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Zhang S, Li X, Gao B, Zhang S. Reactive extrusion fabrication of thermoplastic starch with Ca 2+ heterodentate coordination structure for harvesting multiple-reusable PBAT/TPS films. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122240. [PMID: 38823910 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Creating multiple-reusable PBAT/TPS (PT) films presents a novel solution to reduce carbon emissions from disposable packaging, addressing challenges like the high creep of PBAT and the glycerol migration of TPS. Consequently, adopting reactive extrusion to fabricate reversible cross-linking TPS with high shape memory performance, low migration, and homogeneous dispersion in PBAT matrix was a fascinating strategy. Herein, starch, glycerol and CaCl2 (calcium chloride) were extruded to fabricate TPS-Ca with Ca2+ heterodentate coordination structure and confirmed by XPS, 1H NMR and temperature-dependent FTIR. The results of DMA, dynamic rheology, flow activation energy and SEM revealed that TPS-Ca exhibited significant temperature-sensitive reversible properties and robust melt flow capability, enabling micro-nano scale dispersion in PBAT. Noteworthy, PBAT/TPS-Ca (PT-Ca) would recover 100 % length within 20 s by microwave heating after being loaded under the hygrothermal environment. Meanwhile, the migration weight of glycerol decreased from 2.5 % to 1.2 % for the heat-moisture-treated PBAT/TPS (HPT) and PBAT/TPS-Ca (HPTCa). Remarkably, the tensile strength and elongation at the break of HPT-Ca increased to 20.0 MPa and 924 %, respectively, due to reduced stress concentration sites in the phase interface. In summary, our study provides a streamlined strategy for fabricating multiple-reusable PT, offering a sustainable solution to eliminate carbon emissions linked to disposable plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bingbing Gao
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuidong Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China.
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2
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González-Pérez MM, Lomelí-Ramírez MG, Robledo-Ortiz JR, Silva-Guzmán JA, Manríquez-González R. Biodegradable Biocomposite of Starch Films Cross-Linked with Polyethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether and Reinforced by Microfibrillated Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1290. [PMID: 38732758 PMCID: PMC11085437 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers are biodegradable and renewable and can significantly reduce environmental impacts. For this reason, biocomposites based on a plasticized starch and cross-linker matrix and with a microfibrillated OCC cardboard cellulose reinforcement were developed. Biocomposites were prepared by suspension casting with varied amounts of microfibrillated cellulose: 0, 4, 8, and 12 wt%. Polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) was used as a cross-linking, water-soluble, and non-toxic agent. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) from OCC cardboard showed appropriate properties and potential for good performance as a reinforcement. In general, microfiber incorporation and matrix cross-linking increased crystallization, reduced water adsorption, and improved the physical and tensile properties of the plasticized starch. Biocomposites cross-linked with PEGDE and reinforced with 12 wt% MFC showed the best properties. The chemical and structural changes induced by the cross-linking of starch chains and MFC reinforcement were confirmed by FTIR, NMR, and XRD. Biodegradation higher than 80% was achieved for most biocomposites in 15 days of laboratory compost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María G. Lomelí-Ramírez
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.M.G.-P.); (J.R.R.-O.); (J.A.S.-G.)
| | | | | | - Ricardo Manríquez-González
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.M.G.-P.); (J.R.R.-O.); (J.A.S.-G.)
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3
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Gu Y, Shen Y, Wu T, Hu F, Wang T. Comprehensive enhancement of flame retardant starch/cellulose/diatomite composite foams via metal-organic coordination. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131313. [PMID: 38569997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable attention has been given to the utilization of biomass for producing bio-based foams, such as starch-based foams. Despite their renewability and widespread availability, these foams still present certain drawbacks regarding their poor mechanical properties and flammability. To tackle these concerns, a metal ion cross-linking strategy was employed by incorporating calcium ions (Ca2+) solution into foamed starch/cellulose slurry. Followed by ambient drying, starch/cellulose composite foam was successfully fabricated with a remarkable enhancement in various properties. Specifically, compared to the control sample, the compressive strength and modulus increased by 26.2 % and 123.0 %, respectively. Additionally, the Ca2+ cross-linked starch/cellulose composite foam exhibited excellent heat resistance, water stability, and flame retardancy. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) reached 52 %, with a vertical combustion rating of V-0. Along with the addition of 2 phr diatomite, it demonstrated a significant enhancement on flame retardancy with a LOI of 65 %, although the apparent density of the composite foam was not low enough. This study indicated a green and simple method to obtain starch-based composite foams with enhanced comprehensive properties including thermal, water stability, mechanical, and flame retardancy, expanding their potential applications in areas such as building materials and rigid packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yucai Shen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Tinghao Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Fangzhou Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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4
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Quilez-Molina AI, Le Meins JF, Charrier B, Dumon M. Starch-fibers composites, a study of all-polysaccharide foams from microwave foaming to biodegradation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121743. [PMID: 38220353 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable composite foams based on rice starch and cellulosic long fibers were successfully fabricated using microwave irradiation. They were presented as a promising method to recycle some of the textile industry waste. A deep study of the processability and functionality of the composites revealed the performance improvement of starch with the addition of long cellulosic fibers, especially with 6 wt% of Arbocel®, in terms of foamability, water, and mechanical resistance features. Moreover, sodium bicarbonate, which acted as a blowing and pulping agent, led to a lower density and better fiber distribution that resulted in an improvement of the foams' functionalities. The range of the study is new in the domain of long fiber foam composites in terms of the foaming capability, and mechanical, thermal, and water resistance properties. Furthermore, all foams showed excellent biodegradability properties against a fungus commonly found in the environment; for example, values around 60 % weight loss after 33 days. Finally, the assessment of the CO2 emission during the process underlines the environmental benefits of the method employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Quilez-Molina
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO UMR 5629, F-33607 Pessac, France; BioEcoUVA Research Institute on Bioeconomy, University of Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Jean François Le Meins
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO UMR 5629, F-33607 Pessac, France.
| | - Bertrand Charrier
- University of Pau and the Adour Region, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for the Environment and Materials-Xylomat, IPREM-UMR5254, 40004 Mont de Marsan, France.
| | - Michel Dumon
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO UMR 5629, F-33607 Pessac, France.
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5
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Chen K, Wang H, Shi Y, Liu M, Feng Y, Fu L, Song P. Realizing balanced flame retardancy and electromagnetic interference shielding in hierarchical elastomer nanocomposites. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 653:634-642. [PMID: 37738936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The combination of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance and flame-retardant property is essential for applications in the field of electronics and electrics. To date, there have been few successful cases in achieving such portfolios, due to the different mechanisms and even mutual exclusivity of these two attributes. Herein, an ammonium polyphosphate@chitosan@carbon nanotube (APP@CS@MWCNT) core-multishell hybrid was synthesized by microencapsulation technology. Then, the hybrid was introduced into TPU matrix to fabricate TPU composites, acting as surface layer. Meanwhile, MXene film was used as intermediate layer to construct hierarchical TPU composites. The obtained results showed that after introduction of 1 wt% APP@CS@MWCNT hybrid, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and the peak of smoke produce rate (PSPR) of TPU composites decreased by 67.4% and 35.6%, respectively, compared with those of pure TPU. Owing to multiple reflection losses, interface polarization losses, and charge carrier movement-induced thermal dissipation, TPU/15AC@4M-SW exhibited the highest EMI shielding performance, and obtained shielding effectiveness values of 35.7 dB and 38.9 dB in X band and K band, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Hengrui Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Miao Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Yuezhan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Libi Fu
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD 4300, Australia; School of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD 4300, Australia.
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6
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Lomelí-Ramírez MG, Reyes-Alfaro B, Martínez-Salcedo SL, González-Pérez MM, Gallardo-Sánchez MA, Landázuri-Gómez G, Vargas-Radillo JJ, Diaz-Vidal T, Torres-Rendón JG, Macias-Balleza ER, García-Enriquez S. Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposite Films Reinforced with Nanocellulose from Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul Bagasse. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3793. [PMID: 37765647 PMCID: PMC10534575 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), bleached cellulose nanofibers (bCNFs), and unbleached cellulose nanofibers (ubCNFs) isolated by acid hydrolysis from Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul bagasse, an agro-waste from the tequila industry, were used as reinforcements in a thermoplastic starch matrix to obtain environmentally friendly materials that can substitute contaminant polymers. A robust characterization of starting materials and biocomposites was carried out. Biocomposite mechanical, thermal, and antibacterial properties were evaluated, as well as color, crystallinity, morphology, rugosity, lateral texture, electrical conductivity, chemical identity, solubility, and water vapor permeability. Pulp fibers and nanocelluloses were analyzed via SEM, TEM, and AFM. The water vapor permeability (WVP) decreased by up to 20.69% with the presence of CNCs. The solubility decreases with the presence of CNFs and CNCs. The addition of CNCs and CNFs increased the tensile strength and Young's modulus and decreased the elongation at break. Biocomposites prepared with ubCNF showed the best tensile mechanical properties due to a better adhesion with the matrix. Images of bCNF-based biocomposites demonstrated that bCNFs are good reinforcing agents as the fibers were dispersed within the starch film and embedded within the matrix. Roughness increased with CNF content and decreased with CNC content. Films with CNCs did not show bacterial growth for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This study offers a new theoretical basis since it demonstrates that different proportions of bleached or unbleached nanofibers and nanocrystals can improve the properties of starch films.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Guadalupe Lomelí-Ramírez
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.G.L.-R.); (S.L.M.-S.); (M.M.G.-P.); (J.J.V.-R.); (J.G.T.-R.)
| | - Benjamín Reyes-Alfaro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michoacana University of Saint Nicholas of Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico;
| | - Silvia Lizeth Martínez-Salcedo
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.G.L.-R.); (S.L.M.-S.); (M.M.G.-P.); (J.J.V.-R.); (J.G.T.-R.)
| | - María Magdalena González-Pérez
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.G.L.-R.); (S.L.M.-S.); (M.M.G.-P.); (J.J.V.-R.); (J.G.T.-R.)
| | - Manuel Alberto Gallardo-Sánchez
- Department of Civil Engineering and Topography, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Marcelino Garcia Barragan Street, Number 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico;
| | - Gabriel Landázuri-Gómez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Marcelino Garcia Barragan Street, Number 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (G.L.-G.); (T.D.-V.)
| | - J. Jesús Vargas-Radillo
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.G.L.-R.); (S.L.M.-S.); (M.M.G.-P.); (J.J.V.-R.); (J.G.T.-R.)
| | - Tania Diaz-Vidal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Marcelino Garcia Barragan Street, Number 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (G.L.-G.); (T.D.-V.)
| | - José Guillermo Torres-Rendón
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.G.L.-R.); (S.L.M.-S.); (M.M.G.-P.); (J.J.V.-R.); (J.G.T.-R.)
| | - Emma Rebeca Macias-Balleza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Marcelino Garcia Barragan Street, Number 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (G.L.-G.); (T.D.-V.)
| | - Salvador García-Enriquez
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.G.L.-R.); (S.L.M.-S.); (M.M.G.-P.); (J.J.V.-R.); (J.G.T.-R.)
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7
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Feng X, Lin X, Deng K, Yang H, Yan C. Facile Ball Milling Preparation of Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials: An Overview. Molecules 2023; 28:5090. [PMID: 37446752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To meet the growing needs of public safety and sustainable development, it is highly desirable to develop flame-retardant polymer materials using a facile and low-cost method. Although conventional solution chemical synthesis has proven to be an efficient way of developing flame retardants, it often requires organic solvents and a complicated separation process. In this review, we summarize the progress made in utilizing simple ball milling (an important type of mechanochemical approach) to fabricate flame retardants and flame-retardant polymer composites. To elaborate, we first present a basic introduction to ball milling, and its crushing, exfoliating, modifying, and reacting actions, as used in the development of high-performance flame retardants. Then, we report the mixing action of ball milling, as used in the preparation of flame-retardant polymer composites, especially in the formation of multifunctional segregated structures. Hopefully, this review will provide a reference for the study of developing flame-retardant polymer materials in a facile and feasible way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaming Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Kaiwen Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Cheng Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
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Ghonjizade-Samani F, Haurie L, Malet R, Realinho V. The Components' Roles in Thermal Stability and Flammability of Cork Powder. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103829. [PMID: 37241456 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an analysis of the influence of extractives, suberin and lignocellulosic components on the pyrolysis decomposition and fire reaction mechanisms of a cork oak powder from Quercus suber L. is presented. The summative chemical composition of cork powder was determined. Suberin was the main component at 40% of the total weight, followed by 24% of lignin, 19% of polysaccharides and 14% of extractives. The absorbance peaks of cork and its individual components were further analyzed by means of ATR-FTIR spectrometry. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the removal of extractives from cork slightly increased the thermal stability between 200 °C and 300 °C and led to the formation of a more thermally stable residue at the end of the cork decomposition. Moreover, by removing suberin, a shift of the onset decomposition temperature to a lower temperature was noticed, indicating that suberin plays a major role in enhancing the thermal stability of cork. Furthermore, non-polar extractives showed the highest flammability with a peak of heat release rate (pHRR) of 365 W/g analyzed by means of micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC). Above 300 °C, the heat release rate (HRR) of suberin was lower than that of polysaccharides or lignin. However, below that temperature it released more flammable gases with a pHRR of 180 W/g, without significant charring ability, contrary to the mentioned components that showed lower HRR due to their prominent condensed mode of action that slowed down the mass and heat transfer processes during the combustion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Ghonjizade-Samani
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Escuela Superior de Ingenierías Industrial, Aeroespacial y Audiovisual (ESEIAAT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), C/de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
- Elix Polymers, Polígono Industrial, Ctra. de Vilaseca-La Pineda s/n, 43110 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laia Haurie
- GICITED Group, Department of Architectural Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Edificación de Barcelona (EPSEB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), Av. Dr. Marañon 44-50, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Malet
- Elix Polymers, Polígono Industrial, Ctra. de Vilaseca-La Pineda s/n, 43110 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Vera Realinho
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Escuela Superior de Ingenierías Industrial, Aeroespacial y Audiovisual (ESEIAAT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), C/de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
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9
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Zdanowicz M, Sałasińska K. Characterization of Thermoplastic Starch Plasticized with Ternary Urea-Polyols Deep Eutectic Solvent with Two Selected Fillers: Microcrystalline Cellulose and Montmorillonite. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040972. [PMID: 36850255 PMCID: PMC9964604 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to prepare and characterize composite materials based on thermoplastic starch (TPS)/deep eutectic solvent (DES). Potato starch was plasticized with ternary DES: urea:glycerol:sorbitol and modified with the selected fillers: microcrystalline cellulose and sodium montmorillonite. Films were prepared via twin-screw extrusion and thermocompression of the extrudates. Then, the physicochemical properties of the TPS films were examined. The ternary DES effectively plasticized the polysaccharide leading to a highly amorphous structure of the TPS (confirmed via mechanical tests, DMTA and XRD analyses). An investigation of the behavior in water (swelling and dissolution degree) and water vapor transmission rate of the films was determined. The introduction of the two types of fillers resulted in higher tensile strength and better barrier properties of the composite TPS films. However, montmorillonite addition exhibited a higher impact than microcrystalline cellulose. Moreover, a cone calorimetry analysis of the TPS materials revealed that they showed better fire-retardant properties than TPS plasticized with a conventional plasticizer (glycerol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zdanowicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
- Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
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Li X, Gao B, Zhang S. Adjusting hydrogen bond by Lever Principle to achieve high performance starch-based biodegradable films with low migration quantity. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 298:120107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Nukala SG, Kong I, Patel VI, Kakarla AB, Kong W, Buddrick O. Development of Biodegradable Composites Using Polycaprolactone and Bamboo Powder. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194169. [PMID: 36236115 PMCID: PMC9573369 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biodegradable polymers in daily life is increasing to reduce environmental hazards. In line with this, the present study aimed to develop a fully biodegradable polymer composite that was environmentally friendly and exhibited promising mechanical and thermal properties. Bamboo powder (BP)-reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) composites were prepared using the solvent casting method. The influence of BP content on the morphology, wettability, and mechanical and thermal properties of the neat matrix was evaluated. In addition, the degradation properties of the composites were analysed through soil burial and acidic degradation tests. It was revealed that BP contents had an evident influence on the properties of the composites. The increase in the BP content has significantly improved the tensile strength of the PCL matrix. A similar trend is observed for thermal stability. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated uniform dispersion of the BP in the PCL matrix. The degradation tests revealed that the biocomposites with 40 wt·% of BP degraded by more than 20% within 4 weeks in the acidic degradation test and more than 5% in the soil burial degradation test. It was noticed that there was a considerable difference in the degradation between the PCL matrix and the biocomposites of PCL and BP. These results suggest that biodegradable composites could be a promising alternative material to the existing synthetic polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Guha Nukala
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Ing Kong
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Vipulkumar Ishvarbhai Patel
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Akesh Babu Kakarla
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Wei Kong
- Centre for Foundation and General Studies, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, Block 11, De Centrum City, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Oliver Buddrick
- Faculty of Higher Education, William Angliss Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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12
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Andrzejewski J, Michałowski S. Development of a New Type of Flame Retarded Biocomposite Reinforced with a Biocarbon/Basalt Fiber System: A Comparative Study between Poly(lactic Acid) and Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194086. [PMID: 36236034 PMCID: PMC9572391 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of partially biobased reinforcing filler system was developed in order to be used as a flame retardant for polylactic acid (PLA) and polypropylene (PP)-based composites. The prepared materials intended for injection technique processing were melt blended using the novel system containing ammonium polyphosphate (EX), biocarbon (BC), and basalt fibers (BF). All of the prepared samples were subjected to a detailed analysis. The main criterion was the flammability of composites. For PLA-based composites, the flammability was significantly reduced, up to V-0 class. The properties of PLA/EX/BC and PLA/EX/(BC-BF) composites were characterized by their improved mechanical properties. The conducted analysis indicates that the key factor supporting the effectiveness of EX flame retardants is the addition of BC, while the use of BF alone increases the flammability of the samples to the reference level. The results indicate that the developed materials can be easily applied in industrial practice as effective and sustainable flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Stree, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-665-5858
| | - Sławomir Michałowski
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska Street, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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13
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C. Cabo M, M. N. P, Lee DW, Song J. Study of the impact of epoxidized plant oil phospholipids and hydroxyl radicals on crosslinked epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurelio C. Cabo
- Department of Smart Manufacturing Engineering Changwon National University Changwon South Korea
| | - Prabhakar M. N.
- Research Institute of Mechatronics, Department of Mechanical Engineering Changwon National University Changwon South Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Research Institute of Mechatronics, Department of Mechanical Engineering Changwon National University Changwon South Korea
| | - Jung‐il Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Changwon National University Changwon South Korea
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14
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Zheng Z, Xia Y, Liao C, Liu Y, Chai W, Niu E, Hu Z. Fabrication of starch-based multi-source integrated halogen-free flame retardant in improving the fire safety of polypropylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Machado I, Shaer C, Hurdle K, Calado V, Ishida H. Towards the Development of Green Flame Retardancy by Polybenzoxazines. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Qi J, Pan Y, Luo Z, Wang B. Facile and scalable fabrication of bioderived flame retardant based on adenine for enhancing fire safety of fully biodegradable
PLA
/
PBAT
/
TPS
ternary blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Yingtong Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Zhonglin Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Biaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
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17
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Xiong S, Zhang P, Xia Y, Zou Q, Jiang M, Gai J. Unique antimicrobial/thermally conductive polymer composites for use in medical electronic devices. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si‐Wei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Pan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Qian Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Meng‐ying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Jing‐Gang Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
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18
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Progress in Biodegradable Flame Retardant Nano-Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050741. [PMID: 33673607 PMCID: PMC7957674 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper summarizes the results obtained in the course of the development of a specific group of biocomposites with high functionality of flame retardancy, which are environmentally acceptable at the same time. Conventional biocomposites have to be altered through different modifications, to be able to respond to the stringent standards and environmental requests of the circular economy. The most commonly produced types of biocomposites are those composed of a biodegradable PLA matrix and plant bast fibres. Despite of numerous positive properties of natural fibres, flammability of plant fibres is one of the most pronounced drawbacks for their wider usage in biocomposites production. Most recent novelties regarding the flame retardancy of nanocomposites are presented, with the accent on the agents of nanosize (nanofillers), which have been chosen as they have low or non-toxic environmental impact, but still offer enhanced flame retardant (FR) properties. The importance of a nanofiller’s geometry and shape (e.g., nanodispersion of nanoclay) and increase in polymer viscosity, on flame retardancy has been stressed. Although metal oxydes are considered the most commonly used nanofillers there are numerous other possibilities presented within the paper. Combinations of clay based nanofillers with other nanosized or microsized FR agents can significantly improve the thermal stability and FR properties of nanocomposite materials. Further research is still needed on optimizing the parameters of FR compounds to meet numerous requirements, from the improvement of thermal and mechanical properties to the biodegradability of the composite products. Presented research initiatives provide genuine new opportunities for manufacturers, consumers and society as a whole to create a new class of bionanocomposite materials with added benefits of environmental improvement.
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19
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Naga Kumar C, Prabhakar MN, Song JI. Synthesis of vinyl ester resin-carrying PVDF green nanofibers for self-healing applications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:908. [PMID: 33441603 PMCID: PMC7806598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-healing on the engineering applications is smart, decisive research for prolonging the life span of the materials and the innovations have been mounting still smarter. Connecting to advancements in self-healing carriers, in altering the chemical structure by optimizing the brittleness for self-healing performance and introducing the bio-degradability, for the first time TPS was blended to PVDF for the synthesis of nanofibers, as carriers of a vinyl ester (VE) resin (medication), by the coaxial electrospinning technique. TPS was mechanically mixed with PVDF base polymer and optimized the TPS content (10 wt%) based on mechanical performance. The novel nanofibers were characterized via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal, moisture analysis, and a mechanical line with FESEM and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis studied the self-healing. The TPS/PVDF fibers having hydrogen bonding and increased the crystallinity (40.57 → 44.12%) and the diameter (115 → 184 nm) along with the surface roughness of the fibers with increasing the TPS content. Microanalysis presented the flow-out of the VE resin at the scratched parts in the pierced fibers; interestingly, after some time, the etched part was cured automatically by the curing of the spread resin. Mechanical stretching of the nanofibers in the tensile tests up in the plastic region showed a decrement in the elasticity (TPS/PVDF fibers) and an increment in the brittle nature (cured VE resin) with the increase in Young’s modulus at each stretching, clearly elucidating the healing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Naga Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Korea
| | - M N Prabhakar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Korea
| | - Jung-Il Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Korea.
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20
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Sun KQ, Li FY, Li JY, Li JF, Zhang CW, Ji MC, Guo ZY. CaCO 3 blowing agent mixing method for biomass composites improved buffer packaging performance. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2501-2511. [PMID: 35424164 PMCID: PMC8693678 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06477g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable composites with an open-cell structure were developed to replace petroleum-based buffer packaging materials. To overcome the problem of uneven and insufficient foam in the composites, CaCO3 was used as a nucleating agent to prepare porous composites. At 5 wt% CaCO3, more uniform and dense composite cells with better cushioning performance were obtained. A further increase in the CaCO3 content caused the density of the cells and the cushioning properties of the composites to decrease. The addition of CaCO3 improved the thermal stability and water barrier properties. The moisture absorption was reduced by 15%. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the addition of CaCO3 destroyed the crystalline structure of the starch and produced a new crystalline peak, resulting in a significant reduction in the crystallinity. The decrease in the crystallinity of the starch resulted in the formation of a homogeneous slurry that produced a uniform foam in the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Qiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Fang-Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Chuan-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Mao-Cheng Ji
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Zi-Yu Guo
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
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21
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Gypsum, Geopolymers, and Starch—Alternative Binders for Bio-Based Building Materials: A Review and Life-Cycle Assessment. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12145666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To decrease the environmental impact of the construction industry, energy-efficient insulation materials with low embodied production energy are needed. Lime-hemp concrete is traditionally recognized as such a material; however, the drawbacks of this type of material are associated with low strength gain, high initial moisture content, and limited application. Therefore, this review article discusses alternatives to lime-hemp concrete that would achieve similar thermal properties with an equivalent or lower environmental impact. Binders such as gypsum, geopolymers, and starch are proposed as alternatives, due to their performance and low environmental impact, and available research is summarized and discussed in this paper. The summarized results show that low-density thermal insulation bio-composites with a density of 200–400 kg/m3 and thermal conductivity (λ) of 0.06–0.09 W/(m × K) can be obtained with gypsum and geopolymer binders. However, by using a starch binder it is possible to produce ecological building materials with a density of approximately 100 kg/m3 and thermal conductivity (λ) as low as 0.04 W/(m × K). In addition, a preliminary life cycle assessment was carried out to evaluate the environmental impact of reviewed bio-composites. The results indicate that such bio-composites have a low environmental impact, similar to lime-hemp concrete.
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22
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Fitch-Vargas PR, Camacho-Hernández IL, Martínez-Bustos F, Islas-Rubio AR, Carrillo-Cañedo KI, Calderón-Castro A, Jacobo-Valenzuela N, Carrillo-López A, Delgado-Nieblas CI, Aguilar-Palazuelos E. Mechanical, physical and microstructural properties of acetylated starch-based biocomposites reinforced with acetylated sugarcane fiber. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 219:378-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Cui JF, Li FY, Li JY, Li JF, Zhang CW, Chen S, Sun X. Effects of magnesium hydroxide on the properties of starch/plant fiber composites with foam structure. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17405-17413. [PMID: 35519863 PMCID: PMC9064602 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01992h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, magnesium hydroxide (MH) flame-retarded starch/plant fiber composites containing various MH contents (0%, 5%, 15%, 15%) were prepared and named as TF-MH0, TF-MH5, TF-MH10, TF-MH15. Thermal degradation, flame retardancy, mechanical and microscopic characteristics were discussed. The reduction in the maximum thermal degradation rate revealed that the addition of MH provided improvement in the thermal stability of the composite. The horizontal burning test and the limiting oxygen index analysis suggested enhancement in flame retardancy with increasing MH content. Moreover, the density of composites initially decreased and then increased as the MH content increased. The tensile strength was positively correlated with the density, whereas the cushioning performance was negatively correlated with the density. Microscopic analysis showed that there was an interfacial interaction between MH and thermoplastic starch, which not only improves the thermal stability, but also promotes bubble nucleation as a nucleating agent. The cells of TF-MH10 were uniform and dense, thus TF-MH10 had the best buffering performance. Furthermore, the cell structure of TF-MH15 was short in diameter, small in number, and large in skeleton thickness; therefore, TF-MH15 had the highest tensile strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Cui
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Fang-Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Chuan-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Xu Sun
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
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M.N. P, Song JI. Fabrication and characterisation of starch/chitosan/flax fabric green flame-retardant composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:1335-1343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Sundum T, Szécsényi KM, Kaewtatip K. Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic starch composites with fly ash modified by planetary ball milling. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 191:198-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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