1
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Fukuda M, Kinkawa M, Hayashi M. Fed-batch cultivation of Euglena gracilis for the high-yield production and GPC-assisted molecular weight determination of paramylon. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:206-211. [PMID: 37974047 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Paramylon, a starch-like carbohydrate accumulated in Euglena gracilis cells, could be a potential source as a raw material for chemical products; its high-yield production would thus be highly desired. Although the molecular weight and polymerization degree of paramylon are important properties for its use as a raw material for chemical products, the available information about paramylon molecular weight remains insufficient. Therefore, in this study, we investigated a high-density E. gracilis culture approach and how culture conditions affect paramylon molecular weight. The nitrogen source, cultivation temperature, and nutrient feeding were optimized for maximum biomass and paramylon productivity. The maximum dry cell weight and paramylon content yields reached 108.9 g/L and 87.2%, respectively. Paramylon molecular weight was in the range of 220 000-320 000 Da. Our gel permeation chromatography analysis showed that the cells with a higher paramylon content tended to contain paramylon of a higher molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Fukuda
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Manato Kinkawa
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
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2
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Ata S, Shibakami M. Experimental and theoretical estimation of the Hansen solubility parameters of paramylon esters based on the degrees of substitution and chain lengths of their acyl groups. Biopolymers 2023; 114:e23565. [PMID: 37635653 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Paramylon is a natural hydrophilic polysaccharide produced in the pyrenoids of euglenoids, and esterification may render paramylon hydrophobic. Esterification imparts not only thermoplasticity, but also potential compatibilities with other polymer resins and fillers. However, the dependence of the compatibility on the structure of the polymer ester has not yet been systematically studied. To estimate the affinities between paramylon esters and hydrophobic organic solvents/resins, the dependences of their Hansen solubility parameters, which are association indices, on the degrees of substitution and chain lengths of the ester groups were investigated. Experimental and theoretical investigations were conducted using the dissolution and Fedors methods, respectively. Esterification decreased the solubility parameter from 49 (paramylon) to approximately 18 MPa1/2 (paramylon esters), indicating that the potential affinities of paramylon esters for hydrophobic organic solvents/polymers increased. A multiple regression analysis was also performed to investigate the effects of acyl chain length and degree of substitution with acyl groups on the solubility parameter. The solubility parameters of the paramylon derivatives were continuously variable from hydrophilic to -phobic. Hence, esterification with various acyl groups may control the hydrophobicities of paramylon esters, enhancing their miscibilities with various hydrophobic organic solvents and resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seisuke Ata
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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3
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Feuzing F, Mbakidi JP, Pontoire B, Quéveau D, Roelens G, Lourdin D, Bouquillon S, Leroy E. Melt processing of paramylon using a water:ionic liquid mixture as plasticizer. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 306:120607. [PMID: 36746572 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Paramylon is a linear β-1,3-glucan produced by the microalgae Euglena Gracilis. Due to its native crystalline structure, involving hexagonally packed triple helices, paramylon is neither water soluble nor thermoplastic. While such properties are generally obtained by chemical modification of paramylon, the present work demonstrates that using ionic liquid/water mixtures as solvents or plasticizers may be an alternative: A mixture of water with cholinium glycinate (40:60) allowed: i) obtaining paramylon solutions at 80 °C, that form reversible ionogels upon cooling at 20 °C, when used as a solvent, and ii) the thermomechanical processing of paramylon below 100 °C by extrusion and hot-press into transparent films, when used as a plasticizer. The thermoplastic paramylon obtained consists of an amorphous matrix, self-reinforced by oriented triple helices packed as nanofibers. This results in a storage modulus ranging from 300 to 450 MPa at 25 °C, depending on the plasticizer content, and in a tensile strain at break of 27 %. For storage times larger than 1 month, a recrystallization of paramylon is observed, with an unidentified crystalline structure different from the native one. Recrystallized samples can be reprocessed into amorphous films by hot pressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérica Feuzing
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France; Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Jean Pierre Mbakidi
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Pontoire
- Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies Research Unit 1268 (BIA), INRAE, Rue de la Géraudière, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Quéveau
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France
| | - Guillaume Roelens
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France
| | - Denis Lourdin
- Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies Research Unit 1268 (BIA), INRAE, Rue de la Géraudière, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Sandrine Bouquillon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France.
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4
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Mandal S, Nagi GK, Corcoran AA, Agrawal R, Dubey M, Hunt RW. Algal polysaccharides for 3D printing: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 300:120267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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5
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Feuzing F, Mbakidi JP, Marchal L, Bouquillon S, Leroy E. A review of paramylon processing routes from microalga biomass to non-derivatized and chemically modified products. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119181. [PMID: 35450615 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Paramylon is a linear β-1,3-glucan, similar to curdlan, produced as intracellular granules by the microalga Euglena gracilis, a highly versatile and robust strain, able to grow under various trophic conditions, with valorization of CO2, wastewaters, or food byproducts as nutrients. This review focuses in particular on the various processing routes leading to new potential paramylon based products. Due to its crystalline structure, involving triple helices stabilized by internal intermolecular hydrogen bonds, paramylon is neither water-soluble nor thermoplastic. The few solvents able to disrupt the triple helices, and to fully solubilize the polymer as random coils, allow non derivatizing shaping into films, fibers, and even nanofibers by a specific self-assembly mechanism. Chemical modification in homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions is also possible. The non-selective or regioselective substitution of the hydroxyl groups of glucosidic units leads to water-soluble ionic derivatives and thermoplastic paramylon esters with foreseen applications ranging from health to bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérica Feuzing
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France; Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Jean Pierre Mbakidi
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Luc Marchal
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France
| | - Sandrine Bouquillon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France.
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6
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Seok JH, Enomoto Y, Iwata T. Synthesis of Paramylon ester–graft–PLA Copolymers and its Two-step Enzymatic Degradation by Proteinase K and β-1,3-Glucanase. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Cordoba J, Perez E, Van Vlierberghe M, Bertrand AR, Lupo V, Cardol P, Baurain D. De Novo Transcriptome Meta-Assembly of the Mixotrophic Freshwater Microalga Euglena gracilis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:842. [PMID: 34072576 PMCID: PMC8227486 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is a well-known photosynthetic microeukaryote considered as the product of a secondary endosymbiosis between a green alga and a phagotrophic unicellular belonging to the same eukaryotic phylum as the parasitic trypanosomatids. As its nuclear genome has proven difficult to sequence, reliable transcriptomes are important for functional studies. In this work, we assembled a new consensus transcriptome by combining sequencing reads from five independent studies. Based on a detailed comparison with two previously released transcriptomes, our consensus transcriptome appears to be the most complete so far. Remapping the reads on it allowed us to compare the expression of the transcripts across multiple culture conditions at once and to infer a functionally annotated network of co-expressed genes. Although the emergence of meaningful gene clusters indicates that some biological signal lies in gene expression levels, our analyses confirm that gene regulation in euglenozoans is not primarily controlled at the transcriptional level. Regarding the origin of E. gracilis, we observe a heavily mixed gene ancestry, as previously reported, and rule out sequence contamination as a possible explanation for these observations. Instead, they indicate that this complex alga has evolved through a convoluted process involving much more than two partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cordoba
- InBioS—PhytoSYSTEMS, Laboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des Microalgues, ULiège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.C.); (E.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Emilie Perez
- InBioS—PhytoSYSTEMS, Laboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des Microalgues, ULiège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.C.); (E.P.); (P.C.)
- InBioS—PhytoSYSTEMS, Unit of Eukaryotic Phylogenomics, ULiège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.V.V.); (A.R.B.); (V.L.)
| | - Mick Van Vlierberghe
- InBioS—PhytoSYSTEMS, Unit of Eukaryotic Phylogenomics, ULiège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.V.V.); (A.R.B.); (V.L.)
| | - Amandine R. Bertrand
- InBioS—PhytoSYSTEMS, Unit of Eukaryotic Phylogenomics, ULiège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.V.V.); (A.R.B.); (V.L.)
| | - Valérian Lupo
- InBioS—PhytoSYSTEMS, Unit of Eukaryotic Phylogenomics, ULiège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.V.V.); (A.R.B.); (V.L.)
| | - Pierre Cardol
- InBioS—PhytoSYSTEMS, Laboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des Microalgues, ULiège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.C.); (E.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Denis Baurain
- InBioS—PhytoSYSTEMS, Unit of Eukaryotic Phylogenomics, ULiège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.V.V.); (A.R.B.); (V.L.)
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8
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Zhong J, Mori T, Kashiwagi T, Yamashiro M, Kusunose S, Mimami H, Tsujimoto M, Tanaka T, Kawashima H, Nakagawa S, Ito J, Kijima M, Iji M, Watanabe MM, Kadowaki K. Characteristic terahertz absorption spectra of paramylon and paramylon-ester compounds. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 244:118828. [PMID: 32882654 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paramylon is a long-chain polysaccharide, composed of glucose units connected via β-(1,3) glycosidic bonds, that spontaneously forms a three-strand helical bundle. Paramylon-esters can be made by partially or fully replacing saccharide chain hydroxide groups with carboxylic functional groups, such as stearoyl (CH3(CH2)16CO) and palmitoyl (CH3(CH2)24CO). The paramylon-ester with carboxylic acids has superior characteristics, including high thermal resistance, stability and transparency under visible light, which are necessary for thermoplastic applications. In this study, the absorption coefficient α(ν) and absorbance spectra of paramylons and paramylon-esters were measured in the 0.3-8.0 THz range and compared with the corresponding spectra of glucose and cellulose. Paramylon and paramylon-ester molecules were found to exhibit unique, so-called fingerprint, α(ν)peaks at 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 THz, and 2.5 and 5.0 THz, respectively. We speculate that the spectral features observed are owing to intermolecular interaction modes of the weakly coupled polysaccharide chains. The paramylons with different molecular weights show very similar absorption features in the low-frequency side, both in spectral shapes and intensities, indicating that absorption is independent of molecular size. The paramylon-esters with varying degrees of substitution (DS) are similar spectral shapes but different intensities. A linear correlation between α(ν) peak intensity and the DS of paramylon-esters was established with the R2 value above 0.99. This behavior can be used for the detection and identification of novel paramylon-ester molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlan Zhong
- Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mori
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takanari Kashiwagi
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Midori Yamashiro
- System Platform Research Laboratories NEC Corporation, 34 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Kusunose
- Graduate School of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Mimami
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Manabu Tsujimoto
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Tanaka
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Kawashima
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shin Nakagawa
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko Ito
- Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Kijima
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Iji
- Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto M Watanabe
- Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kadowaki
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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9
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Iwata T, Gan H, Togo A, Fukata Y. Recent developments in microbial polyester fiber and polysaccharide ester derivative research. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Zhong J, Mori T, Fujii Y, Kashiwagi T, Terao W, Yamashiro M, Minami H, Tsujimoto M, Tanaka T, Kawashima H, Ito J, Kijima M, Iji M, Watanabe MM, Kadowaki K. Molecular vibration and Boson peak analysis of glucose polymers and ester via terahertz spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 232:115789. [PMID: 31952597 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Complex permittivity spectra were obtained herein by performing broadband terahertz (THz) spectroscopy on cellulose, paramylon, and paramylon ester. Absorption peaks observed for cellulose and paramylon at approximately 3 THz are attributed to hydrogen bonds. In addition, a broad absorption peak around 2 THz was observed for all the polymers, demonstrating a general feature of polymer glasses derived from weak interatomic van der Waals forces. The boson peak was observed for cellulose and paramylon ester. The boson peak frequency for cellulose nearly equaled that for glassy glucose-a unit structure of the cellulose polymer. Additionally, the insensitivity of cellulose to the polymerization degree was consistent with recent results obtained via molecular dynamics simulations. In contrast, the boson peak frequency of paramylon ester was markedly smaller than that of cellulose. These results demonstrate the importance of hydrogen bonds as determinants of the boson peak frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlan Zhong
- Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Mori
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujii
- Department of Physical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takanari Kashiwagi
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Wakana Terao
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Midori Yamashiro
- System Platform Research Laboratories NEC Corporation, 34 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
| | - Hidotoshi Minami
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Manabu Tsujimoto
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Tanaka
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan; Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Kawashima
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Junko Ito
- Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masashi Kijima
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan; Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Iji
- Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Makoto M Watanabe
- Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kadowaki
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan; Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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11
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Shibakami M, Sohma M, Kijima N, Nemoto T. Melt spinnabilities of thermoplastic paramylon mixed esters. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02843. [PMID: 31844742 PMCID: PMC6895648 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The low thermoplasticities of polysaccharide esters make them unsuitable for melt spinning. In this study, we aimed to overcome this problem by mixed esterification of paramylon, a euglenoid β-1,3-glucan with short- and medium-chain acyl groups, as melt-spinnable materials. Thermal analyses revealed that all the synthesized paramylon mixed esters exhibited glass transition temperatures greater than 100 °C; some of them showed large differences between the melting and 5%-weight-loss temperatures (Td5s) and are extrudable through a spinneret at a temperature ~100 °C below Td5, rendering them potential candidates for the production of melt-spun filaments. Among the various compounds investigated, paramylon acetate propionates, in which the degrees of acetyl- and propionyl-group substitution were 0.5–0.7 and 2.2–2.5, respectively, could be melt-spun to yield mechanically tough crystalline monofilaments. In contrast, the melt spinning of cellulose acetate propionate, analogous to the paramylon acetate propionates in terms of acyl substituents, their substitution degrees, and molecular weights, but differs from it in terms of the glucose linkage mode (i.e., β-1,3 vs β-1,4), yielded brittle, charred, and short filaments. Curdlan acetate propionate, another analogue with a degree of polymerization five times larger than that of paramylon mixed esters, was not extrudable due to the lack of thermoplasticity. Therefore, we herein confirmed the superiority of paramylon as a primary raw material for melt-spun filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Shibakami
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Sohma
- Advanced Coating Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Norihito Kijima
- Advanced Coating Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nemoto
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
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12
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Gissibl A, Sun A, Care A, Nevalainen H, Sunna A. Bioproducts From Euglena gracilis: Synthesis and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:108. [PMID: 31157220 PMCID: PMC6530250 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the versatile phototrophic protist Euglena gracilis has emerged as an interesting candidate for application-driven research and commercialisation, as it is an excellent source of dietary protein, pro(vitamins), lipids, and the β-1,3-glucan paramylon only found in euglenoids. From these, paramylon is already marketed as an immunostimulatory agent in nutraceuticals. Bioproducts from E. gracilis can be produced under various cultivation conditions discussed in this review, and their yields are relatively high when compared with those achieved in microalgal systems. Future challenges include achieving the economy of large-scale cultivation. Recent insights into the complex metabolism of E. gracilis have highlighted unique metabolic pathways, which could provide new leads for product enhancement by genetic modification of the organism. Also, development of molecular tools for strain improvement are emerging rapidly, making E. gracilis a noteworthy challenger for microalgae such as Chlorella spp. and their products currently on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gissibl
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Molecular Technology in the Food Industry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela Sun
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Molecular Technology in the Food Industry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Care
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Molecular Technology in the Food Industry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Molecular Technology in the Food Industry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Shibakami M, Sohma M. Thermal, crystalline, and pressure-sensitive adhesive properties of paramylon monoesters derived from an euglenoid polysaccharide. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 200:239-247. [PMID: 30177162 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The thermal, crystalline, and pressure-sensitive adhesive properties of thermoplastic monoesters made from paramylon, a storage polysaccharide of Euglena gracilis, and a long-chain acyl chloride, were examined. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the thermal properties of these paramylon monoesters were dependent on the chain length and the average degree of substitution of the long-chain acyl group (av. DSlca). X-ray diffractometry revealed that the product solids with a myristoyl or palmitoyl group had a less ordered lateral acyl chain structure than those with a stearoyl group. Tackiness testing showed that the introduction of a myristoyl group into paramylon with an av. DSlca of ∼2.6 to ∼2.9 yielded palpable pressure-sensitive adhesion. A slight deviation of the chain length and/or av. DSlca from those of tacky paramylon myristate solids weakened or dispersed the tackiness. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using paramylon myristate solids with the av. DSlca in a specific range as a practical pressure-sensitive adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Shibakami
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Mitsugu Sohma
- Advanced Coating Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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Gan H, Enomoto Y, Kabe T, Ishii D, Hikima T, Takata M, Iwata T. Synthesis, properties and molecular conformation of paramylon ester derivatives. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Shibakami M, Sohma M. Synthesis and thermal properties of paramylon mixed esters and optical, mechanical, and crystal properties of their hot-pressed films. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 155:416-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Large-Scale Cultivation of Euglena. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 979:285-293. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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17
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Shibakami M, Tsubouchi G, Sohma M, Hayashi M. Synthesis of nanofiber-formable carboxymethylated Euglena-derived β-1,3-glucan. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 152:468-478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Shibakami M, Tsubouchi G, Sohma M, Hayashi M. Preparation of transparent self-standing thin films made from acetylated euglenoid β-1,3-glucans. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 133:421-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Teramoto Y. Functional thermoplastic materials from derivatives of cellulose and related structural polysaccharides. Molecules 2015; 20:5487-527. [PMID: 25826788 PMCID: PMC6272469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20045487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review surveys advances in the development of various material functionalities based on thermoplastic cellulose and related structural polysaccharide derivatives. First, the dependence of thermal (phase) transition behavior on the molecular composition of simple derivatives is rationalized. Next, approaches enabling effective thermoplasticization and further incorporation of material functionalities into structural polysaccharides are discussed. These approaches include: (a) single-substituent derivatization, (b) derivatization with multi-substituents, (c) blending of simple derivatives with synthetic polymers, and (d) graft copolymerization. Some examples addressing the control of supramolecular structures and the regulation of molecular and segmental orientations for functional materials fabrication, which have especially progressed over the past decade, are also addressed. Attractive material functions include improved mechanical performance, controlled biodegradability, cytocompatiblity, and optical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikuni Teramoto
- Course of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Shibakami M, Tsubouchi G, Sohma M, Hayashi M. One-pot synthesis of thermoplastic mixed paramylon esters using trifluoroacetic anhydride. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 119:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Krajčovič J, Schwartzbach SD. Euglenoid flagellates: a multifaceted biotechnology platform. J Biotechnol 2014; 202:135-45. [PMID: 25527385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Euglenoid flagellates are mainly fresh water protists growing in highly diverse environments making them well-suited for a multiplicity of biotechnology applications. Phototrophic euglenids possesses complex chloroplasts of green algal origin bounded by three membranes. Euglena nuclear and plastid genome organization, gene structure and gene expression are distinctly different from other organisms. Our observations on the model organism Euglena gracilis indicate that transcription of both the plastid and nuclear genome is insensitive to environmental changes and that gene expression is regulated mainly at the post-transcriptional level. Euglena plastids have been proposed as a site for the production of proteins and value added metabolites of biotechnological interest. Euglena has been shown to be a suitable protist species to be used for production of several compounds that are used in the production of cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals, such as α-tocopherol, wax esters, polyunsaturated fatty acids, biotin and tyrosine. The storage polysaccharide, paramylon, has immunostimulatory properties and has shown a promise for biomaterials production. Euglena biomass can be used as a nutritional supplement in aquaculture and in animal feed. Diverse applications of Euglena in environmental biotechnology include ecotoxicological risk assessment, heavy metal bioremediation, bioremediation of industrial wastewater and contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Krajčovič
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Steven D Schwartzbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152-3560, USA
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