RETRACTED: Antibacterial modification of cotton using nanotechnology

Regulating the Alkyl Chain Length of Quaternary Ammonium Salt to Enhance the Inkjet Printing Performance on Cationic Cotton Fabric with Reactive Dye Ink

Cationic modification of cotton fabric was an effective way to improve the inkjet printing performance with reactive dye ink. However, there were few research studies that focused on the effect of the cationic agent structure, especially the alkyl chain length of the quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) cationic modifier, on the K/S value, dye fixation, and diffusion of inkjet-printed cotton fabric. In our work, different alkyl chain lengths of QAS were synthesized, and the inkjet printing performance of cationic cotton fabrics treated with different QASs was investigated. Compared with untreated cotton fabric, the K/S value and dye fixation of cationic cotton fabric treated with different QASs improved by 10.7 to 69.3% and 16.9 to 27.7%, respectively. With the increase in alkyl chain length of QAS, the interaction force between anionic reactive dyes and cationic QAS gradually increased mainly due to the fact that more N-positive ions on the quaternary ammonium group were exposed under the action of steric hindrance of alkyl chain length through the XPS spectrum. The electrostatic attraction between cationic cotton and reactive dye contributed to the diffusion of reactive dye into the fiber interior and enhanced the reaction probability of nucleophilic substitution reaction between monochlorotriazine reactive dye and the hydroxyl group of cotton fabric. The antibacterial result of the inkjet-printed cotton fabric indicated that when the alkyl chain length of QAS was higher than 8, the cationic cotton fabric obtained good antibacterial property.

Silver nanoparticles deposited on a cotton fabric surface via an in situ method using reactive hyperbranched polymers and their antibacterial properties

This study introduces a new method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles on a cotton fabric surface by an in situ method. Reactive hyperbranched polymer (EPDA-HBP) was synthesized using epoxy chloropropane dimethylamine and amino hyperbranched polymer. Then, the fabric was modified with reactive hyperbranched polymer to obtain the amino-grafted fabric. The prepared fiber can complex Ag⁺ and convert Ag⁺ to Ag⁰ through the reducibility of amino acids. EPDA-HBP-grafted cotton fibers and silver nanoparticle-coated fibers were then characterized by FTIR, antibacterial, FE-SEM, EDS, and XPS methods. FE-SEM, EDS, and XPS indicated that Ag NPs were uniformly coated on the cotton fabric. FTIR results confirmed that EPDA-HBP was grafted onto the surface of cotton fiber. When the Ag content was more than 180 mg kg^-1, the treated cotton fabric showed above 99.9% bacterial reduction against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Durably antibacterial cotton fabrics coated by protamine via Schiff base linkages

The development of antibacterial cotton fabrics with an overall performance is critical but remains challenging. In this study, we propose a facile method to prepare durable antibacterial cotton fabric without significant sacrifices of wearing comfortability. Cotton fabric is firstly oxidated to obtain dialdehyde groups, then treated with PM molecules to establish a PM coating on the fiber surfaces via Schiff base linkages. The resultant cotton fabrics show durably antibacterial activity, realizing high bacterial reduction rates against both E. coli and S. aureus higher than 99.99 %, and offering remarkable durabilities tolerable 50 washing cycles and 500 rubbing times. These fabrics also show reliable safety for human skin that proofed by a series of cytotoxicity tests with positive results. This work demonstrates an example of versatile strategy to impart effective antibacterial function with durable activity to cotton textiles, showing great potential for practical applications in functional textile fields.

Antimicrobial finishing of textiles using nanomaterials

Metals, such as copper and silver, can be extremely toxic to bacteria at exceptionally low concentrations. Because of this biocidal activity, metals have been widely used as antimicrobial agents in a multitude of applications related with agriculture, healthcare, and the industry in general. A large number of microorganisms live in the human environment. if the balance of these creatures in nature is disturbed, the health of the individual and society will be threatened due to the production and emission of unpleasant odors and the reduction of health standards. The presence of microorganisms on textiles can cause adverse effects such as discoloration or staining on textiles, decomposition of fibrous materials, reduced strength, and eventually decay of textiles. Most fibers and polymers do not show resistance to the effects of microbes and by providing growth factors for microorganisms such as the right temperature and humidity, nutrients from sweat and fat from skin glands, dead skin cells as well as materials used in the stage of finishing the textiles causes the rapid growth and spread of various microbes. With the advent of nanotechnology, various industries and human daily life underwent changes. In recent years, increasing research on nanoparticles has led to the production of textiles with greater efficiency and added value. These modified textiles prevent the spread of unpleasant odors, the spread, and transmission of diseases. This article reviews the basics and principles of antimicrobial tetiles, as well as a brief overview of antimicrobial materials and nanostructures with antimicrobial properties.

Biomimetic FeCo@PDA nanozyme platform with Fenton catalytic activity as efficient antibacterial agent

The multidrug resistance of bacteria caused by the abuse of traditional antibiotics poses a great threat to public health security, so it is urgent to develop effective antibacterial agents to...

A Brief Overview of Antimicrobial Nanotextiles Prepared by In Situ Synthesis and Deposition of Silver Nanoparticles on Cotton

Antimicrobial nanotextiles are prepared by coating or deposition of the biocides such as organic compounds or nanoparticles on the textile fibers. The deposition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on textiles has received increased attention due to their well-known antimicrobial properties. Recently, the technique of in situ synthesis and deposition of AgNPs on cotton is being used frequently to prepare antimicrobial nanotextiles. The technique involves complexation of the Ag⁺ ions in cotton fibers followed by their reduction to generate the particles. This in situ synthesis and deposition approach provides several advantages over the post synthesis deposition or grafting process. In this brief overview, we have presented basic information about different biocides used to prepare antimicrobial nanotextiles and highlighted the importance of in situ synthesis and deposition of AgNPs on cotton to prepare the antimicrobial nanotextiles. The recent achievements in this field and future challenges that need to be addressed are presented.

Washing Durability and Photo-Stability of NanoTiO2-SiO2 Coatings Exhausted onto Cotton and Cotton/Polyester Fabrics

The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the durability of TiO2-SiO2 coatings applied in three concentrations onto two lightweight cellulose-based fabrics diverse in the composition against two external factors, repeated washings and prolonged intensive UV irradiation, by observing the changes in surface morphology, investigation of optical properties, and identification of specific molecular vibrations. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) profiles and fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectra implied equal distribution of TiO2-SiO2 nanoparticles over the surfaces of both fabrics after exhaustion procedures, regarding the concentration of colloidal paste and the type of material used, followed by a slight reduction of nanoparticles after twenty washing cycles. Moreover, the newly gained, good to very good UV protective functionality proved the suitability of the employed procedure and the sufficient durability of the selected coatings. Additionally, UV irradiation mainly caused damages to the cotton. Cotton/polyester became yellower under UV, although the application of TiO2-SiO2 protected the material against yellowness.

Excellent binding effect of l-methionine for immobilizing silver nanoparticles onto cotton fabrics to improve the antibacterial durability against washing

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have outstanding antimicrobial effects, but their weak adhesive force onto cotton fiber surfaces often causes undesired silver loss from antibacterial fabrics, diminishing antibacterial durability, and even leading to environmental and health risks. To improve adhesion of the Ag NPs, various strategies have been tried, but achieving long-term antibacterial effectiveness still remains challenging. Here, l-methionine is proposed as a binder reagent because it has low toxicity towards mammalian cells and has a methyl group to enhance its coordination ability. The antibacterial cotton fabric was fabricated via a very simple pad-dry-cure process: after dipping a cotton fabric in an l-methionine solution followed with heating for esterification, Ag NPs are formed via the reaction of silver nitrate with sodium borohydride. The resulting cotton fabric exhibits an excellent antibacterial property and laundering durability. Its bacterial reduction rates (BR) against both S. aureus and E. coli remained over 97% even after 90 consecutive laundering cycles. Moreover, the modification causes insignificant damage to cotton's characteristics, such as tensile breaking strength, water absorptivity, and vapor permeability.

Cytotoxicity Study of Textile Fabrics Impregnated With CuO Nanoparticles in Mammalian Cells

Copper and copper compounds have multifunctional properties (antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal) with promising applications. Copper in its nanoparticle (Cu NPs) forms has been widely used in various industrial and commercial applications. In the current research, the cytotoxic effects of textile fabrics impregnated with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were studied in mammalian cell lines. CuO NPs were impregnated onto textile substrates using 2 different techniques: the sonochemical generation and impregnation of NPs from metal complexes ( insitu) and a “throwing the stones” technology using commercially prepared CuO NPs. The cytotoxicity of these 2 textile fabric types was assayed on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and was evaluated by indirect contact using an MTT assay. The impregnated fabrics were not exposed to the cells, rather their leachates were used to test cytotoxicity. The fabrics were soaked into the growth media for up to 7 days, and the leachates from day 1 and day 7 were incubated with the cell lines for 24 hours prior to the testing. The discharge or leaching from antimicrobial nanomaterials into the surroundings and surface waters is posing a serious environmental threat, which needs to be addressed. Hence, with regard to product safety, it is a good approach to study the fabric leachates rather than the intact material. The results showed that CuO NPs are not toxic to HDF cells. However, cytotoxicity was seen in HepG2 cells with cell viability decreasing by 20% to 25% for all the fabrics after 24 hours.

Dye aggregation in layer-by-layer dyeing of cotton fabrics

This work utilizes layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique to dye cotton fabrics and investigates the dye aggregation in these polymer matrixes.

RETRACTED: Facile, eco-friendly and template free photosynthesis of cauliflower like ZnO nanoparticles using leaf extract of Tamarindus indica (L.) and its biological evolution of antibacterial and antifungal activities

In the present investigation, we chose the very simple and eco-friendly chemical method for synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from leaf extract of Tamarindus indica (L.) (T. indica) and developed the new green route for synthesis of nanoparticles. Formed product has been studied by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and with corresponding energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Mainly, the present results depicted that the synthesized nanoproducts are moderately stable, hexagonal phase, roughly spherical with maximum particles in size range within 19-37 nm in diameter. The antibacterial and fungal activities of aqueous extracts of T. indica were ended with corresponding disk diffusion and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The highest mean zones of inhibition were observed in the ZnO NPs (200 μg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus (13.1±0.28). Finally, it can be concluded that microbial activity of ZnO NPs has more susceptible S. aureus than the other micro organisms. Further, the present investigation suggests that ZnO NPs has the potential applications for various medical and industrial fields.

Antibacterial property and characterization of cotton fabric treated with chitosan/AgCl-TiO₂ colloid

The antibacterial activity of cotton fabric was studied by using chitosan/AgCl-TiO2 colloid. Different blend ratios of chitosan to AgCl-TiO2 colloid were used to investigate the efficacy of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) and Escherichia coli (gram negative) and its effect on physical properties of cotton fabric. Our study shows that the combination of chitosan with AgCl-TiO2 colloid produced better antibacterial activity than the fabric treated without chitosan; 100% bacterial reduction against S. aureus and E. coli obtained with chitosan/AgCl-TiO2 colloid at concentrations of 4 g/L and 10 g/L respectively. Moreover, the treated cotton indicates improved tensile strength and wrinkle recovery angle (WRA). Increasing chitosan concentration slightly affected the fabric stiffness and whiteness. The treated cotton fabrics were further characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and wide angle X-ray (WAXD). We can expect a direct industrial application of our proposed work because it is simple one go pad-dry-cure method and the low cost commercial grades of chitosan and AgCl-TiO2 are conveniently available in the market.