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Andreica BI, Mititelu-Tartau L, Rosca I, Pelin IM, Nicol E, Marin L. Biocompatible hydrogels based on quaternary ammonium salts of chitosan with high antimicrobial activity as biocidal agents for disinfection. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 342:122389. [PMID: 39048229 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The paper reports new hydrogels based on quaternary ammonium salts of chitosan designed as biocidal products. The chitosan derivative was crosslinked with salicylaldehyde via reversible imine bonds and supramolecular self-assemble to give dynamic hydrogels which respond to environmental stimuli. The crosslinking mechanism was demonstrated by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy. The hydrogel nature, self-healing and thixotropy were proved by rheological investigation and visual observation, and their morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. The relevant properties for application as biocidal products, such as swelling, dissolution, bioadhesiveness, antimicrobial activity and ex-vivo hemocompatibility and in vivo local toxicity and biocompatibility on experimental mice were measured and analyzed in relationship with the imination degree and the influence of each component. It was found that the hydrogels are superabsorbent, have good adhesivity to skin and various surfaces and antimicrobial activity against relevant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, while being hemocompatible and biocompatible. Besides, the hydrogels are easily biodegraded in soil. All these properties recommend the studied hydrogels as ecofriendly biocidal agents for living tissues and surfaces, but also open the perspectives of their use as platform for in vivo applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, or drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Rosca
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Mihaela Pelin
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Erwan Nicol
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, France
| | - Luminita Marin
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
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2
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Liang S, Chen H, Chen Y, Ali A, Yao S. Multi-dynamic-bond cross-linked antibacterial and adhesive hydrogel based on boronated chitosan derivative and loaded with peptides from Periplaneta americana with on-demand removability. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133094. [PMID: 38878926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The design and development of a bio-adhesive hydrogel with on-demand removability and excellent antibacterial activities are meaningful to achieve high wound closure effectiveness and post-wound-closure care, which is desirable in clinical applications. In this work, a series of adhesive antioxidant antibacterial hydrogels containing peptides from Periplaneta americana (PAP) were prepared through multi-dynamic-bond cross-linking among 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DBA) containing catechol and aldehyde groups and chitosan grafted with 3-carboxy-4-fluorophenylboronic acid (CS-FPBA) to enable the effective adhesion of skin tissues and prevention of bacterial infection of wound. PAP was derived from alcohol-extracted residues generated during the pharmaceutical process, aiming to minimize resource wastage and achieve the high-value development of such a medicinal insect. The hydrogel was prepared by freezing-thawing with no toxic crosslinkers. The multi-dynamic-bond cross-linking of dynamic borate ester bonds and dynamic Schiff base bonds can achieve reversible breakage and re-formation and the adhesive strength of CS-FPBA-DBA-P-gel treated with a 20 % glucose solution dramatically decreased from 3.79 kPa to 0.35 kPa within 10 s. Additionally, the newly developed hydrogel presents ideal biocompatibility, hemostasis and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli compared to commercial chitosan gel (approximately 50 % higher inhibition rate), demonstrating its great potential in dealing with infected full-thickness skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hangping Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yu Chen
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ahamd Ali
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shun Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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3
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Wang Q, Yan S, Ning Y, Zhu Y, Sergeeva I, Li Y, Qi B. Effect of sodium alginate block type on the physicochemical properties and curcumin release behavior of quaternized chitosan-oxidized sodium alginate Schiff base hydrogels. Food Chem 2024; 444:138688. [PMID: 38341919 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Controlling bioactive ingredients release by modulating the 3D network structure of cross-linked hydrogels is important for functional food development. Hereby, oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) with varying aldehyde contents was formed by periodate oxidation of sodium alginate (SA) with different β-d-mannuronic acid (M) and α-l-guluronic acid (G) ratios (M/G = 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1) and its structure was characterized. Moreover, hydrogels were prepared via Schiff base and electrostatic interactions between quaternized chitosan (QCS) and OSA. The properties of hydrogels such as microstructure, thermal stability, swelling and controlled release were investigated. The results showed that OSA with M/G = 1:2 had the highest content of aldehyde groups, and the hydrogel formed by it and QCS had higher thermal stability and a denser network structure with the lowest equilibrium swelling rate, which could better control the release of curcumin. Additionally, it had good self-healing and can recover rapidly after the rupture of its network structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Shizhang Yan
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yijie Ning
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Irina Sergeeva
- Department of Plant-Based Food Technology, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo 650000, Russia
| | - Yang Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Heilongjiang Province China-Mongolia-Russia Joint R&D Laboratory for Bio-processing and Equipment for Agricultural Products (International Cooperation), China.
| | - Baokun Qi
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
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4
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Patel DK, Won SY, Patil TV, Dutta SD, Lim KT, Han SS. Unzipped carbon nanotubes assisted 3D printable functionalized chitosan hydrogels for strain sensing applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131025. [PMID: 38513895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Developing multifunctional hydrogels for wearable strain sensors has received significant attention due to their diverse applications, including human motion detection, personalized healthcare, soft robotics, and human-machine interfaces. However, integrating the required characteristics into one component remains challenging. To overcome these limitations, we synthesized multifunctional hydrogels using carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and unzipped carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) as strain sensor via a one-pot strategy. The polar groups in CMCS and f-CNTs enhance the properties of the hydrogels through different interactions. The hydrogels show superior printability with a uniformity factor (U) of 0.996 ± 0.049, close to 1. The f-CNTs-assisted hydrogels showed improved storage modulus (8.8 × 105 Pa) than the pure polymer hydrogel. The hydrogels adequately adhered to different surfaces, including human skin, plastic, plastic/glass interfaces, and printed polymers. The hydrogels demonstrated rapid self-healing and good conductivity. The biocompatibility of the hydrogels was assessed using human fibroblast cells. No adverse effects were observed with hydrogels, showing their biocompatibility. Furthermore, hydrogels exhibited antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli. The developed hydrogel exhibited unidirectional motion and complex letter recognition potential with a strain sensitivity of 2.4 at 210 % strain. The developed hydrogels could explore developing wearable electronic devices for detecting human motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Patel
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280-Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Won
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280-Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejal V Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280-Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Maiti S, Maji B, Yadav H. Progress on green crosslinking of polysaccharide hydrogels for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 326:121584. [PMID: 38142088 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides are being studied for their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and low cost in the fabrication of various hydrogel devices. However, due to their insufficient physicochemical and mechanical qualities, polysaccharide hydrogels alone are not acceptable for biological applications. Various synthetic crosslinkers have been tested to overcome the drawbacks of standalone polysaccharide hydrogels; however, the presence of toxic residual crosslinkers, the generation of toxic by-products following biodegradation, and the requirement of toxic organic solvents for processing pose challenges in achieving the desired non-toxic biomaterials. Natural crosslinkers such as citric acid, tannic acid, vanillin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, proanthocyanidins, phytic acid, squaric acid, and epigallocatechin have been used to generate polysaccharide-based hydrogels in recent years. Various polysaccharides, including cellulose, alginate, pectin, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan, have been hydrogelized and investigated for their potential in drug delivery and tissue engineering applications using natural crosslinkers. We attempted to provide an overview of the synthesis of polysaccharide-based hydrogel systems (films, complex nanoparticles, microspheres, and porous scaffolds) based on green crosslinkers, as well as a description of the mechanism of crosslinking and properties with a special emphasis on drug delivery, and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Maiti
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh-484887, India.
| | - Biswajit Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh 484887, India
| | - Harsh Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh-484887, India
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6
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Yu H, Ge Y, Ding H, Yan Y, Wang L. Vanillin cross-linked chitosan/gelatin bio-polymer film with antioxidant, water resistance and ultraviolet-proof properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126726. [PMID: 37689296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linking is the most promising method for preparing high-performance chitosan/gelatin bio-polymer film. In this work, vanillin cross-linked chitosan/gelatin bio-polymer (CGGV) film with good mechanics, water resistance, antioxidant and ultraviolet-proof property was prepared. The micro-structure, physical and functional properties of CGGV film were studied. Results showed that vanillin as a cross-linking agent provided a compact inner micro-structure through Schiff base and hydrogen bond interaction. Moderate cross-linking significantly improved mechanical strength, thermal ability, hydrophobicity of the films and reduced the water vapor permeability, swelling ratio and water solubility. Especially, CGGV films showed stronger ultraviolet-proof properties and possessed potent radical scavenging activity. Therefore, CGGV film is suitable to protect per-mature fruits and could be used as novel multifunctional packaging in the agriculture and foods industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyang Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
| | - Yuan Ge
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Huanqi Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Yongtai Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Liyan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Energy-Saving Technology Engineering of Jilin Provincial, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China
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7
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Ailincai D, Andreica BI. Citryl-Imino-Chitosan Xerogels as Promising Materials for Mercury Recovery from Waste Waters. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:19. [PMID: 38201684 PMCID: PMC10780342 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study reported the obtention of xerogels based on chitosan and citral and their use as materials for mercury ion recovery from aqueous solutions, this being a serious problem related to the environment. The systems were prepared by the acid condensation of chitosan with citral, followed by the lyophilization of the resulting hydrogels, in order to obtain highly porous solid materials. The structural, morphological and supramolecular characterization of the systems was performed using 1H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The ability of the obtained materials to be used for the recovery of mercury from aqueous solutions revealed the high potential of the xerogels to be used in this sense, the analysis of the materials post mercury absorption experiments revealing that this ability is predominantly conferred by the imine linkages which act as coordinating moieties for mercury ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ailincai
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 90 Sos. Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bianca Iustina Andreica
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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8
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Ailincai D, Cibotaru S, Anisiei A, Coman CG, Pasca AS, Rosca I, Sandu AI, Mititelu-Tartau L, Marin L. Mesoporous chitosan nanofibers loaded with norfloxacin and coated with phenylboronic acid perform as bioabsorbable active dressings to accelerate the healing of burn wounds. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 318:121135. [PMID: 37479445 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The paper reports new chitosan-based nanofibers, designed to address the healing of burn wounds. To this aim, mesoporous chitosan fiber mats were prepared by electrospinning using poly(ethylene oxide) as sacrificial additive, followed by loading with norfloxacin and coating with an antifungal agent via dynamic imine bonds. Dynamic vapor sorption experiment proved intra-fiber mesopores around 2.7 nm, and UV-vis, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy confirmed the norfloxacin embedding and the imination reaction. SEM, AFM and POM techniques displayed semicrystalline nanofibers with average diameter around 170 nm entangled into a non-woven mat. Their mesoporous nature favored a rapid adsorption of fluids up to 17 g/g, and a biodegradation rate fitting the wound healing rate, i.e. up to 30 % mass loss in media of pH characteristic to wound exudate and total degradation in that characteristic to normal dermis. The composite fibers released the NFX and 2FPBA in a controlled manner, and showed antimicrobial activity against gram positive, gram negative and fungal strains. They had no cytotoxic effect on normal human dermal fibroblasts, and showed biocompatibility on experimental rats. The investigation of wound healing ability on second/third-degree burn model in rats revealed wound closure and total restoration of the fully functional dermis and epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ailincai
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Sandu Cibotaru
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Anisiei
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Corneliu G Coman
- "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Aurelian Sorin Pasca
- "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University, Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Rosca
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea-Isabela Sandu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Luminita Marin
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania.
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Ailincai D, Morariu S, Rosca I, Sandu AI, Marin L. Drug delivery based on a supramolecular chemistry approach by using chitosan hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125800. [PMID: 37442500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections are a serious healthcare related problem, causing several complications and even death. That is why, the development of new drug delivery systems with prolonged effect represents an interesting research topic. This study presents the synthesis and characterization of new hydrogels based on chitosan and three halogenated monoaldehydes. Further, the hydrogels were used as excipients for the development of drug delivery systems (DDS) by the incorporation of fluconazole, an antifungal drug. The systems were structurally characterized by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, both methods revealing the formation of the imine linkages between chitosan and the aldehydes. The samples presented a high degree of ordering at supramolecular level, as demonstrated by WXRD and POM and a good water-uptake, reaching a maximum of 1.6 g/g. The obtained systems were biodegradable, loosing between 38 and 49 % from their initial mass in the presence of lysozyme in 21 days. The ability to release the antifungal drug in a sustained manner for seven days, along with the high values of the inhibition zone diameter, reaching a maximum of 64 mm against Candida parapsilosis for the chlorine containing sample, recommend these systems as promising materials for bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ailincai
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Simona Morariu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Rosca
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Isabela Sandu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, Iasi, Romania
| | - Luminita Marin
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, Iasi, Romania
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Das S, Dalei G. In situ forming dialdehyde xanthan gum-gelatin Schiff-base hydrogels as potent controlled release fertilizers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162660. [PMID: 36894095 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Controlled release fertilizer (CRF) hydrogels have blossomed into promising materials in agriculture owing to the sustained release of the fertilizer and also as soil conditioner. Apart from the traditional CRF hydrogels; Schiff-base hydrogels have garnered significant thrust that release nitrogen slowly in addition to reducing the environmental pollution. Herein, we have fabricated Schiff-base CRF hydrogels composed of dialdehyde xanthan gum (DAXG) and gelatin. The formation of the hydrogels was accomplished via the simplistic in situ crosslinking reaction between the aldehyde groups of DAXG and the amino groups of gelatin. The hydrogels acquired a compact network upon increasing the DAXG content in the matrix. The phytotoxic assay on different plants indicated the hydrogels to be nontoxic. The hydrogels demonstrated good water-retention behaviour in soil, along with reusability even after 5 cycles. A controlled release profile for urea was evident from the hydrogels wherein macromolecular relaxation played a crucial role in the release mechanism. Growth assays on Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) plant presented an intuitive evaluation on the growth and water-holding capacity of the CRF hydrogel. The present work demonstrated a facile preparation of CRF hydrogels to enhance the utilization of urea and retain soil humidity as fertilizer carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhraseema Das
- Department of Chemistry, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack 753003, Odisha, India.
| | - Ganeswar Dalei
- Department of Chemistry, Odisha University of Technology and Research, Bhubaneswar 751029, Odisha, India
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11
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Himiniuc LM, Socolov R, Nica I, Agop M, Volovat C, Ochiuz L, Vasincu D, Rotundu AM, Rosu IA, Ghizdovat V, Volovat SR. Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Sodium Diclofenac Salt Release from Chitosan-Based Hydrogels and Possible Applications. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050422. [PMID: 37233013 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two formulations based on diclofenac sodium salt encapsulated into a chitosan hydrogel were designed and prepared, and their drug release was investigated by combining in vitro results with mathematical modeling. To understand how the pattern of drug encapsulation impacted its release, the formulations were supramolecularly and morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy, respectively. The mechanism of diclofenac release was assessed by using a mathematical model based on the multifractal theory of motion. Various drug-delivery mechanisms, such as Fickian- and non-Fickian-type diffusion, were shown to be fundamental mechanisms. More precisely, in a case of multifractal one-dimensional drug diffusion in a controlled-release polymer-drug system (i.e., in the form of a plane with a certain thickness), a solution that allowed the model's validation through the obtained experimental data was established. The present research reveals possible new perspectives, for example in the prevention of intrauterine adhesions occurring through endometrial inflammation and other pathologies with an inflammatory mechanism background, such as periodontal diseases, and also therapeutic potential beyond the anti-inflammatory action of diclofenac as an anticancer agent, with a role in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, using this type of drug-delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Maria Himiniuc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Razvan Socolov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Nica
- Department of Odontology-Periodontology, Fixed Prosthesis, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Maricel Agop
- Department of Physics, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- Romanian Scientists Academy, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Lacramioara Ochiuz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Decebal Vasincu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Rotundu
- Faculty of Physics, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Iulian Alin Rosu
- Faculty of Physics, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Vlad Ghizdovat
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Simona Ruxandra Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Heras-Mozos R, López-Carballo G, Hernández R, Gavara R, Hernández Muñoz P. pH modulates antibacterial activity of hydroxybenzaldehyde derivatives immobilized in chitosan films via reversible Schiff bases and its application to preserve freshly-squeezed juice. Food Chem 2023; 403:134292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Petroni S, Tagliaro I, Antonini C, D’Arienzo M, Orsini SF, Mano JF, Brancato V, Borges J, Cipolla L. Chitosan-Based Biomaterials: Insights into Chemistry, Properties, Devices, and Their Biomedical Applications. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21030147. [PMID: 36976196 PMCID: PMC10059909 DOI: 10.3390/md21030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a marine-origin polysaccharide obtained from the deacetylation of chitin, the main component of crustaceans’ exoskeleton, and the second most abundant in nature. Although this biopolymer has received limited attention for several decades right after its discovery, since the new millennium chitosan has emerged owing to its physicochemical, structural and biological properties, multifunctionalities and applications in several sectors. This review aims at providing an overview of chitosan properties, chemical functionalization, and the innovative biomaterials obtained thereof. Firstly, the chemical functionalization of chitosan backbone in the amino and hydroxyl groups will be addressed. Then, the review will focus on the bottom-up strategies to process a wide array of chitosan-based biomaterials. In particular, the preparation of chitosan-based hydrogels, organic–inorganic hybrids, layer-by-layer assemblies, (bio)inks and their use in the biomedical field will be covered aiming to elucidate and inspire the community to keep on exploring the unique features and properties imparted by chitosan to develop advanced biomedical devices. Given the wide body of literature that has appeared in past years, this review is far from being exhaustive. Selected works in the last 10 years will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Petroni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Irene Tagliaro
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Antonini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Sara Fernanda Orsini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - João F. Mano
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Virginia Brancato
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - João Borges
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (L.C.); Tel.: +351-234372585 (J.B.); +39-0264483460 (L.C.)
| | - Laura Cipolla
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (L.C.); Tel.: +351-234372585 (J.B.); +39-0264483460 (L.C.)
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14
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Andreica BI, Anisiei A, Rosca I, Sandu AI, Pasca AS, Tartau LM, Marin L. Quaternized chitosan/chitosan nanofibrous mats: An approach toward bioactive materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120431. [PMID: 36604092 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan based nanofibers are emerging biomaterials with a plethora of applications, especially in medicine and healthcare. Herein, binary quaternized chitosan/chitosan fibers are reported for the first time. Their preparation strategy consisted in the electrospinning of ternary chitosan/quaternized chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) solutions followed by the selective removal of poly(ethylene oxide). Their morphology and performances were systematically investigated and discussed in detail. It was found that the fibers had reversible water vapor adsorption/desorption and showed swelling degrees similar to commercial wound dressings. They presented good mechanical properties and the content of quaternized chitosan modulated their bioadhesion, mucoadhesion and biodegradation rate and conferred them strong antimicrobial activity. Tests on normal human fibroblasts confirmed their safely use in contact with tissues and the biocompatibility investigation on rats showed no harmful effect when subcutaneous implanted. All these proved the binary quaternized chitosan/chitosan fibers as bioactive materials suitable for tissue regeneration, wound healing and drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandru Anisiei
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Rosca
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea-Isabela Sandu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, Romania
| | - Aurelian Sorin Pasca
- "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University, Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Luminita Marin
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, Romania.
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15
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Bejan A, Marin L. Outstanding Sorption of Copper (II) Ions on Porous Phenothiazine-Imine-Chitosan Materials. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020134. [PMID: 36826303 PMCID: PMC9957313 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the ability of a solid-state material, prepared by crosslinking chitosan with a phenothiazine-based aldehyde, to remove copper (II) ions from aqueous solutions, in a fast and selective manner. The metal uptake experiments, including the retention, sensibility, and selectivity against eight different metal ions, were realized via batch adsorption studies. The capacity of the material to retain copper (II) ions was investigated by spectrophotometric measurements, using poly(ethyleneimine) complexation agent, which allowed detection in a concentration range of 5-500 µM. The forces driving the copper sorption were monitored using various methods, such as FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDAX technique, and optical polarized microscopy, and the adsorption kinetics were assessed by fitting the in vitro sorption data on different mathematical models. The phenothiazine-imine-chitosan material proved high ability to recover copper from aqueous media, reaching a maximum retention capacity of 4.394 g Cu (II)/g adsorbent when using a 0.5 M copper solution, which is an outstanding value compared to other chitosan-based materials reported in the literature to this date. It was concluded that the high ability of the studied xerogel to retain Cu (II) ions was the result of both physio- and chemo-sorption processes. This particular behavior was favored on one hand by the porous nature of the material and on the other hand by the presence of amine, hydroxyl, imine, and amide groups with the role of copper ligands.
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16
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New Hydrogels and Formulations Based on Piperonyl-Imino-Chitosan Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030753. [PMID: 36772053 PMCID: PMC9920094 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida infections have been always a serious healcare related problem. The present study reports the preparation of hydrogels and formulations based on piperonyl-imino-chitosan derivatives and Amphotericin B drug for the treatment of Candida infections. The hydrogels were obtained by the imination reaction of chitosan with piperonal monoaldehyde, followed by the self-assembling of the resulted imines, while the formulations were obtained by an in situ hydrogelation method of chitosan with piperonal in the presence of Amphotericin B antifungal drug. The structural characterization of both hydrogels and formulations by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the formation of imine units between the reagents, while their supramolecular characterization using polarized optical microscopy and wide angle X-ray diffraction demonstrated that hydrophilic/hydrophobic segregation is the process which governed the formation of gel like systems. The systems were further investigated from the point of view of their further applications revealing that they were biodegradable, presented high swelling ability and were able to release the antifungal drug in a sustained manner, presenting promising antifungal activity against five Candida strains.
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17
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Yang Y, Feng G, Wang J, Zhang R, Zhong S, Wang J, Cui X. Injectable chitosan-based self-healing supramolecular hydrogels with temperature and pH dual-responsivenesses. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:1038-1047. [PMID: 36460241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a supramolecular hydrogel was fabricated with orotic acid (OA) modified chitosan (OACS) and 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP). The obtained OACS-DAP supramolecular hydrogels have dual responsiveness to temperature and pH. Phase transition experiments indicate this is a temperature-dependent thermoreversible supramolecular hydrogel. Rheological experiments proved the formation of the supramolecular hydrogel and its thixotropic properties. FTIR spectra confirmed that hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions are the main driving forces for OACS and DAP to form hydrogels through intermolecular self-assembly. XRD pattern confirmed the amorphous morphology of OACS-DAP hydrogels. The hydrogel has excellent electrical conductivity with a conductivity of 9.48 μ S·cm-1. And can achieve the precise release of gastrointestinal drugs. OACS-DAP hydrogel is expected to have better applications in the field of gastrointestinal drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Gangying Feng
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Jingfei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Ruiting Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Shuangling Zhong
- College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xuejun Cui
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China; Weihai Institute for Bionics-Jilin University, Weihai 264400, PR China.
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18
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Morariu S. Advances in the Design of Phenylboronic Acid-Based Glucose-Sensitive Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030582. [PMID: 36771883 PMCID: PMC9919422 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, characterized by an uncontrolled blood glucose level, is the main cause of blindness, heart attack, stroke, and lower limb amputation. Glucose-sensitive hydrogels able to release hypoglycemic drugs (such as insulin) as a response to the increase of the glucose level are of interest for researchers, considering the large number of diabetes patients in the world (537 million in 2021, reported by the International Diabetes Federation). Considering the current growth, it is estimated that, up to 2045, the number of people with diabetes will increase to 783 million. The present work reviews the recent developments on the hydrogels based on phenylboronic acid and its derivatives, with sensitivity to glucose, which can be suitable candidates for the design of insulin delivery systems. After a brief presentation of the dynamic covalent bonds, the design of glucose-responsive hydrogels, the mechanism by which the hypoglycemic drug release is achieved, and their self-healing capacity are presented and discussed. Finally, the conclusions and the main aspects that should be addressed in future research are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Morariu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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19
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Ailincai D, Bercea M, Mititelu Tartau L, Marin L. Biocompatible drug delivery systems able to co-deliver antifungal and antiviral agents. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 298:120071. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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20
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Heras-Mozos R, Gavara R, Hernández-Muñoz P. Responsive packaging based on imine-chitosan films for extending the shelf-life of refrigerated fresh-cut pineapple. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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21
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Malik US, Duan Q, Niazi MBK, Jahan Z, Liaqat U, Sher F, Gan Y, Hou H. Vanillin cross-linked hydrogel membranes interfacial reinforced by carbon nitride nanosheets for enhanced antibacterial activity and mechanical properties. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Thakur CK, Neupane R, Karthikeyan C, Ashby CR, Babu RJ, Boddu SHS, Tiwari AK, Moorthy NSHN. Lysinated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Carbohydrate Ligands as an Effective Nanocarrier for Targeted Doxorubicin Delivery to Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:7461. [PMID: 36364286 PMCID: PMC9657689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are elongated, hollow cylindrical nanotubes made of sp2 carbon. MWCNTs have attracted significant attention in the area of drug delivery due to their high drug-loading capacity and large surface area. Furthermore, they can be linked to bioactive ligands molecules via covalent and noncovalent bonds that allow for the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin. The majority of methodologies reported for the functionalization of MWCNTs for drug delivery are quite complex and use expensive linkers and ligands. In the present study, we report a simple, cost-effective approach for functionalizing MWCNTs with the carbohydrate ligands, galactose (GA), mannose (MA) and lactose (LA), using lysine as a linker. The doxorubicin (Dox)-loaded functionalized MWCNTs were characterized using FT-IR, NMR, Raman, XRD and FE-SEM. The drug-loaded MWCNTs were evaluated for drug loading, drug release and cell toxicity in vitro, in breast cancer cells. The results indicated that the carbohydrate-modified lysinated MWCNTs had greater Dox loading capacity, compared to carboxylated MWCNTs (COOHMWCNTs) and lysinated MWCNTs (LyMWCNTs). In vitro drug release experiments indicated that the carbohydrate functionalized LyMWCNTs had higher Dox release at pH 5.0, compared to the physiological pH of 7.4, over 120 h, indicating that they are suitable candidates for targeting the tumor microenvironment as a result of their sustained release profile of Dox. Doxorubicin-loaded galactosylated MWCNTs (Dox-GAMWCNTs) and doxorubicin loaded mannosylated MWCNTs (Dox-MAMWCNTs) had greater anticancer efficacy and cellular uptake, compared to doxorubicin-loaded lactosylated MWCNTs (Dox-LAMWCNTs) and pure Dox, in MDA-MB231 and MCF7 breast cancer cells. However, neither the ligand conjugated multiwall blank carbon nanotubes (GAMWCNTs, MAMWCNTs and LAMWCNTs) nor the lysinated multiwalled blank carbon nanotubes produced significant toxicity in the normal cells. Our results suggest that sugar-tethered multiwalled carbon nanotubes, especially the galactosylated (Dox-GAMWCNTs) and mannosylated (Dox-MAMWCNTs) formulations, may be used to improve the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs to breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Kiran Thakur
- Cancept Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Lalpur, Amarkantak 84887, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rabin Neupane
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Chandrabose Karthikeyan
- Cancept Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Lalpur, Amarkantak 84887, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Charles R. Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, St. John’s University, Queens, NY 11431, USA
| | - R. Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Sai H. S. Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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23
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Cibotaru S, Ailincai D, Andreica BI, Cheng X, Marin L. TEGylated Phenothiazine-Imine-Chitosan Materials as a Promising Framework for Mercury Recovery. Gels 2022; 8:692. [PMID: 36354600 PMCID: PMC9689029 DOI: 10.3390/gels8110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports new solid materials based on TEGylated phenothiazine and chitosan, with a high capacity to recover mercury ions from aqueous solutions. They were prepared by hydrogelation of chitosan with a formyl derivative of TEGylated phenothiazine, followed by lyophilization. Their structural and supramolecular characterization was carried out by 1H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy. Their morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and their photophysical behaviour was examined by UV/Vis and emission spectroscopy. Swelling evaluation in different aqueous media indicated the key role played by the supramolecular organization for their hydrolytic stability. Mercury recovery experiments and the analysis of the resulting materials by X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy showed a high ability of the studied materials to bind mercury ions by coordination with the sulfur atom of phenothiazine, imine linkage, and amine units of chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandu Cibotaru
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela Ailincai
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bianca-Iustina Andreica
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Xinjian Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Luminita Marin
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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Afgan S, Yadav P, Jaiswal S, Pal K, Kumar R, Singh V, Biplob koch. Development of chitosan towards the self-healing and mechanically stronger biocompatible hydrogel. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Skatova AV, Boroda AV, Privar YO, Slobodyuk AB, Kantemirova EV, Bratskaya SY. Hydrogels of N-(2-Carboxyethyl)chitosan with Vanillin. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090422700361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Bhat MA, Rather RA, Shalla AH. Texture and rheological features of strain and pH sensitive chitosan-imine graphene-oxide composite hydrogel with fast self-healing nature. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:3129-3141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Newly crosslinked chitosan- and chitosan-pectin-based hydrogels with high antioxidant and potential anticancer activity. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 290:119486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Craciun AM, Morariu S, Marin L. Self-Healing Chitosan Hydrogels: Preparation and Rheological Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132570. [PMID: 35808616 PMCID: PMC9268889 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper aims at the preparation of chitosan self-healing hydrogels, designed as carriers for local drug delivery by parenteral administration. To this aim, 30 hydrogels were prepared using chitosan and pyridoxal 5-phosphate (P5P), the active form of vitamin B6 as precursors, by varying the ratio of glucosamine units and aldehyde on the one hand and the water content on the other hand. The driving forces of hydrogelation were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, and polarized light microscopy (POM) measurements. NMR technique was also used to investigate the stability of hydrogels over time, and their morphological particularities were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Degradability of the hydrogels was studied in media of four different pH, and preliminary self-healing ability was visually established by injection through a syringe needle. In-depth rheological investigation was conducted in order to monitor the storage and loss moduli, linear viscoelastic regime, and structural recovery capacity. It was concluded that chitosan crosslinking with pyridoxal 5-phosphate is a suitable route to reach self-healing hydrogels with a good balance of mechanical properties/structural recovery, good stability over time, and degradability controlled by pH.
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29
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Stoleru E, Dumitriu RP, Ailiesei GL, Yilmaz C, Brebu M. Synthesis of Bioactive Materials by In Situ One-Step Direct Loading of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil into Chitosan-Based Hydrogels. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040225. [PMID: 35448126 PMCID: PMC9025341 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel conjugates based on chitosan and an essential oil were synthetized by an ultrasound-assisted emulsification approach. Rheology studies revealed a gel-type structure with pronounced compactness and flexibility while SEM showed the formation of a two-level ordered network with highly interconnected pores. The swelling studies indicated a pH-dependent behavior with a significant overshooting effect. The synergistic effects of the components in clove essential oil led to a strong antioxidant character and an enhanced antimicrobial activity of the conjugate hydrogels. The bioactivity was maintained for 6 months, despite a slight decrease in the antimicrobial effect. Hydrogel conjugates were found to be very stable even after two months immersed in acidic solutions that would otherwise dissolve the chitosan matrix. Ultrasound emulsification was proved as an efficient one-step loading method of hydrophobic clove essential oil into hydrophilic chitosan matrix. It was found that clove oil and its components have a double role. Besides providing bioactivity, they also behave as gelation-inducing agents, acting as an alternative to the classical chemical cross-linkers to ensure the good physical and chemical stabilization of chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stoleru
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (M.B.); Tel.: +40-332-880-220 (E.S. & M.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Mihai Brebu
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (M.B.); Tel.: +40-332-880-220 (E.S. & M.B.)
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30
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Restrepo-Acevedo A, Osorio N, Giraldo-López LE, D'Vries RF, Zacchino S, Abonia R, Le Lagadec R, Cuenú-Cabezas F. Synthesis and antifungal activity of nitrophenyl-pyrazole substituted Schiff bases. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Injectable self-crosslinking hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid as vitreous substitutes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:159-171. [PMID: 35301003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After vitrectomy, the ideal vitreous substitute should be implanted to maintain the normal function of the eye. However, the existing materials (such as silicone oil, air, perfluorocarbons, etc.) still have some shortcomings and cannot fully meet the clinical needs. In this study, thiolated hyaluronic acid (SH-HA) was prepared based on hyaluronic acid. The SH-HA hydrogel was formed by a simple transformation of the sulfhydryl group to the disulfide bond, which had high transparency, controllable swelling property, suitable mechanical strength, excellent biocompatibility and similar physical and chemical properties to natural vitreous. SH-HA hydrogel was filled into the eyes of experimental rabbits to replace their own vitreous after vitrectomy. During the 90 days follow-up period, SH-HA hydrogel showed excellent intraocular compatibility, maintained normal intraocular pressure (IOP), and no cataract, endophthalmitis, retinal detachment and other complications were observed. In general, SH-HA hydrogel has great potential as a vitreous substitute.
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Iftime MM, Rosca I, Sandu AI, Marin L. Chitosan crosslinking with a vanillin isomer toward self-healing hydrogels with antifungal activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:574-586. [PMID: 35217080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to develop new antimicrobial hydrogels from natural resources that may promote wound healing and prevent bacterial skin infection. The new hydrogels were synthesized by crosslinking chitosan with a vanillin isomer, 5-methoxysalicylaldehyde, by a friendly and easy method. To characterize these hydrogels, their structural and morphological properties were explored by FTIR, 1H NMR, SEM, POM, and TGA. In view of the targeted application, swelling behavior, biodegradability, antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility were investigated in vitro. Structural and morphological studies confirmed the formation of new hydrogels via the imination reaction concomitant with the supramolecular organization. The hydrogels were highly porous with the average pore diameter around 80 μm, and a swelling rate controlled by the crosslinking density and medium pH. The hydrogels showed a progressive weight loss in the presence of lysozyme up to 35%, during 21 days of testing. They proved non-cytotoxic effect on Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts using MTS test and powerful antifungal activity against Candida Albicans, as determined by disk diffusion assay. All these properties indicate the new hydrogels as a promising option for the treatment of various skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela-Maria Iftime
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Irina Rosca
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea-Isabela Sandu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, Romania
| | - Luminita Marin
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, Romania
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Lungu R, Paun MA, Peptanariu D, Ailincai D, Marin L, Nichita MV, Paun VA, Paun VP. Biocompatible Chitosan-Based Hydrogels for Bioabsorbable Wound Dressings. Gels 2022; 8:107. [PMID: 35200488 PMCID: PMC8871869 DOI: 10.3390/gels8020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular hydrogels based on chitosan and monoaldehydes are biomaterials with high potential for a multitude of bioapplications. This is due to the proper choice of the monoaldehyde that can tune the hydrogel properties for specific practices. In this conceptual framework, the present paper deals with the investigation of a hydrogel as bioabsorbable wound dressing. To this aim, chitosan was cross-linked with 2-formylphenylboronic acid to yield a hydrogel with antimicrobial activity. FTIR, NMR, and POM procedures have characterized the hydrogel from a structural and supramolecular point of view. At the same time, its biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties were also determined in vitro. Furthermore, in order to assess the bioabsorbable character, its biodegradation was investigated in vitro in the presence of lysosome in media of different pH, mimicking the wound exudate at different stages of healing. The biodegradation was monitored by gravimetrical measurements, SEM microscopy and fractal analyses of the images. The fractal dimension values and the lacunarity of SEM pictures were accurately calculated. All these successful investigations led to the conclusion that the tested materials are at the expected high standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Lungu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (R.L.); (D.P.); (D.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Maria-Alexandra Paun
- School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; or
- Division Radio Monitoring and Equipment, Section Market Access and Conformity, Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM), 2501 Bienne, Switzerland
| | - Dragos Peptanariu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (R.L.); (D.P.); (D.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Daniela Ailincai
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (R.L.); (D.P.); (D.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Luminita Marin
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (R.L.); (D.P.); (D.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Mihai-Virgil Nichita
- Doctoral School, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | | | - Viorel-Puiu Paun
- Physics Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 50085 Bucharest, Romania
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34
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Hachem K, Jasim SA, Al‐Gazally ME, Riadi Y, Yasin G, Turki Jalil A, Abdulkadhm MM, Saleh MM, Fenjan MN, Mustafa YF, Dehno Khalaji A. Adsorption of Pb(
II
) and Cd(
II
) by magnetic chitosan‐salicylaldehyde Schiff base: Synthesis, characterization, thermal study and antibacterial activity. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kadda Hachem
- Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosy and Biological Valorization of Plants (LBPVBP), Faculty of Sciences University of Saida—Dr Moulay Tahar Saida Algeria
| | | | | | - Yassine Riadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University Al‐Kharj Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Department of Botany Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Faculty of Biology and Ecology Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno Grodno Belarus
- College of Technical Engineering The Islamic University Najaf Iraq
| | | | - Marwan Mahmood Saleh
- Department of Biophysics, College of Applied Sciences University Of Anbar Anbar Iraq
| | - Mohammed N. Fenjan
- College of Health and Medical Technology Al‐Ayen University Thi‐Qar Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy University of Mosul Mosul Iraq
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35
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Ailincai D, Rosca I, Morariu S, Mititelu-Tartau L, Marin L. Iminoboronate-chitooligosaccharides hydrogels with strong antimicrobial activity for biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118727. [PMID: 34823763 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The paper reports hydrogels prepared from chitooligosaccharides with different polymerization degrees (14 to 51), by crosslinking with 2-formylphenylboronicacid in three molar ratios of their functionalities. The structural, morphological and supramolecular characterization confirmed a hydrogelation mechanism based on self-assembling of newly formed imine units and porous morphology. Rheological measurements confirmed the formation of thixotropic hydrogels, and swelling tests indicated mass equilibrium swelling values up to 25 in water and 9 in phosphate buffer saline. The monitoring of enzymatic degradability demonstrated the enhancing of biodegradation rate as long as the polymerization degrees of the oligomers decreased, the mass loss increasing from 16% to 43%. In vivo and ex-vivo biocompatibility investigation on experimental mice showed no cytotoxic effect, and in vitro antimicrobial tests revealed remarkable antimicrobial properties on nine strains, with a maximum inhibition diameter of 49 mm on Aspergilius brasiliensis and very good results on Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium crysogenum and different Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ailincai
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Irina Rosca
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, Iasi, Romania
| | - Simona Morariu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Luminita Marin
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, Iasi, Romania
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36
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Zhang M, Zhang H, Jin L, Li H, Liu S, Chang S, Liang F. Evidenced cucurbit[ n]uril-based host-guest interactions using single-molecule force spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1736-1739. [PMID: 35029268 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06791e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, enhanced guest-pair interactions in the cavity of cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) are quantitatively determined using single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). Significantly, the light-driven dynamic conformational change of guest pairs leads to a rupture force switching between the connected and broken CB[8]-mediated heteroternary complexation with viologen and bis(azobenzene) derivatives. SMFS is further utilized to detect methyl viologen based on the competitive host-guest interaction toward the guest in CB[8] or CB[7]. These findings highlight the extraordinary power of SMFS in supramolecular chemistry and will contribute to the fundamental understanding of the mechanochemical behavior of host-guest interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.
| | - Lunqiang Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.
| | - Hao Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.
| | - Simin Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Chang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.
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37
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Pestov A, Privar Y, Slobodyuk A, Boroda A, Bratskaya S. Chitosan Cross-Linking with Acetaldehyde Acetals. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7010010. [PMID: 35076473 PMCID: PMC8788477 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we demonstrate the possibility of using acyclic diethylacetal of acetaldehyde (ADA) with low cytotoxicity for the fabrication of hydrogels via Schiff bases formation between chitosan and acetaldehyde generated in situ from acetals in chitosan acetate solution. This approach is more convenient than a direct reaction between chitosan and acetaldehyde due to the better commercial availability and higher boiling point of the acetals. Rheological data confirmed the formation of intermolecular bonds in chitosan solution after the addition of acetaldehyde diethyl acetal at an equimolar NH2: acetal ratio. The chemical structure of the reaction products was determined using elemental analysis and 13C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The formed chitosan-acetylimine underwent further irreversible redox transformations yielding a mechanically stable hydrogel insoluble in a broad pH range. The reported reaction is an example of when an inappropriate selection of acid type for chitosan dissolution prevents hydrogel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pestov
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22, S. Kovalevskoy Str., 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Yuliya Privar
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Arseny Slobodyuk
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrey Boroda
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Palchevskogo Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Svetlana Bratskaya
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.P.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (S.B.)
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38
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Huang C, Liao H, Liu X, Xiao M, Liao S, Gong S, Yang F, Shu X, Zhou X. Preparation and characterization of vanillin-chitosan Schiff base zinc complex for a novel Zn 2+ sustained released system. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:611-618. [PMID: 34822818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel sustained released system (VCSB-Zn(II)) for zinc supplements was built by vanillin-chitosan Schiff base (VCSB) chelated with Zn2+ to improve the zinc trace element utilization ratio. Samples were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, XRD, SEM, and TGA. The results showed that VCSB exhibited a more excellent chelation capacity of Zn2+ than chitosan. The chelation capacity of VCSB was about 1.7 times more than that of chitosan, corresponding to 50.96 mg/g and 29.91 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, VCSB-Zn(II) showed excellent sustained released performance at simulated gastric fluid because of the acid slow-dissolving ability. And the higher the CN content of VCSB, the higher the cumulative release rate (Ri) of Zn2+, the highest Ri reached 77.81%. The sustained released curves were described by the first-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas equation, which described the Zn2+ sustained released performance caused by the dissolution of VCSB-Zn(II) and Fick diffusion. This Zn2+ sustained released system shows great potential in the application in the field of trace elements supplements for animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqiang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Liao
- Network & Modern Education Technology Center, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Songyi Liao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fujie Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xugang Shu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xinhua Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Agrochemicals, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
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39
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Sahajpal K, Sharma S, Shekhar S, Kumar A, Meena MK, Bhagi AK, Sharma B. Dynamic Protein and Polypeptide Hydrogels Based on Schiff Base Co-assembly for Biomedicine. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:3173-3198. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels are promising building blocks for biomedical devices, attributable to their excellent hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and dynamic responsiveness to temperature, light, pH, and water content. Although hydrogels find interesting applications...
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40
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Prospects and Challenges of the Drug Delivery Systems in Endometriosis Pain Management: Experimental and Theoretical Aspects. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:2727174. [PMID: 34957311 PMCID: PMC8695015 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2727174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is considered a serious public health issue because of the large number of females affected by this illness. Chronic pain management in patients with endometriosis demands new strategies to increase the life quality of these patients. The development of drug delivery systems represents a new approach in pain treatment among endometriosis patients. Diclofenac sodium, one of the most utilized nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), has its own limitations when being used in formulas such as oral, parental, or local applications. In this paper, a series of four drug release formulations based on chitosan, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde, and diclofenac sodium salt were prepared in view of the investigation of the drug release ability. The formulations were analyzed from a morphological and supramolecular point of view by scanning electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy. The in vitro drug release ability was investigated by mimicking a physiologic environment. A mathematical model, using the fractal paradigm of motion, is utilized to explain the behaviors of the drug delivery system presented in this paper. These results suggest a great potential of the proposed drug delivery system, based on chitosan and 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde to improve the diclofenac sodium salt bioavailability, and it may represent a future treatment formula for endometriosis pain.
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Bratskaya S, Privar Y, Skatova A, Slobodyuk A, Kantemirova E, Pestov A. Carboxyalkylchitosan-based hydrogels with "imine clip": Enhanced stability and amino acids-induced disassembly under physiological conditions. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 274:118618. [PMID: 34702449 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on the properties of hydrogels of carboxyalkylchitosans-salicylimines depending on the salicylaldehyde (SA) grafting density, type of carboxyalkyl substitution, pH, and presence of amino acids. The mechanism of SA grafting has been investigated using 13C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. We have found that, despite lower SA grafting density to carboxyalkylchitosans, gelation in these solutions occurred at much lower SA:polymer molar ratios than for chitosan-salicylimines, being the highest for a N-carboxyethylchitosan with a medium substitution degree. Controlled disassembly of supramolecular architecture of hydrogel of N-carboxyethylchitosan-salicylimine at physiological pH was achieved via the transimination reaction in the presence of amino acids with the efficiency decreased in the order: lysine > arginine ≥ serine. Application of carboxyalkylchitosans opens a new window for development of salicylimine-based hydrogels with lower SA grafting density, better mechanical properties, and reversibility in a broader pH range than it was earlier known for chitosan-based biodynamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Bratskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Yuliya Privar
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Anna Skatova
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Arseny Slobodyuk
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Kantemirova
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexander Pestov
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 20, S. Kovalevskoy str., Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
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Chitosan crosslinking with pyridoxal 5-phosphate vitamer toward biocompatible hydrogels for in vivo applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1734-1743. [PMID: 34785198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is an essential micronutrient in the mammalian diet, with role of coenzyme and synergistic effect with some antibiotics and antitumor drugs. Based on these, we hypothesized that its use for the preparation of hydrogels can yield multifunctional biomaterials suitable for in vivo applications. To this aim, chitosan was reacted with the active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5-phosphate, via acid condensation, when clear hydrogels were obtained. Their investigation by structural characterization methods proved that the hydrogelation was a consequence of both covalent imine formation and physical interactions. The novel hydrogels had microporous morphology and showed shrinking effect in phosphate buffer, indicating good shape preservation and slow dissolution in in vivo environment. Their enzymatic biodegradation could be controlled by the imination degree, varying from 40 to 61% in 21 days. They demonstrated very good in vitro cytocompatibility on normal human dermal fibroblasts cells and no harmful effect on experimental mice, confirming their safely use for in vivo application.
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43
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Bratskaya S, Skatova A, Privar Y, Boroda A, Kantemirova E, Maiorova M, Pestov A. Stimuli-Responsive Dual Cross-Linked N-Carboxyethylchitosan Hydrogels with Tunable Dissolution Rate. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040188. [PMID: 34842662 PMCID: PMC8628705 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we discuss the applicability of (methylenebis(salicylaldehyde)—MbSA) for the fabrication of the stimuli-responsive N-carboxyethylchitosan (CEC) hydrogels with a tunable dissolution rate under physiological conditions. In comparison with non-covalent salicylimine hydrogels, MbSA cross-linking via covalent bis(‘imine clip’) and non-covalent hydrophobic interactions allowed the fabrication of hydrogels with storage moduli > 1 kPa at ten-fold lower aldehyde/CEC molar ratio with the preservation of pH- and amino-acid responsive behavior. Although MbSA-cross-linked CEC hydrogels were stable at neutral and weakly alkaline pH, their disassembly in cell growth medium (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, DMEM) under physiological conditions was feasible due to transimination reaction with amino acids contained in DMEM. Depending on the cross-linking density, the complete dissolution time of the fabricated hydrogels varied from 28 h to 11 days. The cytotoxicity of MbSA cross-linked CEC hydrogels toward a human colon carcinoma cell line (HCT 116) and primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) was remarkably lower in comparison with CEC-salicylimine hydrogels. Fast gelation, relatively low cytotoxicity, and tunable stimuli-induced disassembly under physiological conditions make MbSA cross-linked CEC hydrogels promising for drug encapsulation and release, 3D printing, cell culturing, and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Bratskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.S.); (Y.P.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Skatova
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.S.); (Y.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Yuliya Privar
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.S.); (Y.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Andrey Boroda
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Palchevskogo Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Ekaterina Kantemirova
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.S.); (Y.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Mariya Maiorova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Palchevskogo Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Alexander Pestov
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 20, Sofia Kovalevskoy Street, 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
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44
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Ou Y, Tian M. Advances in multifunctional chitosan-based self-healing hydrogels for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:7955-7971. [PMID: 34611684 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01363g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional self-healing hydrogels have recently attracted considerable interest in biomedical applications owing to their diverse properties, including self-healing, adhesion, conduction, antibacterial, and stimulus-response, which can meet various application requirements, ranging from wound dressings and delivery vehicles to the production of scaffolds for tissue repair and regeneration. As a natural polycationic polysaccharide with good biocompatibility, chitosan is widely used in hydrogel formation as there are many amino and hydroxyl groups along the chains that can actively participate in various physical effects and chemical reactions, which enable it to construct self-healing hydrogels and fulfill multiple functions. In this review, the formation of chitosan-based self-healing hydrogels and the related self-healing mechanism are summarized, including Schiff base, metal coordination, ionic and hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic and host-guest interactions, with a focus on the strategies for their multi-functionalization. In the last section, the applications of the chitosan-based self-healing hydrogels in the fields of wound dressings, delivery vehicles, scaffolds, and biological sensors are discussed. Overall, it is highly expected that this review could provide an insight into the prospective development of multifunctional self-healing hydrogels for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ou
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Meng Tian
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,West China Brain Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
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Lungu R, Anisiei A, Rosca I, Sandu AI, Ailincai D, Marin L. Double functionalization of chitosan based nanofibers towards biomaterials for wound healing. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Adsorption performance of chitosan Schiff base towards anionic dyes: Electrostatic interaction effects. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ailincai D, Agop M, Marinas IC, Zala A, Irimiciuc SA, Dobreci L, Petrescu TC, Volovat C. Theoretical model for the diclofenac release from PEGylated chitosan hydrogels. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:261-271. [PMID: 33501878 PMCID: PMC7850333 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1876181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlled drug delivery systems are of utmost importance for the improvement of drug bioavailability while limiting the side effects. For the improvement of their performances, drug release modeling is a significant tool for the further optimization of the drug delivery systems to cross the barrier to practical application. We report here on the modeling of the diclofenac sodium salt (DCF) release from a hydrogel matrix based on PEGylated chitosan in the context of Multifractal Theory of Motion, by means of a fundamental spinor set given by 2 × 2 matrices with real elements, which can describe the drug-release dynamics at global and local scales. The drug delivery systems were prepared by in situ hydrogenation of PEGylated chitosan with citral in the presence of the DCF, by varying the hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio of the components. They demonstrated a good dispersion of the drug into the matrix by forming matrix-drug entities which enabled a prolonged drug delivery behavior correlated with the hydrophilicity degree of the matrix. The application of the Multifractal Theory of Motion fitted very well on these findings, the fractality degree accurately describing the changes in hydrophilicity of the polymer. The validation of the model on this series of formulations encourages its further use for other systems, as an easy tool for estimating the drug release toward the design improvement. The present paper is a continuation of the work 'A theoretical mathematical model for assessing diclofenac release from chitosan-based formulations,' published in Drug Delivery Journal, 27(1), 2020, that focused on the consequences induced by the invariance groups of Multifractal Diffusion Equations in correlation with the drug release dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ailincai
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Maricel Agop
- Department of Physics, "Gh. Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania.,Romanian Scientists Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Cristina Marinas
- Center for Services and Research in Advanced Biotechnologies, Calugareni, Sanimed International Impex srl, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Zala
- Municipal Emergency Hospital-Moineşti, Moineşti, Romania
| | | | - Lucian Dobreci
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, Bacau, Romania
| | - Tudor-Cristian Petrescu
- Department of Structural Mechanics, "Gh. Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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Binary Graft of Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam) and Poly(acrylic acid) onto Chitosan Hydrogels Using Ionizing Radiation for the Retention and Controlled Release of Therapeutic Compounds. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162641. [PMID: 34451181 PMCID: PMC8397969 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we carried out the synthesis of a thermo- and pH-sensitive binary graft, based on N-vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) and pH sensitive acrylic acid (AAc) monomers, onto chitosan gels (net-CS) by ionizing radiation. Pre-oxidative irradiation and direct methods were examined, and materials obtained were characterized by FTIR-ATR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and swelling tests (equilibrium swelling time, critical pH, and temperature). The best synthesis radiation method was the direct method, which resulted in the maximum grafting percentages (~40%) at low doses (10–12 kGy). The main goal of this study was the comparison of the swelling behavior and physicochemical properties of net-CS with those of the binary system (net-CS)-g-NVCL/AAc with the optimum grafting percentage (~30%). This produced a material that showed an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) of 33.5 °C and a critical pH value of 3.8, indicating the system is more hydrophilic at higher temperatures and low pH values. Load and release studies were carried out using diclofenac. The grafted system (32%) was able to load 19.3 mg g−1 of diclofenac and release about 95% within 200 min, in comparison to net-CS, which only released 80% during the same period. When the grafted system was protonated before diclofenac loading, it loaded 27.6 mg g−1. However, the drug was strongly retained in the material by electrostatic interactions and only released about 20%.
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Abstract
Abstract
Chitosan is a biopolymer originating from renewable resources, with great properties which make it an attractive candidate for plenty of applications of contemporary interest. By manufacturing chitosan into nanofibers using the electrospinning method, its potential is amplified due to the enhancement of the active surface and the low preparation cost. Many attempts were made with the aim of preparing chitosan-based nanofibers with controlled morphology targeting their use for tissue engineering, wound healing, food packaging, drug delivery, air and water purification filters. This was a challenging task, which resulted in a high amount of data, sometimes with apparent contradictory results. In this light, the goal of the paper is to present the main routes reported in the literature for chitosan electrospinning, stressing the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of various electrospinning parameters on the morphological characteristics of the fibers and their suitability for distinct applications.
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Dinu MV, Gradinaru AC, Lazar MM, Dinu IA, Raschip IE, Ciocarlan N, Aprotosoaie AC. Physically cross-linked chitosan/dextrin cryogels entrapping Thymus vulgaris essential oil with enhanced mechanical, antioxidant and antifungal properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:898-908. [PMID: 34157333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we entrapped Thymus vulgaris essential oil (EO) within the physically cross-linked sponge-like architecture of cryogels by ice template-assisted freeze-drying. Their 3D cryogenically-structured network was built through hydrogen bonding formed by blending two naturally-derived polysaccharides, chitosan and dextrin. The embedment of EOs within the cryogel matrix generates porous films with an increased elasticity that allows their fast shape recovery after full compression. Thus, the swollen EOs-loaded cryogel films exhibited an elastic modulus of 3.00 MPa, which is more than 40 times higher than that of polysaccharide films without EOs (an elastic modulus of only 0.07 MPa). In addition, the encapsulation of bioactive compounds endows the bio-based films with both antioxidant and antifungal properties, showing a radical scavenging activity of 65% and a zone inhibition diameter of 40 mm for Candida parapsilosis fungi. Our results recommend the entrapment of EOs into bio-based cryogel carriers as a straightforward approach to provide 'green' polysaccharide-based films having both improved physicochemical properties and remarkable antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valentina Dinu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Functional Polymers, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, Iasi 700487, Romania.
| | - Adina Catinca Gradinaru
- "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii Street 16, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Maria Marinela Lazar
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Functional Polymers, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, Iasi 700487, Romania
| | - Ionel Adrian Dinu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Functional Polymers, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, Iasi 700487, Romania; University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, BioPark Rosental (BPR) 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irina Elena Raschip
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Functional Polymers, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, Iasi 700487, Romania
| | - Nina Ciocarlan
- Botanical Garden, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Padurii Street 18, 2002, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Ana Clara Aprotosoaie
- "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii Street 16, Iasi 700115, Romania
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