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Colijn I, van der Kooij HM, Schroën K. From fundamental insights to rational (bio)polymer nanocomposite design - Connecting the nanometer to meter scale. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103076. [PMID: 38301315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticle addition has the potential to make bioplastic use mainstream, as the resultant nanocomposite shows improved mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties. It is well established that the architecture and dynamics of the nanoparticle-polymer interphasial region, ∼ 1.5-9 nm from the nanoparticle surface, are crucial for nanocomposite characteristics. Yet, how these molecular phenomena translate to the bulk is still largely unknown. A multi-disciplinary and multi-scale vision is required to capture the full picture and improve materials far beyond what is currently possible. In this review, a first step in bridging the apparent gap between fundamental insights toward observed material properties is made. At the molecular scale, the polymer chain density and dynamics at the nanoparticle surface are governed by a complex interplay between enthalpy and entropy. The resultant interphasial properties can only be propagated to the macroscopic scale effectively when the nanoparticles are well-distributed. This makes the dispersion state a key parameter for which thermodynamic and kinetic insights can be used to prevent nanoparticle aggregation. These insights are linked to material properties relevant to packaging. The outlook section elaborates on the remaining challenges and the steps required to further understand and better design nanocomposite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Colijn
- Wageningen University and Research, Food Process Engineering Group, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hanne M van der Kooij
- Wageningen University and Research, Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter Group, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Karin Schroën
- Wageningen University and Research, Food Process Engineering Group, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Mearaj S, Ajaz AM, Kim TM, Choi JW. Bioactive and Hemocompatible PLA/Lignin Bio-Composites: Assessment of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3648-3660. [PMID: 37584640 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, acetylated soda lignin (ASL) and non-acetylated soda lignin (SL) were extruded with PLA in different concentrations to fabricate antioxidant polylactic acid (PLA)/lignin composites for potential biomedical applications. After lignin acetylation, good compatibility was observed between PLA and lignin in scanning electron microscopy images. All the PLA/ASL composites displayed higher mechanical properties than PLA/SL composites. PLA/ASL5 displayed the highest mechanical characteristics with elongation at break of 10% and tensile strength of 57 MPa, while PLA/SL15 and PLA/SL20 demonstrated superior UV-blocking potential with UV transmittance less than 10%. Addition of ASL in PLA lead to an increase in the hydrophobic character, with all the PLA/ASL displaying a higher water contact angle. The antioxidant test using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay showed that PLA/SL composites rendered superior radical scavenging activity (RSA), with PLA/SL20 composites displaying an RSA of 80%. Furthermore, in vitro antioxidant activity and cytocompatibility were analyzed using human colon cancer cells (HCT-15) and gastric epithelial cells (NCC-24). In vitro antioxidant activity, evaluated by H2O2 exposure was confirmed by a live/dead assay. PLA/SL composites protected both types of cells from oxidative stress. In addition, all PLA/SL and PLA/ASL composites promoted cell proliferation compared to PLA. PLA/SL5 and PLA/SL10 displayed the highest cell proliferation of all composites. Lastly, all PLA/SL and PLA/ASL composites had a hemoglobin release less than 2%. The antioxidant properties, cytocompatibility, and hemocompatibility of lignin/PLA demonstrated in our study indicate that these lignin/PLA composites possess the desirable attributes for potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Mearaj
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Department of Green Eco System Engineering, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Ahmed Muhammad Ajaz
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Department of Green Eco System Engineering, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Department of Green Eco System Engineering, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Joon Weon Choi
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Department of Green Eco System Engineering, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
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3
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Tom C, Narayana Sangitra S, Kumar Pujala R. Rheological Fingerprinting and Applications of Cellulose Nanocrystal Based Composites: A Review. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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BAKER MT, OGUNTOYE OS. Physical and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Microcrystalline Cellulose Derivatives from Corn Cob and Daniella Oliveri Wastes. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1107627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose was extracted from wood dust waste samples of Daniella oliveri and corn cobs by acetic acid and alkaline pretreatment methods, while microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) derivative was produced by acid hydrolysis in 2 M HCl. The samples were tested for pH, moisture content, swelling capacities and ash contents. The data obtained were compared with those of commercial MCCs found in the literature. The functional groups in the microcrystalline cellulose derivatives was confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method with characteristic absorption bands of;–OH stretching at 3416 cm-1; C-H stretching at 2918 cm-1; -OH bending at 1377 cm-1; 1159 cm-1; and C-O-C pyranose ring skeletal vibrations at 1026-1033 cm-1. The crystallinity absorption bands appeared at 1436 and 850 cm-1. The characteristic morphological features were established by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the crystallinity of the microcrystalline cellulose was further confirmed using the X-ray powder diffraction (X-RD) technique, which showed three main reflections at 2θ=14.70°, 22.09°, and 34.24°.These results supported that microcrystalline cellulose derivative as cellulose I type and the acid pretreatment did not affect the structure of the MCC. The crystallinity indices were 69.3 and 73.2%, respectively. Daniella Oliveri and corn cob microcrystalline cellulose are, therefore, potential materials for further processing.
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Peng K, Mubarak S, Diao X, Cai Z, Zhang C, Wang J, Wu L. Progress in the Preparation, Properties, and Applications of PLA and Its Composite Microporous Materials by Supercritical CO 2: A Review from 2020 to 2022. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204320. [PMID: 36297898 PMCID: PMC9611929 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of degradable plastic foams is in line with the current development concept of being pollution free and sustainable. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) microporous foam with biodegradability, good heat resistance, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties can be successfully applied in cushioning packaging, heat insulation, noise reduction, filtration and adsorption, tissue engineering, and other fields. This paper summarizes and critically evaluates the latest research on preparing PLA microporous materials by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) physical foaming since 2020. This paper first introduces the scCO2 foaming technologies for PLA and its composite foams, discusses the CO2-assisted foaming processes, and analyzes the effects of process parameters on PLA foaming. After that, the paper reviews the effects of modification methods such as chemical modification, filler filling, and mixing on the rheological and crystallization behaviors of PLA and provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanism of PLA foaming behavior to provide theoretical guidance for future research on PLA foaming. Lastly, the development and applications of PLA microporous materials based on scCO2 foaming technologies are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangming Peng
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Suhail Mubarak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu-si 59626, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Xuefeng Diao
- Jinyoung (Xiamen) Advanced Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361028, China
| | - Zewei Cai
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry Engineering, Minjiang University, Xiyuangong Road No. 200, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Industrial Design Institute, Minjiang University, Xiyuangong Road No. 200, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Jianlei Wang
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Lixin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.)
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R A, Mr S, Kushvaha V, Khan A, Seingchin S, Dhakal HN. Modification of Fibres and Matrices in Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Comprehensive Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100862. [PMID: 35609116 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Composite materials derived from eco-friendly natural fibres and other biodegradable materials have gained prominence in industrial applications due to their sustainability and reduced greenhouse gas emissions attributes in comparison with conventional reinforcements such as glass and carbon fibres. Application of natural fibre-polymer composites (NFPCs) in different industrial applications provides competitive edge due to its lightweight, higher specific mechanical properties than glass fibres, sustainability and lesser cost involved in production. There are certain challenges associated with natural fibers and its reinforcement in composites such as poor bonding between the fibres and matrix due to its contradictory nature of characteristics, moisture absorption, lower thermal properties and poor interfacial adhesion between the natural fibre and polymer matrix. The challenges involved in NFPCs needs to be overcome to produce materials with relatively equivalent properties to that of conventional compositesand other metallic structures. Several researchers around the globe have conducted investigations with the primary attention being paid to the modification of natural fibers and matrix by employing surface treatments and other chemical treatment methods. In order to address the need for eco-friendly and sustainable materials in different domains, a comprehensive review on natural fibers and its sources, available matrix materials, modification techniques, mechanical and thermal properties of NFPCs is needed for better understanding of behavior of NFPCs.This work provides the information and wholistic view of natural fibre reinforced composites based on the results obtained from modification techniques,with the view of focusing the review in terms of different chemical and physical treatment techniques, modification of fibers and matrix and enhanced mechanical and thermal properties in the composites. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- ArunRamnath R
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sanjay Mr
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vinod Kushvaha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, India
| | - Anish Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suchart Seingchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hom N Dhakal
- Advanced Polymers and Composites (APC) Research Group, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3DJ, UK
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Ren Q, Wu M, Wang L, Zheng W, Hikima Y, Semba T, Ohshima M. Cellulose nanofiber reinforced poly (lactic acid) with enhanced rheology, crystallization and foaming ability. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 286:119320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Ren Q, Wu M, Weng Z, Zhu X, Li W, Huang P, Wang L, Zheng W, Ohshima M. Promoted formation of stereocomplex in enantiomeric poly(lactic acid)s induced by cellulose nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118800. [PMID: 34823806 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Stereocomplex (SC) crystallization between enantiomeric poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) is believed to yield poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with superior physiochemical properties. However, homocrystallization (HC) crystallites are inevitably generated in the PLLA/PDLA blends. Herein, we report a simple approach to fabricate PLLA/PDLA racemic blends with high contents of SC crystallites by introducing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The isothermal crystallization results revealed that the half-crystallization time of the PLLA/PDLA blend was significantly decreased by adding CNFs. Additionally, with the incorporation of 3 wt% modified CNFs, the PLLA/PDLA blend was overwhelmingly crystallized into SC crystallites with no HC crystallite formation. Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy findings, it was speculated that the preferred SC crystallization of PLLA/PDLA/CNF was caused by enhanced interchain molecular interactions between CNFs and PLA. This work presents a feasible and efficient method to fabricate PLA with exclusively SC crystallites, which possesses great potential for producing high-performance PLA materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; Advanced Materials and Composites Department, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Zhengsheng Weng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiuyu Zhu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China
| | - Wanwan Li
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China
| | - Pengke Huang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Long Wang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 6158510, Japan.
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9
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Shi Z, Li S, Li M, Gan L, Huang J. Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals towards new materials development. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxu Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Shufang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Mingxia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Lin Gan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Jin Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Engineering Research Center of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bintuan Shihezi University Shihezi, Xinjiang China
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10
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Yu F, Fei X, He Y, Li H. Poly(lactic acid)-based composite film reinforced with acetylated cellulose nanocrystals and ZnO nanoparticles for active food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:770-779. [PMID: 34284052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based composite films reinforced with acetylated cellulose nanocrystals (ACNC) (1 wt%) and ZnO nanoparticles at different content (1, 3, 5 and 7 wt%) were prepared by solution-casting method. The surface acetylation of cellulose nanocrystals improved its dispersion in the PLA matrix. The morphologies, optical, mechanical, barrier, thermal and antibacterial properties of PLA/ACNC/ZnO ternary composite films were investigated. SEM images showed that ACNC and ZnO were evenly distributed in the PLA matrix to form homogenous film when the content of ZnO was ≤5 wt%. The PLA/ACNC/ZnO composite films showed improved UV blocking, mechanical strength, oxygen and water vapor barrier. This ternary composite also exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The migration amounts of Zn2+ from PLA/ACNC/ZnO composite film to food simulants were below the specific migration limit (5 mg/kg). Overall, the desirable properties of the resulting PLA/ACNC/ZnO ternary composite film highlighted the potential application as a promising option for active food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyou Yu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650600, China
| | - Xiang Fei
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650600, China
| | - Yunqing He
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650600, China
| | - Hui Li
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650600, China.
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Nizamuddin S, Jamal M, Santos J, Giustozzi F. Recycling of low-value packaging films in bitumen blends: A grey-based multi criteria decision making approach considering a set of laboratory performance and environmental impact indicators. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146187. [PMID: 33714093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many road construction and maintenance projects are increasingly using recycled material as pavement material. Most of the times, generic sustainability evaluations are ascribed to recycled products without fully considering their performance. The potential environmental benefits of various alternatives can be analytically evaluated with Life Cycle Assessment while many performance indicators can be found through laboratory and field tests. However, it is highly uncommon for these two approaches to be combined in the same assessment methodology and most of the analyses rely on one or the other. Trading off between environmental advantages and performance and durability in the field is considered of utmost importance when evaluating construction alternatives, especially on large projects. This study utilizes recycled plastic packaging films for bitumen modification. The recycled polyolefin blend is a combination of linear low-density polyethylene and low-density polyethylene (LLDPE/LDPE). LLDPE/LDPE was added in bitumen at various dosages (i.e., from 3% to 12% by weight of the bitumen) to assess the effect of recycled LLDPE/LDPE on the binder physio-chemical, rheological and thermal performance. In addition to the various laboratory performance tests, the environmental sustainability of the alternatives was evaluated through an LCA study. Finally, the outcomes from the two approaches (laboratory performance and environmental impact assessment) were combined via grey relational analysis to identify the best overall alternative. It was found that the storage stability of LLDPE/LDPE modified blends varied from 6 °C to 57 °C whereas the storage stability value of A35P was 2 °C. Softening point of bitumen was 44.1 °C which improved to 55.7-104.1 °C at different content of LLDPE/LDPE. The melting temperature of LLDPE/LDPE modified blends was 100.22, 101.44, 101.87 and 102.49 for LLDPE/LDPE-3%, LLDPE/LDPE-6%, LLDPE/LDPE-9% and LLDPE/LDPE-12%. The methodology highlighted in the paper can be easily adapted to other scenarios, hence facilitating multi-attribute decision-making processes when incorporating recycled materials in roads and leading to better informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabzoi Nizamuddin
- Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Muhammad Jamal
- Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Joao Santos
- Construction Management and Engineering, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Filippo Giustozzi
- Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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12
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Formulation of bionanomaterials: A review of particle design towards oil recovery applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Rasheed M, Jawaid M, Parveez B. Bamboo Fiber Based Cellulose Nanocrystals/Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Succinate) Nanocomposites: Morphological, Mechanical and Thermal Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1076. [PMID: 33805433 PMCID: PMC8038013 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from bamboo fiber on the properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) composites fabricated by melt mixing at 175 °C and then hot pressing at 180 °C. PBS and CNC (0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 wt.%) were added to improvise the properties of PLA. The morphological, physiochemical and crystallinity properties of nanocomposites were analysed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), respectively. The thermal and tensile properties were analysed by thermogravimetic analysis (TGA), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Universal testing machine (UTM). PLA-PBS blend shows homogeneous morphology while the composite shows rod-like CNC particles, which are embedded in the polymer matrix. The uniform distribution of CNC particles in the nanocomposites improves their thermal stability, tensile strength and tensile modulus up to 1 wt.%; however, their elongation at break decreases. Thus, CNC addition in PLA-PBS matrix improves structural and thermal properties of the composite. The composite, thus developed, using CNC (a natural fiber) and PLA-PBS (biodegradable polymers) could be of immense importance as they could allow complete degradation in soil, making it a potential alternative material to existing packaging materials in the market that could be environment friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masrat Rasheed
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Bisma Parveez
- Kulliyan of Engineering (KOE), Islamic International University Malaysia, Gombak 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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14
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Brakat A, Zhu H. Nanocellulose-Graphene Hybrids: Advanced Functional Materials as Multifunctional Sensing Platform. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:94. [PMID: 34138367 PMCID: PMC8006521 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Naturally derived nanocellulose with unique physiochemical properties and giant potentials as renewable smart nanomaterials opens up endless novel advanced functional materials for multi-sensing applications. However, integrating inorganic functional two-dimensional carbon materials such as graphene has realized hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposite materials with precisely tailored properties and multi-sensing abilities. Altogether, the affinity, stability, dispersibility, modification, and functionalization are some of the key merits permitting their synergistic interfacial interactions, which exhibited highly advanced multifunctional hybrid nanocomposites with desirable properties. Moreover, the high performance of such hybrids could be achievable through green and straightforward approaches. In this context, the review covered the most advanced nanocellulose-graphene hybrids, focusing on their synthetization, functionalization, fabrication, and multi-sensing applications. These hybrid films exhibited great potentials as a multifunctional sensing platform for numerous mechanical, environmental, and human bio-signals detections, mimicking, and in-situ monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Brakat
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Yin D, Mi J, Zhou H, Wang X, Yu K. Simple and feasible strategy to fabricate microcellular poly(butylene succinate) foams by chain extension and isothermal crystallization induction. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dexian Yin
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Kejing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐textilesMinistry of Education, Jiangnan University Jiangsu, 214122 People's Republic of China
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16
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Fabrication of branching poly (butylene succinate)/cellulose nanocrystal foams with exceptional thermal insulation. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116708. [PMID: 32829836 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Branching poly (butylene succinate) (BPBS) nanocomposite foams incorporated with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were prepared by supercritical CO2. Surface modification of CNCs by acetylation was achieved through replacing hydrophilic hydroxyl groups with hydrophobic acetyl groups, which improved the dispersibility of CNCs significantly. The crystallite sizes of CNCs and acetylated CNCs were calculated by Scherrer's formula as 25 and 19 nm, respectively. The initial crystallization temperature of diverse poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) specimens, a crucial factor for regulating cell nucleation type, increased remarkably by 11.8 °C as well as their storage modulus increased by 2 orders of magnitudes, due to branching reaction and bio-filler addition. BPBS/CNCs foam possessed a high volume expansion ratio as 37.1 times and displayed an exceptional thermal conductivity as 0.021 W(m K)-1. This study provided a promising potential strategy to develop exceptional thermal-insulation polymer foams for composite structures, energy conservation and environment protection.
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17
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Wang Y, Liao J, Lu J, Chen Z, Gao S, Gan L, Huang J. Regulating surface molecular structure of cellulose nanocrystals to optimize mechanical reinforcement effect on hydrophobic bio-based polyesters. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-020-00832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Zheng T, Pilla S. Melt Processing of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Filled Composites: Toward Reinforcement and Foam Nucleation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zheng
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Clemson University, 4 Research Drive, Greenville, South Carolina 29607, United States
- Clemson Composites Center, Clemson University, Greenville, South Carolina 29607, United States
| | - Srikanth Pilla
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Clemson University, 4 Research Drive, Greenville, South Carolina 29607, United States
- Clemson Composites Center, Clemson University, Greenville, South Carolina 29607, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29602, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29602, United States
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19
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Impact of the Surface Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals on the Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(Butylene Succinate). CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophilicity of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is a major challenge for their processing with hydrophobic polymers and matrices. As a result, many surface modifications have been proposed to hydrophobize CNCs. The authors showed in an earlier study that grafting alcohols of different chain lengths onto the surface of CNCs using toluene diisocyanate (TDI) as a linker can systematically hydrophobize CNCs to a water contact angle of up to 120° depending on the alcohol chain length. Then, the hydrophobized CNCs were used to mechanically reinforce poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), which is a hydrophobic polymer. As a result of hydrophobization, PBS/CNCs interfacial adhesion and the composite mechanical properties significantly improved with the increasing CNC contact angle. Continuing on these results, this paper investigates the impact of CNC surface properties on the crystallization behavior of PBS using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the crystallization temperature of PBS increased from 74.7 °C to up to 86.6 °C as a result of CNC nucleation activity, and its value was proportionally dependent on the contact angle of the CNCs. In agreement, the nucleation activity factor (φ) estimated using Dobreva and Gutzow’s method decreased with the increasing CNC contact angle. Despite the nucleation action of CNCs, the rate constant of PBS crystallization as estimated using the Avrami model decreased in general as a result of a prevailing impeding effect. This decrease was minimized with increasing the contact angle of the CNCs. The impeding effect also increased the average activation energy of crystallization, which was estimated using the Kissinger method. Moreover, the Avrami exponent (n) decreased because of CNC addition, implying a heterogeneous crystallization, which was also apparent in the crystallization thermograms. Overall, the CNC addition facilitated PBS nucleation but retarded its crystallization, and both processes were significantly affected by the surface properties of the CNCs.
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20
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Abushammala H. Nano-Brushes of Alcohols Grafted onto Cellulose Nanocrystals for Reinforcing Poly(Butylene Succinate): Impact of Alcohol Chain Length on Interfacial Adhesion. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010095. [PMID: 31947910 PMCID: PMC7023635 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the many interesting properties of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), their hydrophilicity is one of the main challenges for their processing with hydrophobic polymers and matrices. To overcome this challenge, this paper describes the preparation of brush-like CNCs with tailored surface properties by grafting alcohols of different chain lengths onto their surfaces. Ethanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, and 1-octanol were grafted on the CNC surface using 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) as a linker. The CNCs were characterized for their structural, morphological, surface, and thermal properties. Because of the grafting, the water contact angle of the CNCs significantly increased from 32° to up to 120°, which was dependent on the chain length of the grafted alcohol. The thermal stability of the CNCs was also improved, mainly as a result of the reaction of TDI with the CNC hydroxyl groups. Later, the CNCs were used to reinforce films of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), which were then characterized using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). An increase of up to two-fold in the storage modulus was observed using DMA, which was dependent on the chain length of the grafted alcohol. However, no change in the glass transition temperature or degradation temperature of PBS was detected. This approach is proved efficient for tailoring the surface properties of CNCs towards excellent interfacial adhesion in their composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Abushammala
- Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research (WKI), Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
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21
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Peterson A, Östergren I, Lotsari A, Venkatesh A, Thunberg J, Ström A, Rojas R, Andersson M, Berglund LA, Boldizar A, Müller C. Dynamic Nanocellulose Networks for Thermoset-like yet Recyclable Plastics with a High Melt Stiffness and Creep Resistance. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3924-3932. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ramiro Rojas
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lars A. Berglund
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Isolation and acetylation of cellulose nanostructures with a homogeneous system. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 218:208-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Tang T, Zhu J, Wang W, Ni H. Morphology, thermal, and crystallization properties of poly(butylene succinate)‐grafted Nanocrystalline Cellulose by polymerization
in situ. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation TechnologyChongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation TechnologyChongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing China
| | - Wentao Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical EngineeringChongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing China
| | - Haitao Ni
- College of Materials and Chemical EngineeringChongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing China
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24
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Nizamuddin S, Jadhav A, Qureshi SS, Baloch HA, Siddiqui MTH, Mubarak NM, Griffin G, Madapusi S, Tanksale A, Ahamed MI. Synthesis and characterization of polylactide/rice husk hydrochar composite. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5445. [PMID: 30931991 PMCID: PMC6443802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer composites are fabricated by incorporating fillers into a polymer matrix. The intent for addition of fillers is to improve the physical, mechanical, chemical and rheological properties of the composite. This study reports on a unique polymer composite using hydrochar, synthesised by microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of rice husk, as filler in polylactide matrix. The polylactide/hydrochar composites were fabricated by incorporating hydrochar in polylactide at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20 wt% by melt processing in a Haake rheomix at 170 °C. Both the neat polylactide and polylactide/hydrochar composite were characterized for mechanical, structural, thermal and rheological properties. The tensile modulus of polylactide/hydrochar composites was improved from 2.63 GPa (neat polylactide) to 3.16 GPa, 3.33 GPa, 3.54 GPa, and 4.24 GPa after blending with hydrochar at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. Further, the incorporation of hydrochar had little effect on storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″). The findings of this study reported that addition of hydrochar improves some characteristics of polylactide composites suggesting the potential of hydrochar as filler for polymer/hydrochar composites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankit Jadhav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmedabad Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad, Gujrat, 380060, India
| | - Sundus Saeed Qureshi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, 76090, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | - M T H Siddiqui
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Gregory Griffin
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | | | - Akshat Tanksale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mohd Imran Ahamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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25
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Recent developments in nanocellulose-based biodegradable polymers, thermoplastic polymers, and porous nanocomposites. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Zhou H, Song J, Ding X, Qu Z, Wang X, Mi J, Wang J. Cellular morphology evolution of chain extended poly(butylene succinate)/organic montmorillonite nanocomposite foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - J. Song
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - X. Ding
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Z. Qu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - X. Wang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - J. Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing, 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - J. Wang
- Applied Chemistry DepartmentYuncheng University Yuncheng, 044000 People's Republic of China
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27
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Heat-counteracted strategy for tailoring the cell structure and properties of sustainable poly(butylene succinate) foams. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Ghanbari A, Tabarsa T, Ashori A, Shakeri A, Mashkour M. Thermoplastic starch foamed composites reinforced with cellulose nanofibers: Thermal and mechanical properties. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:305-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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29
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Sun P, Qian TY, Ji XY, Wu C, Yan YS, Qi RR. HDPE/UHMWPE composite foams prepared by compression molding with optimized foaming capacity and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - T. Y. Qian
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - X. Y. Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - C. Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Y. S. Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - R. R. Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
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30
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Zhang K, Wang F, Liang W, Wang Z, Duan Z, Yang B. Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E608. [PMID: 30966642 PMCID: PMC6404121 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bamboo fibers demonstrate enormous potential as the reinforcement phase in composite materials. In this study, in order to find suitable NaOH concentration for bamboo fiber treatment, bamboo fibers were treated with 2 wt.%, 6 wt.% and 10 wt.% NaOH solutions for 12 h, respectively. We determined that 6 wt.% NaOH treated bamboo fibers were optimal for the fabrication of bamboo fiber composites by single fiber tensile test, single fiber pull-out test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The short length bamboo fibers treated with 6 wt.% NaOH solutions were well dispersed in the epoxy matrix by a new preparation method. The effect of fiber content and fiber length on the mechanical behavior of bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites was investigated. The results confirmed that fracture toughness and flexural modulus of the composites monotonically increased with fiber length and content. However, for all samples, composites showed negligible difference on the flexural strength. The fracture surfaces of the composites were observed by SEM, revealing that fiber breakage, matrix cracking, debonding, and fiber pull out were major failure types. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to investigate the thermal behavior of both bamboo fibers and composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Fangxin Wang
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Wenyan Liang
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Zhenqing Wang
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Zhiwei Duan
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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31
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Isolation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from pomelo peel. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:717-721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Luo X, Yu K, Qian K, Lu X, Sun J. Effects of graphene surface energy on the structure and mechanical properties of phenolic foams. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2017-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Graphene nanoplates (GNPs) and graphene oxide (GO) were used to investigate the effects of surface free energy (SFE) of nanoparticles on the cellular structure and mechanical properties of phenolic nanocomposite foams. The results showed that the SFE of nanoparticles is a key parameter in determining the interfacial action between fillers and matrix before foaming, which in turn determines the energy barrier of bubble nucleation during foaming process. It indicated that the higher interfacial energy of GO brought out the lower Gibbs free energy and smaller driving force for heterogeneous nucleation, leading to smaller cell size with more uniform distribution. According to the effect of SFE in foaming process, different mass fractions of GNPs and GO were used in phenolic foams to investigate the effects of heterogeneous nucleating agent on cell nucleation. As a result, phenolic foam with 0.6 wt% graphene oxide (GO-0.6/PF) exhibited the optimized mechanical properties and cell microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ecotextiles, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Kejing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecotextiles, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Kun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Ecotextiles, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ecotextiles, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecotextiles, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
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33
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Dufresne A. Cellulose nanomaterials as green nanoreinforcements for polymer nanocomposites. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:20170040. [PMID: 29277738 PMCID: PMC5746555 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Unexpected and attractive properties can be observed when decreasing the size of a material down to the nanoscale. Cellulose is no exception to the rule. In addition, the highly reactive surface of cellulose resulting from the high density of hydroxyl groups is exacerbated at this scale. Different forms of cellulose nanomaterials, resulting from a top-down deconstruction strategy (cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils) or bottom-up strategy (bacterial cellulose), are potentially useful for a large number of industrial applications. These include the paper and cardboard industry, use as reinforcing filler in polymer nanocomposites, the basis for low-density foams, additives in adhesives and paints, as well as a wide variety of filtration, electronic, food, hygiene, cosmetic and medical products. This paper focuses on the use of cellulose nanomaterials as a filler for the preparation of polymer nanocomposites. Impressive mechanical properties can be obtained for these materials. They obviously depend on the type of nanomaterial used, but the crucial point is the processing technique. The emphasis is on the melt processing of such nanocomposite materials, which has not yet been properly resolved and remains a challenge.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'New horizons for cellulose nanotechnology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Dufresne
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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34
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Ye HM, Wang CS, Zhang ZZ, Yao SF. Effect of cellulose nanocrystals on the crystallization behavior and enzymatic degradation of poly(butylene adipate). Carbohydr Polym 2018; 189:99-106. [PMID: 29580431 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are nature-resourced nanoparticles and have been widely used to improve performance of biodegradable polyesters. Two types of CNCs respectively prepared by sulphuric acid hydrolysis (aCNCs) and ammonium persulfate oxidation (oCNCs) processes were incorporated into poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) matrix to regulate its crystallization behavior and enzymatic degradation performance. Thermal and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that both aCNCs and oCNCs could promote the crystallization ability and lamellar thickening of α-form PBA, while oCNCs showed stronger promotion than aCNCs. Optical morphology study indicated that both two types of CNCs enhanced the nucleation ability of PBA. Furthermore, the mechanism of crystallization promotion of CNCs on PBA was further discussed and attributed to the "memory effect" in the melt state of PBA/CNCs composites, which was originated from the hydrogen-bonding interaction between CNCs and PBA chains. The enzymatic degradation testing proved that CNCs could slower down degradation rate of PBA and PBA/oCNCs composites possessed lower degradation rate than PBA/aCNCs composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Mu Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, 102249 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Cai-Shui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, 102249 Beijing, PR China
| | - Zi-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, 102249 Beijing, PR China
| | - Shu-Fang Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, 102249 Beijing, PR China
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35
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He Y, Zhu J, Wang W, Ni H. Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals with different acid anhydrides for improved dispersion in poly(butylene succinate). RSC Adv 2018; 8:38305-38314. [PMID: 35559104 PMCID: PMC9089815 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07597b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are typically poorly dispersed in non-polar polymer matrices and, hence, a method for the surface modification of CNC is developed for improving this dispersion. This method included an esterification reaction with acetic anhydride, butyric anhydride, and caproic anhydride. The particle size distribution (range of sizes: 80–310 nm) of CNC was determined. The SEM-EDAX indicated that (i) the structure of CNC was maintained even after incorporation of the acid anhydride and (ii) the carbon C content of modified-CNC was higher than that of pure CNC. The chemical structure of modified-CNC was identified via FT-IR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The contact angle of CNC and modified-CNC with water and methylene iodide was measured. The surface energy of modified-CNC was lower than that of pure CNC. Thermal-property measurements indicated that the initial decomposition temperature (based on 5 wt%) of the modified-CNC was slightly higher than that of CNC. Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) composites were obtained by mixing modified-CNC into a PBS matrix via simple melt blending of a double screw. The PBS/modified-CNC composites were investigated via DSC and XRD. Tensile testing indicated that the tensile modulus improved gradually with increasing modified-CNC content, whereas the elongation at fracture decreased. The hydrophobic CNC was dispersed in PBS to become a high dispersity and mechanical property and thermal stability PBS/modified-CNC composite.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying He
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences
- Chongqing 402160
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences
- Chongqing 402160
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences
- Chongqing 402160
- People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Ni
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technology
- Chongqing University of Arts and Science
- Chongqing 402160
- People's Republic of China
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Zhang X, Shi J, Ye H, Dong Y, Zhou Q. Combined effect of cellulose nanocrystals and poly(butylene succinate) on poly(lactic acid) crystallization: The role of interfacial affinity. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 179:79-85. [PMID: 29111073 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/CNC and PLA/PBS/CNC composite films were prepared using a solution-casting technique. CNCs can be used to enhance the crystallization of PLA by offering more nucleation sites, and PBS can increase spherulite growth rate of PLA by providing flexible chains. However, CNCs and PBS together tend to interfere with each other and thus enhancement in the crystallization of PLA is lost. FTIR, contact-angle measurements, and dissolution experiments were used to characterize the materials. It was found that the interfacial affinity was greater in the CNC-PBS system than the CNC-PLA system. It was therefore concluded that the PBS chains occupy most of the CNC surfaces in the molten state before cooling. Consequently, PLA was mainly blocked from the CNCs and the nucleation effect was greatly weakened. The binary and ternary composite systems are discussed in terms of their crystallization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Jiafeng Shi
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; CNPC Research Institute of Engineering Technology, Tianjin 300451, China
| | - Haimu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yuhua Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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Dong F, Yan M, Jin C, Li S. Characterization of Type-II Acetylated Cellulose Nanocrystals with Various Degree of Substitution and Its Compatibility in PLA Films. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9080346. [PMID: 30971023 PMCID: PMC6418662 DOI: 10.3390/polym9080346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to decrease the self-agglomeration and improve the hydrophobic properties of type-II acetylated cellulose nanocrystals (ACNC II), various degree of substitution (DS) values of ACNCs were successfully prepared by a single-step method from microcrystalline cellulose with anhydrous phosphoric acid as the solvent, and acetic anhydride as the acetylation reagent, under different reaction temperatures (20–40 °C). To thoroughly investigate the DS values of ACNC II, analyses were performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 13C cross polarization-magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At a reaction temperature of 40°C, the highest DS value was successfully obtained. XRD proved that the crystal structure of ACNC II with various DS values was maintained after acetylation. TEM showed the threadlike shape for ACNC II with various DS values. The ACNC II with various DS values was introduced into a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix to produce PLA/ACNC composite films, which showed improved rheological and thermal properties. This improvement was primarily attributed to good dispersion of the ACNC II, and the interfacial compatibility between ACNC II and the PLA matrix. This study aims to analyze the compatibility of ACNC II with various DS values in the PLA matrix by microstructure, crystallization, and rheological and thermal tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin150040, China.
- Light Industry and Textile School, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar161006, China.
| | - Meiling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin150040, China.
| | - Chunde Jin
- Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou311300, China.
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin150040, China.
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Li YD, Fu QQ, Wang M, Zeng JB. Morphology, crystallization and rheological behavior in poly(butylene succinate)/cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites fabricated by solution coagulation. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 164:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Preparation of green and gelatin-free nanocrystalline cellulose capsules. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 164:358-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Utilization of carbon-neutral biomass became increasingly important due to a desperate need for carbon reduction in the issue of global warming in light of replacing petroleum-based materials. We used lignin, which was an abundant, low cost, and non-food based biomass, for the development of all biomass-based films and composites through reactive compatibilization with poly (lactic-acid) (PLA). Using a facile and practical route, the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups of lignin were acetylated to impose the compatibility with PLA. The solubility parameter of the pristine lignin at 26.3 (J/cm3)0.5 was altered to 20.9 (J/cm3)0.5 by acetylation allowing the good compatibility with PLA at 20.2 (J/cm3)0.5. The improved compatibility of lignin and PLA provided substantially decreased lignin domain size in composites (12.7 μm), which subsequently gave transparent and UV-protection films (visual transmittance at 76% and UV protection factor over 40). The tensile strength and elongation of the developed composite films were increased by 22% and 76%, respectively, and the biobased carbon content was confirmed as 96 ± 3%. The developed PLA/lignin composites provided 100% all-biomass contents and balanced optical and mechanical properties that could broaden its eco-friendly applications in various industries.
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41
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Chen J, Wu D, Tam KC, Pan K, Zheng Z. Effect of surface modification of cellulose nanocrystal on nonisothermal crystallization of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) composites. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:1821-1829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Zhu J, Li L, Wang Q. Effect of β-tricalcium phosphate on the thermal foaming behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol)/water system. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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43
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Sharma A, Giri SK, Kartha KPR, Sangwan RS. Value-additive utilization of agro-biomass: preparation of cellulose triacetate directly from rice straw as well as other cellulosic materials. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient environmentally benign single-step procedure for the preparation of cellulose triacetate from cellulosics, including rice straw agro-biomass, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Sharma
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB)
- Mohali-160071
- India
| | - Santosh Kumar Giri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- India
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Huang F, Wu X, Yu Y, Lu Y, Chen Q. Acylation of cellulose nanocrystals with acids/trifluoroacetic anhydride and properties of films from esters of CNCs. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 155:525-534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Feng Z, Luo Y, Hong Y, Wu J, Zhu J, Li H, Qi R, Jiang P. Preparation of Enhanced Poly(butylene succinate) Foams. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yu Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yuzhuo Hong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Jian Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Rongrong Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Pingkai Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
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Yu J, Wang C, Wang J, Chu F. In situ development of self-reinforced cellulose nanocrystals based thermoplastic elastomers by atom transfer radical polymerization. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 141:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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47
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Cellulose nanocrystals mediated assembly of graphene in rubber composites for chemical sensing applications. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 140:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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