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Asadi M, Salehi Z, Akrami M, Hosseinpour M, Jockenhövel S, Ghazanfari S. 3D printed pH-responsive tablets containing N-acetylglucosamine-loaded methylcellulose hydrogel for colon drug delivery applications. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123366. [PMID: 37669729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The pH-responsive drug release approach in combination with three-dimensional (3D) printing for colon-specific oral drug administration can address the limitations of current treatments such as orally administered solid tablets. Such existing treatments fail to effectively deliver the right drug dosage to the colon. In order to achieve targeted drug release profiles, this work aimed at designing and producing 3D printed tablet shells using Eudragit® FS100 and polylactic acid (PLA) where the core was filled with 100 µl of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-loaded methyl cellulose (MC) hydrogel. To meet the requirements of such tablets, the effects of polymer blending ratios and MC concentrations on physical, thermal, and material properties of various components of the tablets and most importantly in vitro drug release kinetics were investigated. The tablets with 80/20 wt% of Eudragit® FS100/PLA and the drug-loaded hydrogel with 30 mg/ml GlcNAc and 3% w/v MC showed the most promising results having the best printability, processability, and drug release kinetics besides being non-cytotoxic. Manufacturing of these tablets will be the first milestone in shifting from the conventional "one size fits all" approach to personalized medicine where different dosages and various combinations of drugs can be effectively delivered to the inflammation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Asadi
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Zeinab Salehi
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Akrami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Stefan Jockenhövel
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrabe 55, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Samaneh Ghazanfari
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrabe 55, 52072 Aachen, Germany.
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2
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Hajiali F, Jin T, Yang G, Santos M, Lam E, Moores A. Mechanochemical Transformations of Biomass into Functional Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102535. [PMID: 35137539 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is one of the promising alternatives to petroleum-derived materials and plays a major role in our fight against climate change by providing renewable sources of chemicals and materials. Owing to its chemical and structural complexity, the transformation of biomass into value-added products requires a profound understanding of its composition at different scales and innovative methods such as combining physical and chemical processes. In this context, the use of mechanochemistry in biomass valorization is currently growing owing to its potentials as an efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly approach. This review highlights the latest advances in the transformation of biomass (i. e., chitin, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and starch) to functional materials using mechanochemical-assisted methods. We focused here on the methodology of biomass processing, influencing factors, and resulting properties with an emphasis on achieving functional materials rather than breaking down the biopolymer chains into smaller molecules. Opportunities and limitations associated this methodology were discussed accordingly for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Hajiali
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Tony Jin
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Galen Yang
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Madison Santos
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, 3480 University St., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Edmond Lam
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Audrey Moores
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
- Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0 C5, Canada
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3
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Bäumgen M, Dutschei T, Bartosik D, Suster C, Reisky L, Gerlach N, Stanetty C, Mihovilovic MD, Schweder T, Hehemann JH, Bornscheuer UT. A new carbohydrate-active oligosaccharide dehydratase is involved in the degradation of ulvan. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101210. [PMID: 34547290 PMCID: PMC8511951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine algae catalyze half of all global photosynthetic production of carbohydrates. Owing to their fast growth rates, Ulva spp. rapidly produce substantial amounts of carbohydrate-rich biomass and represent an emerging renewable energy and carbon resource. Their major cell wall polysaccharide is the anionic carbohydrate ulvan. Here, we describe a new enzymatic degradation pathway of the marine bacterium Formosa agariphila for ulvan oligosaccharides involving unsaturated uronic acid at the nonreducing end linked to rhamnose-3-sulfate and glucuronic or iduronic acid (Δ-Rha3S-GlcA/IdoA-Rha3S). Notably, we discovered a new dehydratase (P29_PDnc) acting on the nonreducing end of ulvan oligosaccharides, i.e., GlcA/IdoA-Rha3S, forming the aforementioned unsaturated uronic acid residue. This residue represents the substrate for GH105 glycoside hydrolases, which complements the enzymatic degradation pathway including one ulvan lyase, one multimodular sulfatase, three glycoside hydrolases, and the dehydratase P29_PDnc, the latter being described for the first time. Our research thus shows that the oligosaccharide dehydratase is involved in the degradation of carboxylated polysaccharides into monosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bäumgen
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Theresa Dutschei
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Bartosik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph Suster
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Reisky
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nadine Gerlach
- Max Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Schweder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Max Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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4
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Mei L, Wang X, Yin Y, Tang G, Wang C. Conservative production of galactosaminogalactan in Metarhizium is responsible for appressorium mucilage production and topical infection of insect hosts. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009656. [PMID: 34125872 PMCID: PMC8224951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The exopolysaccharide galactosaminogalactan (GAG) has been well characterized in Aspergilli, especially the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. It has been found that a five-gene cluster is responsible for GAG biosynthesis in Aspergilli to mediate fungal adherence, biofilm formation, immunosuppression or induction of host immune defences. Herein, we report the presence of the conserved GAG biosynthetic gene cluster in the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii to mediate either similar or unique biological functions. Deletion of the gene cluster disabled fungal ability to produce GAG on germ tubes, mycelia and appressoria. Relative to the wild type strain, null mutant was impaired in topical infection but not injection of insect hosts. We found that GAG production by Metarhizium is partially acetylated and could mediate fungal adherence to hydrophobic insect cuticles, biofilm formation, and penetration of insect cuticles. In particular, it was first confirmed that this exopolymer is responsible for the formation of appressorium mucilage, the essential extracellular matrix formed along with the infection structure differentiation to mediate cell attachment and expression of cuticle degrading enzymes. In contrast to its production during A. fumigatus invasive growth, GAG is not produced on the Metarhizium cells harvested from insect hemocoels; however, the polymer can glue germ tubes into aggregates to form mycelium pellets in liquid culture. The results of this study unravel the biosynthesis and unique function of GAG in a fungal system apart from the aspergilli species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guirong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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5
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Pandit A, Khare L, Ganatra P, Jain R, Dandekar P. Intriguing role of novel ionic liquids in stochastic degradation of chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 260:117828. [PMID: 33712168 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Green technique for hydrolysis of chitosan was developed using novel Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquids (BAILs) as homogenous reusable catalysts. Efficiency of BAILs in controlling stochastic and irregular breakdown of chitosan was compared with that of mineral acids. Structural elucidation of the novel BAILs was performed using H1-NMR evaluation and supplemented using mass spectroscopy. Additionally, thermal characterization was conducted using TGA-DTA analysis, while acidity was estimated by deriving the Hammet acidity function. BAILs investigated in this work enabled consistent production of LMWCS variants, with minimum formation of residual impurities. Around 80 % reduction in molecular weight was noted as compared to original under extreme conditions employed. Further, Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was implemented to optimize effect of processing parameters for conversion of chitosan to low molecular weight congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pandit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai -19, India
| | - L Khare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-19, India
| | - P Ganatra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai -19, India
| | - R Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai -19, India
| | - P Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-19, India.
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6
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Li J, Wang D, Chang SC, Liang PH, Srivastava V, Guu SY, Shie JJ, Khoo KH, Bulone V, Hsieh YSY. Production of Structurally Defined Chito-Oligosaccharides with a Single N-Acetylation at Their Reducing End Using a Newly Discovered Chitinase from Paenibacillus pabuli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3371-3379. [PMID: 33688734 PMCID: PMC8041281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Partially acetylated chito-oligosaccharides (paCOSs) are bioactive compounds with potential medical applications. Their biological activities are largely dependent on their structural properties, in particular their degree of polymerization (DP) and the position of the acetyl groups along the glycan chain. The production of structurally defined paCOSs in a purified form is highly desirable to better understand the structure/bioactivity relationship of these oligosaccharides. Here, we describe a newly discovered chitinase from Paenibacillus pabuli (PpChi) and demonstrate by mass spectrometry that it essentially produces paCOSs with a DP of three and four that carry a single N-acetylation at their reducing end. We propose that this specific composition of glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues, as in GlcN(n)GlcNAc1, is due to a subsite specificity toward GlcN residues at the -2, -3, and -4 positions of the partially acetylated chitosan substrates. In addition, the enzyme is stable, as evidenced by its long shelf life, and active over a large temperature range, which is of high interest for potential use in industrial processes. It exhibits a kcat of 67.2 s-1 on partially acetylated chitosan substrates. When PpChi was used in combination with a recently discovered fungal auxilary activity (AA11) oxidase, a sixfold increase in the release of oligosaccharides from the lobster shell was measured. PpChi represents an attractive biocatalyst for the green production of highly valuable paCOSs with a well-defined structure and the expansion of the relatively small library of chito-oligosaccharides currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College
of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 220234, PR China
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei
Medical University, 250
Wuxing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Damao Wang
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
- College
of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shu-Chieh Chang
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National
Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
| | - Shih-Yun Guu
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Jie Shie
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
- School
of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University
of Adelaide, Urrbrae 5064, Australia
| | - Yves S. Y. Hsieh
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei
Medical University, 250
Wuxing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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7
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Darkal AK, Zuraik MM, Ney Y, Nasim MJ, Jacob C. Unleashing the Biological Potential of Fomes fomentarius via Dry and Wet Milling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020303. [PMID: 33669445 PMCID: PMC7920468 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fomes fomentarius, usually referred to as tinder conk, is a common wood-based fungus rich in many interesting phytochemicals and with an unique porous structure. Dry or wet ball milling of this sponge on a planetary mill results in small particles with sizes in the range of 10 µm or below. Suspended in water and without preservatives or other stabilizers, the resulting micro-suspensions are sterile for around six days, probably due to the increased temperatures of around 80 °C especially during the wet milling process. The suspensions also exhibit excellent antioxidant activities as determined in the DPPH, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. In the DPPH assay, IC50 values of 0.02–0.04% w/v and 0.04% w/v were observed for dry and wet milled samples, respectively. In the FRAP assay, IC50 values of <0.02% w/v and 0.04% w/v were observed for dry and wet milled samples, respectively. In contrast, the ABTS assay provided IC50 values of 0.04% w/v and 0.005% w/v, respectively. Notably, this activity is mostly—albeit not exclusively—associated with the highly porous particles and their large surfaces, although some active ingredients also diffuse into the surrounding aqueous medium. Such suspensions of natural particles carrying otherwise insoluble antioxidants on their surfaces provide an interesting avenue to unleash the antioxidant potential of materials such as sponges and barks. As dry milling also enables longer storage and transport, applications in the fields of medicine, nutrition, agriculture, materials and cosmetics are feasible.
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8
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Lv X, Wang P, Wang T, Zhao J, Zhang Y. Development and validation of an improved 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone method for quantitative determination of reducing sugar ends in chitooligosaccharides. Food Chem 2020; 343:128532. [PMID: 33172752 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An accurate and sensitive analytical method for detecting and quantifying reducing sugar ends (RSE) in chitooligosaccharides (COSs) is the key quality parameter for evaluating their structure-function relationship and potential applications. In this work, we develop and validate a novel colorimetric assay with high accuracy and precision for determining RSE content using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH). Under optimal conditions, the stoichiometry is verified using mono-, di-, and tri- glucosamine hydrochlorides, and the dilution ratio does not interfere with the RSE content measured at 590 nm. The regression equation of glucosamine reveal a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.9999). The detection limit, quantification limit, mean relative standard deviation (RSD), and recovery are 2.28 μM, 9.11 μM, 1.90%, and 98.0%, respectively. The newly developed method is potentially useful for monitoring COS hydrolysis, number average molecular weight, and chitosanase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingshuang Lv
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Pengbo Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Tengbin Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, No. 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Yongqin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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9
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Regel EK, Evers M, Liss M, Cord-Landwehr S, Moerschbacher BM. High-Throughput Screening Using UHPLC-MS To Characterize the Subsite Specificities of Chitosanases or Chitinases. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3246-3252. [PMID: 31940178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (paCOS), consisting of β-1,4-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and d-glucosamine units, possess diverse bioactivities that can be used for applications in, e.g., biomedicine, agriculture, and pharmaceutics. Establishing structure-function relationships and revealing modes of action requires the availability of structurally defined paCOS that can best be produced using chitin- and chitosan-modifying enzymes, such as chitinases and chitosanases, with known and defined subsite specificities. To enlarge the spectrum of such enzymes and, consequently, defined paCOS available, we have developed a two-step, microtiter plate-based high-throughput screening assay that allows quantification of the activity and subsite specificities of chitosan hydrolases. In a first step, the activities of the enzymes are quantified using a reducing end assay, and enzymes with sufficient activity are then screened for their subsite specificities using mass spectrometric analysis of their products when acting on well-defined chitosan polymers as substrates. The rapid UHPLC-ELSD-ESI-MS2 method does not require labeling steps or addition of standards, and the principal component analysis of the fragment ion intensities of just two isomeric oligomer groups, GlcNAc1GlcN3 and GlcNAc2GlcN2, sufficed to identify, in a directed evolution, the site-saturation mutagenesis library of Bacillus sp. MN chitosanase consisting of 167 muteins, enzymes that significantly differed in their subsite specificities from the wildtype enzyme. Detailed analyses of a few selected muteins proved that the screening method is efficient and accurate in predicting altered subsite specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva K Regel
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Maximilian Evers
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Michael Liss
- Thermo Fisher Scientific GENEART GmbH , Im Gewerbepark B35 , 93059 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
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10
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Pandit A, Deshpande C, Patil S, Jain R, Dandekar P. Mechanistic insights into controlled depolymerization of Chitosan using H-Mordenite. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115600. [PMID: 31887872 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics of chitosan depolymerization were studied in dilute acetic acid solution, in presence of H-Mordenite (H-MOR). Rate constants for chitosan depolymerization were determined by measurement of molecular weight, using Gel permeation Chromatography (GPC). Depolymerization rate of chitosan was altered in presence of an acidic, porous material like H-MOR. Maximum concentration of H-MOR studied during process led to minimal increase in energy of activation, from 20.54 kJ/moL to 23.25 kJ/moL. Infra-red spectroscopy, adsorption studies and rheological assessment indicated adsorption /grafting of chitosan onto porous H-MOR surface as the possible mechanism for facilitation of the depolymerization process. Under extreme conditions investigated during process optimization, H-MOR resulted in a three-fold reduction in 5-Hydroxy Methyl Furfural (5-HMF) formation and over ten times decrease in glucosamine content, as compared to reactions conducted without H-MOR. Therefore, presence of H-MOR is imperative to cleave chitosan in controlled manner and obtain products of desired molecular weight, with fewer impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pandit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-19, India
| | - C Deshpande
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-19, India
| | - S Patil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-19, India
| | - R Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-19, India.
| | - P Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-19, India.
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11
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The hydrolase LpqI primes mycobacterial peptidoglycan recycling. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2647. [PMID: 31201321 PMCID: PMC6572805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and division by most bacteria requires remodelling and cleavage of their cell wall. A byproduct of this process is the generation of free peptidoglycan (PG) fragments known as muropeptides, which are recycled in many model organisms. Bacteria and hosts can harness the unique nature of muropeptides as a signal for cell wall damage and infection, respectively. Despite this critical role for muropeptides, it has long been thought that pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis do not recycle their PG. Herein we show that M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG are able to recycle components of their PG. We demonstrate that the core mycobacterial gene lpqI, encodes an authentic NagZ β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and that it is essential for PG-derived amino sugar recycling via an unusual pathway. Together these data provide a critical first step in understanding how mycobacteria recycle their peptidoglycan. Bacterial growth and division require remodelling of the cell wall, which generates free peptidoglycan fragments. Here, Moynihan et al. show that Mycobacterium tuberculosis can recycle components of their peptidoglycan, and characterise a crucial enzyme required for this process.
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12
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Gercke D, Regel EK, Singh R, Moerschbacher BM. Rational protein design of Bacillus sp. MN chitosanase for altered substrate binding and production of specific chitosan oligomers. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:23. [PMID: 30918529 PMCID: PMC6419424 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Partially acetylated chito-oligosaccharides (paCOS) have a variety of potential applications in different fields, but to harness their benefits, pure paCOS or well-defined paCOS mixtures are essential. For example, if one could produce fully acetylated (A4) and fully deacetylated (D4) tetramers in abundance, all possible variants of tetrameric paCOS could be generated reliably from them. A promising approach for generating defined paCOS is by enzymatic depolymerization of chitosan polymers using chitosanases, since these enzymes' subsite specificities directly influence the composition of the paCOS produced; however, enzymatic production of e.g. D4 is challenging because the substrate is generally hydrolyzed further by most chitosanases. To overcome this, chitosanases could potentially be engineered so that upon hydrolyzing chitosan, they are unable to hydrolyze certain substrates, leaving well-defined oligomers intact in the hydrolysate. RESULTS For this purpose, we performed rational protein engineering on the extensively studied GH 8 chitosanase CSN from Bacillus sp. MN. By specifically targeting residues with a predicted function in substrate binding, we created new muteins incapable of efficiently hydrolyzing the fully deacetylated tetramer D4, and we were able to demonstrate efficient large-scale production of D4 with an altered version of CSN. Furthermore, we were able to uncover differences in the substrate positioning and subsite specificities of the muteins, which result in altered paCOS mixtures produced from partially acetylated chitosan polymers, with possibly altered bioactivities. CONCLUSION The value of protein engineering as a tool for the more efficient production of pure oligomers and potentially bioactive paCOS mixtures was demonstrated by the results and the suitability of specific muteins for the large-scale production of strictly defined, pure paCOS in a batch process was shown using the example of D4.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gercke
- University of Muenster, Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Eva K. Regel
- University of Muenster, Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Ratna Singh
- University of Muenster, Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M. Moerschbacher
- University of Muenster, Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
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13
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Singh R, Weikert T, Basa S, Moerschbacher BM. Structural and biochemical insight into mode of action and subsite specificity of a chitosan degrading enzyme from Bacillus spec. MN. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1132. [PMID: 30718524 PMCID: PMC6362164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosans, partially de-N-acetylated derivatives of chitin, are multifunctional biopolymers. In nature, biological activities of partially acetylated chitosan polymers are mediated in part by their oligomeric breakdown products, which are generated in situ by the action of chitosanolytic enzymes. Understanding chitosanolytic enzymes, therefore, can lead to the production of chitosan oligomers with fully defined structures that may confer specific bioactivities. To address whether defined oligomer products can be produced via chitosanolytic enzymes, we here characterized a GH8 family chitosanase from Bacillus spec. MN, determining its mode of action and product profiles. We found that the enzyme has higher activity towards polymers with lower degree of acetylation. Oligomeric products were dominated by GlcN3, GlcN3GlcNAc1, and GlcN4GlcNAc1. The product distribution from oligomers were GlcN3 > GlcN2. Modeling and simulations show that the binding site comprises subsites ranging from (-3) to (+3), and a putative (+4) subsite, with defined preferences for GlcN or GlcNAc at each subsite. Flexible loops at the binding site facilitate enzyme-substrate interactions and form a cleft at the active site which can open and close. The detailed insight gained here will help to engineer enzyme variants to produce tailored chitosan oligomers with defined structures that can then be used to probe their specific biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Singh
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Weikert
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Basa
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
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14
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Stumpf AK, Vortmann M, Dirks-Hofmeister ME, Moerschbacher BM, Philipp B. Identification of a novel chitinase from Aeromonas hydrophila AH-1N for the degradation of chitin within fungal mycelium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5266298. [PMID: 30596975 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defined organic waste products are ideal and sustainable secondary feedstocks for production organisms in microbial biotechnology. Chitin from mycelia of fungal fermentation processes represents a homogeneous and constantly available waste product that can, however, not be utilised by typical bacterial production strains. Therefore, enzymes that degrade chitin within fungal mycelia have to be identified and expressed in production organisms. In this study, chitin-degrading bacteria were enriched and isolated from lake water with mycelia of Aspergillus tubingensis as sole organic growth substrate. This approach yielded solely strains of Aeromonas hydrophila. Comparison of the isolated strains with other A. hydrophila strains regarding their chitinolytic activities on fungal mycelia identified strain AH-1N as the best enzyme producer. From this strain, a chitinase (EC:3.2.1.14) was identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. Heterologous expression of the respective gene combined with mass spectrometry showed that the purified enzyme was capable of releasing chitobiose from fungal mycelia with a higher yield than a well-described chitinase from Serratia marcescens. Expression of the newly identified chitinase in biotechnological production strains could be the first step for making fungal mycelium accessible as a secondary feedstock. Additionally, the enrichment strategy proved to be feasible for identifying strains able to degrade fungal chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Stumpf
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Muenster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marina Vortmann
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Bodo Philipp
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Muenster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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15
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Enzymatic hydrolysis of ionic liquid-extracted chitin. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:228-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Kobayashi K, Aramasa H, Nakai H, Nakajima M, Taguchi H. Colorimetric determination of β-1,2-glucooligosaccharides for an enzymatic assay using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinonehydrazone. Anal Biochem 2018; 560:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Bußwinkel F, Goñi O, Cord-Landwehr S, O'Connell S, Moerschbacher BM. Endochitinase 1 (Tv-ECH1) from Trichoderma virens has high subsite specificities for acetylated units when acting on chitosans. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:453-461. [PMID: 29551512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Chitosans with defined characteristics have been shown to possess reproducible bioactivities for numerous applications. A promising approach for producing chitosans with defined degrees of polymerization (DP), degrees of acetylation (DA), and patterns of acetylation (PA) involves using chitin-modifying enzymes. One such enzyme, the chitinase Tv-ECH1 belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 18, seems to have an important role in the biocontrol properties of the fungus Trichoderma virens, suggesting its potential in generating novel chitosans for plant health applications. In this study, the Tv-ECH1 enzyme was overexpressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, yielding large amounts (up to 2mgmL-1) of purified recombinant enzyme of high activity, high purity, and high stability, making the system promising for industrial production of Tv-ECH1. The purified Tv-ECH1 chitinase displayed a wide optimal pH range from 4.5 to 6 and an optimal temperature of 37°C. Detailed subsite specificity analyses revealed high preference for acetylated residues at all four subsites analyzed (-2, -1, +1, +2), making Tv-ECH1 a promising candidate for the biotechnological production of specific chitosan oligomers and for the characterization of chitosan polymers via enzymatic fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Bußwinkel
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Oscar Goñi
- Plant Biostimulant Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Technology Tralee, Clash, Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Shane O'Connell
- Plant Biostimulant Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Technology Tralee, Clash, Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
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Gerez J, Buck L, Marutani VH, Calliari CM, Bracarense AP. Low Levels of Chito-Oligosaccharides Are Not Effective in Reducing Deoxynivalenol Toxicity in Swine Jejunal Explants. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E276. [PMID: 29973482 PMCID: PMC6071133 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that affects the intestinal morphology of animals, impairing nutrient intake and growth. On the other hand, dietary supplementation with functional oligosaccharides as chito-oligosaccharides (COS) has shown positive effects on the intestinal health of piglets. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of low doses of COS in preventing DON-induced intestinal histological changes, using a swine jejunal explant technique. The intestinal explants were incubated at 37 °C in culture medium for 4 h and exposed to the following treatments: (a) control (only culture medium), (b) DON (10 µM), (c) 25COS (0.025 mg·mL−1 of COS); (d) 50COS (0.05 mg·mL−1 of COS); (e) 25COS plus DON (25COS + DON); (f) 50COS plus DON (50COS + DON). Explants exposed to COS presented intestinal morphology similar to control samples. DON induced a significant decrease in the histological score as a consequence of moderate to severe histological changes (apical necrosis, villi atrophy, and fusion) and a significant decrease in morphometric parameters (villi height, crypt depth, villi height:crypt depth ratio, and goblet cells density). The intestinal morphology of samples exposed to COS + DON remained similar to DON treatment. In conclusion, low levels of COS did not counteract DON-induced intestinal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Gerez
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Buck
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Victor Hugo Marutani
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Maria Calliari
- Academic Department of Food, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Avenida dos Pioneiros, 3131, Londrina, Paraná 86036-370, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil.
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19
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Abstract
Antibiotics have been widely used in piglet diets to promote growth performance and reduce diarrhea incidence. However, the resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and the risk of residues of antibiotics in animal products induced a growing interest in the use of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. Chito-oligosaccharide (COS), a natural alkaline polymer of glucosamine is currently being tested as a substitute for in-feed antibiotics. In weaned piglets, COS has positive effects on promoting growth, which may be related to its action on intestinal morphology, immune ability and beneficial microbiota. However, previous studies shown variable results with effective doses ranging from 30 mg/kg to 5 g/kg. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the use of COS can be an alternative to in-feed antibiotics by improve the intestinal morphology of piglets, using the jejunal explant model. The intestinal explants were exposed for 4 h to following treatments: control - only culture media and culture media with COS in doses of 0.025 mg/ml, 0.05 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml and 0.15 mg/ml. After the incubation period the explants were processed for histological and morphometrical analysis. The histological changes were evaluated using an adapted histological score based on the intensity and severity of lesions. Mild histological changes were observed in jejunal explants exposed to different treatments; however, no significant difference in the histological score, villi height, crypt depth or villus : crypt ratio were observed between the COS-groups and the control. In addition, goblet cells density in intestinal explants exposed to COS remained statistically similar to control group. Our results indicate that COS exposure in levels ranging from 0.025 to 0.15 mg/ml induced no effect on intestinal morphology of pig's explants. The research will provide guidance on the low dosage of COS supplementation on weaning pigs.
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20
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Regel EK, Weikert T, Niehues A, Moerschbacher BM, Singh R. Protein-engineering of chitosanase from Bacillus sp. MN to alter its substrate specificity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:863-873. [PMID: 29280476 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (paCOS) have various potential applications in agriculture, biomedicine, and pharmaceutics due to their suitable bioactivities. One method to produce paCOS is partial chemical hydrolysis of chitosan polymers, but that leads to poorly defined mixtures of oligosaccharides. However, the effective production of defined paCOS is crucial for fundamental research and for developing applications. A more promising approach is enzymatic depolymerization of chitosan using chitinases or chitosanases, as the substrate specificity of the enzyme determines the composition of the oligomeric products. Protein-engineering of these enzymes to alter their substrate specificity can overcome the limitations associated with naturally occurring enzymes and expand the spectrum of specific paCOS that can be produced. Here, engineering the substrate specificity of Bacillus sp. MN chitosanase is described for the first time. Two muteins with active site substitutions can accept N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units at their subsite (-2), which is impossible for the wildtype enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva K Regel
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Weikert
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Niehues
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ratna Singh
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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21
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Weikert T, Niehues A, Cord-Landwehr S, Hellmann MJ, Moerschbacher BM. Reassessment of chitosanase substrate specificities and classification. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1698. [PMID: 29167423 PMCID: PMC5700058 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosanases can be used to produce partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (paCOS) for different applications, provided they are thoroughly characterized. However, recent studies indicate that the established classification system for chitosanases is too simplistic. Here, we apply a highly sensitive method for quantitatively sequencing paCOS to reassess the substrate specificities of the best-characterized class I–III chitosanases. The enzymes’ abilities to cleave bonds at GlcNAc residues positioned at subsite (−1) or (+1), on which the classification system is based, vary especially when the substrates have different fractions of acetylation (FA). Conflicts with the recent classification are observed at higher FA, which were not investigated in prior specificity determinations. Initial analyses of pectin-degrading enzymes reveal that classifications of other polysaccharide-degrading enzymes should also be critically reassessed. Based on our results, we tentatively suggest a chitosanase classification system which is based on specificities and preferences of subsites (−2) to (+2). Chitosanases are classified according to their specificity in cleaving bonds at GlcNAc residues but the current system may be too simplistic. Here, the authors use quantitative mass spectrometry to revisit chitosanase specificity and propose additional determinants for their classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weikert
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Niehues
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Margareta J Hellmann
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
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22
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Kaya M, Mujtaba M, Ehrlich H, Salaberria AM, Baran T, Amemiya CT, Galli R, Akyuz L, Sargin I, Labidi J. On chemistry of γ-chitin. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 176:177-186. [PMID: 28927596 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The biological material, chitin, is present in nature in three allomorphic forms: α, β and γ. Whereas most studies have dealt with α- and β-chitin, only few investigations have focused on γ-chitin, whose structural and physicochemical properties have not been well delineated. In this study, chitin obtained for the first time from the cocoon of the moth (Orgyia dubia) was subjected to extensive physicochemical analyses and examined, in parallel, with α-chitin from exoskeleton of a freshwater crab and β-chitin from cuttlebone of the common cuttlefish. Our results, which are supported by13C CP-MAS NMR, XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, SEM, AFM, chitinase digestive test and elemental analysis, verify the authenticity of γ-chitin. Further, quantum chemical calculations were conducted on all three allomorphic forms, and, together with our physicochemical analyses, demonstrate that γ-chitin is distinct, yet closer in structure to α-chitin than β-chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kaya
- Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Muhammad Mujtaba
- Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger str. 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Asier M Salaberria
- Biorefinery Processes Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Talat Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Chris T Amemiya
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95338, USA
| | - Roberta Galli
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscher str. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lalehan Akyuz
- Aksaray University, Technical Vocational School, Department of Chemistry Technology, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Idris Sargin
- Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Jalel Labidi
- Biorefinery Processes Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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23
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Cord-Landwehr S, Ihmor P, Niehues A, Luftmann H, Moerschbacher BM, Mormann M. Quantitative Mass-Spectrometric Sequencing of Chitosan Oligomers Revealing Cleavage Sites of Chitosan Hydrolases. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2893-2900. [PMID: 28192919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Partially acetylated chito-oligosaccharides (paCOS) have diverse bioactivities that turn them into promising compounds especially for medical and agricultural applications. These properties likely arise from different acetylation patterns, but determining the sequences of paCOS and producing paCOS with patterns of interest have proven difficult. We present a novel method for sequencing submicrogram amounts of paCOS using quantitative mass spectrometry, allowing one to rapidly analyze the substrate specificities of chitosan hydrolases that can be used to produce paCOS. The method involves four major steps: (i) acetylation of free amino groups in paCOS using a deuterated reagent; (ii) labeling the reducing end with an 18O-tag; (iii) quantifying paCOS using [13C2, 2H3]-labeled isotopologs as internal standards; (iv) sequencing paCOS by tandem MS. Eventually, this method will aid in developing enzymes with cleavage patterns optimized for producing paCOS with defined patterns of acetylation and specific bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Phillip Ihmor
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Niehues
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich Luftmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Mormann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster , Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Kuusk S, Sørlie M, Väljamäe P. Human Chitotriosidase Is an Endo-Processive Enzyme. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171042. [PMID: 28129403 PMCID: PMC5271402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chitotriosidase (HCHT) is involved in immune response to chitin-containing pathogens in humans. The enzyme is able to degrade chitooligosaccharides as well as crystalline chitin. The catalytic domain of HCHT is connected to the carbohydrate binding module (CBM) through a flexible hinge region. In humans, two active isoforms of HCHT are found-the full length enzyme and its truncated version lacking CBM and the hinge region. The active site architecture of HCHT is reminiscent to that of the reducing-end exo-acting processive chitinase ChiA from bacterium Serratia marcescens (SmChiA). However, the presence of flexible hinge region and occurrence of two active isoforms are reminiscent to that of non-processive endo-chitinase from S. marcescens, SmChiC. Although the studies on soluble chitin derivatives suggest the endo-character of HCHT, the mode of action of the enzyme on crystalline chitin is not known. Here, we made a thorough characterization of HCHT in terms of the mode of action, processivity, binding, and rate constants for the catalysis and dissociation using α-chitin as substrate. HCHT efficiently released the end-label from reducing-end labelled chitin and had also high probability (95%) of endo-mode initiation of processive run. These results qualify HCHT as an endo-processive enzyme. Processivity and the rate constant of dissociation of HCHT were found to be in-between those, characteristic to processive exo-enzymes, like SmChiA and randomly acting non-processive endo-enzymes, like SmChiC. Apart from increasing the affinity for chitin, CBM had no major effect on kinetic properties of HCHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Kuusk
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Priit Väljamäe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Thimoteo SS, Glogauer A, Faoro H, de Souza EM, Huergo LF, Moerschbacher BM, Pedrosa FO. A broad pH range and processive chitinase from a metagenome library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e5658. [PMID: 28076454 PMCID: PMC5264535 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are hydrolases that degrade chitin, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine
linked β(1-4) present in the exoskeleton of crustaceans, insects, nematodes and
fungal cell walls. A metagenome fosmid library from a wastewater-contaminated soil
was functionally screened for chitinase activity leading to the isolation and
identification of a chitinase gene named metachi18A. The
metachi18A gene was subcloned and overexpressed in
Escherichia coli BL21 and the MetaChi18A chitinase was purified
by affinity chromatography as a 6xHis-tagged fusion protein. The MetaChi18A enzyme is
a 92-kDa protein with a conserved active site domain of glycosyl hydrolases family
18. It hydrolyses colloidal chitin with an optimum pH of 5 and temperature of 50°C.
Moreover, the enzyme retained at least 80% of its activity in the pH range from 4 to
9 and 98% at 600 mM NaCl. Thin layer chromatography analyses identified chitobiose as
the main product of MetaChi18A on chitin polymers as substrate. Kinetic analysis
showed inhibition of MetaChi18A activity at high concentrations of colloidal chitin
and 4-methylumbelliferyl N,N′-diacetylchitobiose and sigmoid kinetics at low
concentrations of colloidal chitin, indicating a possible conformational change to
lead the chitin chain from the chitin-binding to the catalytic domain. The observed
stability and activity of MetaChi18A over a wide range of conditions suggest that
this chitinase, now characterized, may be suitable for application in the industrial
processing of chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Thimoteo
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - A Glogauer
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Agência de Inovação, Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná - Tecpar, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - H Faoro
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - E M de Souza
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - L F Huergo
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - B M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, WWU Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - F O Pedrosa
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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Caballero MA, Jallet D, Shi L, Rithner C, Zhang Y, Peers G. Quantification of chrysolaminarin from the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kaya M, Mulerčikas P, Sargin I, Kazlauskaitė S, Baublys V, Akyuz B, Bulut E, Tubelytė V. Three-dimensional chitin rings from body segments of a pet diplopod species: Characterization and protein interaction studies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 68:716-722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kont R, Kari J, Borch K, Westh P, Väljamäe P. Inter-domain Synergism Is Required for Efficient Feeding of Cellulose Chain into Active Site of Cellobiohydrolase Cel7A. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26013-26023. [PMID: 27780868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.756007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural polysaccharides like cellulose and chitin are abundant and their enzymatic degradation to soluble sugars is an important route in green chemistry. Processive glycoside hydrolases (GHs), like cellobiohydrolase Cel7A of Trichoderma reesei (TrCel7A) are key components of efficient enzyme systems. TrCel7A consists of a catalytic domain (CD) and a smaller carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) connected through the glycosylated linker peptide. A tunnel-shaped active site rests in the CD and contains 10 glucose unit binding sites. The active site of TrCel7A is lined with four Trp residues with two of them, Trp-40 and Trp-38, in the substrate binding sites near the tunnel entrance. Although addressed in numerous studies the elucidation of the role of CBM and active site aromatics has been obscured by a complex multistep mechanism of processive GHs. Here we studied the role of the CBM-linker and Trp-38 of TrCel7A with respect to binding affinity, on- and off-rates, processivity, and synergism with endoglucanase. The CBM-linker increased the on-rate and substrate affinity of the enzyme. The Trp-38 to Ala substitution resulted in increased off-rates and decreased processivity. The effect of the Trp-38 to Ala substitution on on-rates was strongly dependent on the presence of the CBM-linker. This compensation between CBM-linker and Trp-38 indicates synergism between CBM-linker and CD in feeding the cellulose chain into the active site. The inter-domain synergism was pre-requisite for the efficient degradation of cellulose in the presence of endoglucanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riin Kont
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jeppe Kari
- the Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and
| | - Kim Borch
- Novozymes A/S, Bagsværd DK-2880, Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- the Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and
| | - Priit Väljamäe
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia,
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Das SN, Wagenknecht M, Nareddy PK, Bhuvanachandra B, Niddana R, Balamurugan R, Swamy MJ, Moerschbacher BM, Podile AR. Amino Groups of Chitosan Are Crucial for Binding to a Family 32 Carbohydrate Binding Module of a Chitosanase from Paenibacillus elgii. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18977-90. [PMID: 27405759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the role and mechanism of specificity of a family 32 carbohydrate binding module (CBM32) of a glycoside hydrolase family 8 chitosanase from Paenibacillus elgii (PeCsn). Both the activity and mode of action of PeCsn toward soluble chitosan polymers were not different with/without the CBM32 domain of P. elgii (PeCBM32). The decreased activity of PeCsn without PeCBM32 on chitosan powder suggested that PeCBM32 increases the relative concentration of enzyme on the substrate and thereby enhanced enzymatic activity. PeCBM32 specifically bound to polymeric and oligomeric chitosan and showed very weak binding to chitin and cellulose. In isothermal titration calorimetry, the binding stoichiometry of 2 and 1 for glucosamine monosaccharide (GlcN) and disaccharide (GlcN)2, respectively, was indicative of two binding sites in PeCBM32. A three-dimensional model-guided site-directed mutagenesis and the use of defined disaccharides varying in the pattern of acetylation suggested that the amino groups of chitosan and the polar residues Glu-16 and Glu-38 of PeCBM32 play a crucial role for the observed binding. The specificity of CBM32 has been further elucidated by a generated fusion protein PeCBM32-eGFP that binds to the chitosan exposing endophytic infection structures of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Phylogenetic analysis showed that CBM32s appended to chitosanases are highly conserved across different chitosanase families suggesting their role in chitosan recognition and degradation. We have identified and characterized a chitosan-specific CBM32 useful for in situ staining of chitosans in the fungal cell wall during plant-fungus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Wagenknecht
- the Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Ramana Niddana
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, 500046-Hyderabad, India and
| | | | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, 500046-Hyderabad, India and
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- the Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- From the Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences,
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Light-driven oxidation of polysaccharides by photosynthetic pigments and a metalloenzyme. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11134. [PMID: 27041218 PMCID: PMC4822002 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative processes are essential for the degradation of plant biomass. A class of powerful and widely distributed oxidative enzymes, the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), oxidize the most recalcitrant polysaccharides and require extracellular electron donors. Here we investigated the effect of using excited photosynthetic pigments as electron donors. LPMOs combined with pigments and reducing agents were exposed to light, which resulted in a never before seen 100-fold increase in catalytic activity. In addition, LPMO substrate specificity was broadened to include both cellulose and hemicellulose. LPMO enzymes and pigment derivatives common in the environment of plant-degrading organisms thus form a highly reactive and stable light-driven system increasing the turnover rate and versatility of LPMOs. This light-driven system may find applications in biotechnology and chemical processing. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases are proteins involved in the degradation of plant biomass and are promising biotechnological tools for biofuel production. Here, the authors show that their catalytic activity is significantly boosted when they are combined with photopigments and exposed to light.
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Westereng B, Cannella D, Wittrup Agger J, Jørgensen H, Larsen Andersen M, Eijsink VG, Felby C. Enzymatic cellulose oxidation is linked to lignin by long-range electron transfer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18561. [PMID: 26686263 PMCID: PMC4685257 DOI: 10.1038/srep18561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic oxidation of cell wall polysaccharides by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) plays a pivotal role in the degradation of plant biomass. While experiments have shown that LPMOs are copper dependent enzymes requiring an electron donor, the mechanism and origin of the electron supply in biological systems are only partly understood. We show here that insoluble high molecular weight lignin functions as a reservoir of electrons facilitating LPMO activity. The electrons are donated to the enzyme by long-range electron transfer involving soluble low molecular weight lignins present in plant cell walls. Electron transfer was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy showing that LPMO activity on cellulose changes the level of unpaired electrons in the lignin. The discovery of a long-range electron transfer mechanism links the biodegradation of cellulose and lignin and sheds new light on how oxidative enzymes present in plant degraders may act in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørge Westereng
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Department of Geoscience and Natural Resources Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - David Cannella
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Department of Geoscience and Natural Resources Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jane Wittrup Agger
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Henning Jørgensen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Department of Geoscience and Natural Resources Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mogens Larsen Andersen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Department of Food Science Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Vincent G.H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Claus Felby
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Department of Geoscience and Natural Resources Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Abbasi S, Yousefi G, Firuzi O, Mohammadi-Samani S. Design and cell cytotoxicity assessment of palmitoylated polyethylene glycol-grafted chitosan as nanomicelle carrier for paclitaxel. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Abbasi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz PO Box 71345-1583 Iran
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery; School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz PO Box 71345-1583 Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Yousefi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz PO Box 71345-1583 Iran
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery; School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz PO Box 71345-1583 Iran
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz PO Box 3288, 71345 Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz PO Box 71345-1583 Iran
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery; School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz PO Box 71345-1583 Iran
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Naqvi S, Moerschbacher BM. The cell factory approach toward biotechnological production of high-value chitosan oligomers and their derivatives: an update. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 37:11-25. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1104289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kurašin M, Kuusk S, Kuusk P, Sørlie M, Väljamäe P. Slow Off-rates and Strong Product Binding Are Required for Processivity and Efficient Degradation of Recalcitrant Chitin by Family 18 Chitinases. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:29074-85. [PMID: 26468285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Processive glycoside hydrolases are the key components of enzymatic machineries that decompose recalcitrant polysaccharides, such as chitin and cellulose. The intrinsic processivity (P(Intr)) of cellulases has been shown to be governed by the rate constant of dissociation from polymer chain (koff). However, the reported koff values of cellulases are strongly dependent on the method used for their measurement. Here, we developed a new method for determining koff, based on measuring the exchange rate of the enzyme between a non-labeled and a (14)C-labeled polymeric substrate. The method was applied to the study of the processive chitinase ChiA from Serratia marcescens. In parallel, ChiA variants with weaker binding of the N-acetylglucosamine unit either in substrate-binding site -3 (ChiA-W167A) or the product-binding site +1 (ChiA-W275A) were studied. Both ChiA variants showed increased off-rates and lower apparent processivity on α-chitin. The rate of the production of insoluble reducing groups on the reduced α-chitin was an order of magnitude higher than koff, suggesting that the enzyme can initiate several processive runs without leaving the substrate. On crystalline chitin, the general activity of the wild type enzyme was higher, and the difference was magnifying with hydrolysis time. On amorphous chitin, the variants clearly outperformed the wild type. A model is proposed whereby strong interactions with polymer in the substrate-binding sites (low off-rates) and strong binding of the product in the product-binding sites (high pushing potential) are required for the removal of obstacles, like disintegration of chitin microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silja Kuusk
- From the Institutes of Molecular and Cell Biology and
| | - Piret Kuusk
- Physics, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia and
| | - Morten Sørlie
- the Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 1432, Norway
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Stockinger LW, Eide KB, Dybvik AI, Sletta H, Vårum KM, Eijsink VG, Tøndervik A, Sørlie M. The effect of the carbohydrate binding module on substrate degradation by the human chitotriosidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Yan Q, Fong SS. Bacterial chitinase: nature and perspectives for sustainable bioproduction. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-015-0057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Kuusk S, Sørlie M, Väljamäe P. The predominant molecular state of bound enzyme determines the strength and type of product inhibition in the hydrolysis of recalcitrant polysaccharides by processive enzymes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11678-91. [PMID: 25767120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.635631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Processive enzymes are major components of the efficient enzyme systems that are responsible for the degradation of the recalcitrant polysaccharides cellulose and chitin. Despite intensive research, there is no consensus on which step is rate-limiting for these enzymes. Here, we performed a comparative study of two well characterized enzymes, the cellobiohydrolase Cel7A from Hypocrea jecorina and the chitinase ChiA from Serratia marcescens. Both enzymes were inhibited by their disaccharide product, namely chitobiose for ChiA and cellobiose for Cel7A. The products behaved as noncompetitive inhibitors according to studies using the (14)C-labeled crystalline polymeric substrates (14)C chitin nanowhiskers and (14)C-labeled bacterial microcrystalline cellulose for ChiA and Cel7A, respectively. The resulting observed Ki (obs) values were 0.45 ± 0.08 mm for ChiA and 0.17 ± 0.02 mm for Cel7A. However, in contrast to ChiA, the Ki (obs) of Cel7A was an order of magnitude higher than the true Ki value governed by the thermodynamic stability of the enzyme-inhibitor complex. Theoretical analysis of product inhibition suggested that the inhibition strength and pattern can be accounted for by assuming different rate-limiting steps for ChiA and Cel7A. Measuring the population of enzymes whose active site was occupied by a polymer chain revealed that Cel7A was bound predominantly via its active site. Conversely, the active-site-mediated binding of ChiA was slow, and most ChiA exhibited a free active site, even when the substrate concentration was saturating for the activity. Collectively, our data suggest that complexation with the polymer chain is rate-limiting for ChiA, whereas Cel7A is limited by dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Kuusk
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia and
| | - Morten Sørlie
- the Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Priit Väljamäe
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia and
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Differentiations of chitin content and surface morphologies of chitins extracted from male and female grasshopper species. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115531. [PMID: 25635814 PMCID: PMC4312026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis (EA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate chitin structure isolated from both sexes of four grasshopper species. FT-IR, EA, XRD, and TGA showed that the chitin was in the alpha form. With respect to gender, two main differences were observed. First, we observed that the quantity of chitin was greater in males than in females and the dry weight of chitin between species ranged from 4.71% to 11.84%. Second, using SEM, we observed that the male chitin surface structure contained 25-90 nm wide nanofibers and 90-250 nm nanopores, while no pores or nanofibers were observed in the chitin surface structure of the majority of females (nanofibers were observed only in M. desertus females). In contrast, the elemental analysis, thermal properties, and crystalline index values for chitin were similar in males and females. Also, we carried out enzymatic digestion of the isolated chitins using commercial chitinase from Streptomyces griseus. We observed that there were no big differences in digestion rate of the chitins from both sexes and commercial chitin. The digestion rates were for grasshoppers' chitins; 88.45-95.48% and for commercial chitin; 94.95%.
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Ferrari AR, Gaber Y, Fraaije MW. A fast, sensitive and easy colorimetric assay for chitinase and cellulase activity detection. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:37. [PMID: 24612932 PMCID: PMC3975300 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the current colorimetric methods for detection of chitinase or cellulase activities on the insoluble natural polymers chitin and cellulose depend on a chemical redox reaction. The reaction involves the reducing ends of the hydrolytic products. The Schales' procedure and the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method are two examples that are commonly used. However, these methods lack sensitivity and present practical difficulties of usage in high-throughput screening assays as they require boiling or heating steps for color development. RESULTS We report a novel method for colorimetric detection of chitinase and cellulase activity. The assay is based on the use of two oxidases: wild-type chito-oligosaccharide oxidase, ChitO, and a mutant thereof, ChitO-Q268R. ChitO was used for chitinase, while ChitO-Q268R was used for cellulase activity detection. These oxidases release hydrogen peroxide upon the oxidation of chitinase- or cellulase-produced hydrolytic products. The hydrogen peroxide produced can be monitored using a second enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and a chromogenic peroxidase substrate. The developed ChitO-based assay can detect chitinase activity as low as 10 μU within 15 minutes of assay time. Similarly, cellulase activity can be detected in the range of 6 to 375 mU. A linear response was observed when applying the ChitO-based assay for detecting individual chito-oligosaccharides and cello-oligosaccharides. The detection limits for these compounds ranged from 5 to 25 μM. In contrast to the other commonly used methods, the Schales' procedure and the DNS method, no boiling or heating is needed in the ChitO-based assays. The method was also evaluated for detecting hydrolytic activity on biomass-derived substrates, that is, wheat straw as a source of cellulose and shrimp shells as a source of chitin. CONCLUSION The ChitO-based assay has clear advantages for the detection of chitinase and cellulase activity over the conventional Schales' procedure and DNS method. The detection limit is lower and there is no requirement for harsh conditions for the development of the signal. The assay also involves fewer and easier handling steps. There is no need for boiling to develop the color and results are available within 15 minutes. These aforementioned features render this newly developed assay method highly suitable for applications in biorefinery-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro R Ferrari
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yasser Gaber
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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41
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Degradation of barnacle nauplii: implications to chitin regulation in the marine environment. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Efficient separation of oxidized cello-oligosaccharides generated by cellulose degrading lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1271:144-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Pechsrichuang P, Yoohat K, Yamabhai M. Production of recombinant Bacillus subtilis chitosanase, suitable for biosynthesis of chitosan-oligosaccharides. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 127:407-414. [PMID: 23138063 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chitosanases are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of the β-1,4 glycosidic bond of chitosan. One of the most promising applications of this enzyme is for the bioconversion of chitosan into value-added chitosan-oligosaccharides (COS). GH46 chitosanase (Csn) from Bacillus subtilis 168 was expressed in Escherichia coli by fusing the gene encoding mature Csn to the E. coli OmpA signal peptide sequence. The recombinant enzyme was secreted into the culture supernatant. The recombinant Csn showed high specific activity and stability over a wide range of pH. The enzyme was >100 times more thermostable in the presence of the substrate, with a half-life time of activity (τ(1/2)) of approximately 20 h at 50 °C and pH 5.5. Efficient bioconversion of chitosan into different mixtures of COS, using crude culture supernatant containing secreted enzyme was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phornsiri Pechsrichuang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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44
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Chain length distribution and aggregation of branched (1→3)-β-d-glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisae. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:1092-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Staufenberger T, Imhoff JF, Labes A. First crenarchaeal chitinase found in Sulfolobus tokodaii. Microbiol Res 2012; 167:262-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Abstract
Natural cellulolytic enzyme systems as well as leading commercial cellulase cocktails are dominated by enzymes that degrade cellulose chains in a processive manner. Despite the abundance of processivity among natural cellulases, the molecular basis as well as the biotechnological implications of this mechanism are only partly understood. One of the major limitations lies in the fact that it is not straightforward to measure and quantify processivity in what essentially are biphasic experimental systems. Here, we describe and discuss both well-established methods and newer methods for measuring cellulase processivity. In addition, we discuss recent insights from studies on chitinases that may help direct further studies on processivity in cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein J Horn
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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47
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Eide KB, Norberg AL, Heggset EB, Lindbom AR, Vårum KM, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Human chitotriosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of chitosan. Biochemistry 2011; 51:487-95. [PMID: 22192075 DOI: 10.1021/bi2015585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chitotriosidase (HCHT) is one of two family 18 chitinases produced by humans, the other being acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase). The enzyme is thought to be part of the human defense mechanism against fungal parasites, but its precise role and the details of its enzymatic properties have not yet been fully unraveled. We have studied the properties of HCHT by analyzing how the enzyme acts on high-molecular weight chitosans, soluble copolymers of β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc, A), and glucosamine (GlcN, D). Using methods for in-depth studies of the chitinolytic machinery of bacterial family 18 enzymes, we show that HCHT degrades chitosan primarily via an endoprocessive mechanism, as would be expected on the basis of the structural features of its substrate-binding cleft. The preferences of HCHT subsites for acetylated versus nonacetylated sugars were assessed by sequence analysis of obtained oligomeric products showing a very strong, absolute, and a relative weak preference for an acetylated unit in the -2, -1, and +1 subsites, respectively. The latter information is important for the design of inhibitors that are specific for the human chitinases and also provides insight into what kind of products may be formed in vivo upon administration of chitosan-containing medicines or food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Bistrup Eide
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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48
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhang J, Chen C, Wu Q, Zhang L, Zhang X. Quantitative determination of chitinolytic activity of lysozyme using half-deacetylated chitosan as a substrate. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Baumann MJ, Murphy L, Lei N, Krogh KB, Borch K, Westh P. Advantages of isothermal titration calorimetry for xylanase kinetics in comparison to chemical-reducing-end assays. Anal Biochem 2011; 410:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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