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Lee JI, Jadamba C, Lee CG, Hong SC, Kim JH, Yoo SC, Park SJ. Feasibility study of Aesculus turbinata fruit shell-derived biochar for ammonia removal in wastewater and its subsequent use as nitrogen fertilizer. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142049. [PMID: 38631499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
In the face of increasing nitrogen demand for crop cultivation driven by population growth, this study presents a sustainable solution to address both the heightened demand and the energy-intensive process of nitrogen removal from wastewater. Our approach involves the removal of nitrogen from wastewater and its subsequent return to the soil as a fertilizer. Using biochar derived from Aesculus turbinata fruit shells (ATFS), a by-product of post-medical use, we investigated the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the NH4-N adsorption capacity of ATFS biochar (ATFS-BC). Notably, the ATFS-BC pyrolyzed at 300 °C (ATFS-BC300) exhibited the highest NH4-N adsorption capacity of 15.61 mg/g. The superior performance of ATFS-BC300 was attributed to its higher number of oxygen functional groups and more negatively charged surface, which contributed to the enhanced NH4-N adsorption. The removal of NH4-N by ATFS-BC300 involved both physical diffusion and chemisorption, with NH4-N forming a robust multilayer adsorption on the biochar. Alkaline conditions favored NH4-N adsorption by ATFS-BC300; however, the presence of trivalent and divalent ions hindered this process. Rice plants were cultivated to assess the potential of NH4-N adsorbed ATFS-BC300 (NH4-ATFS-BC300) as a nitrogen fertilizer. Remarkably, medium doses of NH4-ATFS-BC300 (594.5 kg/ha) exhibited key agronomic traits similar to those of the commercial nitrogen fertilizer in rice seedlings. Furthermore, high doses of NH4-ATFS-BC300 demonstrated superior agronomic traits compared to the commercial fertilizer. This study establishes the viability of utilizing ATFS-BC300 as a dual-purpose solution for wastewater treatment and nitrogen fertilizer supply, presenting a promising avenue for addressing environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-In Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong, 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuluuntsetseg Jadamba
- Department of Plant Life & Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea; Institute of Ecological Phytochemistry, Hankyong National University, Anseong, 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gu Lee
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chang Hong
- Climate Change Assessment Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Agency, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Kim
- Climate Change Assessment Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Agency, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Cheul Yoo
- Department of Plant Life & Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea; Institute of Ecological Phytochemistry, Hankyong National University, Anseong, 17579, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Jik Park
- Institute of Agricultural Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong, 17579, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioresources and Rural System Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Y, Han X, Wan X, Niu F, Zhou C. β-Escin: An Updated Review of Its Analysis, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2023; 51:2095-2120. [PMID: 37865870 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
[Formula: see text]-Escin is an oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin extracted from the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum (AH), which is more widely distributed. [Formula: see text]-Escin sodium has been approved by the American FDA for clinical usage. This paper is intended to summarize an updated and comprehensive review of the pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetic properties, toxicity, and analytical methods of [Formula: see text]-escin. Studies have shown that [Formula: see text]-escin has significant antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and other activities alongside less adverse effects and higher safety than other compounds. The review shows that the pharmacological effects of [Formula: see text]-escin involve mechanisms such as ATM/[Formula: see text]H2AX, RhoA/Rock, GSK-3[Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]-Catenin, HER2/HER3/Akt, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, and Cyclin A, p21[Formula: see text], survivin, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Caspases, TGF-[Formula: see text], MMPs, and TNF-[Formula: see text] among other inflammatory factors. [Formula: see text]-Escin has significant cytotoxicity; the use of the chitosan/xanthan gum-based polyelectrolyte complexes PA1 and PC-11 to modify it not only to reduces its toxicity, but also improves its drug efficacy. Because of this, these compounds may become a new research hotspot. [Formula: see text]-Escin in vivo metabolism can be converted by the CYP1A2 enzyme in the intestinal flora to produce [Formula: see text]-escin, deacylated, deglycosylated, and 21[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-crotonoyl-protoescin, and the binding rate of the plasma proteins is higher than 90%. These are mainly metabolized by the liver, kidneys, and other organs, and excreted in the form of urine and feces. The number of reports on the specific mediators of the metabolism of [Formula: see text]-escin and their mechanisms and metabolites is relatively small; furthermore, the results are vague. Therefore, a complete and in-depth exploration of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of [Formula: see text]-escin is needed to provide a more complete and effective theoretical reference for the study of its pharmacodynamic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong 250355, P. R. China
| | - Xiuwei Han
- Zhaoyuan Inspection and Testing Center, Shandong 265400, P. R. China
| | - Xinhuan Wan
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong 250355, P. R. China
| | - Fengjv Niu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong 250355, P. R. China
| | - Changzheng Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong 250355, P. R. China
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Li X, Wu Y, Wang H, Li Z, Ding X, Dou C, Hu L, Du G, Wei G. Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism of Escin against Neuropathic Pain: A Network Pharmacology Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:3734861. [PMID: 37876856 PMCID: PMC10593550 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3734861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Escin is the main active component in Aesculus hippocastanum. It has been demonstrated that escin has anti-inflammatory properties. This study combined the methods of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics to explore the molecular mechanism of escin against neuropathic pain (NP). Methods The Swiss Target Prediction and the Pharm Mapper database were employed for predicting the targets of escin. Also, the candidate targets of NP were gathered via the databases including Therapeutic Targets, DisGeNet, GeneCards, DrugBank, and OMIM. Subsequently, the network of protein-protein interaction was screened for the key targets by the software Cytoscape 3.8.0. Then, the intersection of these targets was analysed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment. Additionally, we further investigated the ligand-target interactions by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Results In total, 94 escin targets were predicted by network pharmacology. Among them, SRC, MMP9, PTGS2, and MAPK1 were the core candidate targets. Subsequently, the analysis of GO and KEGG enrichment revealed that escin affected NP by regulating protein kinase C, MAP kinase, TRP channels, the T-cell receptors signaling pathway, and the TNF signaling pathway. The results of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation confirmed that escin not only had a strong binding activity with the four core target proteins but also stably combined in 50 ns. Conclusions Our study revealed that escin acts on the core targets SRC, MMP9, PTGS2, MAPK1, and associated enrichment pathways to alleviate neuronal inflammation and regulate the immune response, thus exerting anti-NP efficacy. This study provided innovative ideas and methods for the promising treatment of escin in relieving NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yating Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zaiqi Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Ding
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongyang Dou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Hu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guizhi Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guihua Wei
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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Vivanco PG, Taboada P, Coelho A. The Southern European Atlantic Diet and Its Supplements: The Chemical Bases of Its Anticancer Properties. Nutrients 2023; 15:4274. [PMID: 37836558 PMCID: PMC10574233 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence increasingly supports the strong link between diet and health, acknowledging that a well-balanced diet plays a crucial role in preventing chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular issues, and certain types of cancer. This perspective opens the door to developing precision diets, particularly tailored for individuals at risk of developing cancer. It encompasses a vast research area and involves the study of an expanding array of compounds with multilevel "omics" compositions, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, miRNomics, and metabolomics. We review here the components of the Southern European Atlantic Diet (SEAD) from both a chemical and pharmacological standpoint. The information sources consulted, complemented by crystallographic data from the Protein Data Bank, establish a direct link between the SEAD and its anticancer properties. The data collected strongly suggest that SEAD offers an exceptionally healthy profile, particularly due to the presence of beneficial biomolecules in its foods. The inclusion of olive oil and paprika in this diet provides numerous health benefits, and scientific evidence supports the anticancer properties of dietary supplements with biomolecules sourced from vegetables of the brassica genus. Nonetheless, further research is warranted in this field to gain deeper insights into the potential benefits of the SEAD's bioactive compounds against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García Vivanco
- Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Nutrition and Digestive Working Group, Spanish Society of Clinical, Family, and Community Pharmacy (SEFAC), 28045 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Institute of Materials-USC (IMATUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Coelho
- Institute of Materials-USC (IMATUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Hussain Y, Singh J, Meena A, Sinha RA, Luqman S. Escin enhanced the efficacy of sorafenib by autophagy-mediated apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Phytother Res 2023; 37:4819-4837. [PMID: 37468281 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Combining anti-cancer drugs has been exploited as promising treatment strategy to target lung cancer. Synergistic chemotherapies increase anti-cancer effect and reduce effective drug doses and side effects. In this study, therapeutic potential of escin in combination with sorafenib has been explored. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to calculate IC50 values. The synergy was evaluated using Chou-Talaly algorithm. Cellular reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, annexin V, and cell-cycle studies were done by flow-cytometer, and autophagy biomarkers expression were determined using western blotting. Moreover, autophagy was knocked down using ATG5 siRNA to confirm its role, diethylnitrosamine-induced lung cancer model was used to check the synergy of sorafenib/escin. Escin significantly reduced the IC50 of sorafenib in A549 and NCIH460 cells. The combination of sorafenib/escin produced a 2.95 and 5.45 dose reduction index for sorafenib in A549 and NCI-H460 cells. The combination of over-expressed p62 and LC3-II reflects autophagy block-mediated late apoptosis. This phenomenon was reconfirmed by ATG5 knockdown. This combination also selectively targeted G0/G1 phase of cancer cells. In in vivo study, the combination reduced tumour load and lower elevated serum biochemical parameters. The combination of sorafenib/escin synergistically inhibits autophagy to induce late apoptosis in lung cancer cells' G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Hussain
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Abha Meena
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Johnston EJ, Tallis J, Cunningham-Oakes E, Moses T, Moore SJ, Hosking S, Rosser SJ. Yeast lacking the sterol C-5 desaturase Erg3 are tolerant to the anti-inflammatory triterpenoid saponin escin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13617. [PMID: 37604855 PMCID: PMC10442444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Escin is a mixture of over 30 glycosylated triterpenoid (saponin) structures, extracted from the dried fruit of horse chestnuts. Escin is currently used as an anti-inflammatory, and has potential applications in the treatment of arthritis and cancer. Engineered yeast would enable production of specific bioactive components of escin at industrial scale, however many saponins have been shown to be toxic to yeast. Here we report that a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain specifically lacking the sterol C-5 desaturase gene ERG3, exhibits striking enhanced tolerance to escin treatment. Transcriptome analyses, as well as pre-mixing of escin with sterols, support the hypothesis that escin interacts directly with ergosterol, but not as strongly with the altered sterols present in erg3Δ. A diverse range of saponins are of commercial interest, and this research highlights the value of screening lipidome mutants to identify appropriate hosts for engineering the industrial production of saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Johnston
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK.
| | - Jess Tallis
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK
| | - Edward Cunningham-Oakes
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Tessa Moses
- EdinOmics, RRID:SCR_021838, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Simon J Moore
- Genetic Science Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 7 Kingsland Grange, Warrington, Cheshire, WA1 4SR, UK
| | - Sarah Hosking
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK
| | - Susan J Rosser
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK.
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Lai ZZ, Shen HH, Lee YM. Inhibitory effect of β-escin on Zika virus infection through the interruption of viral binding, replication, and stability. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10014. [PMID: 37340032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Escin is a mixture of triterpenoid saponins extracted from horse chestnut seeds that have diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-edematous, venotonic, and antiviral effects. In the clinical setting, β-escin is primarily used to treat venous insufficiency and blunt trauma injuries. The anti-Zika virus (ZIKV) activity of β-escin has not been explored. This study investigated the antiviral efficacy of β-escin on ZIKV and dengue virus (DENV) in vitro and then elucidated the underlying mechanism. The inhibitory effects of β-escin on viral RNA synthesis, protein levels, and infection ability were determined using qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence assays, respectively. To further characterize how β-escin interferes with the viral life cycle, the time-of-addition experiment was performed. An inactivation assay was performed to determine whether β-escin affects ZIKV virion stability. To broaden these findings, the antiviral effects of β-escin on different DENV serotypes were assessed using dose-inhibition and time-of-addition assays. The results showed that β-escin exhibits anti-ZIKV activity by decreasing viral RNA levels, protein expression, progeny yield, and virion stability. β-Escin inhibited ZIKV infection by disrupting viral binding and replication. Furthermore, β-escin demonstrated antiviral activities against four DENV serotypes in a Vero cell model and prophylactic protection against ZIKV and DENV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Zong Lai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsuen Shen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Mei Lee
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
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Cui Y, Li C, Sang F, Cao W, Qin Z, Zhang P. Natural products targeting glycolytic signaling pathways-an updated review on anti-cancer therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1035882. [PMID: 36339566 PMCID: PMC9631946 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1035882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolysis is a complex metabolic process that occurs to convert glucose into pyruvate to produce energy for living cells. Normal cells oxidized pyruvate into adenosine triphosphate and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen in mitochondria while cancer cells preferentially metabolize pyruvate to lactate even in the presence of oxygen in order to maintain a slightly acidic micro-environment of PH 6.5 and 6.9, which is beneficial for cancer cell growth and metastasis. Therefore targeting glycolytic signaling pathways provided new strategy for anti-cancer therapy. Natural products are important sources for the treatment of diseases with a variety of pharmacologic activities. Accumulated studies suggested that natural products exhibited remarkable anti-cancer properties both in vitro and in vivo. Plenty of studies suggested natural products like flavonoids, terpenoids and quinones played anti-cancer properties via inhibiting glucose metabolism targets in glycolytic pathways. This study provided an updated overview of natural products controlling glycolytic pathways, which also provide insight into druggable mediators discovery targeting cancer glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cui
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Chuang Li
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Sang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Weiling Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Luohu People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Weiling Cao, ; Zhuo Qin, ; Peng Zhang,
| | - Zhuo Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Luohu People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Weiling Cao, ; Zhuo Qin, ; Peng Zhang,
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Luohu People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Weiling Cao, ; Zhuo Qin, ; Peng Zhang,
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Ye L, Yang L, Wang B, Chen G, Jiang L, Hu Z, Shi Z, Liu Y, Chen S. The Chromosome-level genome of Aesculus wilsonii provides new insights into terpenoid biosynthesis and Aesculus evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1022169. [PMID: 36388583 PMCID: PMC9642078 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1022169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aesculus L. (buckeye and horse chestnut) are woody plant species with important horticultural and medicinal values. Aesculus seeds are widely used as biomedicine and cosmetic ingredients due to their saponins. We report a chromosomal-scale genome of Aesculus wilsonii. Sequences amounting to a total of 579.01 Mb were assembled into 20 chromosomes. More than half of the genome (54.46%) were annotated as repetitive sequences, and 46,914 protein-coding genes were predicted. In addition to the widespread gamma event with core eudicots, a unique whole-genome duplication (WGD) event (17.69 Mya) occurred in Aesculus after buckeye differentiated from longan. Due to WGD events and tandem duplications, the related synthetic genes of triterpene saponins unique to Aesculus increased significantly. Combined with transcriptome characterization, the study preliminarily resolved the biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoid saponins like aescin in A. wilsonii genome. Analyses of the resequencing of 104 buckeye accessions revealed clear relationship between the geographic distribution and genetic differentiation of buckeye trees in China. We found that the buckeye species found in southern Shaanxi is A. wilsonii rather than A. chinensis. Population dynamics analysis further suggests that the population size and evolution of existing buckeye species have been influenced by climate fluctuations during the Pleistocene and recent domestication events. The genome of A. wilsonii and population genomics of Aesculus provide a resource for future research on Hippocastanaceae. These findings will contribute to the utilization and diversity protection of Aesculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- Genomics Project Department, Wuhan Benagen Tech Solutions Company Limited, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Hubei Institute for Drug Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Genomics Project Department, Wuhan Benagen Tech Solutions Company Limited, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional and Western Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Institute of herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Park S, Park JM, Park M, Ko D, Kim S, Seo J, Nam KD, Jung E, Farrand L, Kim YJ, Kim JY, Seo JH. β-Escin overcomes trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer by targeting cancer stem-like features. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:289. [PMID: 36127671 PMCID: PMC9490928 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of de novo or intrinsic trastuzumab resistance is exceedingly high in breast cancer that is HER2 positive and correlates with an abundant cancer stem cell (CSC)-like population. We sought to examine the capacity of β-escin, an anti-inflammatory drug, to address trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Methods The effect of β-escin on trastuzumab-resistant and -sensitive cell lines in vitro was evaluated for apoptosis, expression of HER2 family members, and impact on CSC-like properties. An in vivo model of trastuzumab-resistant JIMT-1 was used to examine the efficacy and toxicity of β-escin. Results β-escin induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increased active p18Bax fragmentation, leading to caspase-3/-7 activation. Attenuation of CSC-related features by β-escin challenge was accompanied by marked reductions in CD44high/CD24low stem-like cells and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity as well as hindrance of mammosphere formation. β-escin administration also significantly retarded tumor growth and angiogenesis in a trastuzumab-resistant JIMT-1 xenograft model via downregulation of CSC-associated markers and intracellular domain HER2. Importantly, β-escin selectively inhibited malignant cells and was less toxic to normal mammary cells, and no toxic effects were found in liver and kidney function in animals. Conclusions Taken together, our findings highlight β-escin as a promising candidate for the treatment of trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive breast cancers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02713-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeun Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmi Ko
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjae Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Seo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Dal Nam
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsun Jung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee Farrand
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Yoon-Jae Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hong Seo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Phytochemicals for the Prevention and Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence and Molecular Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133278. [PMID: 35805049 PMCID: PMC9265746 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most frequently diagnosed kidney cancer. Once RCC metastasizes, successful treatment is difficult to achieve. There is an apparent need for novel approaches to prevent and treat RCC. Phytochemicals are naturally derived compounds gaining increasing scientific interest due to their cancer preventive and chemotherapeutic properties. These phytochemicals have been shown to exhibit a multitude of anticancer effects against RCC. In this systematic review, we critically evaluate the potential these natural compounds possess for the prevention and treatment of RCC and discuss the future implications this may have in the fight against kidney cancer. Abstract Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with about 90% of renal malignancies, and its incidence is increasing globally. Plant-derived compounds have gained significant attention in the scientific community for their preventative and therapeutic effects on cancer. To evaluate the anticancer potential of phytocompounds for RCC, we compiled a comprehensive and systematic review of the available literature. Our work was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria. The literature search was performed using scholarly databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect and keywords such as renal cell carcinoma, phytochemicals, cancer, tumor, proliferation, apoptosis, prevention, treatment, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Based on in vitro results, various phytochemicals, such as phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, and sulfur-containing compounds, suppressed cell viability, proliferation and growth, showed cytotoxic activity, inhibited invasion and migration, and enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in RCC. In various animal tumor models, phytochemicals suppressed renal tumor growth, reduced tumor size, and hindered angiogenesis and metastasis. The relevant antineoplastic mechanisms involved upregulation of caspases, reduction in cyclin activity, induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via modulation of a plethora of cell signaling pathways. Clinical studies demonstrated a reduced risk for the development of kidney cancer and enhancement of the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Both preclinical and clinical studies displayed significant promise of utilizing phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of RCC. Further research, confirming the mechanisms and regulatory pathways, along with randomized controlled trials, are needed to establish the use of phytochemicals in clinical practice.
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12
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Natural saponin and cholesterol assembled nanostructures as the promising delivery method for saponin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 214:112448. [PMID: 35306344 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of saponins has been restricted by problems such as hemolysis, low bioavailability, and poor solubility. So it is imperative to find a strategy to deliver saponins safely and efficiently. Here, through bottom-up technique, we design and prepare two saponin-cholesterol (Cho) nano-complex: dioscin (Dio, steroid saponin)-Cho nanofibers (NFs) and escin Ia (EIa, triterpene saponin)-Cho nanoparticles (NPs). It is found that the hydrophobic force and hydrogen bonding drive the two pairs of molecules to bind in different directions (the 3β-OH of Cho face the sugar chain of EIa and the 22α-O of Dio, respectively) and finally show spherical NPs (EIa-Cho) and fibrous NFs (Dio-Cho). The equimolar saponin-Cho complex, Dio NFs and EIa NPs, reveal potent cytotoxicities against mouse breast cancer cells (4T1) in vitro. In vivo results confirm the antitumor (4T1 mice model) efficacy of PEGylation Dio NFs (10 mg/kg, i.v.) with a tumor inhibition rate of 61%, meanwhile, it does not cause extreme irritation and pain as free Dio does to mice. Moreover, compared with the free drug, the prepared nano-complex can significantly reduce hemolysis and organ toxicity. Our research reduces the toxicity of saponins while retaining their antitumor activity, providing a new strategy for the delivery of saponins.
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13
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Qiao P, Zhang B, Liu X, Xu J, Li X. Effects of Escin on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis of H9c2 Cells Induced by H 2O 2. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7765353. [PMID: 35126791 PMCID: PMC8813268 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7765353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myocardial infarction (MI) is a serious heart health problem in the world with a high mortality rate. Our study is mainly aimed at validating the antioxidative stress and antiapoptotic effects of escin in a H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte injury model. METHODS H9c2 cells were divided into control group, H2O2 treatment group, and H2O2+escin group. We studied the effect of escin on H9c2 cells and its mechanism by flow cytometry, real-time PCR, CCK-8 assay and Western blot. Cell morphology was observed by cell staining and optical microscopy. RESULTS We found that the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the H2O2 treatment group was significantly elevated, while the high level of ROS was significantly reversed after treatment with escin. The protein levels of SOD1, SOD2, Bcl-2, and IκB-α in the H2O2 treatment group were significantly decreased compared with the H2O2+escin group, and the Bax, TNF-α, IL-1β, p65, and IκKα protein expressions were greatly higher than those in the H2O2+escin group. And the results of PCR were also consistent with those. TUNEL-positive cells also decreased significantly when treated with escin. Flow cytometry showed that the percentage of apoptotic cells decreased greatly after treatment of escin. Through IL-1β immunofluorescence, the fluorescence intensity of the H2O2 treatment group was greatly higher compared with that of the control group, but escin reversed this effect. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that escin inhibits H2O2-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses via the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qiao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | | | - Xueni Liu
- Critical Care Medicine, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Medical Security Center, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehan Li
- Department of Geriatric, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
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14
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Tissue Culture Response of Ornamental and Medicinal Aesculus Species—A Review. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030277. [PMID: 35161258 PMCID: PMC8839481 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Species of the genus Aesculus are very attractive woody ornamentals. Their organs contain numerous health-promoting phytochemicals. The most valuable of them—aescin—is used in commercial preparations for the treatment of venous insufficiency. The industrial source of aescin is horse chestnut seeds because the zygotic embryos are the main site of its accumulation. Horse chestnut somatic and zygotic embryos contain similar amount of aescin, hence somatic embryos could be exploited as an alternative source of aescin. Somatic embryogenesis, androgenesis and de novo shoot organogenesis were successfully achieved in several Aesculus species, as well as secondary somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis, which enables mass production of embryos and shoots. In addition, an efficient method for cryopreservation of embryogenic tissue was established, assuring constant availability of the plant material. The developed methods are suitable for clonal propagation of elite specimens selected as the best aescin producers, the most attractive ornamentals or plants resistant to pests and diseases. These methods are also useful for molecular breeding purposes. Thus, in this review, the medicinal uses and a comprehensive survey of in vitro propagation methods established for Aesculus species, as well as the feasibility of in vitro production of aescin, are presented and discussed.
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15
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Green A, Padilla-Gonzalez GF, Phumthum M, Simmonds MSJ, Sadgrove NJ. Comparative Metabolomics of Reproductive Organs in the Genus Aesculus (Sapindaceae) Reveals That Immature Fruits Are a Key Organ of Procyanidin Accumulation and Bioactivity. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122695. [PMID: 34961166 PMCID: PMC8708636 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fruit from A. hippocastanum L. are used commercially for chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). The isomeric mixture of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins (β-aescin) exert anti-inflammatory effects. Hence, research has focused on β-aescin, yet the diversity, accumulation, and bioactivity of organ-specific secondary metabolites represent missed pharmacological opportunities. To this end, we applied an untargeted metabolomics approach by liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to the chemical profiles of flowers, immature fruits, and pedicels from 40 specimens across 18 species of Aesculus. Principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS-DA), and molecular networking revealed stronger chemical differences between plant organs, than between species. Flowers are rich in glycosylated flavonoids, pedicels in organic acids and flavonoid aglycones, and immature fruits in monomeric flavan-3-ols and procyanidins. Although a high diversity of flavonoids and procyanidins was observed, the relative amounts differed by plant organ. Fruit extracts demonstrated the strongest antifungal (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and antioxidant activity, likely from the procyanidins. Overall, secondary metabolite profiles are organ-specific, and fruits accumulate antifungal and antioxidant compounds. Due to the chemical similarity between species, similar effects may be achieved between species. This creates incentives for further exploration of the entire genus, in bioprospecting for potential therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Green
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond Surrey, London TW9 3AD, UK; (A.G.); (G.F.P.-G.); (M.P.); (M.S.J.S.)
| | | | - Methee Phumthum
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond Surrey, London TW9 3AD, UK; (A.G.); (G.F.P.-G.); (M.P.); (M.S.J.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Rd, Salaya, Phutthamonthon District, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Monique S. J. Simmonds
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond Surrey, London TW9 3AD, UK; (A.G.); (G.F.P.-G.); (M.P.); (M.S.J.S.)
| | - Nicholas J. Sadgrove
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond Surrey, London TW9 3AD, UK; (A.G.); (G.F.P.-G.); (M.P.); (M.S.J.S.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Escin Sodium Improves the Prognosis of Acute Pancreatitis via Promoting Cell Apoptosis by Suppression of the ERK/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9921839. [PMID: 34422214 PMCID: PMC8378969 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9921839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP), an inflammatory disorder of the pancreas, can cause systemic inflammatory responses. Escin Sodium (ES), a natural mixture of triterpene saponins extracted from the dry ripe fruit of Fructus Aesculi or horse chestnut crude, has been demonstrated to have antiedematous, anti-inflammatory, and antiexudative effects. We here aim to investigate the effects of ES pretreatment on AP in vivo and in vitro and explore its potential molecular mechanism. In the present study, we demonstrated that ES pretreatment could apparently decrease amylase and lipase, downregulate inflammatory cytokines, and attenuate pancreatic damage. Additionally, the increased expression of apoptotic-related proteins and the results of flow cytometry demonstrated the effects of ES on promoting apoptosis in acinar cells. Moreover, ES could enhance mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ΔΨm) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and reduce intracellular calcium concentration, which are closely related to mitochondrial-mediated death. The effect of ES pretreatment on acinar cell apoptosis was furtherly confirmed by the regulatory pathway of the ERK/STAT3 axis. These results suggest that ES attenuates the severity of AP by enhancing cell apoptosis via suppressing the ERK/STAT3 signaling pathway. These findings provide evidence for ES which is treated as a novel and potent therapeutic for the treatment of AP.
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17
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Xu J, Chen F, Wang G, Liu B, Song H, Ma T. The Versatile Functions of G. Lucidum Polysaccharides and G. Lucidum Triterpenes in Cancer Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:6507-6516. [PMID: 34429657 PMCID: PMC8380140 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s319732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G. lucidum has a long history of thousands of years in China and is closely related with the lives of the Chinese people. It is reported to cure various diseases due to its high nutritional value and wide range of uses. The fascinating effects of G. lucidum have tethered a multitude of efforts to explore its effective ingredients and supplement functions. At present, many cancer research studies have reported the G. lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs) and G. lucidum triterpenes (GLTs) as the main active ingredients in G. lucidum, which have shown positive effects on radiotherapy and chemotherapy. GLPs or GLTs treatment synergizes with radiotherapy and chemotherapy through multiple pathways, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, immune microenvironment, etc. Therefore, this review aims to analyze and summarize these complex molecules from G. lucidum in order to create more treatment options for cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengyuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hang Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, People’s Republic of China
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Kenny HA, Hart PC, Kordylewicz K, Lal M, Shen M, Kara B, Chen YJ, Grassl N, Alharbi Y, Pattnaik BR, Watters KM, Patankar MS, Ferrer M, Lengyel E. The Natural Product β-Escin Targets Cancer and Stromal Cells of the Tumor Microenvironment to Inhibit Ovarian Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163931. [PMID: 34439084 PMCID: PMC8394501 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary β-escin, a component of horse chestnut seed extract, was first identified as an inhibitor of ovarian cancer (OvCa) adhesion/invasion in our high-throughput screening program using a three-dimensional organotypic model assembled from primary human cells and extracellular matrix. The goal of the study presented here is to determine if β-escin and structurally-similar compounds have a therapeutic potential against OvCa metastasis. β-escin and cardiac glycosides inhibit ovarian cancer adhesion/invasion to the omental microenvironment in vivo, and β-escin inhibits ovarian cancer metastasis in the prevention and intervention setting. Additionally, β-escin was found to decrease the stemness of ovarian cancer cells, inhibit extracellular matrix production in the tumor microenvironment, and inhibit HIF1α stability in ovarian cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. This study reveals that the natural compound β-escin has therapeutic potential because of its ability to prevent OvCa dissemination by targeting both cancer and stromal cells in the OvCa tumor microenvironment. Abstract The high mortality of OvCa is caused by the wide dissemination of cancer within the abdominal cavity. OvCa cells metastasize to the peritoneum, which is covered by mesothelial cells, and invade into the underlying stroma, composed of extracellular matrices (ECM) and stromal cells. In a study using a three-dimensional quantitative high-throughput screening platform (3D-qHTS), we found that β-escin, a component of horse chestnut seed extract, inhibited OvCa adhesion/invasion. Here, we determine whether β-escin and structurally similar compounds have a therapeutic potential against OvCa metastasis. Different sources of β-escin and horse chestnut seed extract inhibited OvCa cell adhesion/invasion, both in vitro and in vivo. From a collection of 160 structurally similar compounds to β-escin, we found that cardiac glycosides inhibited OvCa cell adhesion/invasion and proliferation in vitro, and inhibited adhesion/invasion and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, β-escin and the cardiac glycosides inhibited ECM production in mesothelial cells and fibroblasts. The oral administration of β-escin inhibited metastasis in both OvCa prevention and intervention mouse models. Specifically, β-escin inhibited ECM production in the omental tumors. Additionally, the production of HIF1α-targeted proteins, lactate dehydrogenase A, and hexokinase 2 in omental tumors was blocked by β-escin. This study reveals that the natural compound β-escin has a therapeutic potential because of its ability to prevent OvCa dissemination by targeting both cancer and stromal cells in the OvCa tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A. Kenny
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.C.H.); (K.K.); (B.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.M.W.); (E.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Peter C. Hart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.C.H.); (K.K.); (B.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.M.W.); (E.L.)
| | - Kasjusz Kordylewicz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.C.H.); (K.K.); (B.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.M.W.); (E.L.)
| | - Madhu Lal
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (M.L.); (M.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Min Shen
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (M.L.); (M.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Betul Kara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.C.H.); (K.K.); (B.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.M.W.); (E.L.)
| | - Yen-Ju Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.C.H.); (K.K.); (B.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.M.W.); (E.L.)
| | - Niklas Grassl
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany;
| | - Yousef Alharbi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (Y.A.); (M.S.P.)
| | - Bikash R. Pattnaik
- Department of Pediatrics and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Karen M. Watters
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.C.H.); (K.K.); (B.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.M.W.); (E.L.)
| | - Manish S. Patankar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (Y.A.); (M.S.P.)
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (M.L.); (M.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Ernst Lengyel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.C.H.); (K.K.); (B.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.M.W.); (E.L.)
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19
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Sharipov A, Tursunov K, Fazliev S, Azimova B, Razzokov J. Hypoglycemic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Triterpene Glycoside Fractions from Aeculus hippocastanum Seeds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133784. [PMID: 34206308 PMCID: PMC8270310 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.)-derived drugs have shown their potential in biomedical applications. The seed of A. hippocastanum contains various kinds of chemical compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, coumarins, and triterpene saponins. Here, we investigated the chemical components in A. hippocastanum L. grown in Uzbekistan, which has not yet been studied in detail. We identified 30 kinds of triterpene saponins in an extract of A. hippocastanum L. Classifying extracted saponins into eight fractions, we next studied the hypoglycemic and the anti-inflammatory activities of escin and its derivatives through in vivo experiments. We came by data indicating the highest (SF-1 and SF-2) and the lowest (SF-5 and SF-8) antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of those eight fractions. These results imply the prospective use of A. hippocastanum L. grown in Uzbekistan in the production of pharmaceutical drugs to treat diabetes and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avez Sharipov
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Oybek Street 45, Tashkent 100015, Uzbekistan; (A.S.); (K.T.); (B.A.)
| | - Khurshid Tursunov
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Oybek Street 45, Tashkent 100015, Uzbekistan; (A.S.); (K.T.); (B.A.)
| | - Sunnatullo Fazliev
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bahtigul Azimova
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Oybek Street 45, Tashkent 100015, Uzbekistan; (A.S.); (K.T.); (B.A.)
| | - Jamoliddin Razzokov
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Kori Niyoziy 39, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
- Department of Physics, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
- Institute of Material Sciences, Academy of Sciences, Chingiz Aytmatov 2b, Tashkent 100084, Uzbekistan
- Correspondence:
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20
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Cheng Z, Li Y, Zhu X, Wang K, Ali Y, Shu W, Zhang T, Zhu L, Murray M, Zhou F. The Potential Application of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids in the Prevention and Treatment of Retinal Diseases. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:511-527. [PMID: 33761574 DOI: 10.1055/a-1377-2596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Retinal diseases are a leading cause of impaired vision and blindness but some lack effective treatments. New therapies are required urgently to better manage retinal diseases. Natural pentacyclic triterpenoids and their derivatives have a wide range of activities, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, neuroprotective, and antiangiogenic properties. Pentacyclic triterpenoids have great potential in preventing and/or treating retinal pathologies. The pharmacological effects of pentacyclic triterpenoids are often mediated through the modulation of signalling pathways, including nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, high-mobility group box protein 1, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, and Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1. This review summarizes recent in vitro and in vivo evidence for the pharmacological potential of pentacyclic triterpenoids in the prevention and treatment of retinal diseases. The present literature supports the further development of pentacyclic triterpenoids. Future research should now attempt to improve the efficacy and pharmacokinetic behaviour of the agents, possibly by the use of medicinal chemistry and targeted drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Cheng
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Yue Li
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Xue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youmna Ali
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Wenying Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Murray
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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21
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Peng P, Jia D, Cao L, Lu W, Liu X, Liang C, Pan Z, Fang Z. Akebia saponin E, as a novel PIKfyve inhibitor, induces lysosome-associated cytoplasmic vacuolation to inhibit proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113446. [PMID: 33031902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy with increasing mortality in China. Screening and identifying effective anticancer compounds from active traditional Chinese herbs for HCC are in demand. Akebia trifoliata (Thunb) Koidz, with pharmacological anti-HCC activities in clinical, has been shown in previous research. In the present research, we elucidated a potential anticancer effect of Akebia saponin E (ASE), which is isolated from the immature seeds of Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz, and revealed that ASE could induce severe expanded vacuoles in HCC cells. But the potential mechanism of vacuole-formation and the anti-HCC effects by ASE remain uncover. AIM OF THIS STUDY To elucidate the potential mechanism of vacuole-formation and the proliferation inhibition effects by ASE in HCC cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT assay, colony formation assay and flow cytometry were performed to detect cell viability. Immunofluorescence analysis was used to examine the biomarkers of endomembrane. Cells were infected with tandem mRFP-GFP-LC3 lentivirus to assess autophagy flux. RNA-seq was conducted to analyze the genome-wide transcriptional between treatment cell groups. In vitro PIKfyve kinase assay is detected by the ADP-GloTM Kinase Assay Kit. RESULTS ASE could inhibit the proliferation of HCC with severe expanded vacuoles in vitro, and could significantly reduce the size and weight of xenograft tumor in vivo. Further, the vacuoles induced by ASE were aberrant enlarged lysosomes instead of autophagosome or autolysosomes. With cytoplasmic vacuolation, ASE induced a mTOR-independent TFEB activation for lysosomal biogenesis and a decrement of cholesterol levels in HCC cells. Furthermore, ASE could reduce the activity of PIKfyve (phosphoinositide kinase containing a FYVE-type finger), causing aberrant lysosomal biogenesis and cholesterol dyshomeostasis which triggered the expanded vacuole formation. CONCLUSION ASE can prospectively inhibit the kinase activity of PIKfyve to induce lysosome-associated cytoplasmic vacuolation, and may be utilized as an alternative candidate to treat human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peike Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dongwei Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linna Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoqin Fang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Chestnut C, Subramaniam D, Dandawate P, Padhye S, Taylor J, Weir S, Anant S. Targeting Major Signaling Pathways of Bladder Cancer with Phytochemicals: A Review. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:2249-2271. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1856895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor Chestnut
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Prasad Dandawate
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Subhash Padhye
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Research Academy, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - John Taylor
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Scott Weir
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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23
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de Vasconcelos Cerqueira Braz J, Carvalho Nascimento Júnior JA, Serafini MR. Terpenes with Antitumor Activity: A Patent Review. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2020; 15:321-328. [PMID: 33138764 DOI: 10.2174/1574892815666201002162315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a major public health concern, and is one of the leading causes of death globally. Surgical removal, chemotherapy or hormonal therapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of them are treatment for cancer, many of which are ineffective or have serious side effects. In view of this, there is a search for new, more effective alternatives for cancer prevention and treatment. One possible source of compounds are natural products; among them, terpenes, a large class of organic compounds, have shown promise due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic, and hypolipidemic properties, among others recorded in the literature. OBJECTIVE The study aims to use a patent review to evaluate the development and use of terpenes, or formulations containing terpenes, in new therapeutic options for the treatment of various types of cancer. METHODS This patent review was carried out using the specialized patent databases of WIPO and Espacenet. The selection of patents was based on the following inclusion criteria which included pre-clinical and/or clinical trials, and demonstrated anti-tumor effects. RESULTS Eight patents were identified, six from China, and two from Japan. In this review, all patents confirmed having good antitumor activity for many types of cancer cells. In addition, the inventors indicate more studies pre-clinical and clinical trials giving greater clarity and accurate reflection of the activity of the products studied. CONCLUSION Natural products are an important source of compounds for use in the fight against cancer that can act synergistically, and help in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mairim Russo Serafini
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju-SE, Brazil
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24
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Li L, Xu B, Li CR, Zhang MM, Wu SJ, Dang WJ, Liu JC, Sun SG, Zhao W. Anti-proliferation and apoptosis-inducing effects of sodium aescinate on retinoblastoma Y79 cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1546-1553. [PMID: 33078103 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.10.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the anti-proliferation and apoptosis-inducing effects of sodium aescinate (SA) on retinoblastoma Y79 cells and its mechanism. METHODS Y79 cells were cultured at different drug concentrations for different periods of time (24, 48, and 72h). The inhibitory effect of SA on proliferation of Y79 cells was detected by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and the morphology of Y79 cells in each group was observed under an inverted microscope. An IC50 of 48h was selected for subsequent experiments. After pretreatment with SA for 24 and 48h, cellular DNA distribution and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Real-time qunatitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot were used to assess changes in related genes (CDK1, CyclinB1, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-9, caspase-8, and caspase-3). RESULTS SA inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of Y79 cells in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner. Following its intervention in the cell cycle pathway, SA can inhibit the expression of CDK1 and CyclinB1 at the mRNA and protein levels, and block cells in the G2/M phase. In caspase-related apoptotic pathways, up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 caused caspase-9 to self-cleave and further activate caspase-3. What's more, the caspase-8-mediated extrinsic apoptosis pathway was activated, and the activated caspase-8 was released into the cytoplasm to activate caspase-3, which as a member of the downstream apoptotic effect group, initiates a caspase-cascade reaction that induces cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION SA inhibits the proliferation of Y79 cells by arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, and induces apoptosis via the caspase-related apoptosis pathway, indicating that SA may have promising potential as a chemotherapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Bing Xu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Fuling Central Hospital of Chongqing City, Fuling 408000, Chongqing Province, China
| | - Cai-Rui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Miao-Miao Zhang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Sheng-Jun Wu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wen-Jun Dang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jing-Chen Liu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shu-Guang Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan Province, China
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Zhou JL, Huang XY, Qiu HC, Gan RZ, Zhou H, Zhu HQ, Zhang XX, Lu GD, Liang G. SSPH I, a Novel Anti-Cancer Saponin, Inhibits Autophagy and Induces Apoptosis via ROS Accumulation and ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:5979-5991. [PMID: 32606806 PMCID: PMC7320904 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s253234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Saponin of Schizocapsa plantaginea Hance I (SSPH I), a novel bioactive phytochemical isolated from the rhizomes of Schizocapsa plantaginea, has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-cancer activity against various tumors in preclinical studies. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are poorly understood. The present study aimed at analyzing the effects of SSPH I on autophagy and apoptosis in vitro. Methods MTT and colony forming assays were used to detect cell viability and cell proliferation. Hoechst 33,258 staining and flow cytometry were used to determine apoptosis and ROS production. The apoptosis and autophagy-related protein expression levels were evaluated via Western blot assay. Characteristics of autophagy and apoptosis were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Lysosomal activity was stained with Lyso-Tracker Red and Magic Red Cathepsin B. Results The results showed that SSPH I exhibited potent anti-cancer activity and proliferation in HepG2 and BEL-7402 cells and inhibited HepG2 cells through inhibiting autophagy and promoting apoptosis. The mechanistic study indicated that the inhibition of autophagy of SSPH I was mediated by blocking autophagosome–lysosome fusion. Additionally, we found that SSPH I could mediate the activation of MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway, and the use of NAC (ROS inhibitor) and U0126 (MEK1/2 inhibitor) converted the effect of SSPH I on apoptosis and autophagy in HepG2 cells. Conclusion These data suggest that SSPH I induces tumor cells apoptosis and reduces autophagy in vitro by inducing ROS and activating MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway, indicating that SSPH I might be a novel agent for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ling Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Ying Huang
- Liuzhou Employment Service Centre for the Disabled, Liuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Chen Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Hezhou, Hezhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ri-Zhi Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Qing Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Xuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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Bose S, Banerjee S, Mondal A, Chakraborty U, Pumarol J, Croley CR, Bishayee A. Targeting the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway Using Phytocompounds for Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:E1451. [PMID: 32545187 PMCID: PMC7348822 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a prevalent cause of mortality around the world. Aberrated activation of Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway promotes tumorigenesis. Natural agents, including phytochemicals, exhibit potent anticancer activities via various mechanisms. However, the therapeutic potency of phytoconstituents as inhibitors of JAK/STAT signaling against cancer has only come into focus in recent days. The current review highlights phytochemicals that can suppress the JAK/STAT pathway in order to impede cancer cell growth. Various databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SpringerLink, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched using relevant keywords. Once the authors were in agreement regarding the suitability of a study, a full-length form of the relevant article was obtained, and the information was gathered and cited. All the complete articles that were incorporated after the literature collection rejection criteria were applied were perused in-depth and material was extracted based on the importance, relevance, and advancement of the apprehending of the JAK/STAT pathway and their relation to phytochemicals. Based on the critical and comprehensive analysis of literature presented in this review, phytochemicals from diverse plant origins exert therapeutic and cancer preventive effects, at least in part, through regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Nevertheless, more preclinical and clinical research is necessary to completely comprehend the capability of modulating JAK/STAT signaling to achieve efficient cancer control and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankhadip Bose
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Bengal School of Technology, Chuchura 712 102, India;
| | - Sabyasachi Banerjee
- Department of Phytochemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol 713 301, India; (S.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Arijit Mondal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Technology, Dubrajpur 731 123, India
| | - Utsab Chakraborty
- Department of Phytochemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol 713 301, India; (S.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Joshua Pumarol
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA; (J.P.); (C.R.C.)
| | - Courtney R. Croley
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA; (J.P.); (C.R.C.)
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA; (J.P.); (C.R.C.)
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Paneerselvam C, Ganapasam S. β-Escin alleviates cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia-mediated apoptotic resistance and invasion via ROS-dependent HIF-1α/TGF-β/MMPs in A549 cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:191-201. [PMID: 32670550 PMCID: PMC7329168 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is contributed in various pathophysiological conditions including obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. In cancer, hypoxia is a salient phenomenon and has been correlated with tumor progression, metastasis, and provoke resistance to therapies in cancer patients, which exert with stabilization of main effector, hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α). Therefore, therapeutic targeting of hypoxic responses in cancer is the potential approach to improve the better treatment efficacy. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of β-Escin (β-Es) on hypoxia-induced resistance to apoptosis and metastasis in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. The MTT assay revealed that β-Es treatment decreased the A549 cells viability under cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia. Apoptotic proteins were analyzed by western blot that showed cancer cells treated with β-Es induced cell death in hypoxia condition as proteins compared with normoxia. Moreover, we observed that cobalt chloride induced hypoxia through the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and stabilized the transcriptional factor HIF-1α, which leads to cancer metastasis. This notion was supported by the migration, invasion, and adhesion assays. Furthermore, hypoxia increased the expression of transforming growth factor-β, and the activation of matrix metalloproteinases were suppressed by the treatment of β-Es as well as pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Therefore, we demonstrate that a concurrent activation of HIF-1α, transforming growth factor-β, and matrix metalloproteinases participate in hypoxia-induced metastasis and that β-Es prevent A549 cells metastasis by inhibition of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chermakani Paneerselvam
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudhandiran Ganapasam
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
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Effect of Cholesterol and Ibuprofen on DMPC-β-Aescin Bicelles: A Temperature-Dependent Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Study. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
β -aescin is a versatile biosurfactant extracted from the seeds of the horse chestnut tree Aesculus hippocastanum with anti-cancer potential and is commonly used in the food and pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In this article, wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) is used in order to study the modifications of the structural parameters at the molecular scale of lipid bilayers in the form of bicelles composed of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and the triterpenoid saponin β -aescin. In particular, the impact on the cooperative phase transition and the structural parameters of the DMPC bilayers at different compositions and temperatures is of special interest. Moreover, we show how cholesterol and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen modulate the structural parameters of the β -aescin-DMPC assemblies on a molecular scale. Ibuprofen and cholesterol interact with different parts of the bilayer, namely the head-region in the former and the tail-region in the latter case allowing for specific molecular packing and phase formation in the binary and ternary mixtures.
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Harsha C, Banik K, Ang HL, Girisa S, Vikkurthi R, Parama D, Rana V, Shabnam B, Khatoon E, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara AB. Targeting AKT/mTOR in Oral Cancer: Mechanisms and Advances in Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093285. [PMID: 32384682 PMCID: PMC7246494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer (OC) is a devastating disease that takes the lives of lots of people globally every year. The current spectrum of treatment modalities does not meet the needs of the patients. The disease heterogeneity demands personalized medicine or targeted therapies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify potential targets for the treatment of OC. Abundant evidence has suggested that the components of the protein kinase B (AKT)/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway are intrinsic factors for carcinogenesis. The AKT protein is central to the proliferation and survival of normal and cancer cells, and its downstream protein, mTOR, also plays an indispensable role in the cellular processes. The wide involvement of the AKT/mTOR pathway has been noted in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This axis significantly regulates the various hallmarks of cancer, like proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, autophagy, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Activated AKT/mTOR signaling is also associated with circadian signaling, chemoresistance and radio-resistance in OC cells. Several miRNAs, circRNAs and lncRNAs also modulate this pathway. The association of this axis with the process of tumorigenesis has culminated in the identification of its specific inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of OC. In this review, we discussed the significance of AKT/mTOR signaling in OC and its potential as a therapeutic target for the management of OC. This article also provided an update on several AKT/mTOR inhibitors that emerged as promising candidates for therapeutic interventions against OC/head and neck cancer (HNC) in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choudhary Harsha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Hui Li Ang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore;
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Rajesh Vikkurthi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Dey Parama
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Varsha Rana
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Bano Shabnam
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Elina Khatoon
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore;
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Correspondence: (A.P.K.); (A.B.K.); Tel.: +65-6516-5456 (A.P.K.); +91-361-258-2231 (A.B.K.); Fax: +65-6873-9664 (A.P.K.); +91-361-258-2249 (A.B.K.)
| | - Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (C.H.); (K.B.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (D.P.); (V.R.); (B.S.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.K.); (A.B.K.); Tel.: +65-6516-5456 (A.P.K.); +91-361-258-2231 (A.B.K.); Fax: +65-6873-9664 (A.P.K.); +91-361-258-2249 (A.B.K.)
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Aesculus hippocastanum L. Extract Does Not Induce Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Conversion but Increases Extracellular Matrix Production In Vitro Leading to Increased Wound Tensile Strength in Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081917. [PMID: 32331226 PMCID: PMC7221972 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of horse chestnut extract (HCE) to induce contraction force in fibroblasts, a process with remarkable significance in skin repair, motivated us to evaluate its wound healing potential in a series of experiments. In the in vitro study of the ability of human dermal fibroblasts to form myofibroblast-like cells was evaluated at the protein level (Western blot and immunofluorescence). The in vivo study was conducted on male Sprague-Dawley rats with inflicted wounds (one open circular and one sutured incision) on their backs. Rats were topically treated with two tested HCE concentrations (0.1% and 1%) or sterile water. The control group remained untreated. The incisions were processed for wound tensile strength (TS) measurement whereas the open wounds were subjected to histological examination. On the in vitro level the HCE extract induced fibronectin-rich extracellular matrix formation, but did not induced α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression in dermal fibroblasts. The animal study revealed that HCE increased wound TS and improved collagen organization. In conclusion, the direct comparison of both basic wound models demonstrated that the healing was significantly increased following HCE, thus this extract may be found useful to improve healing of acute wounds. Nevertheless, the use of an experimental rat model warrants a direct extrapolation to the human clinical situation.
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Hou W, Liu B, Xu H. Celastrol: Progresses in structure-modifications, structure-activity relationships, pharmacology and toxicology. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 189:112081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Geisler R, Dargel C, Hellweg T. The Biosurfactant β-Aescin: A Review on the Physico-Chemical Properties and Its Interaction with Lipid Model Membranes and Langmuir Monolayers. Molecules 2019; 25:E117. [PMID: 31892278 PMCID: PMC6983251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses recent progress in physicochemical understanding of the action of the saponin β -aescin (also called β -escin), the biologically active component in the seeds of the horse chestnut tree Aesculus hippocastanum. β -Aescin is used in pharmacological and cosmetic applications showing strong surface activity. In this review, we outline the most important findings describing the behavior of β -aescin in solution (e.g., critical micelle concentration ( c m c ) and micelle shape) and special physicochemical properties of adsorbed β -aescin monolayers at the air-water and oil-water interface. Such monolayers were found to posses very special viscoelastic properties. The presentation of the experimental findings is complemented by discussing recent molecular dynamics simulations. These simulations do not only quantify the predominant interactions in adsorbed monolayers but also highlight the different behavior of neutral and ionized β -aescin molecules. The review concludes on the interaction of β -aescin with phospholipid model membranes in the form of bilayers and Langmuir monolayers. The interaction of β -aescin with lipid bilayers was found to strongly depend on its c m c . At concentrations below the c m c , membrane parameters are modified whereas above the c m c , complete solubilization of the bilayers occurs, depending on lipid phase state and concentration. In the presence of gel-phase phospholipids, discoidal bicelles form; these are tunable in size by composition. The phase behavior of β -aescin with lipid membranes can also be modified by addition of other molecules such as cholesterol or drug molecules. The lipid phase state also determines the penetration rate of β -aescin molecules into lipid monolayers. The strongest interaction was always found in the presence of gel-phase phospholipid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsia Geisler
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (R.G.); (C.D.)
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carina Dargel
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (R.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (R.G.); (C.D.)
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The vital role of ATP citrate lyase in chronic diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 98:71-95. [PMID: 31858156 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic or non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide; they usually result in long-term illnesses and demand long-term care. Despite advances in molecular therapeutics, specific biomarkers and targets for the treatment of these diseases are required. The dysregulation of de novo lipogenesis has been found to play an essential role in cell metabolism and is associated with the development and progression of many chronic diseases; this confirms the link between obesity and various chronic diseases. The main enzyme in this pathway-ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), a lipogenic enzyme-catalyzes the critical reaction linking cellular glucose catabolism and lipogenesis. Increasing lines of evidence suggest that the modulation of ACLY expression correlates with the development and progressions of various chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammation, and cancer. Recent studies suggest that the inhibition of ACLY activity modulates the glycolysis and lipogenesis processes and stimulates normal physiological functions. This comprehensive review aimed to critically evaluate the role of ACLY in the development and progression of different diseases and the effects of its downregulation in the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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Jarzębski M, Smułek W, Siejak P, Kobus-Cisowska J, Pieczyrak D, Baranowska HM, Jakubowicz J, Sopata M, Białopiotrowicz T, Kaczorek E. Aesculus hippocastanum L. extract as a potential emulsion stabilizer. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hou H, Li WX, Cui X, Zhou DC, Zhang B, Geng XP. CARMA3/NF-κB signaling contributes to tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma and is inhibited by sodium aescinate. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:5483-5493. [PMID: 31576094 PMCID: PMC6767988 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i36.5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a very malignant tumor in the world. CARMA3 plays an oncogenic role in the pathogenesis of various tumors. However, the function of CARMA3 in HCC has not been fully clarified.
AIM To study the biological function of CAEMA3 in HCC.
METHODS Tissue microarray slides including tissues form 100 HCC patients were applied to access the expression of CARMA3 in HCC and its clinical relevance. Knockdown and overexpression of CARMA3 were conducted with plasmid transfection. MTT, colony formation, and apoptosis assays were performed to check the biological activity of cells.
RESULTS Higher expression of CARMA3 in HCC was relevant to poor prognostic survival (P < 0.05). Down-regulation of CARMA3 inhibited proliferation and colony formation and induced apoptosis in HCC cell lines, while increasing its expression promoted tumorigenesis. We also found that sodium aescinate (SA), a natural herb extract, exerted anti-proliferation effects in HCC cells by suppressing the CARMA3/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway.
CONCLUSION Overexpression of CARMA3 in HCC tissues correlates with a poor prognosis in HCC patients. CARMA3 acts pro-tumorigenic effects partly through activation of CARMA3/NF-κB. SA inhibits HCC growth by targeting CARMA3/NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Da-Chen Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Geng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
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Fangchinoline, a Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloid can Modulate Cytokine-Impelled Apoptosis via the Dual Regulation of NF-κB and AP-1 Pathways. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173127. [PMID: 31466313 PMCID: PMC6749215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fangchinoline (FCN) derived from Stephaniae tetrandrine S. Moore can be employed to treat fever, inflammation, rheumatism arthralgia, edema, dysuria, athlete’s foot, and swollen wet sores. FCN can exhibit a plethora of anti-neoplastic effects although its precise mode of action still remains to be deciphered. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) can closely regulate carcinogenesis and thus we analyzed the possible action of FCN may have on these two signaling cascades in tumor cells. The effect of FCN on NF-κB and AP-1 signaling cascades and its downstream functions was deciphered using diverse assays in both human chronic myeloid leukemia (KBM5) and multiple myeloma (U266). FCN attenuated growth of both leukemic and multiple myeloma cells and repressed NF-κB, and AP-1 activation through diverse mechanisms, including attenuation of phosphorylation of IκB kinase (IKK) and p65. Furthermore, FCN could also cause significant enhancement in TNFα-driven apoptosis as studied by various molecular techniques. Thus, FCN may exhibit potent anti-neoplastic effects by affecting diverse oncogenic pathways and may be employed as pro-apoptotic agent against various malignancies.
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Qiu M, Huang K, Liu Y, Yang Y, Tang H, Liu X, Wang C, Chen H, Xiong Y, Zhang J, Yang J. Modulation of intestinal microbiota by glycyrrhizic acid prevents high-fat diet-enhanced pre-metastatic niche formation and metastasis. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:945-957. [PMID: 30755716 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) promotes lung pre-metastatic niche formation and metastasis. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify the underlying mechanisms and develop strategies to overcome them. Here we demonstrate that glycyrrhizic acid (GA) prevents HFD-enhanced pre-metastatic niche formation and metastasis through gut microbiota. GA reduced HFD-enhanced myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment, pro-metastatic protein S100A8/A9 expression and metastasis burden of 4T1 breast cancer and B16F10 melanoma, accompanied by gut microbiota alteration and colonic macrophage polarization far away the M1-like phenotype. These parameters were greatly decreased by treatment with antibiotics, recolonization of Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Clostridium sordellii, and administration of lipopolysaccharide or deoxycholic acid. Macrophage depletion attenuated HFD-enhanced pre-metastatic niche formation and metastasis, but failed to further affect the effects of GA. Mechanistically, counteraction of HFD-enhanced gut microbiota dysbiosis by GA inhibited Gr-1+ myeloid cell migration and S100A8/A9 expression through decreasing the proportion of M1-like macrophages and their production of CCL2 and TNF-α in the colons via LPS/HMGB1/NF-κB signaling inactivation. Together, targeting the gut microbiota by GA to modulate colonic macrophages could be a novel strategy for the prevention of HFD-enhanced pre-metastatic niche formation and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Keqing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanzhuo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqing Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Honglin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenlong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Animal Experimental Center of Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.
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Fedotcheva TA, Sheichenko OP, Sheichenko VI, Fedotcheva NI, Shimanovskii NL. Preparation of a Horse Chestnut Extract with a 50% Content of Escin and its Actions on Tumor Cell Proliferation and Isolated Mitochondria. Pharm Chem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-019-01956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhang L, Huang Y, Wu C, Du Y, Li P, Wang M, Wang X, Wang Y, Hao Y, Wang T, Fan B, Gao Z, Fu F. Network Pharmacology Based Research on the Combination Mechanism Between Escin and Low Dose Glucocorticoids in Anti-rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:280. [PMID: 30967782 PMCID: PMC6440172 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic progressive symmetrical synovitis and destruction of multiple joints. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the treatment of RA. However, their adverse effects can be serious. Escin, which is isolated from Aesculus hippocastanum L., has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the anti-RA effect of Escin combined with low dose GCs (dexamethasone, Dex) and the underlying mechanism. Adjuvant-induced RA rats and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-injured RAW264.7 cells were used to investigate the anti-RA effects of Escin combined with low dose Dex in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that Escin combined with low-dose Dex significantly decreased arthritic index, serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels, reduced paw swelling, and ameliorated the joint pathology and immune organ pathology. Gene chip results revealed that Nr3c1 (GR) expression was significantly altered, and that GR was activated by Escin and low dose Dex in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, Escin combined with low dose Dex also significantly increased GR mRNA expression. However, when GR expression was suppressed by its specific inhibitor, the anti-RA effect of Escin combined with low-dose Dex was abolished. The data in this study demonstrated that Escin combined with Dex reduced the dose of Dex, and exerted significant anti-RA effects, which could also reduce the adverse effects of Dex. This combination might result from GR activation. This study might provide a new combination of drugs for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yanan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Chuanhong Wu
- The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Arts and Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Xinlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yanfei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Baofeng Fan
- Air Force General Hospital, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuye Gao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fenghua Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
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Yang Y, Long L, Zhang X, Song K, Wang D, Xiong X, Gao H, Sha L. 16-Tigloyl linked barrigenol-like triterpenoid from Semen Aesculi and its anti-tumor activity in vivo and in vitro. RSC Adv 2019; 9:31758-31772. [PMID: 35527978 PMCID: PMC9072715 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06015d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Barrigenol-like triterpenoids (BATs) showed promising anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-Alzheimer's activities, while, the inhibitory strength was usually affected by their states with aglycones or glycosides. In order to find more BATs as new anti-tumor agents with much more efficiency, the chemical and pharmaceutical studies were carried out on the acid hydrolysate product (AHP) of Semen Aesculi crude extract. Thirteen BATs, including three new aglycones (1–3), two new glycosides (4, 5) and eight known glycosides (6–13) were obtained. Compound 1, as the main product in AHP, with a tigloyl unit linked at the C-16 position was an unusual aglycone. All compounds exhibited various degrees of inhibitory activity against human breast cell line (MCF-7) and cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) growth, moreover, new aglycones 1 and 2, and the known glycoside 6 (escin Ia) and 9 were found to exhibit potent inhibitory activity which were similar to the positive control (doxorubicin hydrochloride). Compound 1, named 16-tigloyl-O-protoaescigenin, could suppress tumor progression and decreased lung metastasis focuses in mice, and no pathological change was observed at the end of the treatment course. Besides that, the hemolysis experiment between 1 and 6 revealed that the hemolysis toxicity of 1 was much less than that of 6. According to these results, 16-tigloyl-O-protoaescigenin, with the powerful anti-tumor activity and cancer cell apoptosis induction, might be considered as a new promising anti-tumor agent. Barrigenol-like triterpenoids (BATs) showed promising anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-Alzheimer's activities, while, the inhibitory strength was usually affected by their states with aglycones or glycosides.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Benxi 117004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Long
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Benxi 117004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Benxi 117004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Kairu Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Benxi 117004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Da Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xiong
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Benxi 117004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Benxi 117004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Luping Sha
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Benxi 117004
- People's Republic of China
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