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Relationships between the Decomposition Behaviour of Renewable Fibres and Their Reinforcing Effect in Composites Processed at High Temperatures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244448. [PMID: 34960999 PMCID: PMC8705471 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering polymers reinforced with renewable fibres (RF) are an attractive class of materials, due to their excellent mechanical performance and low environmental impact. However, the successful preparation of such composites has proven to be challenging due to the low thermal stability of RF. The aim of the present study was to investigate how different RF behaves under increased processing temperatures and correlate the thermal properties of the fibres to the mechanical properties of composites. For this purpose, hemp, flax and Lyocell fibres were compounded into polypropylene (PP) using a co-rotating twin screw extruder and test specimens were injection moulded at temperatures ranging from 180 °C to 260 °C, with 20 K steps. The decomposition behaviour of fibres was characterised using non-isothermal and isothermal simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC). The prepared composites were investigated using optical microscopy (OM), colorimetry, tensile test, Charpy impact test, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and melt flow rate (MFR). Composites exhibited a decrease in mechanical performance at processing temperatures above 200 °C, with a steep decrease observed at 240 °C. Lyocell fibres exhibited the best reinforcement effect, especially at elevated processing temperatures, followed by flax and hemp fibres. It was found that the retention of the fibre reinforcement effect at elevated temperatures can be well predicted using isothermal TGA measurements.
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Asim M, Paridah MT, Chandrasekar M, Shahroze RM, Jawaid M, Nasir M, Siakeng R. Thermal stability of natural fibers and their polymer composites. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-020-00824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang S, Yang B, Duan C, Fuller DA, Wang X, Chowdhury SP, Stavik J, Zhang H, Ni Y. Applications of enzymatic technologies to the production of high-quality dissolving pulp: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 281:440-448. [PMID: 30876797 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the worldwide production of dissolving pulp has grown rapidly. Enzymatic technologies play an important role in producing high-quality dissolving pulp, due to their green, mild conditions, high specificity and efficiency. In this review, the relevant publications regarding enzyme applications for dissolving pulp are summarized. Cellulase and xylanase are two major enzymes used for this purpose. Cellulase can improve the quality of dissolving pulp, such as improving the reactivity/accessibility, controlling the intrinsic viscosity and adjusting the molecular weight. Xylanase is mainly used to increase the purity of the dissolving pulp and improve the pulp brightness. Furthermore, in order to increase the enzymatic treatment efficiency, the enzymatic technology can be combined with other techniques, including mechanical refining, fiber fractionations, alkali treatment and use of additives. The advantages, disadvantages and practical implications are analyzed. Also, the potential of other enzymes (such as laccase, mannanase) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Paper Making Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Bo Yang
- Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Chao Duan
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Darcy Alexandra Fuller
- Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Xinqi Wang
- Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada; College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Susmita Paul Chowdhury
- Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Jaroslav Stavik
- Schweighofer Fiber GmbH, Salzachtalstraße 88, Postfach 62, 5400 Hallein, Austria
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Paper Making Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Paper Making Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada.
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Chaurasia SK, Bhardwaj NK. Biobleaching - An ecofriendly and environmental benign pulp bleaching technique: A review. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1581888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nishi K. Bhardwaj
- Avantha Centre for Industrial Research and Development, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
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Khanjani P, Väisänen S, Lovikka V, Nieminen K, Maloney T, Vuorinen T. Assessing the reactivity of cellulose by oxidation with 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxo-piperidinium cation under mild conditions. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 176:293-298. [PMID: 28927611 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The accessibility and reactivity of cellulose are key parameters in its conversion into various products. Several indirect measures, such as water retention value (WRV), fiber saturation point (FSP) and specific surface area (SSA), are often used to characterize cellulosic samples for their reactivity. In this paper, we report on using oxidation with 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxo-piperidinium cation (4-AcNH-TEMPO+) as a probe reaction for the reactivity of cellulose in mild conditions (pH 9, room temperature). 4-AcNH-TEMPO+ is able to selectively convert hydroxymethyl groups into carboxylate groups. The time dependence of the conversion was monitored by iodometric quantification of the residual 4-AcNH-TEMPO+. Soluble substrates, such as 1-propanol and maltose, were quantitatively oxidized in ca. 1min while 3-16% of cellulose was oxidized in ca. 15min depending on its origin. Extrapolation of the slow residual oxidation to zero time allowed quantification of the easily reactive or accessible cellulose. The 4-AcNH-TEMPO+ reactivity was correlated with several pulp characteristics, including WRV, FSP, SSA, chemical composition, crystallinity, the pulping process and the drying history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Khanjani
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Saija Väisänen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ville Lovikka
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Kaarlo Nieminen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Thad Maloney
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tapani Vuorinen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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Beltramino F, Valls C, Vidal T, Roncero MB. Exploring the effects of treatments with carbohydrases to obtain a high-cellulose content pulp from a non-wood alkaline pulp. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 133:302-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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