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Mubarak AA, Ilyas RA, Nordin AH, Ngadi N, Alkbir MFM. Recent developments in sugarcane bagasse fibre-based adsorbent and their potential industrial applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134165. [PMID: 39059537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in research devoted to the advancement of cellulose and nanocellulose-based materials, which are advantageous due to their renewable nature, strength, rigidity, and environmental friendliness. This exploration complies with the fundamental tenets of environmental stewardship and sustainability. An area of industrial biotechnology where cellulosic agricultural residues have the potential to be economically utilized is through the conversion of such residues; sugarcane bagasse is currently leading this charge. SCB, a plentiful fibrous byproduct produced during the sugarcane industry's operations, has historically been utilized in various sectors, including producing paper, animal feed, enzymes, biofuel conversion, and biomedical applications. Significantly, SCB comprises a considerable amount of cellulose, approximately 40 % to 50 %, rendering it a valuable source of cellulose fibre for fabricating cellulose nanocrystals. This review sheds light on the significant advances in surface modification techniques, encompassing physical, chemical, and biological treatments, that enhance sugarcane bagasse fibres' adsorption capacity and selectivity. Furthermore, the paper investigates the specific advancements related to the augmentation of sugarcane bagasse fibres' efficacy in adsorbing a wide range of pollutants. These pollutants span a spectrum that includes heavy metals, dyes, organic pollutants, and emerging contaminants. The discussion provides a comprehensive overview of the targeted removal processes facilitated by applying modified fibres. The unique structural and chemical properties inherent in sugarcane bagasse fibres and their widespread availability position them as highly suitable adsorbents for various pollutants. This convergence of attributes underscores the potential of sugarcane bagasse fibres in addressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainable solutions across multiple industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Ali Mubarak
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; Faculty of Science and Arts, Badr, University Zintan, Libya
| | - R A Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Abu Hassan Nordin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Norzita Ngadi
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - M F M Alkbir
- Advanced Facilities Engineering Technology Research Cluster, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology (MITEC), University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Plant Engineering Technology (PETech), UniKL Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology (MITEC), Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia
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Ghozali M, Meliana Y, Masruchin N, Rusmana D, Chalid M. Preparation and characterization of Arenga pinnata thermoplastic starch/bacterial cellulose nanofiber biocomposites via in-situ twin screw extrusion. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129792. [PMID: 38286368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) is considered as alternative material for substitute petroleum-based materials for single-use packaging material applications. The main weakness of TPS is sensitive to water and humidity which causes low mechanical properties and low thermal resistance. To address this limitation, one can enhance the strength is by incorporating cellulose nanofiber as a reinforcing agent. Cellulose nanofiber used in this study is bacterial cellulose, synthesized from tapioca liquid waste media, namely Nata de Cassava (NDCass). The effect of NDCass addition to TPS on chemical characteristics, physical properties, crystallinity, mechanical properties, and thermal properties was investigated. As the results, NDCass incorporation has no significant effect on the chemical structure and crystal structure of composites as observed by FTIR and XRD analysis. Incorporating of NDCass improved the mechanical properties by 37.3 %, the thermal stability, and the viscosity, however reduced the elongation at break by 65.6 %, the density, the melt flow and shear rate of TPS biocomposite. This study evidently that starch from Arenga pinnata trunk and bacterial cellulose from tapioca liquid waste can be manufactured into biocomposites using in-situ twin screw extrusion which beneficial for large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ghozali
- Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia; Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Yenny Meliana
- Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Nanang Masruchin
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Dasep Rusmana
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Mochamad Chalid
- Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
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Nazrin A, Sapuan SM, Zuhri MYM, Tawakkal ISMA, Ilyas RA. Mechanical degradation of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites in aqueous environments. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The concerning issue regarding petrochemical plastic wastes had prompted scientists and researchers to develop biodegradable plastic in effort to tackle environmental pollution. Alternative bioresources such as poly (lactic acid), sugar palm starch and nanocellulose fibre were utilized in producing cheap, biodegradable and sustainable plastic with satisfactory mechanical properties for food packaging application. In this study, sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose (SPCNC) was priorly dispersed in thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS) before melt blended with poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and later compress moulded into a sheet form. Initial biodegradation test of PLA100 and all PLA/TPS blends bionanocomposite samples indicated that PLA60TPS40 has the least variation in weight loss due to the good miscibility between TPS and PLA promoting the reinforcement of SPCNC. Greater weight losses in seawater (17.54%), river water (18.97%) and sewer water (22.27%) result in greater mechanical degradation as observed at the reduction of tensile strength from 12.11 MPa to 2.72 MPa in seawater, 1.48 MPa in river water and 0.40 MPa in sewer water. Similarly, higher weight losses in seawater (22.16%), river water (21.6%) and sewer water (23.09%) correlated with the reduction of flexural strength from 18.37 MPa to 3.5 MPa in seawater, 3.83 MPa in river water and 3.6 MPa in sewer water. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tensile fracture morphology demonstrated clear porous structure due to the removal of starch particles by microbial activity. The homogenous structure of PLA60TPS40 had a steady and consistent degradation, which wholly diminished the interfacial adhesion that led to mechanical properties losses. The mechanical strength reduction clarified that the biodegradation rate within the media used might be able to resolve the excessive non-biodegradable plastic waste in open waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmawi Nazrin
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP) , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Salit Mohd Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP) , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Yusoff Mohd Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP) , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | | | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , 81310 Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
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Wastewater from the Arenga Starch Industry as a Potential Medium for Bacterial Cellulose and Cellulose Acetate Production. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040870. [PMID: 36850155 PMCID: PMC9963510 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater from the Arenga starch industry (WWAS) contains a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration, so it has to be treated before being discharged into water bodies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to utilize WWAS as a medium for bacterial cellulose (BC) and cellulose acetate (CA) production. This study consisted of the production of BC through fermentation and the production of CA through acetylation. Fermentation was conducted under static batch conditions with various initial pHs and sucrose additions, while acetylation was conducted with various BC-acetic anhydride ratios. The results of this study showed that the maximum BC production of 505.6 g/L of the culture medium was obtained under the optimal conditions of a sucrose addition of 200 g/L, an initial medium pH of 4.5, and a cultivation time of 14 d. Furthermore, a BC-acetic anhydride ratio of 1:3 resulted in CA being suitable as a biofilm raw material with a yield of 81.49%, an acetyl content of 39.82%, a degree of substitution of 2.456, and a degree of crystallinity of 36.7%. FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, XRD, and SEM analyses confirmed the successful process of acetylation of BC to CA.
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Sarkar AK, Oraon S, Mondal S, Sadhukhan S. Ethno-pharmacological and industrial attributes on the underutilized Arenga species in India. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14441. [PMID: 36200734 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The genus Arenga belongs to the Arecaceae family, which has a significant economic value. Several species of this genus have a decent potential of becoming an industrial crop. In India, four species of the genus, namely Arenga pinnata, A. obtusifolia, A. micranta, and A. wightii have been reported. These species have not been cultivated on a commercial scale in most of the growing regions. People use this plant directly from the forest or those produced in their backyard, even though productivity is minimal. To date, several studies from throughout the world have reported numerous beneficial roles of such species. Proper use of such plants or their products has immense significance in the food, fiber, and pharmaceutical industry. These plants are also recognized as ecologically significant plants. In this article, we have presented an up-to-date review on the species of Arenga reported from India along with their potential utility as industrial crops. This review is motivated by the desire to produce many eco-friendly resources from A. pinnata and other species of Arenga, which can contribute to an increase in the standard of living and economy of many nations, including India. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Arenga has a lot of potential as medicinal as well as industrial raw materials. Despite this, these plants are somehow underutilized and have not gained much attention in international trade. In this communication, we have presented some aspects of these plants by reviewing many research articles and conference proceedings. The utilization of these plants as traditional medicine serves an important part in basic health care for many people in developing nations. Gradual study and clinical trial of different formulations of these plants can explore novel drugs for some critical disorders. We also highlighted the industrial uses of these species. Biofuel and fiber obtained from A. pinnata have been appreciated by the researchers. This article points out some attributes of these plants that required further improvement. Botanists and phytochemists will appreciate the description of the medicinal properties of these plants and the biological data provided in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Dukhulal Nibaran Chandra College, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India.,Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal, India
| | - Satyajit Oraon
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Subrata Mondal
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjoy Sadhukhan
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal, India
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Novel In Situ Modification for Thermoplastic Starch Preparation based on Arenga pinnata Palm Starch. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224813. [PMID: 36432939 PMCID: PMC9692255 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) has three main disadvantages, i.e., poor mechanical properties, low thermal stability and water sensibility. To overcome these disadvantages, TPS properties can be improved by starch modification, adding reinforcements and blending with other polymers. In this research, to prepare modified TPS, starch modification was carried out by in situ modification. The modified TPS was prepared by adding Arenga pinnata palm starch (APPS), glycerol and benzoyl peroxide simultaneously in the twin-screw extruder. Morphology analysis of TPS revealed that the starch granules were damaged and gelatinized in the extrusion process. No phase separation is observed in TPS, which exhibits that starch granules with and without benzoyl peroxide were uniformly dispersed in the matrix. The addition of benzoyl peroxide resulted in increased density of TPS from 1.37 to 1.39 g·cm-3, tensile strength from 7.19 to 8.61 MPa and viscosity from 2482.19 to 2604.60 Pa.s. However, it decreased the elongation at break of TPS from 33.95 to 30.16%, melt flow rate from 7.13 to 5.73 gr/10 min and glass transition temperature from 65 to 52 °C. In addition, the thermal analysis showed that the addition of benzoyl peroxide increased the thermal stability of TPS and extended the temperature range of thermal degradation.
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Arenga pinnata Resistant Starch Modulate Gut Microbiota and Ameliorate Intestinal Inflammation in Aged Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193931. [PMID: 36235583 PMCID: PMC9572357 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the regulatory effects of Arenga pinnata retrograded starch (APRS), Arenga pinnata starch (APS), and whole Arenga pinnata flour (APF) on gut microbiota and improvement of intestinal inflammation in aged mice. APF, APS, and APRS altered gut microbiota composition and exhibited different prebiotic effects. Bifidobacterium showed the greatest increase in feces of aged mice fed APF. The abundance of genus Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 was highest in the APS group. APRS supplementation led to a greatest increasement in abundance of Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. APRS induced significantly more short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) production than APF and APS. APF, APS, and APRS treatments improved intestinal inflammation in aged mice and the order of ameliorative effect was APRS > APS > APF. APRS significantly decreased relative mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10). In addition, APF, APS, and APRS significantly downregulated the relative mRNA expression of senescence-associated gene p53 and upregulated the expression of anti-aging gene Sirt1. These results provide potentially useful information about the beneficial effects of Arenga pinnata products on human health.
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Development of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites Ballistic Helmet Using Concurrent Engineering Approach: A Brief Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this decade, all researchers and industry players compete to develop sustainable product design by exploring natural fibre composites in product design development. One of the essential methodologies in creating composite products is concurrent engineering (CE). Industrial design and production engineering should be involved in the development of ballistic helmets. This publication aims to provide a quick overview of the evolution of natural fibre composite ballistic helmet designs. This manuscript is still in its early stages, but it already includes a summary of the progress of ballistic helmet design from 1915 to the present. Renewable materials, such as natural fibre, should be highlighted as an alternative to synthetic composites in developing a sustainable ballistic helmet design. Furthermore, launching the design development process for a ballistic helmet demands a CE strategy that includes multi-disciplinary knowledge. Computational modelling aids in the development of ballistic helmet designs, reducing the time and cost of manufacturing ballistic helmets. The ergonomic component of ballistic helmet design is also crucial, as is the thermal comfort factor, which can be handled using natural fibre composites with thermal solid insulating characteristics. The development of natural fibre composite ballistic helmets can be used as a consideration in the future as a revolution to create a sustainable design. Finally, this review can be used as a guide for industrial designers. In conclusion, this review might be utilized as a reference for industrial designers due to a shortage of studies, especially in producing product-related natural fibre.
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Bahrain SHK, Masdek NRN, Mahmud J, Mohammed MN, Sapuan SM, Ilyas RA, Mohamed A, Shamseldin MA, Abdelrahman A, Asyraf MRM. Morphological, Physical, and Mechanical Properties of Sugar-Palm ( Arenga pinnata ( Wurmb) Merr.)-Reinforced Silicone Rubber Biocomposites. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124062. [PMID: 35744121 PMCID: PMC9228608 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of environmentally benign silicone composites from sugar palm fibre and silicone rubber was carried out in this study. The mechanical, physical, and morphological properties of the composites with sugar palm (SP) filler contents ranging from 0% to 16% by weight (wt%) were investigated. Based on the uniaxial tensile tests, it was found that the increment in filler content led to higher stiffness. Via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), the viscoelastic properties of the silicone biocomposite showed that the storage modulus and loss modulus increased with the increment in filler content. The physical properties also revealed that the density and moisture absorption rate increased as the filler content increased. Inversely, the swelling effect of the highest filler content (16 wt%) revealed that its swelling ratio possessed the lowest rate as compared to the lower filler addition and pure silicone rubber. The morphological analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the sugar palm filler was evenly dispersed and no agglomeration could be seen. Thus, it can be concluded that the addition of sugar palm filler enhanced the stiffness property of silicone rubber. These new findings could contribute positively to the employment of natural fibres as reinforcements for greener biocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Humairah Kamarul Bahrain
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.R.N.M.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.H.K.B.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Nik Rozlin Nik Masdek
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.R.N.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Jamaluddin Mahmud
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.R.N.M.); (J.M.)
| | - M. N. Mohammed
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Gulf University, Sanad 26489, Bahrain;
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.H.K.B.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Abdullah Mohamed
- Research Centre, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed A. Shamseldin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt;
| | - Anas Abdelrahman
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt;
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
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Asyraf MRM, Syamsir A, Supian ABM, Usman F, Ilyas RA, Nurazzi NM, Norrrahim MNF, Razman MR, Zakaria SZS, Sharma S, Itam Z, Rashid MZA. Sugar Palm Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Influence of Chemical Treatments on Its Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3852. [PMID: 35683149 PMCID: PMC9181418 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the era of globalisation, decreasing synthetic resources, especially petroleum, have encouraged global communities to apply biomass waste as a substitute material for green technology development. The development of plastic products from lignocellulosic fibre-reinforced composites has been a hot topic among material scientists and engineers due to their abundance, sustainable in nature, and less toxic towards health. For the Malaysian scenario, sugar palm is a plant found in the wild and locally planted in certain areas in Malaysia and Indonesia. Generally, sugar palm can be harvested for traditional foods, fruits, starch sugar (gula kabung), and alcohol, whereas sugar palm fibre (SPF) is used in conventional products (brushes and brooms). Various researchers are working on the characterisation of fibre and its composites for engineering and packaging products. The main drawback of SPF is its hydrophilic behaviour, which leads to high moisture uptake and inhibits a good bond between the fibre and the matrix. Thus, a solution for this problem is by implementing chemical treatments on the fibre. From the literature review, no comprehensive review paper has been published on the influence of chemical treatment on the mechanical behaviour of SPF-reinforced polymer composites. Thus, the present review examines recent studies on the mechanical properties of sugar palm lignocellulosic fibres with various chemical treatments to evaluate their potential in structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Agusril Syamsir
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
| | - Abu Bakar Mohd Supian
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
| | - Fathoni Usman
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Norizan Mohd Nurazzi
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria
- Research Centre for Environmental, Economic and Social Sustainability (KASES), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144603, India
| | - Zarina Itam
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohamad Zakir Abd Rashid
- TNB Grid Division, Grid Solution Expertise (GSE), Bangunan Dua Sentral No. 8, Jalan Tun Sambanthan, Kuala Lumpur 50470, Malaysia;
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Bamboo-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset and Thermoplastic Polymer Composites: A Review of Properties, Fabrication, and Potential Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071387. [PMID: 35406261 PMCID: PMC9003382 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural-fiber-reinforced composites, especially bamboo, are an alternative material to compete with conventional materials. Their environmentally friendly, renewable, low-cost, low-density, non-toxic, and fully biodegradable properties are concerning for researchers because of their advantages over synthetic polymers. This comprehensive review presents the results of work on bamboo fiber composites with special reference to bamboo types, thermoplastic and thermoset polymers matrices, hybrid composites, and their applications. In addition, several studies prove that these properties are very good and efficient in various applications. However, in the development of composite technology, bamboo fiber has certain constraints, especially in moisture conditions. Moisture is one of the factors that reduces the potential of bamboo fiber and makes it a critical issue in the manufacturing industry. Therefore, various efforts have been made to ensure that these properties are not affected by moisture by treating the surface fibers using chemical treatments.
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Asyraf M, Ishak M, Syamsir A, Nurazzi N, Sabaruddin F, Shazleen S, Norrrahim M, Rafidah M, Ilyas R, Rashid MZA, Razman M. Mechanical properties of oil palm fibre-reinforced polymer composites: a review. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:33-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Product Development of Natural Fibre-Composites for Various Applications: Design for Sustainability. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050920. [PMID: 35267742 PMCID: PMC8912451 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New product development review article aims to consolidate the principles and current literature on design for sustainability to seek the field’s future direction. In this point of view, the design for sustainability methods can be established under the idea of sustainability in dimensions of ecology, economy and social pillars. Design for sustainability concept is implemented in concurrent engineering, including concept, embodiment and detail design processes. Integrating sustainability in engineering designs is crucial to producing greener products, system innovation, and services aligned with current market demand. Currently, many concurrent engineering studies related to natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites associated with sustainability enhance the application of design for sustainability techniques by professional designers. However, the current literature is scarce in bridging the design for sustainability concept with concurrent engineering during the design development stage, and these areas should be further developed. Several other future research directions, such as the need for aligning with principles and applications, along with exploring the relationships between the design for sustainability techniques and views of sustainability, are presented in this review paper.
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14
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Suriani MJ, Ilyas RA, Zuhri MYM, Khalina A, Sultan MTH, Sapuan SM, Ruzaidi CM, Wan FN, Zulkifli F, Harussani MM, Azman MA, Radzi FSM, Sharma S. Critical Review of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites: Processing, Properties, Applications and Cost. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203514. [PMID: 34685272 PMCID: PMC8537548 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing scientific interest has occurred concerning the utilization of natural fiber-enhanced hybrid composites that incorporate one or more types of natural enhancement. Annual natural fiber production is estimated to be 1,783,965 × 103 tons/year. Extensive studies have been conducted in the domains of natural/synthetic as well as natural/natural hybrid composites. As synthetic fibers have better rigidity and strength than natural fibers, natural/synthetic hybrid composites have superior qualities via hybridization compared to natural composites in fibers. In general, natural fiber compounds have lower characteristics, limiting the use of natural composites reinforced by fiber. Significant effort was spent in enhancing the mechanical characteristics of this group of materials to increase their strengths and applications, especially via the hybridization process, by manipulating the characteristics of fiber-reinforced composite materials. Current studies concentrate on enhancing the understanding of natural fiber-matrix adhesion, enhancing processing methods, and natural fiber compatibility. The optimal and resilient conceptions have also been addressed due to the inherently more significant variabilities. Moreover, much research has tackled natural fiber reinforced hybrid composite costs. In addition, this review article aims to offer a review of the variables that lead to the mechanical and structural failure of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, as well as an overview of the details and costings of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Suriani
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (R.A.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (R.A.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (R.A.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - A. Khalina
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. T. H. Sultan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
| | - C. M. Ruzaidi
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - F. Nik Wan
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - F. Zulkifli
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
| | - M. A. Azman
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - F. S. M. Radzi
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus-Kapurthala, Punjab 144603, India;
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15
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Mohd Izwan S, Sapuan S, Zuhri M, Mohamed A. Thermal Stability and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Benzoylation Treated Sugar Palm/Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Hybrid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172961. [PMID: 34503001 PMCID: PMC8434343 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was performed to evaluate the mechanical and thermal properties of sugar palm fiber (SPF)- and kenaf fiber (KF)-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. Sugar palm/kenaf was successfully treated by benzoylation treatment. The hybridized bio-composites (PP/SPF/KF) were fabricated with overall 10 weight percentage (wt%) relatively with three different fibers ratios between sugar palm-treated and kenaf-treated (7:3, 5:5, 3:7) and vice versa. The investigations of thermal stability were then carried out by using diffraction scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The result of a flammability test showed that the treated hybrid composite (PP/SPF/KF) was the specimen that exhibited the best flammability properties, having the lowest average burning rate of 28 mm/min. The stiffness storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (E”), and damping factor (Tan δ) were examined by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The hybrid composite with the best ratio (PP/SPF/KF), T-SP5K5, showed a loss modulus (E”) of 86.2 MPa and a damping factor of 0.058. In addition, thermomechanical analysis (TMA) of the studies of the dimension coefficient (µm) against temperature were successfully recorded, with T-SP5K5 achieving the highest dimensional coefficient of 30.11 µm at 105 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Mohd Izwan
- Centre of Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.M.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - S.M. Sapuan
- Centre of Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.M.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Bio Composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - M.Y.M. Zuhri
- Centre of Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.M.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Bio Composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - A.R. Mohamed
- Department of Manufacturing and Material Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia;
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16
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Masoud F, Sapuan SM, Ariffin MKAM, Nukman Y, Bayraktar E. Experimental Analysis of Kerf Taper Angle in Cutting Process of Sugar Palm Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites with Laser Beam and Abrasive Water Jet Cutting Technologies. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152543. [PMID: 34372145 PMCID: PMC8348318 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, the effect of processing input parameters on the kerf taper angle response of three various material thicknesses of sugar palm fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composite was investigated as an output parameter from abrasive waterjet and laser beam cutting techniques. The main purpose of the study is to obtain data that includes the optimum input parameters in cutting the composite utilizing these two unconventional techniques to avoid some defects that arise when using traditional cutting methods for cutting the composites, and then make a comparison to determine which is the most appropriate technique regarding the kerf taper angle response that is desired to be reduced. In the laser beam cutting process, traverse speed, laser power, and assist gas pressure were selected as the variable input parameters to optimize the kerf taper angle. While the water pressure, traverse speed, and stand-off-distance were the input variable parameters in the case of waterjet cutting process, with fixing of all the other input parameters in both cutting techniques. The levels of the input parameters that provide the optimal response of the kerf taper angle were determined using Taguchi's approach, and the significance of input parameters was determined by computing the max-min variance of the average of the signal to-noise ratio (S/N) for each parameter. The contribution of each input processing parameter to the effects on kerf taper angle was determined using analysis of variation (ANOVA). Compared with the results that were extrapolated in the previous studies, both processes achieved acceptable results in terms of the response of the kerf taper angle, noting that the average values produced from the laser cutting process are much lower than those resulting from the waterjet cutting process, which gives an advantage to the laser cutting technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathi Masoud
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (M.K.A.M.A.)
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (M.K.A.M.A.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.M.S.); (E.B.); Tel.: +60-389466318 (S.M.S.); +33-6-76-10-36-20 (E.B.)
| | - Mohd Khairol Anuar Mohd Ariffin
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (M.K.A.M.A.)
| | - Y. Nukman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Emin Bayraktar
- ISAE-SUPMECA-School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 3 Rue Fernand Hainaut, Saint Ouen, 93400 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (S.M.S.); (E.B.); Tel.: +60-389466318 (S.M.S.); +33-6-76-10-36-20 (E.B.)
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17
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Effect of plasticizers on physical, thermal, and tensile properties of thermoplastic films based on Dioscorea hispida starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:219-228. [PMID: 34153358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of varying the concentrations of sorbitol (S) and glycerol (G) on the physical, morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of Dioscorea hispida, starch-based films. In this context, the films of Dioscorea hispida starch were developed using solution casting technique with glycerol (G), sorbitol (S), and a mixture of sorbitol-glycerol (SG) as plasticizers at the ratios of 0, 30, 45, and 60 wt%. The films' moisture contents were increased when increasing the plasticizer contents. The tensile strengths were decreased, but elongations at break were increased; 7.38%-11.54% for G-plasticized films, 10.17%-15.76% for S-plasticized films, and 14.41%- 16.10% for SG-plasticized films with increasing plasticizer concentrations of the film samples. Varying plasticizer concentrations exhibited a minor effect on the S-plasticized film's thermal properties. Significant decrement in the glass transition temperatures of Dioscorea hispida starch films was observed when the plasticizer contents were raised from 30% to 60%. Significantly, the present work has shown that plasticized Dioscorea hispida starch can be considered a promising biopolymer for the applications of biodegradable films.
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18
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Lee CH, Khalina A, Nurazzi NM, Norli A, Harussani MM, Rafiqah SA, Aisyah HA, Ramli N. The Challenges and Future Perspective of Woven Kenaf Reinforcement in Thermoset Polymer Composites in Malaysia: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1390. [PMID: 33922885 PMCID: PMC8123178 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the challenges faced by woven kenaf thermoset polymer composites in Malaysia were addressed with respect to three major aspects: woven kenaf reinforcement quality, Malaysian citizen awareness of woven kenaf thermoset composite products, and government supports. Kenaf plantations were introduced in Malaysia in the last two decades, but have generally not produced much kenaf composite product that has been widely accepted by the public. However, woven kenaf fiber enhances the thermoset composites to a similar degree or better than other natural fibers, especially with respect to impact resistance. Woven kenaf composites have been applied in automotive structural studies in Malaysia, yet they are still far from commercialization. Hence, this review discusses the kenaf fiber woven in Malaysia, thermoset and bio-based thermoset polymers, thermoset composite processing methods and, most importantly, the challenges faced in Malaysia. This review sets guidelines, provides an overview, and shares knowledge as to the potential challenges currently faced by woven kenaf reinforcements in thermoset polymer composites, allowing researchers to shift their interests and plans for conducting future studies on woven kenaf thermoset polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Hao Lee
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Tropical Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.R.); (H.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Abdan Khalina
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Tropical Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.R.); (H.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - N. Mohd Nurazzi
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (A.N.)
| | - Abdullah Norli
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (A.N.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - S. Ayu Rafiqah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Tropical Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.R.); (H.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Tropical Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.R.); (H.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Natasha Ramli
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Tropical Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.R.); (H.A.A.); (N.R.)
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19
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Experimental Analysis of Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) in Laser Cutting of Sugar Palm Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050706. [PMID: 33652612 PMCID: PMC7956482 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the influence of processing input parameters on the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of three different material thicknesses of sugar palm fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester (SPF-UPE) composites cut with a CO2 laser was investigated. Laser power, traverse speed, and gas pressure were selected as the most influential input parameters on the HAZ to optimize the HAZ response with fixing all of the other input parameters. Taguchi’s method was used to determine the levels of parameters that give the best response to the HAZ. The significance of input parameters was also determined by calculating the max–min variance of the average of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) ratio for each parameter. Analysis of variation (ANOVA) was used to determine each input parameter’s contribution to the influence on HAZ depth. The general results show that the minimum levels of laser power and the highest levels of traverse speed and gas pressure gave the optimum response to the HAZ. Gas pressure had the most significant effect on the HAZ, with contribution decreases as the material thickness increased, followed by the traverse speed with contribution increases with the increase in material thickness. Laser power came third, with a minimal contribution to the effect on the HAZ, and it did not show a clear relationship with the change in material thickness. By applying the optimum parameters, the desired HAZ depth could be obtained at relatively low values.
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20
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Synthesis and Thermo-Mechanical Study of Epoxy Resin-Based Composites with Waste Fibers of Hemp as an Eco-Friendly Filler. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040503. [PMID: 33562178 PMCID: PMC7914908 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis, thermal, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites incorporating waste fibers of hemp were studied. Five different systems with increasing quantity of the eco-filler were obtained. For the synthesis of polymeric materials, the commercial epoxy resins Epidian® 5 and triethylenetetramine (TETA) were applied as crosslinking agents. The composites were obtained based on the polyaddition reaction of an amine group with an epoxide ring. ATR/FT-IR (Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared) analysis was used to confirm the chemical structure of the composites and the course of curing processes. Moreover, the influence of the eco-friendly components on the mechanical properties was determined, while thermal properties of the materials were investigated by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Dynamic mechanical studies (DMA) and Shore hardness tests of the obtained polymers were also carried out. The DSC curves and DMA analysis revealed that all materials were characterized by a similar glass transition range. Furthermore, the DMA and hardness measurements of the composites demonstrated an increasing elasticity with the increase in the amount of eco-filler present in the compositions.
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21
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Alsubari S, Zuhri MYM, Sapuan SM, Ishak MR, Ilyas RA, Asyraf MRM. Potential of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Sandwich Structures: A Review on Its Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:423. [PMID: 33525703 PMCID: PMC7865634 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in using natural fiber reinforced composites is now at its highest. Numerous studies have been conducted due to their positive benefits related to environmental issues. Even though they have limitations for some load requirements, this drawback has been countered through fiber treatment and hybridization. Sandwich structure, on the other hand, is a combination of two or more individual components with different properties, which when joined together can result in better performance. Sandwich structures have been used in a wide range of industrial material applications. They are known to be lightweight and good at absorbing energy, providing superior strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios, and offering opportunities, through design integration, to remove some components from the core element. Today, many industries use composite sandwich structures in a range of components. Through good design of the core structure, one can maximize the strength properties, with a low density. However, the application of natural fiber composites in sandwich structures is still minimal. Therefore, this paper reviewed the possibility of using a natural fiber composite in sandwich structure applications. It addressed the mechanical properties and energy-absorbing characteristics of natural fiber-based sandwich structures tested under various compression loads. The results and potential areas of improvement to fit into a wide range of engineering applications were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Alsubari
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (S.M.S.)
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (S.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (S.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - M. R. Ishak
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Aerospace Malaysia Research Centre (AMRC), University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Sustainable Waste Management Research Group (SWAM), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Teknology Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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22
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Potential Application of Green Composites for Cross Arm Component in Transmission Tower: A Brief Review. INT J POLYM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8878300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, advanced technologies exploit materials from nonrenewable resources such as petroleum, natural gas, metal ores, and minerals. Since the depletion of these resources and environmental issues, it has brought attention to researchers to progress in the development of biodegradable materials from green composites. Most biofibres and biopolymers are obtained from agricultural waste products either from stem, leaf, stalk, or fruit. Nowadays, green composites with well-regulated life span have been widely discussed in numerous fields and applications. Some studies have shown that biofibres and biopolymers have comparable mechanical, thermal, and physical properties with glass fibre and other synthetic polymers. Thus, researchers are progressively narrowing down the development of green composite materials in many high strength applications, such as house deck and automotive components. This review focuses on the background of green composites (natural fibres and biopolymers), the manufacturing processes, potential applications in cross arm structures, and testing evaluations. This article also focuses on the specific current cross arm configurations and the pultrusion process to form squared hollow section beams. Many open issues and ideas for potential applications of green composites are analysed, and further emphases are given on the development of environmentally friendly material structures. Hence, the article is expected to deliver a state-of-art review on manufacturability and perspectives of natural fibre reinforced biopolymer composite cross arms for transmission towers.
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23
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Mei J, Zhang L, Lin Y, Li S, Bai C, Fu Z. Pasting, Rheological, and Thermal Properties and Structural Characteristics of Large and Small
Arenga pinnata
Starch Granules. STARCH-STARKE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201900293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang‐Yang Mei
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Ying Lin
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Shu‐Bo Li
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Cong‐Hao Bai
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Zhen Fu
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
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Mechanical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Sugar Palm Nanocellulose Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch (TPS)/Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) Blend Bionanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102216. [PMID: 32992514 PMCID: PMC7600171 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, sugar palm nanocellulose fibre-reinforced thermoplastic starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites were prepared using melt blending and compression moulding with different TPS concentrations (20%, 30%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) and constant sugar palm nanocellulose fibres (0.5%). The physical, mechanical, thermal, and water barrier properties were investigated. The SEM images indicated different TPS loading effects with the morphology of the blend bionanocomposites due to their immiscibility. A high content of TPS led to agglomeration, while a lower content resulted in the presence of cracks and voids. The 20% TPS loading reduced the tensile strength from 49.08 to 19.45 MPa and flexural strength from 79.60 to 35.38 MPa. The thermal stability of the blend bionanocomposites was reduced as the TPS loading increased. The thickness swelling, which corresponded to the water absorption, demonstrated an increasing trend with the increased addition of TPS loading.
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Mei J, Zhang L, Ren M, Lin Y, Fu Z. Insight into Multi‐Scale Structure and Digestibility of Sugar Palm (
Arenga pinnata
) Starch Subjected to High Speed Jet Treatment. STARCH-STARKE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201900278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang‐Yang Mei
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering Guangxi University No. 100, Daxuedong Road, Xixiangtang District Nanning Guangxi 530004 China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering Guangxi University No. 100, Daxuedong Road, Xixiangtang District Nanning Guangxi 530004 China
| | - Min‐Hong Ren
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering Guangxi University No. 100, Daxuedong Road, Xixiangtang District Nanning Guangxi 530004 China
| | - Ying Lin
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering Guangxi University No. 100, Daxuedong Road, Xixiangtang District Nanning Guangxi 530004 China
| | - Zhen Fu
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering Guangxi University No. 100, Daxuedong Road, Xixiangtang District Nanning Guangxi 530004 China
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26
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Zhang L, Mei JY, Ren MH, Fu Z. Optimization of enzyme-assisted preparation and characterization of Arenga pinnata resistant starch. FOOD STRUCTURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2020.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Jumaidin R, Khiruddin MAA, Asyul Sutan Saidi Z, Salit MS, Ilyas RA. Effect of cogon grass fibre on the thermal, mechanical and biodegradation properties of thermoplastic cassava starch biocomposite. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:746-755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Alaaeddin MH, Sapuan SM, Zuhri MYM, Zainudin ES, M Al-Oqla F. Development of Photovoltaic Module with Fabricated and Evaluated Novel Backsheet-Based Biocomposite Materials. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12183007. [PMID: 31533207 PMCID: PMC6766262 DOI: 10.3390/ma12183007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Photovoltaic backsheets have considerable impact on the collective performance of solar cells. Material components should withstand certain temperatures and loads while maintaining high thermal stability under various weather conditions. Solar modules must demonstrate increased reliability, adequate performance, safety, and durability throughout the course of their lifetime. This work presents a novel solar module. The module consists of an innovative polyvinylidene fluoride-short sugar palm fiber (PVDF-SSPF) composite backsheet within its structure. It was electrically and thermally evaluated. The current-voltage characteristics (I-V) were obtained using the solar module analyzer, PROVA 210PV. A thermal evaluation was accomplished using a temperature device, SDL200. The thermal test consisted of two different assessments. The first targeted the surface and backsheet of the developed module to correlate their performance from within. The second assessment compared the thermal performance of the fabricated backsheet with the conventional one. Both tests were combined into a heatmap analysis to further understand the thermal performance. Results revealed that the developed module exhibited reasonable electrical efficiency, achieving appropriate and balanced I-V curves. PVDF-SSPF backsheets proved to be thermally stable by displaying less heat absorbance and better temperature shifts. Additional research efforts are highly encouraged to investigate other characteristics. To enhance performance, further analyses are needed such as the damp heat analysis, accelerated aging analysis, and heat dissipation phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Alaaeddin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - S M Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Bio-Composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M Y M Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E S Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Bio-Composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faris M Al-Oqla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
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Lightweight and Durable PVDF-SSPF Composites for Photovoltaics Backsheet Applications: Thermal, Optical and Technical Properties. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12132104. [PMID: 31261926 PMCID: PMC6651121 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photovoltaic module backsheets are characterized according to their thermal, optical, mechanical, and technical properties. This work introduces new fabricated backsheets for PV modules using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) reinforced with short sugar palm fiber (SSPF) composites. The preparation of composites undergoes multiple phases of fabrication. Thermal, optical, and technical investigations of their properties were conducted. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, in-situ scanning probe microscopy (SPM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermal mechanical analysis (TMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and prolonged technical testing were accomplished to expansively understand the complex behavior of composites under various conditions. The optical properties of PV backsheets are critical components in determining the reflectance, absorbance, and transmittance of light. The PVDF–SSPF composites exhibited exceptional compatibility and thermal stability, further revealing a homogenous composite structure with enhanced interfacial bonding between the short fiber and polymer matrix.
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30
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Mohammed AA, Bachtiar D, Rejab MRM, Hasany SF, Siregar JP. Influence of Different Sugar Palm Fiber Content on the Tensile, Flexural, Impact, and Physicochemical Properties of Eco-Friendly Thermoplastic Polyurethane. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0040579519030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Ilyas R, Sapuan S, Ishak M, Zainudin E. Development and characterization of sugar palm nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced sugar palm starch bionanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 202:186-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Agrebi F, Ghorbel N, Rashid B, Kallel A, Jawaid M. Influence of treatments on the dielectric properties of sugar palm fiber reinforced phenolic composites. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.04.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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33
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Mukhtar I, Leman Z, Ishak MR, Zainudin ES. Thermal and physicochemical properties of sugar palm fibre treated with borax. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/368/1/012038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Atiqah A, Jawaid M, Sapuan SM, Ishak MR. Physical properties of silane-treated sugar palm fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/368/1/012047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM, Ishak MR, Zainudin ES. Sugar palm nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced sugar palm starch composite: Degradation and water-barrier properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/368/1/012006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM, Ishak MR. Isolation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from sugar palm fibres (Arenga Pinnata). Carbohydr Polym 2017; 181:1038-1051. [PMID: 29253930 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose was extracted from sugar palm fibres (Arenga pinnata) by conducting delignification and mercerization treatments. Subsequently, sugar palm nanocrystalline celluloses (SPNCCs) were isolated from the extracted cellulose with 60wt% concentrated sulphuric acid. The chemical composition of sugar palm fibres were determined at different stages of treatment. Structural analysis was carried out by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Morphological analysis of extracted cellulose and isolated nanocrystalline cellulose (NCCs) was investigated by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermal stability of sugar palm fibres at different stages of treatment was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that lignin and hemicellulose were removed from the extracted cellulose through the delignification and mercerization process, respectively. The isolated SPNCCs were found to have length and diameters of 130±30nm and 9±1.96nm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ilyas
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S M Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M R Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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37
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Huzaifah M, Sapuan S, Leman Z, Ishak M, Maleque M. A review of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata): application, fibre characterisation and composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/mmms-12-2016-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present the review of natural fibre composites as well as a specific type of fibre, i.e., sugar palm fibre and its composites.
Design/methodology/approach
The approach of this review paper is to present previous work on natural fibres and their composites. Then a review of several important aspects such as history, origin, botanic description, distribution, application and characterisation of sugar palm tree, and its fibre is presented. Finally a review of properties and characterisation of sugar palm composites is presented.
Findings
Findings of this review include the potential application of natural fibres and their composites for engineering application, the use of sugar palm and its fibres, as well as the suitability of sugar palm composites in engineering application after conducting review of their performance and characterisation.
Originality/value
The value of this review is to highlight the potential of natural fibres, natural fibre composites, sugar palm, sugar palm fibres and sugar palm composites as materials for engineering applications.
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38
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Govender NT, Mahmood M, Seman IA, Wong MY. The Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Lignin in Defense against Ganoderma boninense Colonized Root Tissues in Oil Palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1395. [PMID: 28861093 PMCID: PMC5559686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Basal stem rot, caused by the basidiomycete fungus, Ganoderma boninense, is an economically devastating disease in Malaysia. Our study investigated the changes in lignin content and composition along with activity and expression of the phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes and genes in oil palm root tissues during G. boninense infection. We sampled control (non-inoculated) and infected (inoculated) seedlings at seven time points [1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-inoculation (wpi)] in a randomized design. The expression profiles of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and peroxidase (POD) genes were monitored at 1, 2, and 3 wpi using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Seedlings at 4, 8, and 12 wpi were screened for lignin content, lignin composition, enzyme activities (PAL, CAD, and POD), growth (weight and height), and disease severity (DS). Gene expression analysis demonstrated up-regulation of PAL, CAD, and POD genes in the infected seedlings, relative to the control seedlings at 1, 2, and 3 wpi. At 2 and 3 wpi, CAD showed highest transcript levels compared to PAL and POD. DS increased progressively throughout sampling, with 5, 34, and 69% at 4, 8, and 12 wpi, respectively. Fresh weight and height of the infected seedlings were significantly lower compared to the control seedlings at 8 and 12 wpi. Lignin content of the infected seedlings at 4 wpi was significantly higher than the control seedlings, remained elicited with no change at 8 wpi, and then collapsed with a significant reduction at 12 wpi. The nitrobenzene oxidation products of oil palm root lignin yielded both syringyl and guaiacyl monomers. Accumulation of lignin in the infected seedlings was in parallel to increased syringyl monomers, at 4 and 8 wpi. The activities of PAL and CAD enzymes in the infected seedlings at DS = 5-34% were significantly higher than the control seedlings and thereafter collapsed at DS = 69%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha T. Govender
- Institute of Plantation Studies (IKP), Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaBangi, Malaysia
| | - Maziah Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
| | - Idris A. Seman
- Ganoderma and Disease Research of Oil Palm (GANODROP) Unit, Malaysian Palm Oil BoardBandar Baru Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Mui-Yun Wong
- Institute of Plantation Studies (IKP), Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
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39
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Yahya MN, Sheng Chin DDV. A Review on the Potential of Natural Fibre for Sound Absorption Application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/226/1/012014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Prabowo I, Nur Pratama J, Chalid M. The effect of modified ijuk fibers to crystallinity of polypropylene composite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/223/1/012020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Yanti, Madriena, Ali S. Cosmeceutical Effects of Galactomannan Fraction from Arenga pinnata Fruits In vitro. Pharmacognosy Res 2017; 9:39-45. [PMID: 28250652 PMCID: PMC5330101 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.199773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cosmeceuticals refer to natural cosmetics with medical-like benefits due to their bioactive contents. Sugar palm fruit (Arenga pinnata) extract has been claimed for its anti-aging effect in vitro. However, its active compounds for cosmeceuticals is still unclear. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to extract galactomannan from A. pinnata fruits and test its efficacy for tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidant, and anti-photoaging activities in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Galactomannan from A. pinnata fruits was extracted by freeze drying and identified for its chemical compounds by using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS). Galactomannan was tested for its tyrosinase inhibition in both cell-based (melanocytes) and enzymatic assays, antioxidant activity using ferrous ion chelating assay (FCA) assay, and anti-photoaging activity for inhibiting the gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and MMP-13 in macrophages using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. RESULTS Identification of galactomannan fraction from A. pinnata fruits by py-GC/MS mainly consisted of oxonium ion and glucosides. For cellular assay, galactomannan at 5 μg/mL inhibited >50% of tyrosinase activity in melanocytes induced by phorbol myristate acetate. At the enzymatic level, galactomannan at similar concentration showed less tyrosinase activity inhibition (~20%). FCA results showed that galactomannan at 10 μg/mL exerted >50% of antioxidant activity. The qRT-PCR data indicated that galactomannan at 5 μg/mL inhibited >50% of MMP-1 and MMP-13 gene expressions in ultraviolet B-treated macrophages. CONCLUSION Galactomannan fraction from A. pinnata fruits has efficacy for enlightening effect, antioxidant, and anti-photoaging activity in the dose-independent pattern, indicating its cosmeceutical effects for skin healthcare. SUMMARY A. pinnata fruit containing galactomannan has cosmeceutical potentials through enlightening effect, antioxidant, and anti-photoaging activity in vitro.Galactomannan fraction has inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity in both cellular melanocytes and enzymatic systems.Galactomannan fraction has strong protection against UVB-irradiation effect by inhibiting collagenase genes (MMP-1 and MMP-13) in macrophages. Abbreviations Used: Py-GC/MS: Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; FCA: Ferrous chelating activity; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; qRT-PCR: Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; PMA: Phorbol myristate acetate; UV: Ultraviolet; RPMI: Roswell Park Memorial Institute; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified eagle media; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; MTT: 3-(4,5-diethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dipheniltetrazolium bromide; L-DOPA: L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl; SPF: Sun protection factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanti
- Food Technology Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia; Master of Science in Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia
| | - Madriena
- Master of Science in Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia
| | - Soegianto Ali
- Master of Science in Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia; Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta 14440, Indonesia
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42
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Jumaidin R, Sapuan SM, Jawaid M, Ishak MR, Sahari J. Thermal, mechanical, and physical properties of seaweed/sugar palm fibre reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm Starch/Agar hybrid composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:606-615. [PMID: 28109810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of sugar palm fibre (SPF) on the mechanical, thermal and physical properties of seaweed/thermoplastic sugar palm starch agar (TPSA) composites. Hybridized seaweed/SPF filler at weight ratio of 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25 were prepared using TPSA as a matrix. Mechanical, thermal and physical properties of hybrid composites were carried out. Obtained results indicated that hybrid composites display improved tensile and flexural properties accompanied with lower impact resistance. The highest tensile (17.74MPa) and flexural strength (31.24MPa) was obtained from hybrid composite with 50:50 ratio of seaweed/SPF. Good fibre-matrix bonding was evident in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph of the hybrid composites' tensile fracture. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis showed increase in intermolecular hydrogen bonding following the addition of SPF. Thermal stability of hybrid composites was enhanced, indicated by a higher onset degradation temperature (259°C) for 25:75 seaweed/SPF composites than the individual seaweed composites (253°C). Water absorption, thickness swelling, water solubility, and soil burial tests showed higher water and biodegradation resistance of the hybrid composites. Overall, the hybridization of SPF with seaweed/TPSA composites enhances the properties of the biocomposites for short-life application; that is, disposable tray, plate, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhwan Jumaidin
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Structure and Material, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Salit M Sapuan
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Department of Structure and Material, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad R Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Japar Sahari
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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43
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Atiqah A, Jawaid M, Ishak M, Sapuan S. Moisture Absorption and Thickness Swelling Behaviour of Sugar Palm Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyurethane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Characteristics of thermoplastic sugar palm Starch/Agar blend: Thermal, tensile, and physical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 89:575-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Sanyang M, Sapuan S, Jawaid M, Ishak M, Sahari J. Development and characterization of sugar palm starch and poly(lactic acid) bilayer films. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 146:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Essabir H, Bensalah MO, Rodrigue D, Bouhfid R, Qaiss AEK. Biocomposites based on Argan nut shell and a polymer matrix: Effect of filler content and coupling agent. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 143:70-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Saharudin MS, Atif R, Shyha I, Inam F. The degradation of mechanical properties in polymer nano-composites exposed to liquid media – a review. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22620a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of polymer nano-composites has been motivated by the need for materials with a specific combination of mechanical properties beyond those achieved from only one material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahneel Saharudin
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur Institute of Product Design and Manufacturing (UniKL IPROM)
- Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment
| | - Rasheed Atif
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment
- Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST
- UK
| | - Islam Shyha
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment
- Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST
- UK
| | - Fawad Inam
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment
- Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST
- UK
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Sanyang ML, Sapuan SM, Jawaid M, Ishak MR, Sahari J. Effect of plasticizer type and concentration on physical properties of biodegradable films based on sugar palm (arenga pinnata) starch for food packaging. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 53:326-36. [PMID: 26787952 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-2009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, sugar palm starch (SPS) films were developed using glycerol (G), sorbitol (S) or their combination (GS) as plasticizers at the ratio of 15, 30 and 45 (wt)% using casting technique. The addition of plasticizers to SPS film-forming solutions helped to overcome the brittle and fragile nature of unplasticized SPS films. Increased plasticizer concentration resulted to an increase in film thickness, moisture content and solubility. On the contrary, density and water absorption of plasticized films decreased with increasing plasticizer concentration. Raising the plasticizer content from 15 to 45 % showed less effect on the moisture content and water absorption of S-plasticized films. Films containing glycerol and glycerol-sorbitol plasticizer (G, and GS) demonstrated higher moisture content, solubility and water absorption capacity compared to S-plasticized films. The results obtained in this study showed that plasticizer type and concentration significantly improves film properties and enhances their suitability for food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Sanyang
- Green Engineering, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - S M Sapuan
- Green Engineering, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia ; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia ; Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - M Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - M R Ishak
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia ; Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - J Sahari
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
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Sanyang ML, Sapuan SM, Jawaid M, Ishak MR, Sahari J. Effect of Plasticizer Type and Concentration on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Sugar Palm Starch–Based Films. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2015.1054107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Effect of Plasticizer Type and Concentration on Tensile, Thermal and Barrier Properties of Biodegradable Films Based on Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) Starch. Polymers (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/polym7061106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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