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Xu Y, Liu X, Ma M, Wang M, Hua W, Yao T, Sui Z. Structural and rheological characterization of water-soluble and alkaline-soluble fibers from hulless barley. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:2897-2906. [PMID: 38018273 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highland hulless barley has garnered attention as a promising economic product and a potential healthy food ingredient. The present study aimed to comprehensively investigate the molecular structure of extractable fibers obtained from a specific highland hulless barley. Water-soluble fiber (WSF) and alkaline-soluble fiber (ASF) were extracted using enzymatic digestion and an alkaline method, respectively. The purified fibers underwent a thorough investigation for their structural characterization. RESULTS The monosaccharide composition revealed that WSF primarily consisted of glucose (91.7%), whereas ASF was composed of arabinose (54.5%) and xylose (45.5%), indicating the presence of an arabinoxylan molecule with an A/X ratio of 1.2. The refined structural information was further confirmed through methylation, 1 H NMR and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. WSF fiber exclusively exhibited α-anomeric patterns, suggesting it was an α-glucan. It has a low molecular weight of 5 kDa, as determined by gel permeation chromatography. Conversely, ASF was identified as a heavily branched arabinoxylan with 41.55% of '→2,3,4)-Xylp-(1→' linkages. ASF and WSF exhibited notable differences in their morphology, water absorption capabilities and rheological properties. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, molecular models of WSF and ASF were proposed. The deep characterization of these fiber structures provides valuable insights into their physicochemical and functional properties, thereby unlocking their potential applications in the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengting Ma
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Hua
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianming Yao
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhongquan Sui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Wu R, Ying R, Deng Z, Huang M, Zeng S. Hydration and mechanical properties of arabinoxylan, (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, and cellulose multilayer films simulating the cell wall of wheat endosperm. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129271. [PMID: 38199557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The cell walls of wheat endosperm, which play a pivotal role in seed germination, exhibit a laminated structure primarily composed of polysaccharides. In this study, composite multilayer films were prepared using arabinoxylan (AX), (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan (MLG), and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), and the effect of polymer blend structure on cell wall hydration and mechanical properties was investigated. Atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction indicated that the network structure of MLG/CNF exhibits a higher degree of continuity and uniformity compared to that of AX/CNF. Mechanically, the extensive linkages between MLG and CNFs chains enhance the mechanical properties of the films. Moreover, water diffusion experiments and TD-NMR analysis revealed that water molecules diffuse faster in the network structure formed by AX. We propose a structural model of the endosperm cell wall, in which the CNFs polymer blend coated with MLG serves as the framework, and the AX network fills the gaps between them, providing diffusion channels for water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ruifeng Ying
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Zhiwen Deng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Meigui Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Shiqi Zeng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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3
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Falourd X, Rondeau-Mouro C, Cambert M, Lahaye M, Chabbert B, Aguié-Béghin V. Assessing the complementarity of time domain NMR, solid-state NMR and dynamic vapor sorption in the characterization of polysaccharide-water interactions. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 326:121579. [PMID: 38142065 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the hygroscopic behavior of macromolecular assemblies is crucial for understanding biological processes as well as to develop tailor-made polysaccharides-based products. In this work, assemblies consisting of nanocelluloses (CNC or CNF) and/or glucomannan in different ratio were studied at different water activity levels, using a multi-analytical approach that combined Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS), Time-Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (TD-NMR) and solid-state NMR (ss-NMR). The water retention capacity of the films, as a function of their composition, showed that an enrichment in konjac glucomannan in association with cellulose increased the water absorption capacity but decreased the water retention capacity. In addition, the combination of CNC and glucomannan appears to reduce the water absorption capacity of each polymer. Correlating the findings from the various methods allowed us to propose the use of TD-NMR data for predicting the water retention capacity. These results, summarized in a schematic representation, offer new insights into the organization of water molecules in polysaccharide assemblies in various humidity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Falourd
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS facility, PROBE infrastructure, F-44316 Nantes, France.
| | - C Rondeau-Mouro
- INRAE, UR1466 OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France
| | - M Cambert
- INRAE, UR1466 OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France
| | - M Lahaye
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - B Chabbert
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A614, Reims, France
| | - V Aguié-Béghin
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A614, Reims, France
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4
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Wang Y, Saulnier L, Ral JP, Falourd X, Kansou K. Determining whether granule structural or surface features govern the wheat starch digestion, a kinetic analysis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:120966. [PMID: 37230611 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the determinants of starch digestion from multiple interrelated properties is a challenge that can benefit from multifactorial data analysis. The present study investigated the digestion kinetic parameters (rate, final extent) of size-fractions from four commercial wheat starches with different amylose contents. Each size-fraction was isolated and characterized comprehensively using a large range of analytic techniques (FACE, XRD, CP-MAS NMR, time-domain NMR, DSC…). A statistical clustering analysis applied on the results revealed that the mobility of water and starch protons measured by time-domain NMR was consistently related to the macromolecular composition of the glucan chains and to the ultrastructure of the granule. The final extent of starch digestion was determined by the granule structural features. The digestion rate coefficient dependencies, on the other hand, changed significantly with the range of granule size, i.e. the accessible surface for initial binding of α-amylase. The study particularly showed the molecular order and the chains mobility predominantly limiting or accelerating the digestion rate depending on the accessible surface. This result confirmed the need to differentiate between the surface and the inner-granule related mechanisms in starch digestion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzi Wang
- INRAE, UR1268, Biopolymers, Interactions & Assemblies (BIA), 44316 Nantes, France.
| | - Luc Saulnier
- INRAE, UR1268, Biopolymers, Interactions & Assemblies (BIA), 44316 Nantes, France.
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Xavier Falourd
- INRAE, UR1268, Biopolymers, Interactions & Assemblies (BIA), 44316 Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS facility, PROBE infrastructure, F-44316 Nantes, France.
| | - Kamal Kansou
- INRAE, UR1268, Biopolymers, Interactions & Assemblies (BIA), 44316 Nantes, France.
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5
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Zeng S, Ying R, Gao X, Huang M. Characteristics of the composite film of arabinoxylan and starch granules in simulated wheat endosperm. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123416. [PMID: 36709817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We found that cell wall components of wheat grains differed significantly across different grain-filling stages; specifically, we observed significant differences in water content and water migration rate (p < 0.05). A composite film of arabinoxylan and starch granules was prepared to simulate wheat endosperm structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the crystallinity and structural stability of the film increased with increasing starch content. Water diffusion experiments of the films revealed that the water diffusion rate gradually decreased with increasing starch content. Therefore, the water mobility of the starch endosperm was lower than that of the aleurone layer. These findings provide a basis for further studies in the context of wheat grain water regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zeng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ruifeng Ying
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xiaoquan Gao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Meigui Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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6
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Impact of physical changes in mushroom on variation in moisture sorption. J FOOD ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2023.111506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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7
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Ying R, Zhou T, Xie H, Huang M. Synergistic effect of arabinoxylan and (1,3)(1,4)-β-glucan reduces the starch hydrolysis rate in wheat flour. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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8
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Piro MC, Muylle H, Haesaert G. Exploiting Rye in Wheat Quality Breeding: The Case of Arabinoxylan Content. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:737. [PMID: 36840085 PMCID: PMC9965444 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rye (Secale cereale subsp. cereale L.) has long been exploited as a valuable alternative genetic resource in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding. Indeed, the introgression of rye genetic material led to significant breakthroughs in the improvement of disease and pest resistance of wheat, as well as a few agronomic traits. While such traits remain a high priority in cereal breeding, nutritional aspects of grain crops are coming under the spotlight as consumers become more conscious about their dietary choices and the food industry strives to offer food options that meet their demands. To address this new challenge, wheat breeding can once again turn to rye to look for additional genetic variation. A nutritional aspect that can potentially greatly benefit from the introgression of rye genetic material is the dietary fibre content of flour. In fact, rye is richer in dietary fibre than wheat, especially in terms of arabinoxylan content. Arabinoxylan is a major dietary fibre component in wheat and rye endosperm flours, and it is associated with a variety of health benefits, including normalisation of glycaemic levels and promotion of the gut microbiota. Thus, it is a valuable addition to the human diet, and it can represent a novel target for wheat-rye introgression breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Piro
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Zha L, Wang S, Berglund L, Zhou Q. Mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucans as rehydration media for improved redispersion of dried cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 300:120276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Spatial correlation of water distribution and fine structure of arabinoxylans in the developing wheat grain. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Chibrikov V, Pieczywek PM, Zdunek A. Tailor-Made Biosystems - Bacterial Cellulose-Based Films with Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2067869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vadym Chibrikov
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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12
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Ying R, Li T, Wu C, Huang M. Preparation and characterisation of arabinoxylan and (1,3)(1,4)‐β‐glucan alternating multilayer edible films simulated those of wheat grain aleurone cell wall. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Ying
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing210037China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing210037China
| | - Caie Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing210037China
| | - Meigui Huang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing210037China
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13
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Chateigner-Boutin AL, Alvarado C, Devaux MF, Durand S, Foucat L, Geairon A, Grélard F, Jamme F, Rogniaux H, Saulnier L, Guillon F. The endosperm cavity of wheat grains contains a highly hydrated gel of arabinoxylan. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 306:110845. [PMID: 33775355 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains provide a substantial part of the calories for humans and animals. The main quality determinants of grains are polysaccharides (mainly starch but also dietary fibers such as arabinoxylans, mixed-linkage glucans) and proteins synthesized and accumulated during grain development in a specialized storage tissue: the endosperm. In this study, the composition of a structure localized at the interface of the vascular tissues of the maternal plant and the seed endosperm was investigated. This structure is contained in the endosperm cavity where water and nutrients are transferred to support grain filling. While studying the wheat grain development, the cavity content was found to autofluoresce under UV light excitation. Combining multispectral analysis, Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy, immunolabeling and laser-dissection coupled with wet chemistry, we identified in the cavity arabinoxylans and hydroxycinnamic acids. The cavity content forms a "gel" in the developing grain, which persists in dry mature grain and during subsequent imbibition. Microscopic magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the gel is highly hydrated. Our results suggest that arabinoxylans are synthesized by the nucellar epidermis, released in the cavity where they form a highly hydrated gel which might contribute to regulate grain hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Loïc Foucat
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | | | - Florent Grélard
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Jamme
- DISCO Beamline, SOLEIL Synchrotron, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316, Nantes, France
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Preparation and Characterization of Fish Skin Collagen Material Modified with β-Glucan as Potential Wound Dressing. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061322. [PMID: 33801809 PMCID: PMC8000014 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Collagen possesses unique properties, e.g., biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. However, collagen material degrades too quickly and has low mechanical properties. One of the methods of polymers' modification is mixing them to obtain blends. In this study, the influence of β-glucan for collagen material was analyzed. The interaction between the functional groups of the polymer was analyzed by ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy. The influence of β-glucan on mechanical properties was evaluated. The surface properties of materials were assessed using contact angle measurements and the topography of materials was evaluated by AFM (atomic force microscope). The structure of materials was analyzed according to SEM (scanning electron microscopy) pictures. Moreover, the DPPH-free radicals' scavenging ability and biocompatibility against erythrocytes and HaCaT cells were evaluated. Collagen and β-glucan were bound together by a hydrogen bond. β-glucan addition increased the roughness of the surface of the film and resulted in a more rigid character of the materials. A small addition of β-glucan to collagen provided a more hydrophilic character. All the materials could swell in in vitro conditions and showed antioxidant activity. Materials do not cause erythrocyte hemolysis. Finely, our cytotoxicity studies indicated that β-glucan can be safely added at small (10% or less) quantity to collagen matrix, they sufficiently support cell growth, and the degradation products of such matrices may actually provide some beneficial effects to the surrounding cells/tissues.
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Effects of lamellar organization and arabinoxylan substitution rate on the properties of films simulating wheat grain aleurone cell wall. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 270:117819. [PMID: 34364586 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we evaluated the properties of alternate arabinoxylan (AX)/(1→3) (1→4)-β-D-glucan (BG) multilayer films. AX was extracted from wheat at three growth stages and single-component and alternate overlapping multilayer films were prepared. The physical properties, water diffusion rate, and water mobility of multilayer films during water absorption and desorption were studied. There were significant differences in the AX content and arabinose-to-xylose ratio at different growth stages. The LAX/BG multilayer films showed excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties with an increase in the relative humidity. The AX multilayer films with a low substitution rate showed a better water-binding capacity, whereas water molecules in films with a high substitution rate showed higher mobility. Therefore, a low substitution rate AX and AX/BG composite structure can improve the thermodynamic properties of multilayer films, but limit water mobility. We provide new insights on the physicochemical properties and water-regulation effects of wheat cell wall.
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Gao X, Ying R, Zhao D, Zhu J. Variation in cell wall structure and composition of wheat grain based on geography and regulatory effect of cell wall on water mobility. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:840-852. [PMID: 32534602 DOI: 10.1071/fp19302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wheat grain from 12 different regions in China was used to study variations in the cell wall structure and chemical composition based on geography. The mobility and migration rate of water in wheat grain during moisture absorption and drying were determined under different relative humidity conditions. Depending on the geography, variations were noted in the thickness and component content of the wheat grain cell wall. Cell wall thickness was positively correlated with the total arabinoxylan (TAX) content. Cell wall thickness and TAX content of the aleurone layer were positively correlated with altitude and negatively correlated with longitude. The water migration rate decreased with the increase of cell wall thickness and TAX content. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results revealed that grains with thick aleurone cell wall showed increased molecular mobility of water. These findings lay the foundation for further study of water regulation in wheat cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Gao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ruifeng Ying
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; and Corresponding author.
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiewei Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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18
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19
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Stoklosa RJ, Latona RJ, Bonnaillie LM, Yadav MP. Evaluation of arabinoxylan isolated from sorghum bran, biomass, and bagasse for film formation. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 213:382-392. [PMID: 30879682 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AX) are potential agricultural co-products for material applications. Sorghum has seen increased production as a bioenergy crop for biofuel and co-product generation. AX from three sorghum fractions (bran, bagasse, and biomass) were isolated to study film formation. All three AX fractions exhibited high moisture sensitivity. Sorghum biomass AX produced low water vapor permeability compared to sorghum bran or sorghum bagasse AX films. Glycerol addition to sorghum bran AX films reduced tensile strength from 34.8 to 16.0 MPa at 0% and 10% (w/w) glycerol, respectively; reduced the storage and loss moduli during dynamic mechanical analyses at 50% relative humidity (RH) and decreased the rubber-to-plastic material transition temperature at 50% RH, from 78.1 °C to 38.4 °C at 0 and 10% (w/w) glycerol, respectively. Sorghum bran AX, while sensitive to water absorption at high RH, produced favorable strength performance compared to AX from other cereal grains indicating potential utilization as a renewable material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Stoklosa
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, United States.
| | - Renee J Latona
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, United States
| | - Laetitia M Bonnaillie
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, United States
| | - Madhav P Yadav
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, United States
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20
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Anderson C, Simsek S. Mechanical profiles and topographical properties of films made from alkaline extracted arabinoxylans from wheat bran, maize bran, or dried distillers grain. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Fanuel M, Ropartz D, Guillon F, Saulnier L, Rogniaux H. Distribution of cell wall hemicelluloses in the wheat grain endosperm: a 3D perspective. PLANTA 2018; 248:1505-1513. [PMID: 30140977 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Uneven distribution of AX and BG in lateral and longitudinal dimensions of a wheat grain was observed by three-dimensional MS imaging, presumably related to specific physicochemical properties of cell walls. Arabinoxylans (AX) and β-glucans (BG) are the main hemicelluloses that comprise the primary walls of starchy endosperm. These components are not evenly distributed in the endosperm, and the impact of their distribution on cell wall properties is not yet fully understood. Combined with on-tissue enzymatic degradation of the cell walls, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was used to monitor the molecular structure of AX and BG in thirty consecutive cross-sections of a mature wheat grain. A 3D image was built from the planar images, showing the distribution of these polymers at the full-grain level, both in lateral and longitudinal dimensions. BGs were more abundant at the vicinity of the germ and in the central cells of the endosperm, while AX, and especially highly substituted AX, were more abundant close to the brush and in the cells surrounding the crease (i.e., the transfer cells). Compared with the previously reported protocol, significant improvements were made in the tissue preparation to better preserve the shape of the fragile sections. This allowed to us achieve a good-quality 3D reconstruction from the consecutive 2D images. By providing a continuous view of the molecular distribution of the cell wall components across and along the grain, the three-dimensional images obtained by MSI may help understand the structure-function relationships of cell walls. The method should be readily extendable to other parietal polymers by selecting the appropriate enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Fanuel
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - David Ropartz
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Guillon
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Luc Saulnier
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44316, Nantes, France.
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22
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Aguirre M, Kiegle E, Leo G, Ezquer I. Carbohydrate reserves and seed development: an overview. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:263-290. [PMID: 29728792 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are one of the most important food sources, providing humans and animals with essential nutrients. These nutrients include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Carbohydrates are one of the main energy sources for both plant and animal cells and play a fundamental role in seed development, human nutrition and the food industry. Many studies have focused on the molecular pathways that control carbohydrate flow during seed development in monocot and dicot species. For this reason, an overview of seed biodiversity focused on the multiple metabolic and physiological mechanisms that govern seed carbohydrate storage function in the plant kingdom is required. A large number of mutants affecting carbohydrate metabolism, which display defective seed development, are currently available for many plant species. The physiological, biochemical and biomolecular study of such mutants has led researchers to understand better how metabolism of carbohydrates works in plants and the critical role that these carbohydrates, and especially starch, play during seed development. In this review, we summarize and analyze the newest findings related to carbohydrate metabolism's effects on seed development, pointing out key regulatory genes and enzymes that influence seed sugar import and metabolism. Our review also aims to provide guidelines for future research in the field and in this way to assist seed quality optimization by targeted genetic engineering and classical breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Aguirre
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
- FNWI, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Kiegle
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Leo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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23
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Lopez-Sanchez P, Wang D, Zhang Z, Flanagan B, Gidley MJ. Microstructure and mechanical properties of arabinoxylan and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan gels produced by cryo-gelation. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:862-870. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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24
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Veličković D, Saulnier L, Lhomme M, Damond A, Guillon F, Rogniaux H. Mass Spectrometric Imaging of Wheat (Triticum spp.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivars: Distribution of Major Cell Wall Polysaccharides According to Their Main Structural Features. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6249-56. [PMID: 27463368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AX) and (1→3),(1→4)-β-glucans (BG) are the main components of cereal cell walls and influence many aspects of their end uses. Important variations in the composition and structure of these polysaccharides have been reported among cereals and cultivars of a given species. In this work, the spatial distribution of AX and BG in the endosperm of mature grains was established for nine wheat varieties and eight barley varieties using enzymatically assisted mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Important structural features of the AX and BG polymers that were previously shown to influence their physicochemical properties were assessed. Differences in the distribution of AX and BG structures were observed, both within the endosperm of a given cultivar and between wheat and barley cultivars. This study provides a unique picture of the structural heterogeneity of AX and BG polysaccharides at the scale of the whole endosperm in a series of wheat and barley cultivars. Thus, it can participate meaningfully in a strategy aiming at understanding the structure-function relationships of these two polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Veličković
- INRA , UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Luc Saulnier
- INRA , UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Margot Lhomme
- INRA , UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Aurélie Damond
- INRA , UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Guillon
- INRA , UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRA , UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France
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25
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Freeman J, Lovegrove A, Wilkinson MD, Saulnier L, Shewry PR, Mitchell RAC. Effect of suppression of arabinoxylan synthetic genes in wheat endosperm on chain length of arabinoxylan and extract viscosity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:109-16. [PMID: 25819752 PMCID: PMC5098169 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylan (AX) is the dominant component within wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm cell walls, accounting for 70% of the polysaccharide. The viscosity of aqueous extracts from wheat grain is a key trait influencing the processing for various end uses, and this is largely determined by the properties of endosperm AX. We have previously shown dramatic effects on endosperm AX in transgenic wheat by down-regulating either TaGT43_2 or TaGT47_2 genes (orthologues to IRX9 and IRX10 in Arabidopsis, respectively) implicated in AX chain extension and the TaXAT1 gene responsible for monosubstitution by 3-linked arabinose. Here, we use these transgenic lines to investigate the relationship between amounts of AX in soluble and insoluble fractions, the chain-length distribution of these measured by intrinsic viscosity and the overall effect on extract viscosity. In transgenic lines expressing either the TaGT43_2 or TaGT47_2 RNAi transgenes, the intrinsic viscosities of water-extractable (WE-AX) and of a water-insoluble alkaline-extracted fraction (AE-AX) were decreased by between 10% and 50% compared to control lines. In TaXAT1 RNAi lines, there was a 15% decrease in intrinsic viscosity of WE-AX but no consistent effect on that of AE-AX. All transgenic lines showed decreases in extract viscosity with larger effects in TaGT43_2 and TaGT47_2 RNAi lines (by up to sixfold) than in TaXAT1 RNAi lines (by twofold). These effects were explained by the decreases in amount and chain length of WE-AX, with decreases in amount having the greater influence. Extract viscosity from wheat grain can therefore be greatly decreased by suppression of single gene targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Freeman
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Alison Lovegrove
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | | | - Luc Saulnier
- INRA Centre de Recherche Angers-Nantes, Nantes, France
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Kozlova LV, Gorshkov OV, Mokshina NE, Gorshkova TA. Differential expression of α-L-arabinofuranosidases during maize (Zea mays L.) root elongation. PLANTA 2015; 241:1159-1172. [PMID: 25608890 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Specific α- l -arabinofuranosidases are involved in the realisation of elongation growth process in cells with type II cell walls. Elongation growth in a plant cell is largely based on modification of the cell wall. In type II cell walls, the Ara/Xyl ratio is known to decrease during elongation due to the partial removal of Ara residues from glucuronoarabinoxylan. We searched within the maize genome for the genes of all predicted α-L-arabinofuranosidases that may be responsible for such a process and related their expression to the activity of the enzyme and the amount of free arabinose measured in six zones of a growing maize root. Eight genes of the GH51 family (ZmaABFs) and one gene of the GH3 family (ZmaARA-I) were identified. The abundance of ZmaABF1 and 3-6 transcripts was highly correlated with the measured enzymatic activity and free arabinose content that significantly increased during elongation. The transcript abundances also coincided with the pattern of changes in the Ara/Xyl ratio of the xylanase-extractable glucuronoarabinoxylan described in previous studies. The expression of ZmaABF3, 5 and 6 was especially up-regulated during elongation although corresponding proteins are devoid of the catalytic glutamate at the proper position. ZmaABF2 transcripts were specifically enriched in the root cap and meristem. A single ZmaARA-I gene was not expressed as a whole gene but instead as splice variants that encode the C-terminal end of the protein. Changes in the ZmaARA-I transcript level were rather moderate and had no significant correlation with free arabinose content. Thus, elongation growth of cells with type II cell walls is accompanied by the up-regulation of specific and predicted α-L-arabinofuranosidase genes, and the corresponding activity is indeed pronounced and is important for the modification of glucuronoarabinoxylan, which plays a key role in the modification of the cell wall supramolecular organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila V Kozlova
- Kazan Scientific Center, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky 2/31, p.o. 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia,
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Francin-Allami M, Merah K, Albenne C, Rogniaux H, Pavlovic M, Lollier V, Sibout R, Guillon F, Jamet E, Larré C. Cell wall proteomic of Brachypodium distachyon grains: A focus on cell wall remodeling proteins. Proteomics 2015; 15:2296-306. [PMID: 25787258 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls play key roles during plant development. Following their deposition into the cell wall, polysaccharides are continually remodeled according to the growth stage and stress environment to accommodate cell growth and differentiation. To date, little is known concerning the enzymes involved in cell wall remodeling, especially in gramineous and particularly in the grain during development. Here, we investigated the cell wall proteome of the grain of Brachypodium distachyon. This plant is a suitable model for temperate cereal crops. Among the 601 proteins identified, 299 were predicted to be secreted. These proteins were distributed into eight functional classes; the class of proteins that act on carbohydrates was the most highly represented. Among these proteins, numerous glycoside hydrolases were found. Expansins and peroxidases, which are assumed to be involved in cell wall polysaccharide remodeling, were also identified. Approximately half of the proteins identified in this study were newly discovered in grain and were not identified in the previous proteome analysis conducted using the culms and leaves of B. distachyon. Therefore, the data obtained from all organs of B. distachyon infer a global cell wall proteome consisting of 460 proteins. At present, this is the most extensive cell wall proteome of a monocot species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kahina Merah
- INRA, Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | - Richard Sibout
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Saclay Plant Science, Versailles, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Colette Larré
- INRA, Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Nantes, France
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Ying R, Saulnier L, Bouchet B, Barron C, Ji S, Rondeau-Mouro C. Multiscale characterization of arabinoxylan and β-glucan composite films. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 122:248-54. [PMID: 25817666 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Composite films made with Arabinoxylans (AXs) (with high, middle and low level of substitution by arabinose) and (1 → 3)(1 → 4)-β-D-glucans (BGs) extracted from cereal cell walls have been prepared and analyzed using microscopy (SEM and LSCFM), DSC, mechanical tests and TD-NMR spectroscopy. The objectives were to correlate molecular and physico-chemical properties of films with mechanical and hydration properties of wheat cell walls. A phase separation phenomenon was observed for films made with highly substituted AXs and BGs at a ratio AX/BG of 60/40. This phase separation was correlated with lower dipolar interactions between polysaccharide chains and a decrease of ultimate strain and stress of films. Highly substituted AX and BG composite films exhibited very weak mechanical properties in agreement with weaker interactions between the polymer chains. This effect was supported by NMR results showing that interactions between AXs and BGs decreased with increased substitution of AXs in composite films. Lower dipolar interactions between polysaccharides favored the water mobility in relation with a higher specific surface area of polysaccharides in films but also higher distances between polysaccharide chains so larger nanopores in composite films made within highly substituted AXs. These multiscale characterizations agreed with the structural changes observed in wheat grain during its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Ying
- College of Light Industry of Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRA, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Luc Saulnier
- UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRA, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Brigitte Bouchet
- UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRA, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Cécile Barron
- Unité mixte de Recherches Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, INRA-ENSAM-UMII-CIRAD, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Sujie Ji
- College of Light Industry of Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Corinne Rondeau-Mouro
- UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRA, F-44316 Nantes, France; Irstea, UR TERE, 17 avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France.
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29
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Simkovic I, Kelnar I, Uhliariková I, Mendichi R, Mandalika A, Elder T. Carboxymethylated-, hydroxypropylsulfonated- and quaternized xylan derivative films. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 110:464-71. [PMID: 24906780 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Under alkaline/water conditions carboxymethyl, 2-hydroxypropylsulfonate and trimethylammonium-2-hydroxypropyl groups were introduced into xylan in one step with the goal to prepare film specimens. The materials were characterized by NMR, SEC-MALS, TG/DTG/DTA, AFM and mechanical testing. The properties of triple, double and mono-substituted materials were compared. The numerical molar masses of the specimens were from 12.3 to 17.6 kg/mol with Mw/Mn from 1.27 to 1.34. The elastic modulus values are decreasing in order: xylan (X; 7354 MPa)>carboxymethyl xylan (CX; 6090MPa)>2-hydroxypropylsulfonate xylan (SX; 6000 MPa)>carboxymethyl/2-hydroxypropylsulfonate xylan (CSX; 4490 MPa)>quaternized xylan (QX; 3600 MPa)>carboxymethyl/quaternary/2-hydroxypropylsulfonate xylan (CQSX; 3380 MPa)>carboxymethyl/quaternary xylan (CQX; 2805 MPa). The onset temperatures of SX (214°C), CQSX (212°C), QSX (211°C) and CQX (207°C) were higher than for X (205°C). The roughness values of the film surfaces (3.634-18.667 nm) are higher on top than on the bottom of the specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Simkovic
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ivan Kelnar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Uhliariková
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Raniero Mendichi
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anurag Mandalika
- Louisiana Forest Products Development Center, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70894, USA
| | - Thomas Elder
- USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360, USA
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Šimkovic I, Tracz A, Kelnar I, Uhliariková I, Mendichi R. Quaternized and sulfated xylan derivative films. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 99:356-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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