Integrated Biology Platform, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Serena Serafini
- Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Integrated Biology Platform, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosalba Miceli
- Department of Applied Research and Technical Development, Medical Statistics and Biometry Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Bardellini
- Dental Clinic, Oral Medicine Unit - Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Majorana
- Dental Clinic, Oral Medicine Unit - Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cesare Piazza
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bossi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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Oral potentially malignant disorders: new insights for future treatment. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 29:138-142. [PMID: 33394736 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to define the issues regarding oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and provide an overview of currently available treatments and ongoing clinical trials for future opportunities. RECENT FINDINGS Nowadays, the treatment of choice of OPMD is surgery, whose role in preventing malignant transformation is however limited because of the high rate of recurrence and field cancerization. There have been several attempts of combining systemic therapies with surgery to reduce risk of malignant transformation. The identification of biomarkers that could predict malignant transformation is crucial in better tailoring the risk profile and possible therapeutic approaches. SUMMARY Loss of heterozygosity remains the most predictive marker of malignant transformation; however, role of specific microRNA and OPMD immune infiltration are emerging as potential biomarkers. Given the failure of previous trials with various chemopreventive strategies, new strategies should be defined to address the issue of systemic prevention of malignant transformation. Recent updates about immune infiltration and the immune-equilibrium concept for OPMD could shed light into new preventive approaches.
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11
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Tan M, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Jøergensen MT. Gene Expression Network Analysis of Precursor Lesions in Familial Pancreatic Cancer. J Pancreat Cancer 2020; 6:73-84. [PMID: 32783019 PMCID: PMC7415888 DOI: 10.1089/pancan.2020.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: High-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) are aggressive premalignant lesions, associated with risk of progression to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). A depiction of co-dysregulated gene activity in high-grade familial pancreatic cancer (FPC)-related PanIN lesions may characterize the molecular events during the progression from familial PanIN to PDAC. Materials and Methods: We performed weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify clusters of coexpressed genes associated with FPC-related PanIN lesions in 13 samples with PanIN-2/3 from FPC predisposed individuals, 6 samples with PDAC from sporadic pancreatic cancer (SPC) patients, and 4 samples of normal donor pancreatic tissue. Results: WGCNA identified seven differentially expressed gene (DEG) modules and two commonly expressed gene (CEG) modules with significant enrichment for Gene Ontology (GO) terms in FPC and SPC, including three upregulated (p < 5e-05) and four downregulated (p < 6e-04) gene modules in FPC compared to SPC. Among the DEG modules, the upregulated modules include 14 significant genes (p < 1e-06): ALOX12-AS1, BCL2L11, EHD4, C4B, BTN3A3, NDUFA11, RBM4B, MYOC, ZBTB47, TTTY15, NAPRT, LOC102606465, LOC100505711, and PTK2. The downregulated modules include 170 genes (p < 1e-06), among them 13 highly significant genes (p < 1e-10): COL10A1, SAMD9, PLPP4, COMP, POSTN, IGHV4-31, THBS2, MMP9, FNDC1, HOPX, TMEM200A, INHBA, and SULF1. The DEG modules are enriched for GO terms related to mitochondrial structure and adenosine triphosphate metabolic processes, extracellular structure and binding properties, humoral and complement mediated immune response, ligand-gated ion channel activity, and transmembrane receptor activity. Among the CEG modules, IL22RA1, DPEP1, and BCAT1 were found as highly connective hub genes associated with both FPC and SPC. Conclusion: FPC-related PanIN lesions exhibit a common molecular basis with SPC as shown by gene network activities and commonly expressed high-connectivity hub genes. The differential molecular pathology of FPC and SPC involves multiple coexpressed gene clusters enriched for GO terms including extracellular activities and mitochondrion function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Pancreas Center (OPAC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ove B. Schaffalitzky de Muckadell
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Pancreas Center (OPAC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maiken Thyregod Jøergensen
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Pancreas Center (OPAC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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12
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Cui G. Immune battle at the premalignant stage of colorectal cancer: focus on immune cell compositions, functions and cytokine products. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1308-1320. [PMID: 32509381 PMCID: PMC7269793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that most human cancers, including colorectal cancers (CRCs), develop from premalignant lesions through a long-term multistep process. Host immunity is a key determinant that maintains most premalignant lesions in a stable state via immunosurveillance. However, premalignant cells use diverse strategies to escape host immunosurveillance. A switch in the immune function from immunosurveillance to immunosuppression facilitates the progression of premalignant lesions to established CRCs. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding alterations in the immune landscape, including immune cell compositions, functions and cytokine products, in the premalignant stage of CRC and provides an updated discussion on its translational significance along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, China
- Faculty of Health Science, Nord University, Campus LevangerNorway
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Saab S, Zalzale H, Rahal Z, Khalifeh Y, Sinjab A, Kadara H. Insights Into Lung Cancer Immune-Based Biology, Prevention, and Treatment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:159. [PMID: 32117295 PMCID: PMC7026250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related deaths. The malignancy is characterized by dismal prognosis and poor clinical outcome mostly due to advanced-stage at diagnosis, thereby inflicting a heavy burden on public health worldwide. Recent breakthroughs in immunotherapy have greatly benefited a subset of lung cancer patients, and more importantly, they are undauntedly bringing forth a paradigm shift in the drugs approved for cancer treatment, by introducing "tumor-type agnostic therapies". Yet, and to fulfill immunotherapy's potential of personalized cancer treatment, demarcating the immune and genomic landscape of cancers at their earliest possible stages will be crucial to identify ideal targets for early treatment and to predict how a particular patient will fare with immunotherapy. Recent genomic surveys of premalignant lung cancer have shed light on early alterations in the evolution of lung cancer. More recently, the advent of immunogenomic technologies has provided prodigious opportunities to study the multidimensional landscape of lung tumors as well as their microenvironment at the molecular, genomic, and cellular resolution. In this review, we will summarize the current state of immune-based therapies for cancer, with a focus on lung malignancy, and highlight learning outcomes from clinical and preclinical studies investigating the naïve immune biology of lung cancer. The review also collates immunogenomic-based evidence from seminal reports which collectively warrant future investigations of premalignancy, the tumor-adjacent normal-appearing lung tissue, pulmonary inflammatory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as systemic microbiome imbalance. Such future directions enable novel insights into the evolution of lung cancers and, thus, can provide a low-hanging fruit of targets for early immune-based treatment of this fatal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussein Zalzale
- School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zahraa Rahal
- School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yara Khalifeh
- School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ansam Sinjab
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Chi Q, Yang Z, Xu K, Wang C, Liang H. DNA Nanostructure as an Efficient Drug Delivery Platform for Immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1585. [PMID: 32063844 PMCID: PMC6997790 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has received increasing attention due to its low potential side effects and high specificity. For instance, cancer immunotherapy has achieved great success. CpG is a well-known and commonly used immunotherapeutic and vaccine adjuvant, but it has the disadvantage of being unstable and low in efficacy and needs to be transported through an effective nanocarrier. With perfect structural programmability, permeability, and biocompatibility, DNA nanostructures are one of the most promising candidates to deliver immune components to realize immunotherapy. However, the instability and low capability of the payload of ordinary DNA assemblies limit the relevant applications. Consequently, DNA nanostructure with a firm structure, high drug payloads is highly desirable. In the paper, the latest progress of biostable, high-payload DNA nanoassemblies of various structures, including cage-like DNA nanostructure, DNA particles, DNA polypods, and DNA hydrogel, are reviewed. Cage-like DNA structures hold drug molecules firmly inside the structure and leave a large space within the cavity. These DNA nanostructures use their unique structure to carry abundant CpG, and their biocompatibility and size advantages to enter immune cells to achieve immunotherapy for various diseases. Part of the DNA nanostructures can also achieve more effective treatment in conjunction with other functional components such as aPD1, RNA, TLR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjia Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zichang Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- “111” Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huaping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Premalignant lesions of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: The molecular make-up and factors affecting their progression. Lung Cancer 2019; 135:21-28. [PMID: 31446997 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), one of the most common forms of lung cancer, shows accelerated progression and aggressive growth and usually is observed at advanced stages. SCC originates from morphological changes in the bronchial epithelium that occur during chronic inflammation: basal cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and dysplasia I-III. However, the process is not inevitable; it can be stopped at any stage, remain in the stable state indefinitely and either progress or regress. The reasons and mechanisms of different scenarios of the evolution of premalignant lesions in the respiratory epithelium are not fully understood. In this review, we summarized the literature data (including our own data) regarding genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of the premalignant lesions and highlighted factors (environmental causes, inflammation, and gene polymorphism) that may govern their progression or regression. In conclusion, we reviewed strategies for lung cancer prevention and proposed new models and research directions for studying premalignant lesions and developing new tools to predict the risk of their malignant transformation.
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Hofman P. Toward precision medicine based on the molecular landscape of carcinoma in situ of the bronchus: is it realistic for patients with pre-invasive lung disease? J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:S1286-S1288. [PMID: 31245111 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.04.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Hospital, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Hospital-Integrated Biobank, CHU Nice, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Team 4, IRCAN, FHU OncoAge, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Carbohydrate-based adjuvants activate tumor-specific Th1 and CD8+ T-cell responses and reduce the immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs. Cancer Lett 2019; 440-441:94-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Deepthi G, Kulkarni PG, K Nandan SR. Eosinophils: An imperative histopathological prognostic indicator for oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 23:307. [PMID: 31516251 PMCID: PMC6714271 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_111_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation in tumor microenvironment assists in both promotion and growth of tumor. Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) is the term used when eosinophils are observed in a tumor tissue with inflammatory infiltrate. Although carcinogenesis with inflammation is one of the important hallmarks, the exact role of eosinophils remains unclear. Various studies on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) that focused on eosinophils reported both favorable and unfavorable prognosis in cancer tissue, because of which the exact function of eosinophils still remains uncertain. Aims and Objectives The present study aims at identifying the role of TATE in OSCC and in malignant transformation of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED). Materials and Methods The study includes 70 samples that divided into two groups, of which 50 histopathologically proven cases of different grades of OSCC and 20 cases of OED (oral leukoplakia). Congo red stain was used to stain the tissue sections. Each slide was viewed under high power in 10 consecutive microscopic fields for counting of eosinophils. Results Statistical analysis of values obtained was done using ANOVA, unpaired t-test and Mann-Whitney test. The results were statistically significant (P < 0.05) with a mean total eosinophil count of 2.12 in OED and 4.31 in OSCC. Conclusion The present study showed higher eosinophil counts in OSCC when compared to dysplasia which should prompt for a thorough evaluation of tumor front for invasiveness. Therefore, tissue eosinophil count may be used as an adjunct to predict the malignant transformation of dysplastic lesions to OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Deepthi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pavan G Kulkarni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Nalgonda, Telangana, India
| | - S R K Nandan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Nalgonda, Telangana, India
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Systemically administered allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells do not aggravate the progression of precancerous lesions: a new biosafety insight. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:137. [PMID: 29751770 PMCID: PMC5948822 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous subset of stromal cells currently tested for multiple therapeutic purposes. Their potential to home into tumors, to secrete trophic/vasculogenic factors, and to suppress immune response raises questions regarding their biosafety. Our aim was to evaluate whether systemically administered allogeneic MSCs modify the natural progression of precancerous lesions and whether their putative effect depends on cancer stage and/or cell dose. Methods Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was induced in Syrian golden hamsters by topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in one buccal pouch. At hyperplasia, dysplasia, or papilloma stage, animals received intracardially the vehicle or 0.7 × 106, 7 × 106, or 21 × 106 allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs/kg. OSCC progression was assessed according to the presence of erythroplakia and leukoplakia, extent of inflammation and vascularization, and appearance, volume, and staging of tumors. Also, the homing of donor cells was studied. Results Precancerous lesions progressed from hyperplasia to dysplasia in 2 weeks, from dysplasia to papilloma in 3 weeks, and from papilloma to carcinoma in 4 weeks. This time course was unmodified by the systemic administration of MSCs at hyperplasia or dysplasia stages. When MSCs were administered at papilloma stage, lesions did not progress to carcinoma stage. Tumors developed in hamsters receiving 0.7 × 106 or 7 × 106 MSCs/kg at hyperplasia stage were significantly smaller than those found in control animals (25 ± 4 or 23 ± 4 mm3 versus 72 ± 19 mm3, p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained when 0.7 × 106, 7 × 106, or 21 × 106 MSCs/kg were administered at papilloma stage (44 ± 15, 28 ± 7, or 28 ± 5 mm3 versus 104 ± 26 mm3, p < 0.05). For dysplasia stage, only the lower concentration of MSCs reached statistical significance (21 ± 9 mm3 versus 94 ± 39 mm3, p < 0.05). Animals receiving 21 × 106 MSCs/kg at hyperplasia stage developed tumors larger than those found in animals that received the vehicle (147 ± 47 mm3 versus 72 ± 19 mm3, p < 0.05). Donor cells were rarely found in precancerous lesions. Conclusions Systemically administered allogeneic MSCs do not aggravate the progression of precancerous lesions. Moreover, they preclude cancer progression and tumor growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0878-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Sun S, Ji H, Feng Y, Kang Y, Yu J, Liu A. A novel mechanism of tumor-induced thymic atrophy in mice bearing H22 hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:417-424. [PMID: 29551914 PMCID: PMC5842769 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s157512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thymic atrophy was discovered in tumor-bearing mice in recent years. Methods Flow cytometry was carried out including Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, PI staining, Terminal dUTP nick-end labeling, CD3-FITC/CD19-PE and CD8-FITC/CD4-PE double staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction were also investigated. Results According to our experiments, we demonstrated that no signs of apoptosis in thymocytes were found in H22-bearing mice, while the proportions of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in thymuses were remarkably increased, the opposite tendency was found in peripheral bloods, and only CD3+CD8+ T cells were discovered in H22 solid tumors. We further discovered that the level of thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) and the expression of Wnt4 in thymus of H22-bearing mice were significantly improved than control, which indicated the active proliferation and differentiation of thymocytes. Our study revealed that CD8+ T cells could not effectively eliminate H22 cells independently when CD4+ T cells were suppressed by tumors, while the body would only enhance the differentiation and maturation of T cells in thymuses and release them to solid tumor to reinforce antitumor immunocompetence, leading to a vicious cycle which finally led to thymic atrophy. Conclusion Our data propose a novel mechanism of tumor-induced thymic atrophy regulated by abnormal immunoreaction and may provide new ideas for the immunotherapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Anjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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Abstract
An important role of the immune system is in the surveillance for abnormal or transformed cells, which is known as cancer immunosurveillance. Through this process, the first changes to normal tissue homeostasis caused by infectious or other inflammatory insults can be detected by the immune system through the recognition of antigenic molecules (including tumour antigens) expressed by abnormal cells. However, as they develop, tumour cells can acquire antigenic and other changes that allow them to escape elimination by the immune system. To bias this process towards elimination, immunosurveillance can be improved by the administration of vaccines based on tumour antigens. Therapeutic cancer vaccines have been extensively tested in patients with advanced cancer but have had little clinical success, which has been attributed to the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. Thus, the administration of preventive vaccines at pre-malignant stages of the disease holds promise, as they function before tumour-associated immune suppression is established. Accordingly, immunological and clinical studies are yielding impressive results.
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Sivakumar S, Lucas FAS, McDowell TL, Lang W, Xu L, Fujimoto J, Zhang J, Futreal PA, Fukuoka J, Yatabe Y, Dubinett SM, Spira AE, Fowler J, Hawk ET, Wistuba II, Scheet P, Kadara H. Genomic Landscape of Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia Reveals Divergent Modes to Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6119-6130. [PMID: 28951454 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There is a dearth of knowledge about the pathogenesis of premalignant lung lesions, especially for atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), the only known precursor for the major lung cancer subtype adenocarcinoma (LUAD). In this study, we performed deep DNA and RNA sequencing analyses of a set of AAH, LUAD, and normal tissues. Somatic BRAF variants were found in AAHs from 5 of 22 (23%) patients, 4 of 5 of whom had matched LUAD with driver EGFR mutations. KRAS mutations were present in AAHs from 4 of 22 (18%) of patients. KRAS mutations in AAH were only found in ever-smokers and were exclusive to BRAF-mutant cases. Integrative analysis revealed profiles expressed in KRAS-mutant cases (UBE2C, REL) and BRAF-mutant cases (MAX) of AAH, or common to both sets of cases (suppressed AXL). Gene sets associated with suppressed antitumor (Th1; IL12A, GZMB) and elevated protumor (CCR2, CTLA-4) immune signaling were enriched in AAH development and progression. Our results reveal potentially divergent BRAF or KRAS pathways in AAH as well as immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of this premalignant lung lesion. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6119-30. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruthy Sivakumar
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - F Anthony San Lucas
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tina L McDowell
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wenhua Lang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Avrum E Spira
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jerry Fowler
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ernest T Hawk
- Division of Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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