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Rose F, Köberle B, Honnen S, Bay C, Burhenne J, Weiss J, Haefeli WE, Theile D. RNA is a pro-apoptotic target of cisplatin in cancer cell lines and C. elegans. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116450. [PMID: 38503239 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin not only targets DNA but also RNA. However, it is largely unknown whether platinated RNA (Pt-RNA) causes apoptosis and thus contributes to the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin. Consequently, cellular RNA was isolated from HepG2 and LS180 cells, exposed to cisplatin, and the resulting Pt-RNA (20 ng Pt/µg RNA) was transfected into these cancer cell lines or used to treat an apoptosis reporter Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) strain (MD701, expressing CED-1::GFP). Cellular and molecular effects of Pt-RNA were evaluated by luminogenic caspase 3/7 assays, PCR array analysis, and fluorescence microscopy-based quantification of apoptosis in C. elegans gonads. Assuming RNA cross-linking (pseudo double-stranded RNA), the contribution of the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3, a sensor of double-stranded RNA) to apoptosis induction in cancer cell lines was investigated by pharmacological TLR3 inhibition and overexpression. In contrast to controls, Pt-RNA significantly enhanced apoptosis in C. elegans (2-fold) and in the cancer cell lines (2-fold to 4-fold). TLR3 overexpression significantly enhanced the pro-apoptotic effects of Pt-RNA in HepG2 cells. TLR3 inhibition reduced the pro-apoptotic effects of Pt-RNA and cisplatin, but not of paclitaxel (off-target control). Gene expression analysis showed that Pt-RNA (but not RNA) significantly enhanced the mRNA levels of nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2 and interleukin-8 in HepG2 cells, suggesting that Pt-RNA is a damage-associated molecular pattern that additionally causes pro-inflammatory responses. Together, this data suggests that not only DNA but also cellular RNA is a functionally relevant target of cisplatin, leading to pro-apoptotic and immunogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Rose
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Beate Köberle
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20A, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Sebastian Honnen
- Institute of Toxicology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Cindy Bay
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jürgen Burhenne
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Johanna Weiss
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Walter E Haefeli
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dirk Theile
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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2
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Su C, Kim SK, Wang CX, Kirsch DG, Monjazeb AM. Radiotherapy Combined with Intralesional Immunostimulatory Agents for Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Semin Radiat Oncol 2024; 34:243-257. [PMID: 38508788 PMCID: PMC11216412 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shifted the treatment paradigm for many types of cancer. Unfortunately, the most commonly used immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), have yielded limited benefit for most types of soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay of sarcoma therapy and can induce immune modulatory effects. Combining immunotherapy and RT in STS may be a promising strategy to improve sarcoma response to RT and increase the efficacy of immunotherapy. Most combination strategies have employed immunotherapies, such as ICI, that derepress immune suppressive networks. These have yielded only modest results, possibly due to the limited immune stimulatory effects of RT. Combining RT with immune stimulatory agents has yielded promising preclinical and clinical results but can be limited by the toxic nature of systemic administration of immune stimulants. Using intralesional immune stimulants may generate stronger RT immune modulation and less systemic toxicity, which may be a feasible strategy in accessible tumors such as STS. In this review, we summarize the immune modulatory effects of RT, the mechanism of action of various immune stimulants, including toll-like receptor agonists, and data for combinatorial strategies utilizing these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Soo Kyoung Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis Health, Davis, CA
| | - Charles X Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis Health, Davis, CA
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis Health, Davis, CA.
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Salman A, Abdel Mageed SS, Fathi D, Elrebehy MA, Abulsoud AI, Elshaer SS, Khidr EG, Al-Noshokaty TM, Khaled R, Rizk NI, Elballal MS, Sayed GA, Abd-Elmawla MA, El Tabaa MM, Mohammed OA, Ashraf A, El-Husseiny AA, Midan HM, El-Dakroury WA, Abdel-Reheim MA, Doghish AS. Deciphering signaling pathway interplay via miRNAs in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 252:154947. [PMID: 37977032 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly invasive form of lung cancer that adversely affects the pleural and other linings of the lungs. MPM is a very aggressive tumor that often has an advanced stage at diagnosis and a bad prognosis (between 7 and 12 months). When people who have been exposed to asbestos experience pleural effusion and pain that is not explained, MPM should be suspected. After being diagnosed, most MPM patients have a one- to four-year life expectancy. The life expectancy is approximately six months without treatment. Despite the plethora of current molecular investigations, a definitive universal molecular signature has yet to be discovered as the causative factor for the pathogenesis of MPM. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. The association between the expression of these short, non-coding RNAs and several neoplasms, including MPM, has been observed. Although the incidence of MPM is very low, there has been a significant increase in research focused on miRNAs in the past few years. In addition, miRNAs have been found to have a role in various regulatory signaling pathways associated with MPM, such as the Notch signaling network, Wnt/β-catenin, mutation of KRAS, JAK/STAT signaling circuit, protein kinase B (AKT), and Hedgehog signaling pathway. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the existing understanding of the roles of miRNAs in the underlying mechanisms of pathogenic symptoms in MPM, highlighting their potential as viable targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Salman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, 11829 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Doaa Fathi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Elrebehy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shereen Saeid Elshaer
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11823, Egypt
| | - Emad Gamil Khidr
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tohada M Al-Noshokaty
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Reem Khaled
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Nehal I Rizk
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Elballal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ghadir A Sayed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, 11829 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd-Elmawla
- Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manar Mohammed El Tabaa
- Pharmacology & Environmental Toxicology, Environmental Studies & Research Institute (ESRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32897 Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Osama A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Ashraf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Husseiny
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, 11829 Cairo, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba M Midan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231 Cairo, Egypt.
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Thierry S, Maadadi S, Berton A, Dimier L, Perret C, Vey N, Ourfali S, Saccas M, Caron S, Boucard-Jourdin M, Colombel M, Werle B, Bonnin M. TL-532, a novel specific Toll-like receptor 3 agonist rationally designed for targeting cancers: discovery process and biological characterization. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2023; 10:117-132. [PMID: 37275475 PMCID: PMC10236204 DOI: 10.15698/mic2023.06.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is an innate immune receptor that recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and induces inflammation in immune and normal cells to initiate anti-microbial responses. TLR3 acts also as a death receptor only in cancer cells but not in their normal counterparts, making it an attractive target for cancer therapies. To date, all of the TLR3-activating dsRNAs used at preclinical or clinical stages have major drawbacks such as structural heterogeneity, toxicity, and lack of specificity and/or efficacy. We conducted the discovery process of a new family of TLR3 agonists that are chemically manufactured on solid-phase support and perfectly defined in terms of sequence and size. A stepwise discovery process was performed leading to the identification of TL-532, a 70 base pair dsRNA that is potent without transfection reagent and is highly specific for TLR3 without activating other innate nucleic sensors such as RIG-I/MDA5, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9. TL-532 induces inflammation in murine RAW264.7 myeloid macrophages, in human NCI-H292 lung cancer cells, and it promotes immunogenic apoptosis in tumor cells in vitro and ex vivo without toxicity towards normal primary cells. In conclusion, we identified a novel TLR3 agonist called TL-532 that has promising anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Thierry
- TOLLYS SAS, 60F avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Maadadi
- TOLLYS SAS, 60F avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurore Berton
- TOLLYS SAS, 60F avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Dimier
- TOLLYS SAS, 60F avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Clémence Perret
- TOLLYS SAS, 60F avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nelly Vey
- TOLLYS SAS, 60F avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Saïd Ourfali
- Service d'Urologie et Chirurgie de la Transplantation, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; TOLLYS SAS, 60F avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mathilde Saccas
- TOLLYS SAS, 60F avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Solène Caron
- TOLLYS SAS, 60F avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mathilde Boucard-Jourdin
- TOLLYS SAS, 60F avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Colombel
- Service d'Urologie et Chirurgie de la Transplantation, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
| | - Bettina Werle
- TOLLYS SAS, 60F avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Bonnin
- TOLLYS SAS, 60F avenue Rockefeller, Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
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5
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Felley-Bosco E. Exploring the Expression of the «Dark Matter» of the Genome in Mesothelioma for Potentially Predictive Biomarkers for Prognosis and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112969. [PMID: 37296931 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent high-throughput RNA sequencing technologies have confirmed that a large part of the non-coding genome is transcribed. The priority for further investigations is nevertheless generally given in cancer to coding sequences, due to the obvious interest of finding therapeutic targets. In addition, several RNA-sequencing pipelines eliminate repetitive sequences, which are difficult to analyze. In this review, we shall focus on endogenous retroviruses. These sequences are remnants of ancestral germline infections by exogenous retroviruses. These sequences represent 8% of human genome, meaning four-fold the fraction of the genome encoding for proteins. These sequences are generally mostly repressed in normal adult tissues, but pathological conditions lead to their de-repression. Specific mesothelioma-associated endogenous retrovirus expression and their association to clinical outcome is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Felley-Bosco
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zürich University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Yi YS, Kim HG, Kim JH, Yang WS, Kim E, Park JG, Aziz N, Parameswaran N, Cho JY. Syk promotes phagocytosis by inducing reactive oxygen species generation and suppressing SOCS1 in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221133018. [PMID: 36214175 PMCID: PMC9548688 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221133018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation, a vital innate immune response against infection and injury, is mediated by macrophages. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) regulates inflammatory responses in macrophages; however, its role and underlying mechanisms are uncertain. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, overexpression and knockout (KO) cell preparations, phagocytosis analysis, confocal microscopy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination, mRNA analysis, and immunoprecipitation/western blotting analyses were used to investigate the role of Syk in phagocytosis and its underlying mechanisms in macrophages during inflammatory responses. RESULTS Syk inhibition by Syk KO, Syk-specific small interfering RNA (siSyk), and a selective Syk inhibitor (piceatannol) significantly reduced the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells. Syk inhibition also decreased cytochrome c generation by inhibiting ROS-generating enzymes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and ROS scavenging suppressed the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells. LPS induced the tyrosine nitration (N-Tyr) of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) through Syk-induced ROS generation in RAW264.7 cells. On the other hand, ROS scavenging suppressed the N-Tyr of SOCS1 and phagocytosis. Moreover, SOCS1 overexpression decreased phagocytic activity, and SOCS1 inhibition increased the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Syk plays a critical role in the phagocytic activity of macrophages by inducing ROS generation and suppressing SOCS1 through SOCS1 nitration during inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea,Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea,Young-Su Yi, Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University,154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16227, Korea. Jae Youl Cho, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Narayanan Parameswaran
- Department of Physiology and Division of Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea,Young-Su Yi, Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University,154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16227, Korea. Jae Youl Cho, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
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7
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Muresan XM, Slabáková E, Procházková J, Drápela S, Fedr R, Pícková M, Vacek O, Víchová R, Suchánková T, Bouchal J, Kürfürstová D, Král M, Hulínová T, Sýkora RP, Študent V, Hejret V, van Weerden WM, Puhr M, Pustka V, Potěšil D, Zdráhal Z, Culig Z, Souček K. Toll-Like Receptor 3 Overexpression Induces Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells, whereas Its Activation Triggers Apoptosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1321-1335. [PMID: 35750257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is an endosomal receptor expressed in several immune and epithelial cells. Recent studies have highlighted its expression also in solid tumors, including prostate cancer (PCa), and described its role mainly in the proinflammatory response and induction of apoptosis. It has been found up-regulated in some castration-resistant prostate cancers. However, the role of TLR3 in prostate cancer progression remains largely unknown. We have experimentally demonstrated that exogenous TLR3 activation in PCa cell lines leads to the significant induction of secretion of the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and interferon-β, depending on the model and chemoresistance status. Transcriptomic analysis of TLR3-overexpressing cells revealed a functional program that is enriched for genes involved in the regulation of cell motility, migration, and tumor invasiveness. Increased motility, migration, and invasion in TLR3-overexpressing cell line were confirmed by several in vitro assays and using an orthotopic prostate xenograft model in vivo. Furthermore, TLR3-ligand induced apoptosis via cleavage of caspase-3/7 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, predominantly in TLR3-overexpressing cells. We conclude that TLR3 may be involved in prostate cancer progression and metastasis; however, it might also represent an Achilles heel of PCa, which can be exploited for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena M Muresan
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Slabáková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Procházková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Drápela
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Fedr
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pícková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vacek
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ráchel Víchová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Suchánková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bouchal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Milan Král
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Hulínová
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Radek P Sýkora
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Študent
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hejret
- Bioinformatics Core Facility Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wytske M van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Puhr
- Proteomics Core Facility Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Pustka
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Potěšil
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoran Culig
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Proteomics Core Facility Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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8
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Caspase-8 deficiency induces a switch from TLR3 induced apoptosis to lysosomal cell death in neuroblastoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10609. [PMID: 34011952 PMCID: PMC8134575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells only, TLR3 acquires death receptor properties by efficiently triggering the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis with Caspase-8 as apical protease. Here, we demonstrate that in the absence of Caspase-8, activation of TLR3 can trigger a form of programmed cell death, which is distinct from classical apoptosis. When TLR3 was activated in the Caspase-8 negative neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, cell death was accompanied by lysosomal permeabilization. Despite caspases being activated, lysosomal permeabilization as well as cell death were not affected by blocking caspase-activity, positioning lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) upstream of caspase activation. Taken together, our data suggest that LMP with its deadly consequences represents a “default” death mechanism in cancer cells, when Caspase-8 is absent and apoptosis cannot be induced.
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9
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Oncolytic reovirus induces ovarian cancer cell apoptosis in a TLR3-dependent manner. Virus Res 2021; 301:198440. [PMID: 33940002 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Globally, ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer and the eighth-most common cause of cancer death among women with a five-year survival rate of less than 45%. Although reovirus is known to be effective for treating ovarian cancer, some types of tumor cells still exhibit resistance to reovirus. In order to solve this resistance problem in the treatment of ovarian cancer, we selected the reovirus-resistant OV-90 ovarian cancer cells to study reovirus oncolytic effects. We found that the viability of OV-90 cells decreased after reovirus double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome transfection. Interestingly, we observed that chemical blockage of the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-dsRNA binding complex in OV-90 cells and the inhibition of downstream TLR3 signaling disrupted OV-90 apoptosis triggered by reovirus dsRNA. Together, these results demonstrate that reovirus dsRNA induces reovirus-resistant tumor cell apoptosis through the TLR3 signaling pathway.
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Tertiary lymphoid structures in epithelioid malignant peritoneal mesothelioma are associated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but not with prognosis. Virchows Arch 2021; 479:765-772. [PMID: 33855595 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelioid mesothelioma is the most prevalent subtype of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. The relationship between a strong adaptive immune response and a better prognosis in malignant solid tumors is widely known. Due to the low incidence of epithelioid malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (EMPM), very little is known about their immune micro-environment. We encountered several cases of tertiary lymphoid structures in EMPM in a previous study and aimed to investigate in the same series the prevalence, clinicopathological features, and the prognostic impact associated with tertiary lymphoid structures in EMPM (TLS-EMPM). Cases of EMPM, from 1995 to 2018, were retrieved from 7 French institutions from the RENAPE Network. The predictions in terms of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of TLS-EMPM were analyzed. We report 52 cases of TLS-EMPM among a series of 138 cases of EMPM. TLS-EMPM was significantly associated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and was not a prognostic indicator for OS (p = 0.652) and PFS (p = 0.804) in our series. TLS is a component of the host immune response to EMPM significantly associated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but was not a predictor of prognosis for overall and progression-free survivals in this series. These findings provide another possible etiology for tertiary lymphoid structures.
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Sun S, Frontini F, Qi W, Hariharan A, Ronner M, Wipplinger M, Blanquart C, Rehrauer H, Fonteneau JF, Felley-Bosco E. Endogenous retrovirus expression activates type-I interferon signaling in an experimental mouse model of mesothelioma development. Cancer Lett 2021; 507:26-38. [PMID: 33713739 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early events in an experimental model of mesothelioma development include increased levels of editing in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). We hypothesised that expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERV) contributes to dsRNA formation and type-I interferon signaling. ERV and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) expression were significantly higher in tumor compared to non-tumor samples. 12 tumor specific ERV ("MesoERV1-12") were identified and verified by qPCR in mouse tissues. "MesoERV1-12" expression was lower in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) compared to mesothelioma cells. "MesoERV1-12" levels were significantly increased by demethylating agent 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment and were accompanied by increased levels of dsRNA and ISGs. Basal ISGs expression was higher in mesothelioma cells compared to MEF and was significantly decreased by JAK inhibitor Ruxolitinib, by blocking Ifnar1 and by silencing Mavs. "MesoERV7" promoter was demethylated in asbestos-exposed compared to sham mice tissue as well as in mesothelioma cells and MEF upon 5-Aza-CdR treatment. These observations uncover novel aspects of asbestos-induced mesothelioma whereby ERV expression increases due to promoter demethylation and is paralleled by increased levels of dsRNA and activation of type-I IFN signaling. These features are important for early diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lungen- und Thoraxonkologie Zentrum, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Frontini
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lungen- und Thoraxonkologie Zentrum, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Weihong Qi
- Functional Genomics Center Zürich, ETH Zürich/University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ananya Hariharan
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lungen- und Thoraxonkologie Zentrum, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Ronner
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lungen- und Thoraxonkologie Zentrum, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wipplinger
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lungen- und Thoraxonkologie Zentrum, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Hubert Rehrauer
- Functional Genomics Center Zürich, ETH Zürich/University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Emanuela Felley-Bosco
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lungen- und Thoraxonkologie Zentrum, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Solid Cancer and Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113227. [PMID: 33147700 PMCID: PMC7692054 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, which has been extensively studied for the antiviral function and, therefore, its role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. It is highly expressed in the endosomes of antigen-presenting immune cells and epithelial cells. Several studies have demonstrated TLR3 expression in multiple neoplasia types including breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer. In this perspective, we focus on the mechanisms through which TLR3 can either lead to tumor regression or promote carcinogenesis as well as on the potential of TLR-based therapies in resistant cancer. Abstract Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, which has been extensively studied for its antiviral function. It is highly expressed in the endosomes of antigen-presenting immune cells and epithelial cells. TLR3 binds specifically double-strand RNAs (dsRNAs), leading to the activation of mainly two downstream pathways: the phosphorylation of IRF3, with subsequent production of type I interferon, and the activation of NF-κB, which drives the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Several studies have demonstrated TLR3 expression in multiple neoplasia types including breast, prostate, and lung cancer. Most studies were focused on the beneficial role of TLR3 activation in tumor cells, which leads to the production of cytotoxic cytokines and interferons and promotes caspase-dependent apoptosis. Indeed, ligands of this receptor were proposed for the treatment of cancer, also in combination with conventional chemotherapy. In contrast to these findings, recent evidence showed a link between TLR3 and tumor progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms through which TLR3 can either lead to tumor regression or promote carcinogenesis as well as the potential of TLR-based therapies in resistant cancer.
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Lomphithak T, Choksi S, Mutirangura A, Tohtong R, Tencomnao T, Usubuchi H, Unno M, Sasano H, Jitkaew S. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 is a key mediator in TLR3 ligand and Smac mimetic-induced cell death and suppresses TLR3 ligand-promoted invasion in cholangiocarcinoma. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:161. [PMID: 33036630 PMCID: PMC7545934 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand which activates TLR3 signaling induces both cancer cell death and activates anti-tumor immunity. However, TLR3 signaling can also harbor pro-tumorigenic consequences. Therefore, we examined the status of TLR3 in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cases to better understand TLR3 signaling and explore the potential therapeutic target in CCA. METHODS The expression of TLR3 and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) in primary CCA tissues was assayed by Immunohistochemical staining and their associations with clinicopathological characteristics and survival data were evaluated. The effects of TLR3 ligand, Poly(I:C) and Smac mimetic, an IAP antagonist on CCA cell death and invasion were determined by cell death detection methods and Transwell invasion assay, respectively. Both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL and inhibitors targeting NF-κB and MAPK signaling were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS TLR3 was significantly higher expressed in tumor than adjacent normal tissues. We demonstrated in a panel of CCA cell lines that TLR3 was frequently expressed in CCA cell lines, but was not detected in a nontumor cholangiocyte. Subsequent in vitro study demonstrated that Poly(I:C) specifically induced CCA cell death, but only when cIAPs were removed by Smac mimetic. Cell death was also switched from apoptosis to necroptosis when caspases were inhibited in CCA cells-expressing RIPK3. In addition, RIPK1 was required for Poly(I:C) and Smac mimetic-induced apoptosis and necroptosis. Of particular interest, high TLR3 or low RIPK1 status in CCA patients was associated with more invasiveness. In vitro invasion demonstrated that Poly(I:C)-induced invasion through NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Furthermore, the loss of RIPK1 enhanced Poly(I:C)-induced invasion and ERK activation in vitro. Smac mimetic also reversed Poly(I:C)-induced invasion, partly mediated by RIPK1. Finally, a subgroup of patients with high TLR3 and high RIPK1 had a trend toward longer disease-free survival (p = 0.078, 28.0 months and 10.9 months). CONCLUSION RIPK1 plays a pivotal role in TLR3 ligand, Poly(I:C)-induced cell death when cIAPs activity was inhibited and loss of RIPK1 enhanced Poly(I:C)-induced invasion which was partially reversed by Smac mimetic. Our results suggested that TLR3 ligand in combination with Smac mimetic could provide therapeutic benefits to the patients with CCA. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanpisit Lomphithak
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Swati Choksi
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Apiwat Mutirangura
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Rutaiwan Tohtong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Hajime Usubuchi
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 98-8075 Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Siriporn Jitkaew
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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