Purification, preliminary characterization and in vitro immunomodulatory activity of tiger lily polysaccharide

Purification, characterization, simulated gastrointestinal digestion and gut microbiota fermentation of a Bifidobacterium-directed mannoglucan from Lilium brownii var. viridulum

Lilium brownii var. viridulum (Longya lily) is an edible vegetable and medicinal plant with the effects of moistening lungs, relieving coughs, and removing phlegm. In this study, a homogenous mannoglucan LLP11 was purified from Longya lily using membrane ultrafiltration followed by ion exchange chromatography. The M w of LLP11 was 12.0 kDa. LLP11 exhibited a backbone of →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → and →4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → with a branch of T-α-D-Glcp-(1 → substituted at C-6 of →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→. During the simulated digestion, LLP11 remained indigestible to digestive enzymes. Furthermore, through its interaction with the gut microbiota, LLP11 was able to significantly boost Bifidobacterium and decrease the harmful bacteria Klebsiella, that was linked to pneumonia. Additionally, LLP11 promoted the growth of B. pseudocatenulatum and B. longum and was utilized to produce acetic acid. Our findings introduced an alternative approach for the investigation of microbiota-targeted polysaccharides and underscored the potential of LLP11 as a prebiotic for supplementary treatment in respiratory diseases.

Preparation, characteristic, biological activities, and application of polysaccharide from Lilii Bulbus: a review

OBJECTIVES

This review highlights the current knowledge of polysaccharide from Lilii Bulbus, including the extraction, purification, structure, structure modification, biological activities and application, which will hopefully provide reference for further research and development of polysaccharide from Lilii Bulbus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Literature searches were conducted on the following databases: Pubmed, ACS website, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI database. Keywords such as "Lilii Bulbus", "polysaccharide", "preparation", "biological activities" and "application" were used to search relevant journals and contents, and some irrelevant contents were excluded.

RESULTS

In general, the study of Lilium Bulbus polysaccharide extraction and purification, structure characterization and biological activity has made substantial progress, these findings highlight the lilium brownii polysaccharide enormous potential in biomedical applications, of lilium brownii polysaccharide laid a solid foundation for further research.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

However, it should be noted that the relevant mechanism of the effective effect of lily bulb polysaccharide still needs to be worked on by researchers. These findings highlight the great potential of lily polysaccharides in biomedical applications, and lay a solid foundation for further research on lily polysaccharides.

Metabolomics integrated with transcriptomics provides insights into the phenylpropanoids biosynthesis pathway in Lilium davidii var. unicolor and L. lancifolium Thunb

Lilium spp. is a world-famous bulbous flower with outstanding ornamental, edible, and medicinal value. Evaluating the taste of edible lilies and identifying important active substances and genes are necessary for germplasm improvement, new variety breeding, and industrial application. To better understand the phenylpropanoids and regalosides biosynthesis, L. davidii var. unicolor and L. lancifolium Thunb. bulbs were used for transcriptome and metabolite analysis. Results showed that the phenols and flavonoid contents in JT were lower than in LT, while the saponins and alkaloid contents in JT were higher than in LT. A total of 20,520 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 383 differential metabolites were searched. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis showed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis were differentially altered. Ninety-nine unigenes encoding ten phenolic acids and two flavonoids were identified as candidate genes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. WGCNA analysis showed 76 phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis-related unigenes were verified as likely to be involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism and regalosides accumulation. Among them, 15 genes were used for qRT-PCR, and four genes were utilized for tissue-specific expression pattern analysis. Down-regulation of LdPAL2 and LdC4H1 in bulbs of L. davidii var. unicolor via virus induced gene silence (VIGS) reduced the contents of p-coumaric acid and cinnamic acid. These results contribute to understanding phenylpropanoid metabolism and identifying potential functional genes for improving the regalosides and flavonoids content in Lilium bulbs.

Two New Phenylpropanoid Compounds from Lilium Brownii and Their Anti-monoamine Oxidase Activity

Baihe is a commonly used Chinese medicine for the treatment of neurological disorders. Clinically, the bulbs of Lilium brownii are used to act as Baihe. In the study, two new phenylpropanoid compounds including 3-O-acetyl-1-O-caffeoylglycerol (1) and 3-O-acetyl-1-O-p-coumaroylglycerol (2) were isolated from the bulbs of L. brownii. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic method and the effect on monoamine oxidase activity was determined using an enzyme labeling method. The results show 1 and 2 have anti-monoamine oxidase activity with 20.96 % and 22.31 % inhibition rates at 50 μg/ml, respectively.

Extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities, and applications of polysaccharides from the genus Lilium: A review

The genus Lilium (Lilium) has been widely used in East Asia for over 2000 years due to its rich nutritional and medicinal value, serving as both food and medicinal ingredient. Polysaccharides, as one of the most important bioactive components in Lilium, offer various health benefits. Recently, polysaccharides from Lilium plants have garnered significant attention from researchers due to their diverse biological properties including immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-aging and anti-radiation effects. However, the limited comprehensive understanding of polysaccharides from Lilium plants has hindered their development and utilization. This review focuses on the extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities, structure-activity relationships, applications, and relevant bibliometrics of polysaccharides from Lilium plants. Additionally, it delves into the potential development and future research directions. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive understanding of polysaccharides from Lilium plants and to serve as a basis for further research and development as therapeutic agents and multifunctional biomaterials.

Bletilla striata polysaccharide attenuated the progression of pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Bletilla striata, a traditional medicinal plant, has been utilized as a folk medicine for many years because of its superior biological activity in China. However, Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) has received less attention, and its specific mechanism for ameliorating pulmonary fibrosis is completely unclear.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

In this study, we aim to assess BSP on the treatment of PF and explore potential mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

BSP was successfully extracted and purified from Bletilla striata. The mechanisms were assessed in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model and lung fibroblasts activated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Histological analysis, immunofluorescence, Western blot and flow cytometry were used to explore the alterations after BSP intervention.

RESULTS

The results in vivo showed an anti-PF effect of BSP treatment, which reduced pathogenic damages. Furthermore, TGF-β1-induced abnormal migration and upregulated expression of collagen I (COL1A1), vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were suppressed by BSP in L929 cells. Moreover, the abnormal proliferation was retarded by inhibiting the cell cycle of G1 to S phase. Immunofluorescence assay showed that BSP activated autophagy and played an antifibrotic role by inhibiting the expression of p62 and phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR). Last but not least, the suppression of TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway was critical for BSP to perform therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSION

The possible mechanisms were involved in improving ECM deposition, regulating cell migration and proliferation, and promoting cellular autophagy. Briefly, all of the above revealed that BSP might be a novel therapy for treating pulmonary fibrosis.

Four new steroidal glycosides from Lilium lancifolium Thunb. and their antitumor activity

Four new steroidal glycosides (1-4), including two steroidal saponins named lililancifoloside B and C (1-2), one pregnane glycoside named lililancifoloside D (3), and one C22-steroidal lactone glycoside named lililancifoloside E (4), together with five known ones (5-9), were isolated from the bulbs of Lilium lancifolium Thunb. By using spectroscopic analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS, the structures of 1-4 were elucidated. All isolates were tested for their cytotoxic potential against the MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and A549 cell lines. Compound 6 distinguished out among them, IC50 values of 3.31, 5.23, 1.78, and 1.49 μM against the four cell lines, respectively. Other compounds such as compound 3, 5, and 9 have also shown specific cytotoxic activity. Next, studies showed that compound 6 might cause HepG2 cells to undergo a cell cycle arrest during the G2/M phase and apoptosis.

Extraction, purification, characteristics, bioactivities, prospects, and toxicity of Lilium spp. polysaccharides

The genus Lilium has been widely used worldwide as a food and medicinal ingredient in East Asia for over 2000 years due to its higher nutritional and medicinal value. Polysaccharide is the most important bioactive ingredient in Lilium spp. and has various health benefits. Recently, Lilium spp. polysaccharides (LSPs) have attracted significant attention from industries and researchers due to their various biological properties, such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antibacterial, hypoglycaemic, and anti-radiation. However, the development and utilization of LSP-based functional biomaterials and medicines are limited by a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the structure-activity relationships (SARs), industrial applications, and safety of LSPs. This review provides an inclusive overview of the extraction, purification, structural features, bioactivities, and mechanisms of LSPs. SARs, applications, toxicities, and influences of structural modifications on bioactivities are also highlighted, and the potential development and future study direction are scrutinized. This article aims to offer a complete understanding of LSPs and provide a foundation for further research and application of LSPs as therapeutic agents and multifunctional biomaterials.

Extraction, structural characterization and immunoactivity of glucomannan type polysaccahrides from Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker

Homogeneous polysaccharide (LBP) was extracted and purified from the bulblets of Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker with a molecular weight of 312 kDa. The monosaccharides are composed of mannose and glucose, and the corresponding molar ratios are 0.582 and 0.418, respectively. FT-IR, LC-MS, NMR, GC-MS and HPAEC were used to analyze the functional groups, glycosidic linkages and chemical structure of LBP, which was a 1-4-linked glucomannan and contained a dodecasaccharide repeating units of →4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → . In vitro experimental results showed that LBP had noble biocompatibility, and a low dose of 5 μg/mL LBP significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of TNF-α, iNOS, IL-6, IL-1β and Toll-like receptors family (TLRs) in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, LBP played an important role in immunomodulation, and further studies on the specific immunomodulatory mechanisms of LBP on RAW 264.7 cells are still needed.

Structural elucidation of a non-starch polysaccharides from Lilii Bulbus and its protective effects against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells

Lilii Bulbus is a folk medicine for both culinary and medicinal purpose. In traditional medicine theory, Lilii Bulbus is usually used as an complementary therapy for nourishing the heart and lung, clearing heat in the treatment of mental instability and depression. In this study, NLPS-1a (Mw = 2610 Da, DP = 16), a water-soluble non-starch Lilii Bulbus polysaccharides, was isolated and purified. Structural analysis showed that NLPS-1a mainly contained Man and Glc with a molar ratio of 11.137 and 9.427. The glycosidic linkages of NLPS-1a were 1,3-Manp (59.93%), 1,2-Glcp (37.93%), T-Glcp (1.21%) and T-Manp (0.93%), indicating the highly-linear structures. In addition, NLPS-1a could significantly repair the injury of PC12 cells induced by corticosterone (CORT), reduce Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and decrease the cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Above all, the results indicated that NLPS-1a had protective effects against CORT-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, and might be a natural antidepressant, which enriched the study of the metabolic mechanism between herbal polysaccharides and antidepressant.

Extraction, structure, pharmacological activity, and structural modification of Lilium polysaccharides

Polysaccharides primarily composed of glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, and galactose are pharmacologically active ingredients in Lilium. The pharmacological activities shown by polysaccharides from Lilium include antioxidant, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, bacteriostatic, and radiation protection effects. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the distribution of Lilium medicinal resources in China, current extraction and purification methods of Lilium polysaccharide (LP), the strategies used for analyzing the polysaccharide structure and monosaccharide composition in LP, and the pharmacological activities and structural modification of LP. This review provides a basis for the development and clinical application of LP along with the conservation and utilization of Lilium resources.

Application of chromatography in purification and structural analysis of natural polysaccharides: A review

Polysaccharides are widely distributed in natural sources from monocytic microorganisms to higher animals, and are found in a variety of biological activities in recent decades. Natural polysaccharides have the characteristics of large molecular weight, diverse composition, and complex structure, so their purification and structural analysis are difficult issues in research. Chromatography as a powerful separation technique, plays an irreplaceable role in the separation and structural analysis of natural polysaccharides, especially in the purification of polysaccharides, the separation of hydrolysates, and the analysis of monosaccharide composition. The separation mechanisms and application of different chromatographic methods in the studies of polysaccharides were summarized in this review. Moreover, the advantages and drawbacks of various chromatography methods were discussed as well.

Enzyme-assisted extraction, characterization, and in vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Potentilla anserina L

Introduction

Potentilla anserina (Potentilla anserina L.), also known as ginseng fruit, is a plant that can be used as both medicine and food. Potentilla anserina L. has high medical value in Chinese medicine, such as strengthening the spleen and stomach, replenishing qi and blood, and astringing hemostasis.

Methods

In this study, polysaccharides of Potentilla anserina L. were extracted from the root using an enzyme-assisted extraction method. According to the principle of Box-Behnken design, response surface methodology was designed to optimize the extraction conditions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the structure and appearance of Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides. The monosaccharide composition of Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activities were also studied.

Results

Under the optimal extraction conditions (the ratio of solid to liquid, 1:15; ratio of cellulase to pectinase, 1:2; extraction pH, 8.0; enzyme reaction temperature, 60°C), the extraction yield of Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides was 19.80 ± 0.01%, equal to the model prediction value 19.84%. The data of Fourier transform infrared spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography showed that the Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharide was a kind of α-pyran polysaccharide, mainly consisting of galactose, glucose, rhamnose, and arabinose. The antioxidant results showed that Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides had a strong hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (IC₅₀ = 0.367 mg/mL), superoxide anion scavenging ability (IC₅₀ = 45.017 mg/mL), and a certain degree of total reducing ability.

Discussion

Enzyme-assisted extraction is an efficient method to extract Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides. The Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides could have potential use in functional foods as a natural antioxidant.

Effects of Steaming on Sweet Potato Soluble Dietary Fiber: Content, Structure, and Lactobacillus Proliferation In Vitro

The influence of steaming treatment on the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) of sweet potato was investigated. The SDF content increased from 2.21 to 4.04 g/100 g (in dry basis) during 20 min of steaming. The microcosmic morphology of the fractured cell wall indicated the release of SDF components during steaming. The SDF from fresh (SDF-F) and 20 min steamed (SDF-S) sweet potato was characterized. The neutral carbohydrates and uronic acid levels in SDF-S were significantly higher than SDF-F (59.31% versus 46.83%, and 25.36% versus 9.60%, respectively) (p < 0.05). The molecular weight of SDF-S was smaller than SDF-F (5.32 kDa versus 28.79 kDa). The probiotic property was evaluated by four Lactobacillus spp. fermentation in vitro with these SDF as carbon source, using inulin as the references. SDF-F showed the best proliferation effects on the four Lactobacillus spp. in terms of the OD₆₀₀ and pH in cultures, and the highest production of propanoic acid and butyric acid after 24 h fermentation. SDF-S presented higher Lactobacillus proliferation effects, but slight lower propanoic acid and butyric acid production than inulin. It was concluded that 20 min of steaming released SDF with inferior probiotic properties, which might derive from the degraded pectin, cell wall components, and resistant dextrin.

Preparation and application of sulfated lily polysaccharide bridged polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane hybrid organosilicas as stationary phase

Periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMO) hydrophilic microspheres were synthesized by co-condensation of sulfated polysaccharide from Lilum lancifolium Thunb. bridged silane (SLLTPBS) and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) as stationary phase (PMO(SLLTP-POSS)) for per aqueous liquid chromatography (PALC), which would overcome the disadvantages of using a large amount of acetonitrile on the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) columns. Average particle size of PMO (SLLTP-POSS) microspheres was 4.9 μm, which was suitable for stationary phase. The retention mechanism of the stationary phase in PALC was mainly hydrophobic interactions and also included some ion-exchange interactions and electrostatic interactions. The acid-base resistance was greatly improved compared to the C18 column. The PMO(SLLTP-POSS) column under PALC mode had increased the resolution when separating some hydrophilic compounds such as eight organic acids and eleven sweeteners compared with the C18 column and HILIC column. The new column was more efficient than the HILIC columns. Additionally, a PALC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry approach for the simultaneous identification of the eleven sweeteners was developed. The averagere coveries of the eleven compounds were 70.20%-91.33% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) range of 1.74% to 4.27%. The results showed good precision and accuracy of the method.

Research Progress on the Mechanisms of Polysaccharides against Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer is a common type of cancer that poses a serious threat to human health. Polysaccharides are important functional phytochemicals, and research shows that polysaccharides have good anti-gastric cancer effects. We collated all relevant literature published from 2000 to 2020 and found that more than 60 natural polysaccharides demonstrate anti-gastric cancer activity. At the present, the sources of these polysaccharides include fungi, algae, tea, Astragalus membranaceus, Caulis Dendrobii, and other foods and Chinese herbal medicines. By regulating various signaling pathways, including the PI3K/AKT, MAPK, Fas/FasL, Wnt/β-catenin, IGF-IR, and TGF-β signaling pathways, polysaccharides induce gastric cancer cell apoptosis, cause cell cycle arrest, and inhibit migration and invasion. In addition, polysaccharides can enhance the immune system and killing activity of immune cells in gastric cancer patients and rats. This comprehensive review covers the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and mechanism of plant and fungal polysaccharides against gastric cancer. We hope this review is helpful for researchers to design, research, and develop plant and fungal polysaccharides.

Structure characterization and antioxidant activity analysis of polysaccharides from Lanzhou Lily

Lanzhou Lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) is a traditional medicinal plant and popular edible vegetable bulb in China. In this study, the polysaccharides of Lanzhou Lily (LLPs) were extracted by polyethylene glycol-based ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction method (PEG-UAEE). The optimum process conditions were obtained by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). Then, the preliminarily structure of LLPs was characterized by HPLC, FT-IR, and SEM, and its antioxidant activities were evaluated. The results showed that LLPs yield reached 14.75% under the optimized conditions: E/S ratio 1,400 U/g; pH 5.0, ultrasonic time 30 min; and ultrasonic temperature 50 °C. The LLPs has pyranoid ring, uronic acid, and the characteristic absorption peaks of -OH, C = O, and C-H. The results of scanning electron microscope indicated that the LLPs had irregular distribution, dispersed structure, and many holes. The HPLC analysis showed that the LLPs were heteropolysaccharide containing galactose (6.36%), glucose (76.03%), rhamnose (2.02%), and arabinose (7.09%). Moreover, the LLPs showed obvious antioxidant effect in vitro.

New Phenolic Glycosides and Lignans from the Roots of Lilium dauricum

Three new phenolic glycosides, carvacrol-2-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1: ), 1-methyl-3-isopropylphenol-4-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2: ), p-methoxythymol-5-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3: ), and a pair of new 8-O-4' neolignan enantiomers (5A: /5B: ), together with 26 known compounds (4, 6:  - 30: ) were isolated from the roots of Lilium dauricum. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic and chemical methods, and the absolute configurations of 5A: and 5B: were established by electronic circular dichroism analysis. Nine compounds (1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 17, 25, 29,: and 30: ) exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 73.4 µM to 988.2 µM. Besides, compound 19: displayed strong anticomplementary activity (CH₅₀: 71.6 µM).

Structures and immunomodulatory activity of one galactose- and arabinose-rich polysaccharide from Sambucus adnata

One galactose- and arabinose-rich polysaccharide isolated from Sambucus adnata was named SPS-1, which had an average molecular weight 138.52 kDa, and was composed of L-rhamnose, D-glucuronic acid, D-galacturonic acid, D-galactose, and L-arabinose in a molar ratio of 0.6:0.4:0.1:4.9:4.0. The primary structure of SPS-1 was further analyzed through methylation and NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that SPS-1 had the structural characteristics of AG-II pectin. The immunoactivity test showed that SPS-1 activated the phosphorylation of MAPKs-related proteins and further elevated the expression levels of related nuclear transcription factors (IκBα and NF-κB p65) in the cells through the TLR2 and MyD88/TRAF6-dependent pathway, thereby significantly enhancing the phagocytosis of macrophages and stimulating the secretion of NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, which activated the RAW264.7 cells. Therefore, SPS-1, acting as an immunomodulator, is a potential drug for immunological diseases.

Multi-Pharmaceutical Activities of Chinese Herbal Polysaccharides in the Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis: Concept and Future Prospects

Pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal chronic progressive respiratory disease, characterized by continuous scarring of the lung parenchyma, leading to respiratory failure and death. The incidence of PF has increased over time. There are drugs, yet, there are some limitations. Hence, it is of importance to find new therapies and new drugs to replace the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. In recent years, there have been a great number of research reports on the treatment of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides in various system fields. Among them, the treatment of PF has also gained extensive attention. This review summarized the source of polysaccharides, the drug activity of traditional Chinese medicine, and the protective effects on targets of Pulmonary fibrosis. We hope it can inspire researchers to design and develop polysaccharides, serving as a reference for potential clinical therapeutic drugs.

Genus Lilium: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The genus Lilium (family Liliaceae) is native to China and is mainly distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere such as Eastern Asia, Europe, and North America. There are about 109 species of this genus and 55 species in China. In America, the bulbs were used as food. In Europe, the petals and bulbs of Lilium candidum uesd as pectoral poultices, wound-healing remedy and a treatment for mastitis and shingles, the bulbs of L. martagon were used to treat every liver disease. In India, the bulbs are used medicinally as galactagogue, expectorant, aphrodisiac, diuretic, antipyretic and revitalizing tonic. In Asia, bulbs of this genus are often used to treat coughs, lung diseases, burns and swellings.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this work was to summarize traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, which provided a theoretical basis for the further study of Lilium plants and their applications in medicine, food and other industries.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Online scientific databases including Science Direct, American chemical society (ACS), Wiley Online Library, the Web of Science, China national knowledge internet (CNKI) and others were searched to identify eligible studies. More data were obtained from other Chinese medicine books.

RESULTS

The literature survey revealed diverse traditional uses of the genus Lilium, mainly for the treatment of lung deficiency, hemostasis, anxiety, palpitations, asthma and vomiting. Over 180 compounds have been isolated and identified from the genus Lilium, including steroidal saponins, polysaccharides, phenolic glycerides, flavonoids and alkaloids. Different extracts and monomer compounds were so far evaluated for number of pharmacological activities including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, antidepressant and hepatoprotective activities.

CONCLUSIONS

Lilium spp. are of much significance as ornamental flowers, but also have potential to treat various diseases, especially anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. However, most of the studies on pharmacological effects are still in in vitro, and further studies on mechanism-based pharmacological activities in vivo and in vitro are needed in the future. At present, there are limited researches on its safety and toxicological effects, which should be further explored.

Purification, structural characterization and immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharides from Umbilicaria esculenta

In this study, an active component UP1-1 was isolated from Chinese Huangshan Umbilicaria esculenta via hot water extraction and purified by anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. UP1-1 mainly composed of galactose, mannose and glucose in a molar ratio of 0.8:1.0:4.6 with an average molecular weight of 281 kDa. Methylation analysis of UP1-1 revealed the major glycosidic bonds comprised 1,6-linked Glcp, 1,4-linked Glcp, t-linked Glcp, 1,3,6-linked Manp, 1,3-linked Galp, t-linked Galp at the ratio of 2.28:0.38:0.32:0.63:0.25:0.29. Structural analysis results revealed that the backbone of UP1-1 consisted of →6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-D-Manp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → residues with side chains of →3)-β-D-Galp-(1→, β-D-Galp-(1 → and β-D-Glcp-(1 → branches located at O-3 position of →6)-β-D-Manp-(1→. Immunostimulatory activity tests showed that UP1-1 could promote the phagocytic activity and NO production of RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. UP1-1 could significantly improve the proliferation effect of RAW 264.7 cells at the concentration of 50 μg/mL. Thus, UP1-1 exerted good immunostimulatory activity, suggesting that UP1-1 has a great potential application in pharmacological industry.

Immunoregulatory activities of the selenylated polysaccharides of Lilium davidii var. unicolor Salisb in vitro and in vivo

Studies have demonstrated that the modification of selenylation can improve the activity of polysaccharides. Lilium davidii var. unicolor Salisb (known as "lily bulb") is the dried succulent bulb of the genus Lilium in the family Liliaceae. We wished to investigate the immunoregulatory activities of the selenized polysaccharides of lily bulb (sLP). We undertook experiments in vitro and in vivo taking the unmodified polysaccharides of lily bulb (LP) as controls. The results of in vitro studies showed that sLP could promote the phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 cells significantly, increase the content of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-2, enhance the activity of acid phosphatase, and increase the surface molecular expression of CD86 and CD80. The results of in vivo studies showed that sLP could improve the index of immune organs, increase the contents of interferon-γ, IL-6, immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM in serum, and promote lymphocyte proliferation. The immunoregulatory activities of sLP were significantly more robust than those of LP in vitro and in vivo. These results indicated that selenylation could enhance the immune-enhancement activity of LP significantly.

Structural characterization of Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) polysaccharides and determination of their associated antioxidant activity

BACKGROUD

The Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) is the only Lilium species that is used for both culinary and medicinal purposes in China. Its bulbs contain various bioactive substances, such as polysaccharides, saponins and colchicine. Lanzhou lily polysaccharides are known to have anti-immunity, anti-tumor and anti-oxidation functions.

RESULTS

The present study used a Box-Behnken design to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction of Lanzhou lily polysaccharides. Compared to other enzymes, trypsin significantly increased the polysaccharide yields, whereas the protein content of polysaccharides extracted with trypsin was the lowest. Monosaccharide mainly includes glucose (> 50%) and mannose (> 10%). 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, chelating activity, total antioxidant capacity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of Lanzhou lily polysaccharides extracted with trypsin were stronger than those extracted without enzymes (control). Structural characteristics of Lanzhou lily polysaccharides extracted with trypsin and extracted without enzymes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. When water extracted polysaccharide and trypsin extracted polysaccharide concentrations were 200 μg mL^-1 , Raw264.7 proliferation rates were 101.69% and 159.41%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The Lanzhou lily polysaccharide was identified as α-(1 → 6)-d-glucan. Consequently, the effects of both potential antioxidant and proliferative activity of trypsin are significant. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Isolation, Purification and Antioxidant Activity of The Polysaccharides from Chinese Truffle Tuber sinense

The content of polysaccharides in Tuber sinense was investigated by isolation and purification, followed with the further antioxidant studies in total reducing capacity and radical scavenging activities. The crude extract of polysaccharides was purified by dialysis, column chromatography, and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The main components of monosaccharide (s) and molecular structure of single polysaccharide were studied by using methylation, GC-MS, and NMR analysis. One new water-soluble non-starch polysaccharide (PTS-A with the yield of 0.41%) from T. sinense was purified and identified on structural characteristics for the first time. The characterizations of PTS-A were studied on physicochemical properties, main components of monosaccharide (s) and molecular structure. PTS-A was identified as glucan, only containing D-glucoses with the molecular structure of [→6) α-D-Glcp (1→6) α-D-Glcp (1→]_n by methylation analysis and NMR. In the determination of total reducing capacity, their reducing abilities could be listed as vitamin C> PTS-A> crude polysaccharides-3> crude polysaccharides-2> crude polysaccharides-1. All of PTS-A, crude polysaccharides-2 and -3 were relatively good scavenger for 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-Diphenyl-1- (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl radicals with the IC₅₀ of 2.81, 4.17 and 3.44 mg/mL, respectively. Thus, the separation and purification of polysaccharides were significant to increase the antioxidant activity in some degree. One new water-soluble 1,6-α-ᴅ-dextran was discovered with the polysaccharide structure identified for the first time. Both PTS-A and crude extracts of polysaccharide performed a potent potential on antioxidant activities. The bioactivities of PTS-A should be generalized to the broader pharmacological effects.

Effects of High-Pressure Homogenization on the Structural, Physical, and Rheological Properties of Lily Pulp

The effects of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) on the structural, physical, and rheological properties of lily pulp (15%, w/w) were investigated. Different pressures ranging from 0 MPa to 100 MPa were used. The focus was on evaluating the changes in the particle size distribution (PSD), structure, pulp sedimentation behavior, serum cloudiness (SC), total soluble solids (TSS), color, and rheological behavior of the pulps. PSD analysis showed that the diameter of suspended lily particles significantly decreased with an increasing homogenization pressure. The suspended particles observed through optical microscopy became small after homogenization, highlighting the effect of HPH on disrupting the suspended particles. Compared with the untreated pulp, the SC and sedimentation velocity of the homogenized pulps decreased due to the disruption of the suspended particles. The effects of HPH on the sedimentation index and SC exhibited an asymptotic behavior similar to that of the changes in the particle size of lily pulp. Moreover, HPH processing reduced the viscosity of lily pulp and increased the TSS and lightness of the homogenized pulps. HPH significantly modified the structural, physical, and rheological properties of lily pulp. The pulp homogenized above 60 MPa had good suspension stability. This finding indicates that HPH technology can be used to improve the stability of lily pulp.

The Preparation and Structure Analysis Methods of Natural Polysaccharides of Plants and Fungi: A Review of Recent Development

Polysaccharides are ubiquitous biomolecules found in nature that contain various biological and pharmacological activities that are employed in functional foods and therapeutic agents. Natural polysaccharides are obtained mainly by extraction and purification, which may serve as reliable procedures to enhance the quality and the yield of polysaccharide products. Moreover, structural analysis of polysaccharides proves to be promising and crucial for elucidating structure–activity relationships. Therefore, this report summarizes the recent developments and applications in extraction, separation, purification, and structural analysis of polysaccharides of plants and fungi.

Total Polysaccharides of Lily Bulb Ameliorate Menopause-Like Behavior in Ovariectomized Mice: Multiple Mechanisms Distinct from Estrogen Therapy

Our previous study has demonstrated the effects of aqueous extract of lily bulb in alleviating menopause-related psychiatric symptoms in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. This study sought to further investigate the psychotropic effects of total polysaccharides of lily bulb (TPLB) against anxiety, depression, and cognitive deterioration and the underlying mechanisms in OVX mice using behavioral, neurochemical, molecular, and proteomic approaches in comparison with estrogen therapy. While TPLB and estradiol showed similar effects in reducing OVX-induced anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment, the psychotropic effects of TPLB were more closely associated with the predominant activation of estrogen receptors (ERs) and regulation of brain regional neurotransmitters and neurotrophins with minor effects on the uterus. Estradiol had similar potencies in binding affinity at ERα and ERβ, which caused widespread genetic and epigenetic effects. In contrast, TPLB displayed a higher affinity at ERβ than ERα, triggering the specific Ras/Akt/ERK/CREB signaling pathway without affecting any epigenetic activity. TPLB additionally modulated multiple proteins associated with mitochondrial oxidative stress, but estradiol did not. These results indicate that TPLB has comparable efficacy in reducing menopause-associated neuropsychological symptoms with a better safety profile compared to estrogen therapy. We suggest that TPLB could serve as a novel agent for menopause syndrome.

Multifunctionality of lunasin and peptides released during its simulated gastrointestinal digestion

Oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypertension are recognized risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Because of the preventable character of these factors, the searching of dietary compounds with counteracting effects against them would provide a new framework for the development of novel multifunctional foods or nutraceuticals. Lunasin is a naturally occurring soybean peptide with chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory properties. Upon oral intake, lunasin is susceptible to the action of digestive enzymes during its transit through gastrointestinal tract. In spite of its cleavage into smaller peptides, these fragments have been suggested to contribute on the health beneficial effects attributed to lunasin. To confirm this hypothesis, the multifunctionality of lunasin derived-fragments was investigated. In vitro, peptides corresponding to the N-terminal and central regions of lunasin were demonstrated to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme and to scavenge peroxyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radicals. Moreover, lunasin and fragments released during its gastrointestinal digestion exerted potent protective effects on cell viability and oxidative status in macrophages RAW264.7 challenged with chemicals tert-butylhydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide. These peptides were also able to reduce the nitric oxide production in pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages. These results confirm the promising role of lunasin and its derived-fragments as protective agents against oxidative damage and inflammation-associated diseases.

Improvement of the aroma of lily rice wine by using aroma-producing yeast strain Wickerhamomyces anomalus HN006

A fruity aroma-producing yeast strain was isolated with the aim of improving the aroma of fermented lily rice wine, and identified as Wickerhamomyces anomalus HN006. In addition, the effects of adding solid residues of previous fermentation cycles, and of fungus α-amylase and W. anomalus HN006 supplementation on the biochemical parameters of lily rice wine were evaluated. The optimum quality of the wine, in terms of ethanol and residual sugar content, acidity levels and aroma, was obtained with 5% (w/v) solid residue addition, and supplementation with 10 U/g fungal α-amylase and 2% (v/v) W. anomalus inoculum on the 4th day of fermentation. Volatile compound profiles, the total amount of amino acids and the sensory characteristics of the lily rice wines produced by the two fermentation processes were also evaluated and compared. The lily rice wine obtained from our optimized experimental technology produced higher amounts of some esters, free fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkenes, volatile phenol and thiazole, in addition to higher total amino acid content and sensory scores compared to the traditionally brewed wine. Our process resulted in an intensification and improvement of lily rice wine aroma.

Isolation and Structural Characterization of a Second Polysaccharide from Bulbs of Lanzhou Lily

In this study, a second water-soluble polysaccharide (designated as LDP-2) was isolated from the bulbs of Lanzhou Lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor). Based on monosaccharide composition and methylation analysis, its structural features were investigated using a variety of characterizations, such as size-exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering (SEC-LLS), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that LDP-2 is a homogeneous heteropolysaccharide (molecular weight 6.2 × 10⁴ Da), which includes four kinds of monosaccharides (Lyx, Man, Glc, and Gal in an approximate weight ratio of 6.74: 6.28: 76.50: 10.48). Furthermore, its morphology, thermal behavior, and preliminary hypoglycemic activities were also investigated.

Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Shuanghua Baihe Tablets to Prevent Oral Mucositis in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Cancer Undergoing Chemoradiation Therapy

PURPOSE

Oral mucositis is a common unpreventable complication associated with chemoradiation therapy. Shuanghua Baihe tablets have been approved by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration for treating recurrent oral mucosa ulceration. This study assessed whether Shuanghua Baihe tablets could prevent oral mucositis during chemoradiation therapy for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at 11 hospitals in China between January 22, 2014, and September 21, 2015. Eligible patients (N=240, 18-70 years old) with pathologically diagnosed locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma were randomly assigned (computer-block randomization; 1:1) to receive Shuanghua Baihe tablets or a placebo (4 tablets, 3 times a day, for 7 weeks) at the initiation of chemoradiation therapy. Administration of Shuanghua Baihe tablets could be ended if grade 3 or higher oral mucositis developed and patients were unwilling to continue taking the drug. The primary endpoints were oral mucositis incidence and latency.

RESULTS

The incidence of oral mucositis during this study was significantly lower in the Shuanghua Baihe group (85.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 78.6%-91.4%) than in the placebo group (96.6%; 95% CI, 93.4%-99.9%; P=.0028). The median latency period was 28 days in the Shuanghua Baihe group and 14 days in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.12-0.23; P<.0001). Compared with placebo, Shuanghua Baihe tablets significantly reduced the oral mucositis severity scores recorded by the investigators (Oral Mucositis Score, 24.0 [range, 0.0-67.8] vs 57.5 [range, 0.0-98.0]; P<.0001), full-time nurses (Oral Assessment Guide score, 462.0 [range, 392.0-664.7] vs 520.4 [range, 392.0-714.0]; P<.0001), and patients (score for soreness of mouth and throat, 4.0 [range, 0-10] vs 6.0 [range, 0-10]; P<.0001). No serious adverse events were observed, and the incidence of mild or moderate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with Shuanghua Baihe tablets was 3.3%. The short-term response rate was similar in patients receiving Shuanghua Baihe tablets and those receiving placebo during chemoradiation therapy during this study.

CONCLUSIONS

Shuanghua Baihe tablets reduced the occurrence, latency, and severity of oral mucositis in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer during chemoradiation therapy treatment.

Structure Elucidation of a Polysaccharide from Umbilicaria esculenta and Its Immunostimulatory Activity

Umbilicaria esculenta has been used as a tonic food in China for several centuries owing to its pleasant flavor and health benefits. In this study, a water soluble polysaccharide, which we designated as UP2, with an average molecular weight of 3.33 × 105 Da, was isolated from U. esculenta cultivated in the Huangshan Mountain, by consecutive hot water extraction and anion-exchange chromatography. Gas chromatography analysis indicated that UP2 contained three kinds of monosaccharides, including mannose, glucose, and galactose at a molar ratio of 1.7:1.0:1.2. Linkage analysis of UP2 revealed the presence of (1 → 6)-linked glucosyl, (1 → 3,6)-linked glucosyl, t-linked galactosyl, (1 → 6)-linked galactosyl and (1 → 6)-linked mannosyl at a molar ratio of 0.7:4.6:4.1:2.2:9.1. Structural analysis determined that UP2 possessed a backbone consisting of (1 → 6)-linked β-D-glucopyranosyl and (1 → 6)-linked α-D-mannopyranosyl residues, which substituted at the O-3 position of (1 → 6)-linked β-D-glucopyranosyl residues by branches of (1 → 6)-linked α-D-galactopyranosyl and 1-linked β-D-galactopyranosyl residues. Immunostimulatory activity analysis showed that UP2 could stimulate the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and all the samples (20-500 μg/mL) were found to enhance nitric oxide production. The highest phagocytic activity of UP2 was observed at 200 μg/mL. Thus, UP2 may be a potential source of biological and pharmacological agents.

A polysaccharide from the stems of Rubus amabilis Focke and its immunological enhancement activity

A water-soluble polysaccharide (named RAP) was newly isolated from the stems of Rubus amabilis. Structural confirmation of the polysaccharide was provided by hydrolysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and methylation analysis, combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), capillary electrophoresis (CE), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and gas chromatography-mass spectra (GC-MS). In vitro immunological enhancement activity was characterized using the proliferative activity of spleen lymphocytes and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages in mice. The polysaccharide was mainly composed of xylose, arabinose, glucose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, glucuronic acid, and galactocuronic acid in the molar ratio of 1.0:6.9:0.8:1.1:6.9:0.3:0.5:3.3, with the average molecular weight of 26.2 kDa. The linkage types of netural monosaccharides were as follows: the arabinose was →2) Ara (1→ and galactose were Gal (1→, →3) Gal (1→, →3,6) Gal (1→, →2,3,6) Gal (1→ and →2,3,6) Galf (1→. Xyl (1→, →6) Glc (1→, →2) Glc (1→, →3) Rha (1→, Rha (1→ and Man (1→ were also found in the structure. RAP-B-2 could improve the proliferative activity of spleen T cells and B cells and boost phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages at the concentration of 50 μg/ml (p < 0.05, p < 0.01).

A polysaccharide from cultured mycelium of Hericium erinaceus and its anti-chronic atrophic gastritis activity

A polysaccharide named EP-1 was found by screening cultured mycelium of Hericium erinaceus, which was extracted and subjected to precipitation with ethanol, hollow-fiber ultrafiltration and ion-exchange chromatography. The polysaccharide has a molecular weight of approximately 3100Da and is composed of glucose, mannose and galactose, thus being a heteroglycan. EP-1 has a backbone of α-d-Glc(1→3) and β-d-Glc(1→3). The β-d-Glc(1→3) and α-d-Gal-(1→3) were regarded as branches attached to the C-4 position. The α-d-Man was regarded as a terminal residue. The anti-CAG activity was evaluated in experimental systems using a cell model for identification. The polysaccharide significantly inhibited the growth of MC cells obtained from human gastric mucosa epithelium (GES-1) cells transformed by MNNG, which were used as a chronic atrophic gastritis cell model. It also interfered with the MC cells by inducing cell cycle arrest. Thus, EP-1 shows potential for the development of new functional foods and drugs.

Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from thinned-young apple

Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from thinned-young apple (TYA) were investigated in the study. A water-soluble polysaccharide (TYAP) was obtained with hot water extraction, which was further purified by chromatography of Cellulose DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-150 to get three purified fractions of TYAP-1, TYAP-2 and TYAP-3. HPLC analysis showed that the three fractions were mainly composed of galactose and arabinose with the average molecular weights of 115 kDa, 479 kDa and 403 kDa, respectively and the monosaccharide compositions of TYAP-2 and TYAP-3 were more complicated than that of TYAP-1. Moreover, TYAP fractions of three had no absorptions at 260 nm and 280 nm in the UV spectrum, indicating the absence of protein and nucleic acid. Their structure properties were further confirmed by FT-IR. In vitro antioxidant activities of three fractions were characterized by DPPH(•), HO(•), O2(•-) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power systems. The results indicated that TYAP-1, TYAP-2 and TYAP-3 possessed significant antioxidant effects in a concentration-dependant manner in the tested concentration range of 0.25-5.0mg/mL. Among the fractions tested, TYAP-3 showed significantly higher antioxidant activity than that of TYAP-1 and TYAP-2. All of these findings provide a scientific basis for the further use of polysaccharides from thinned-young apple.