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Qin C, Li T, Lin C, Zhao B, Li Z, Zhao Y, Wang W. The systematic role of pancreatic cancer exosomes: distant communication, liquid biopsy and future therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:264. [PMID: 39054529 PMCID: PMC11271018 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal diseases worldwide. Cancer-derived exosomes, benefiting from the protective role of the lipid membrane, exhibit remarkable stability in the circulatory system. These exosomes, released by tumor microenvironment, contain various biomolecules such as proteins, RNAs, and lipids that plays a pivotal role in mediating distant communication between the local pancreatic tumor and other organs or tissues. They facilitate the transfer of oncogenic factors to distant sites, contributing to the compromised body immune system, distant metastasis, diabetes, cachexia, and promoting a microenvironment conducive to tumor growth and metastasis in pancreatic cancer patients. Beyond their intrinsic roles, circulating exosomes in peripheral blood can be detected to facilitate accurate liquid biopsy. This approach offers a novel and promising method for the diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer. Consequently, circulating exosomes are not only crucial mediators of systemic cell-cell communication during pancreatic cancer progression but also hold great potential as precise tools for pancreatic cancer management and treatment. Exosome-based liquid biopsy and therapy represent promising advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Exosomes can serve as drug delivery vehicles, enhancing the targeting and efficacy of anticancer treatments, modulating the immune system, and facilitating gene editing to suppress tumor growth. Ongoing research focuses on biomarker identification, drug delivery systems, and clinical trials to validate the safety and efficacy of exosome-based therapies, offering new possibilities for early diagnosis and precision treatment in pancreatic cancer. Leveraging the therapeutic potential of exosomes, including their ability to deliver targeted drugs and modulate immune responses, opens new avenues for innovative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bangbo Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zeru Li
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weibin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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2
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Gumberger P, Bjornsson B, Sandström P, Bojmar L, Zambirinis CP. The Liver Pre-Metastatic Niche in Pancreatic Cancer: A Potential Opportunity for Intervention. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3028. [PMID: 35740692 PMCID: PMC9221452 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14123028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related mortality is primarily a consequence of metastatic dissemination and associated complications. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies and tends to metastasize early, especially in the liver. Emerging evidence suggests that organs that develop metastases exhibit microscopic changes that favor metastatic growth, collectively known as "pre-metastatic niches". By definition, a pre-metastatic niche is chronologically established before overt metastatic outgrowth, and its generation involves the release of tumor-derived secreted factors that modulate cells intrinsic to the recipient organ, as well as recruitment of additional cells from tertiary sites, such as bone marrow-all orchestrated by the primary tumor. The pre-metastatic niche is characterized by tumor-promoting inflammation with tumor-supportive and immune-suppressive features, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, angiogenic modulation and metabolic alterations that support growth of disseminated tumor cells. In this paper, we review the current state of knowledge of the hepatic pre-metastatic niche in PDAC and attempt to create a framework to guide future diagnostic and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gumberger
- Department of Surgery, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (P.G.); (B.B.); (P.S.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Bergthor Bjornsson
- Department of Surgery, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (P.G.); (B.B.); (P.S.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Per Sandström
- Department of Surgery, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (P.G.); (B.B.); (P.S.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Linda Bojmar
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden;
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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3
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Wang T, Wang X, Wang H, Li L, Zhang C, Xiang R, Tan X, Li Z, Jiang C, Zheng L, Xiao L, Yue S. High TSPAN8 expression in epithelial cancer cell-derived small extracellular vesicles promote confined diffusion and pronounced uptake. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12167. [PMID: 34796683 PMCID: PMC8602930 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) play a key role in intercellular communication. Cargo molecules carried by sEVs may affect the phenotype and function of recipient cells. Epithelial cancer cell-derived sEVs, particularly those enriched in CD151 or tetraspanin8 (TSPAN8) and associated integrins, promote tumour progression. The mechanism of binding and modulation of sEVs to recipient cells remains elusive. Here, we used genetically engineered breast cancer cells to derive TSPAN8-enriched sEVs and evaluated the impact of TSPAN8 on target cell membrane's diffusion and transport properties. The single-particle tracking technique showed that TSPAN8 significantly promoted sEV binding via confined diffusion. Functional assays indicated that the transgenic TSPAN8-sEV cargo increased cancer cell motility and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In vivo, transgenic TSPAN8-sEV promoted uptake of sEVs in the liver, lung, and spleen. We concluded that TSPAN8 encourages the sEV-target cell interaction via forced confined diffusion and significantly increases cell motility. Therefore, TSPAN8-sEV may serve as an important direct or indirect therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- School of MedicineState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular RecognitionCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Haobin Wang
- Department of Breast & Thyroid SurgeryThe Third People's Hospital of ChengduThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong UniversityThe Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Luhan Li
- School of MedicineState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Chenhong Zhang
- School of MedicineState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Rong Xiang
- School of MedicineState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiaoyue Tan
- School of MedicineState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Zongjin Li
- School of MedicineState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Chunyang Jiang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryTianjin Union Medical CenterTianjinChina
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Lehui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular RecognitionCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Shijing Yue
- School of MedicineState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
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Recent Advances in Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems and Their Potential in Precision Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111006. [PMID: 33105857 PMCID: PMC7690579 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bilayered nanoparticles released by most cell types. Recently, an enormous number of studies have been published on the potential of EVs as carriers of therapeutic agents. In contrast to systems such as liposomes, EVs exhibit less immunogenicity and higher engineering potential. Here, we review the most relevant publications addressing the potential and use of EVs as a drug delivery system (DDS). The information is divided based on the key steps for designing an EV-mediated delivery strategy. We discuss possible sources and isolation methods of EVs. We address the administration routes that have been tested in vivo and the tissue distribution observed. We describe the current knowledge on EV clearance, a significant challenge towards enhancing bioavailability. Also, EV-engineering approaches are described as alternatives to improve tissue and cell-specificity. Finally, a summary of the ongoing clinical trials is performed. Although the application of EVs in the clinical practice is still at an early stage, a high number of studies in animals support their potential as DDS. Thus, better treatment options could be designed to precisely increase target specificity and therapeutic efficacy while reducing off-target effects and toxicity according to the individual requirements of each patient.
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Sun W, Ren Y, Lu Z, Zhao X. The potential roles of exosomes in pancreatic cancer initiation and metastasis. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:135. [PMID: 32878635 PMCID: PMC7466807 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) is an insidious and highly metastatic malignancy, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. So far, the pathogenesis and progression mechanisms of PaCa have been poorly characterized. Exosomes correspond to a class of extracellular nanovesicles, produced by a broad range of human somatic and cancerous cells. These particular nanovesicles are mainly composed by proteins, genetic substances and lipids, which mediate signal transduction and material transport. A large number of studies have indicated that exosomes may play decisive roles in the occurrence and metastatic progression of PaCa. This article summarizes the specific functions of exosomes and their underlying molecular mechanisms in mediating the initiation and metastatic capability of PaCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Ren
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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Zhao X, Ren Y, Lu Z. Potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles of exosomes in pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188414. [PMID: 32866530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) is considered an aggressive but still asymptomatic malignancy. Due to the lack of effective diagnostic markers, PaCa is often diagnosed during late metastatic stages. Besides surgical resection, no other treatment appears to be effective during earlier stages of the disease. Exosomes are related to a class of nanovesicles coated by a bilayer lipid membrane and enriched in protein, nucleic acid, and lipid contents. They are widely present in human body fluids, including blood, saliva, and pancreatic duct fluid, with functions in signal transduction and material transport. A large number of studies have suggested for a crucial role for exosomes in PaCa, which may be utilized to improve its future diagnosis and treatment, but the underlying molecular mechanisms as well as their potential clinical applications are largely unknown. By collecting and analyzing the most up-to-date literature, here we summarize the current progress of the clinical applications related to exosomes in PaCa. Therefore, we presently provide some rationale for the potential value of exosomes in PaCa, thereby promoting putative applications in targeted PaCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China.
| | - Ying Ren
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China
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Torres Crigna A, Fricke F, Nitschke K, Worst T, Erb U, Karremann M, Buschmann D, Elvers-Hornung S, Tucher C, Schiller M, Hausser I, Gebert J, Bieback K. Inter-Laboratory Comparison of Extracellular Vesicle Isolation Based on Ultracentrifugation. Transfus Med Hemother 2020; 48:48-59. [PMID: 33708052 DOI: 10.1159/000508712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, deliver bioactive cargo mediating intercellular communication in physiological and pathological conditions. EVs are increasingly investigated as therapeutic agents and targets, but also as disease biomarkers. However, a definite consensus regarding EV isolation methods is lacking, which makes it intricate to standardize research practices and eventually reach a desirable level of data comparability. In our study, we performed an inter-laboratory comparison of EV isolation based on a differential ultracentrifugation protocol carried out in 4 laboratories in 2 independent rounds of isolation. Methods Conditioned medium of colorectal cancer cells was prepared and pooled by 1 person and distributed to each of the participating laboratories for isolation according to a pre-defined protocol. After EV isolation in each laboratory, quantification and characterization of isolated EVs was collectively done by 1 person having the highest expertise in the respective test method: Western blot, flow cytometry (fluorescence-activated cell sorting [FACS], nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results EVs were visualized with TEM, presenting similar cup-shaped and spherical morphology and sizes ranging from 30 to 150 nm. NTA results showed similar size ranges of particles in both isolation rounds. EV preparations showed high purity by the expression of EV marker proteins CD9, CD63, CD81, Alix, and TSG101, and the lack of calnexin. FACS analysis of EVs revealed intense staining for CD63 and CD81 but lower levels for CD9 and TSG101. Preparations from 1 laboratory presented significantly lower particle numbers (p < 0.0001), most probably related to increased processing time. However, even when standardizing processing time, particle yields still differed significantly between groups, indicating inter-laboratory differences in the efficiency of EV isolation. Importantly, no relation was observed between centrifugation speed/k-factor and EV yield. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that quantitative differences in EV yield might be due to equipment- and operator-dependent technical variability in ultracentrifugation-based EV isolation. Furthermore, our study emphasizes the need to standardize technical parameters such as the exact run speed and k-factor in order to transfer protocols between different laboratories. This hints at substantial inter-laboratory biases that should be assessed in multi-centric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Torres Crigna
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Fabia Fricke
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Nitschke
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Worst
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Erb
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Karremann
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dominik Buschmann
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Susanne Elvers-Hornung
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Tucher
- Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schiller
- Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kliniken Hochfranken, Naila, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hausser
- EM-Lab, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Gebert
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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8
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Guo Q, Jiang C. Delivery strategies for macromolecular drugs in cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:979-986. [PMID: 32642406 PMCID: PMC7332661 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of biotherapy, biomacromolecular drugs have gained tremendous attention recently, especially in drug development field due to the sophisticated functions in vivo. Over the past few years, a motley variety of drug delivery strategies have been developed for biomacromolecular drugs to overcome the difficulties in the druggability, e.g., the instability and easily restricted by physiologic barriers. The application of novel delivery systems to deliver biomacromolecular drugs can usually prolong the half-life, increase the bioavailability, or improve patient compliance, which greatly improves the efficacy and potentiality for clinical use of biomacromolecular drugs. In this review, recent studies regarding the drug delivery strategies for macromolecular drugs in cancer therapy are summarized, mainly drawing on the development over the last five years.
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Key Words
- CHOL, cholesterol
- CP, Cas9-sgRNA plasmid
- CTCs, circulating tumor cells
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4
- Cancer therapy
- ChiP, multifunctional chimeric peptide
- DDS, drug delivery systems
- DOPE, dioleoyl phosphoethanolamine
- DOTAP, (2,3-dioleoyloxy-propyl)-trimethylammonium
- DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- Delivery strategies
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- Exosomes
- GOx, glucose oxidase
- GRVs, glucose-responsive vesicles
- LFA-1, lymphocyte function antigen-1
- MDP, muramyl dipeptide
- MFT, mifamurtide
- Macromolecular drugs
- Membrane-camouflage systems
- NLR, domain-like receptors
- PAMAM, polyamidoamine
- PD1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEI, polyethylenimine
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- PMAPs, pathogen associated molecular patterns
- RBC, red blood cells
- TAT, human immunodeficiency virus-1 transcription activator
- TLR, toll-like receptors
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- aPDL1, antibodies against PDL1
- rFljB, recombinant flagellin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen Jiang
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 21 51980079.
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Abstract
Cancer-initiating cells (CIC) are the driving force in tumor progression. There is strong evidence that CIC fulfill this task via exosomes (TEX), which modulate and reprogram stroma, nontransformed cells, and non-CIC. Characterization of CIC, besides others, builds on expression of CIC markers, many of which are known as metastasis-associated molecules. We here discuss that the linkage between CIC/CIC-TEX and metastasis-associated molecules is not fortuitously, but relies on the contribution of these markers to TEX biogenesis including loading and TEX target interactions. In addition, CIC markers contribute to TEX binding- and uptake-promoted activation of signaling cascades, transcription initiation, and translational control. Our point of view will be outlined for pancreas and colon CIC highly expressing CD44v6, Tspan8, EPCAM, claudin7, and LGR5, which distinctly but coordinately contribute to tumor progression. Despite overwhelming progress in unraveling the metastatic cascade and the multiple tasks taken over by CIC-TEX, there remains a considerable gap in linking CIC biomarkers, TEX, and TEX-initiated target modulation with metastasis. We will try to outline possible bridges, which could allow depicting pathways for new and expectedly powerful therapeutic interference with tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Wang Z, Sun H, Provaznik J, Hackert T, Zöller M. Pancreatic cancer-initiating cell exosome message transfer into noncancer-initiating cells: the importance of CD44v6 in reprogramming. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:132. [PMID: 30890157 PMCID: PMC6425561 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-initiating cell (CIC) exosomes (CIC-TEX) are suggested reprogramming Non-CIC. Mode of message transfer and engagement of CIC-markers being disputed, we elaborated the impact of CD44v6 and Tspan8 on the response of Non-CIC. METHODS Non-metastasizing CD44v6- and Tspan8-knockdown (kd) pancreatic cancer cells served as Non-CIC. CIC-TEX coculture-induced changes were evaluated by deep-sequencing and functional assays. Tumor progression was surveyed during in vivo CIC-TEX treatment. RESULTS Deep-sequencing of CIC-TEX-cocultured CD44v6kd-Non-CIC revealed pronounced mRNA changes in signaling, transport, transcription and translation; altered miRNA affected metabolism, signaling and transcription. CIC-TEX coculture-induced changes in Tspan8kd-Non-CIC mostly relied on CIC-TEX-Tspan8 being required for targeting. CIC-TEX transfer supported apoptosis resistance and significantly promoted epithelial mesenchymal transition, migration, invasion and (lymph)angiogenesis of the kd Non-CIC in vitro and in vivo, deep-sequencing allowing individual mRNA and miRNA assignment to altered functions. Importantly, CIC-TEX act as a hub, initiated by CD44v6-dependent RTK, GPCR and integrin activation and involving CD44v6-assisted transcription and RNA processing. Accordingly, a kinase inhibitor hampered CIC-TEX-fostered tumor progression, which was backed by an anti-Tspan8 blockade of CIC-TEX binding. CONCLUSIONS This in depth report on the in vitro and in vivo impact of CIC-TEX on CD44v6kd and Tspan8kd Non-CIC unravels hub CIC-TEX activity, highlighting a prominent contribution of the CIC-markers CD44v6 to signaling cascade activation, transcription, translation and miRNA processing in Non-CIC and of Tspan8 to CIC-TEX targeting. Blocking CIC-TEX binding/uptake and uptake-initiated target cell activation significantly mitigated the deleterious CIC-TEX impact on CD44v6kd and Tspan8kd Non-CIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanxue Sun
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Thilo Hackert
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Samandari M, Julia MG, Rice A, Chronopoulos A, Del Rio Hernandez AE. Liquid biopsies for management of pancreatic cancer. Transl Res 2018; 201:98-127. [PMID: 30118658 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It is asymptomatic at an early stage, and most diagnosis occurs when the disease is already at a late stage, by which time the tumor is nonresectable. In order to increase the overall survival of patients with pancreatic cancer, as well as to decrease the cancer burden, it is necessary to perform early diagnosis, prognosis stratifications and cancer monitoring using accurate, minimally invasive, and cost-effective methods. Liquid biopsies seek to detect tumor-associated biomarkers in a variety of extractable body fluids and can help to monitor treatment response and disease progression, and even predict patient outcome. In patients with pancreatic cancer, tumor-derived materials, primarily circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells and exosomes, are being studied for inclusion in the management of the disease. This review focuses on describing the biology of these biomarkers, methods for their enrichment and detection, as well as their potential for clinical application. Moreover, we discuss the future direction of liquid biopsies and introduce how they can be exploited toward point of care personalized medicine for the management of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadmahdi Samandari
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - María Gil Julia
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Rice
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Chronopoulos
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Armando E Del Rio Hernandez
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Im K, Baek J, Kwon WS, Rha SY, Hwang KW, Kim U, Min H. The Comparison of Exosome and Exosomal Cytokines between Young and Old Individuals with or without Gastric Cancer. INT J GERONTOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijge.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Proteomic Analysis of Liquid Biopsy from Tumor-Draining Vein Indicates that High Expression of Exosomal ECM1 Is Associated with Relapse in Stage I-III Colon Cancer. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:715-721. [PMID: 29660691 PMCID: PMC6056757 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The analysis of exosomes in blood obtained from the tumor-draining mesenteric vein (MV) can identify tumor biomarkers before they reach target organs and form the premetastatic niche where circulating tumor cells can anchor. Our group has recently shown that microRNAs in plasma from the MV—but not the peripheral vein (PV)—have been related to liver metastases in colon cancer (CC) patients. Here we examine the exosomal protein cargo in plasma from the MV and paired PV in 31 CC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included patients who were initially diagnosed with stage I-III CC and 10 healthy controls. Exosomes from the MV and PV of all patients and controls were isolated by ultracentrifugation and confirmed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. High-throughput proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry was used to identify expression levels of exosomal proteins. Findings were confirmed by Western blot. RESULTS: Exosomal ECM1 protein was more highly expressed in patients than in controls and was 13.55 times higher in MV from relapsed than relapse-free patients. High exosomal ECM1 expression was associated with liver metastases. Patients with high exosomal ECM1 expression in MV—but not PV—plasma had shorter time to relapse than those with low ECM1 expression (P = .04). CONCLUSION: High levels of exosomal ECM1 protein can identify CC patients with a higher risk of relapse. The analysis of exosomes isolated from the tumor-draining MV is a promising method for the identification of biomarkers before they reach the target organ.
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Zöller M. Janus-Faced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Exosomes for the Good and the Bad in Cancer and Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:137. [PMID: 29456536 PMCID: PMC5801414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells originally described to hamper immune responses in chronic infections. Meanwhile, they are known to be a major obstacle in cancer immunotherapy. On the other hand, MDSC can interfere with allogeneic transplant rejection and may dampen autoreactive T cell activity. Whether MDSC-Exosomes (Exo) can cope with the dangerous and potentially therapeutic activities of MDSC is not yet fully explored. After introducing MDSC and Exo, it will be discussed, whether a blockade of MDSC-Exo could foster the efficacy of immunotherapy in cancer and mitigate tumor progression supporting activities of MDSC. It also will be outlined, whether application of native or tailored MDSC-Exo might prohibit autoimmune disease progression. These considerations are based on the steadily increasing knowledge on Exo composition, their capacity to distribute throughout the organism combined with selectivity of targeting, and the ease to tailor Exo and includes open questions that answers will facilitate optimizing protocols for a MDSC-Exo blockade in cancer as well as for strengthening their therapeutic efficacy in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Zöller
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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