1
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Sarang S, Ernst L, Wefers D, Kulkarni R. Characterization of a novel inulosucrase from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Food Chem 2024; 453:139597. [PMID: 38788653 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Fructansucrases produce fructans by polymerizing the fructose moiety released from sucrose. Here, we describe the recombinant expression and characterization of a unique fructansucrase from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DKL3 that showed low sequence similarity with previously characterized fructansucrases. The optimum pH and temperature of fructansucrase were found to be 4.0 and 35 °C, respectively. Enzyme activity increased in presence of Ca2+ and distinctly in presence of Mn2+. The enzyme was characterized as an inulosucrase (LpInu), based on the production of an inulin-type fructan as assessed byNMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis. In addition to β-2,1-linkages, the inulin contained a few β-2,1,6-linked branchpoints. High-performance size exclusion chromatography with refractive index detection (HPSEC-RI) revealed the production of inulin with a lower molecular weight compared to other characterized bacterial inulin. LpInu and its inulin product represent novel candidates to be explored for possible food and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahara Sarang
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India.
| | - Luise Ernst
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Daniel Wefers
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Ram Kulkarni
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India.
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2
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Xu W, Zhang X, Ni D, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. A review of fructosyl-transferases from catalytic characteristics and structural features to reaction mechanisms and product specificity. Food Chem 2024; 440:138250. [PMID: 38154282 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes are accountable for the synthesis and degradation of glycosidic bonds among diverse carbohydrates. Fructosyl-transferases represent a subclass of these enzymes, employing sucrose as a substrate to generate fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and fructan polymers. This category primarily includes levansucrase (LS, EC 2.4.1.10), inulosucrase (IS, EC 2.4.1.9), and β-fructofuranosidase (Ffase, EC 3.2.1.26). These three enzymes possess a similar five-bladed β-propeller fold and employ an anomer-retaining reaction mechanism mediated by nucleophiles, transition state stabilizers, and general acids/bases. However, they exhibit distinct product profiles, characterized by variations in linkage specificity and molecular mass distribution. Consequently, this article comprehensively explores recent advancements in the catalytic characteristics, structural features, reaction mechanisms, and product specificity of levansucrase, inulosucrase, and β-fructofuranosidase (abbreviated as LS, IS, and Ffase, respectively). Furthermore, it discusses the potential for modifying catalytic properties and product specificity through structure-based design, which enables the rational production of custom fructan and FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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3
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Ni D, Zhang S, Liu X, Zhu Y, Xu W, Zhang W, Mu W. Production, effects, and applications of fructans with various molecular weights. Food Chem 2024; 437:137895. [PMID: 37924765 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Fructan, a widespread functional polysaccharide, has been used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and material production fields because of its versatile physicochemical properties and biological activities. Inulin from plants and levan from microorganisms are two of the most extensively studied fructans. Fructans from different plants or microorganisms have inconsistent molecular weights, and the molecular weight of fructan affects its properties, functions, and applications. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the production and application of fructans having various molecular weights, and biotechnological processes have been explored to produce tailor-made fructans from sucrose. This review encompasses the introduction of extraction, enzymatic transformation, and fermentation production processes for fructans with diverse molecular weights. Notably, it highlights the enzymes involved in fructan biosynthesis and underscores their physiological effects, with a special emphasis on their prebiotic properties. Moreover, the applications of fructans with varying molecular weights are also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shuqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Shandong Haizhibao Ocean Technology Co., Ltd, Weihai, Shandong 264333, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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4
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Kido Y, Saburi W, Nagura T, Mori H. Hydrolysis-transglycosylation of sucrose and production of β-(2→1)-fructan by inulosucrase from Neobacillus drentensis 57N. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1169-1182. [PMID: 37491698 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Inulin, β-(2→1)-fructan, is a beneficial polysaccharide used as a functional food ingredient. Microbial inulosucrases (ISs), catalyzing β-(2→1)-transfructosylation, produce β-(2→1)-fructan from sucrose. In this study, we identified a new IS (NdIS) from the soil isolate, Neobacillus drentensis 57N. Sequence analysis revealed that, like other Bacillaceae ISs, NdIS consists of a glycoside hydrolase family 68 domain and shares most of the 1-kestose-binding residues of the archaeal IS, InuHj. Native and recombinant NdIS were characterized. NdIS is a homotetramer. It does not require calcium for activity. High performance liquid chromatography and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that NdIS catalyzed the hydrolysis and β-(2→1)-transfructosylation of sucrose to synthesize β-(2→1)-fructan with chain lengths of 42 or more residues. The rate dependence on sucrose concentration followed hydrolysis-transglycosylation kinetics, and a 50% transglycosylation ratio was obtained at 344 m m sucrose. These results suggest that transfructosylation from sucrose to β-(2→1)-fructan occurs predominantly to elongate the fructan chain because sucrose is an unfavorable acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kido
- Research Center, Nippon Beet Sugar Mfg. Co., Ltd., Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Wataru Saburi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taizo Nagura
- Research Center, Nippon Beet Sugar Mfg. Co., Ltd., Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Haruhide Mori
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Zhang S, Ni D, Xu W, Zhang W, Mu W. Characterization of a processive inulosucrase from Lactobacillus mulieris for efficient biosynthesis of high-molecular-weight inulin. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 164:110186. [PMID: 36529060 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inulin has been determined to have many exceptional properties and functions and has been used in the food and pharmaceutical fields. Recently, microbial high-molecular-weight inulin synthesized from sucrose by inulosucrase attracted much attention. In this study, a novel inulosucrase from Lactobacillus mulieris was constructed, overexpressed, purified, and identified. The recombinant enzyme displayed the maximum activity at pH 6.0 and 55 °C, and it exhibited high thermostability below 45 °C. After optimizing the production conditions, the conversion rate from 100 g/L sucrose to inulin reached 31 %, meanwhile, the maximum molecular weight of produced inulin reached 3.21 × 106 g/mol. The truncated IS showed a "processive" transfructosylation process, only synthesizing a small number of short-chain oligosaccharides with polymerization degrees below 6, which was in favor of the accumulation of high-molecular-weight inulin. Given this, L. mulieris inulosucrase might be a good potential candidate for the industrial production of high-molecular-weight inulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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6
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Wienberg F, Hövels M, Deppenmeier U. High-yield production and purification of prebiotic inulin-type fructooligosaccharides. AMB Express 2022; 12:144. [DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDue to the health-promoting effects and functional properties of inulin-type fructooligosaccharides (I-FOS), the global market for I-FOS is constantly growing. Hence, there is a continuing demand for new, efficient biotechnological approaches for I-FOS production. In this work, crude inulosucrase InuGB-V3 from Lactobacillus gasseri DSM 20604 was used to synthesize I-FOS from sucrose. Supplementation with 1 mM CaCl2, a pH of 3.5–5.5, and an incubation temperature of 40 °C were found to be optimal production parameters at which crude inulosucrase showed high conversion rates, low sucrose hydrolysis, and excellent stability over 4 days. The optimal process conditions were employed in cell-free bioconversion reactions. By elevating the substrate concentration from 570 to 800 g L−1, the I-FOS concentration and the synthesis of products with a low degree of polymerization (DP) could be increased, while sucrose hydrolysis was decreased. Bioconversion of 800 g L−1 sucrose for 20 h resulted in an I-FOS-rich syrup with an I-FOS concentration of 401 ± 7 g L−1 and an I-FOS purity of 53 ± 1% [w/w]. I-FOS with a DP of 3–11 were synthesized, with 1,1-kestotetraose (DP4) being the predominant transfructosylation product. The high-calorie sugars glucose, sucrose, and fructose were removed from the generated I-FOS-rich syrup using activated charcoal. Thus, 81 ± 5% of the initially applied I-FOS were recovered with a purity of 89 ± 1%.
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Martínez-Ruiz A, Tovar-Castro L, Aguilar CN, Saucedo-Castañeda G, Favela-Torres E. Sucrose Hydrolysis in a Continuous Packed-Bed Reactor with Auto-immobilise Aspergillus niger Biocatalyst Obtained by Solid-State Fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:1327-1339. [PMID: 34699041 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Invertase from Aspergillus niger C28B25 was produced by solid-state fermentation (SSF). Fermented solids were used directly as a biocatalyst for batch and continuous hydrolysis of sucrose in a packed-bed reactor under different operational conditions with various temperatures, sucrose concentrations, and feed flow rates. The SSF allowed obtaining a biocatalyst with an invertase activity of 82.2 U/g db. The biocatalyst maintained its activity in the range of 40 to 70 °C for at least 70 h of continuous operation. In a 20-mL packed bed reactor, the highest hydrolysis rate (12.3 g/g db h) was obtained at 40 °C with 2 M sucrose. Continuous hydrolysis in 20-mL and 200-mL reactors at 60 °C led to sucrose hydrolysis above 60% (8.5 residence times) and above 55% (4.5 residence times), respectively. The auto-immobilised biocatalyst produced by SSF without recovery, purification, and immobilisation stages offers an economical alternative for developing accessible biocatalysts that can be applied in batch or continuous sucrose hydrolysis processes. This study shows the potential of biocatalyst production by SSF for other enzymatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martínez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
| | - Luz Tovar-Castro
- Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Delegacion Coyoacan, Mexico City, 04960, Mexico
| | - Cristóbal N Aguilar
- Departamento de Investigacion en Alimentos, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Coahuila, Saltillo, 25280, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Saucedo-Castañeda
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Favela-Torres
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico.
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8
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Narisetty V, Parhi P, Mohan B, Hakkim Hazeena S, Naresh Kumar A, Gullón B, Srivastava A, Nair LM, Paul Alphy M, Sindhu R, Kumar V, Castro E, Kumar Awasthi M, Binod P. Valorization of renewable resources to functional oligosaccharides: Recent trends and future prospective. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126590. [PMID: 34953996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic wastes have the ability to be transformed into oligosaccharides and other value-added products. The synthesis of oligosaccharides from renewable sources bestow to growing bioeconomies. Oligosaccharides are synthesized chemically or biologically from agricultural residues. These oligosaccharides are functional food supplements that have a positive impact on humans and livestock. Non-digestible oligosaccharides, refered as prebiotics are beneficial for the colonic microbiota inhabiting the f the digestive system. These microbiota plays a crucial role in stimulating the host immune system and other physiological responses. The commonly known prebiotics, galactooligosaccharides (GOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), mannanooligosaccharides (MOS), and isomaltooligosaccharides (IOS) are synthesized either through enzymatic or whole cell-mediated approaches using natural or agricultural waste substrates. This review focusses on recent advancements in biological processes, for the synthesis of oligosaccharides using renewable resources (lignocellulosic substrates) for sustainable circular bioeconomy. The work also addresses the limitations associated with the processes and commercialization of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Narisetty
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Priyanka Parhi
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Binoop Mohan
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Sulfath Hakkim Hazeena
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - A Naresh Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Beatriz Gullón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Anita Srivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Lakshmi M Nair
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Maria Paul Alphy
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Eulogio Castro
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712 100, China
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India.
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de Lima MZT, de Almeida LR, Mera AM, Bernardes A, Garcia W, Muniz JRC. Crystal Structure of a Sucrose-6-phosphate Hydrolase from Lactobacillus gasseri with Potential Applications in Fructan Production and the Food Industry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10223-10234. [PMID: 34449216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) are polymers of fructose with a prebiotic activity because of their production and fermentation by bacteria that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract and are widely used in the industry and new functional foods. Lactobacillus gasseri stands out as an important homofermentative microorganism related to FOS production, and its potential applications in the industry are undeniable. In this study, we report the production and characterization of a sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase from L. gasseri belonging to the GH32 family. Apo-LgAs32 and LgAs32 complexed with β-d-fructose structures were determined at a resolution of 1.94 and 1.84 Å, respectively. The production of FOS, fructans, 1-kestose, and nystose by the recombinant LgAs32, using sucrose as a substrate, shown in this study is very promising. When compared to its homologous enzyme from Lactobacillus reuteri, the production of 1-kestose by LgAs32 is increased; thus, LgAs32 can be considered as an alternative in fructan production and other industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Z T de Lima
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R de Almeida
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Alain M Mera
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Amanda Bernardes
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Wanius Garcia
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - João R C Muniz
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
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10
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Yokoi KJ, Tsutsui S, Arakawa GY, Takaba M, Fujii K, Kaneko S. Molecular and biochemical characteristics of inulosucrase InuBK from Alkalihalobacillus krulwichiae JCM 11691. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1830-1838. [PMID: 34021568 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Information about the inulosucrase of nonlactic acid bacteria is scarce. We found a gene encoding inulosucrase (inuBK) in the genome of the Gram-positive bacterium Alkalihalobacillus krulwichiae JCM 11691. The inuBK open reading frame encoded a protein comprising 456 amino acids. We expressed His-tagged InuBK in culture medium using a Brevibacillus system. The optimal pH and temperature of purified InuBK were 7.0-9.0 and 50-55 °C, respectively. The findings of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography with multiangle laser light scattering showed that the polysaccharide produced by InuBK was an inulin with a molecular weight of 3806, a polydispersity index (PI) of 1.047, and fructosyl chain lengths with 3-27 degrees of polymerization. The size of InuBK was smaller than commercial inulins, and the PI of the inulin that it produced was lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ji Yokoi
- Toyama Prefectural Food Research Institute, Toyama, Japan
| | - Sosyu Tsutsui
- Department of Subtropical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Gen-Ya Arakawa
- Toyama Prefectural Food Research Institute, Toyama, Japan
| | | | | | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Subtropical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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11
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Abaramak G, Porras-Domínguez JR, Janse van Rensburg HC, Lescrinier E, Toksoy Öner E, Kırtel O, Van den Ende W. Functional and Molecular Characterization of the Halomicrobium sp. IBSBa Inulosucrase. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040749. [PMID: 33918392 PMCID: PMC8066391 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructans are fructose-based (poly)saccharides with inulin and levan being the best-known ones. Thanks to their health-related benefits, inulin-type fructans have been under the focus of scientific and industrial communities, though mostly represented by plant-based inulins, and rarely by microbial ones. Recently, it was discovered that some extremely halophilic Archaea are also able to synthesize fructans. Here, we describe the first in-depth functional and molecular characterization of an Archaeal inulosucrase from Halomicrobium sp. IBSBa (HmcIsc). The HmcIsc enzyme was recombinantly expressed and purified in Escherichia coli and shown to synthesize inulin as proven by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. In accordance with the halophilic lifestyle of its native host, the enzyme showed maximum activity at very high NaCl concentrations (3.5 M), with specific adaptations for that purpose. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that Archaeal inulosucrases have been acquired from halophilic bacilli through horizontal gene transfer, with a HX(H/F)T motif evolving further into a HXHT motif, together with a unique D residue creating the onset of a specific alternative acceptor binding groove. This work uncovers a novel area in fructan research, highlighting unexplored aspects of life in hypersaline habitats, and raising questions about the general physiological relevance of inulosucrases and their products in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülbahar Abaramak
- IBSB-Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Bioengineering Department, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey; (G.A.); (E.T.Ö.)
| | - Jaime Ricardo Porras-Domínguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (J.R.P.-D.); (H.C.J.v.R.)
| | | | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Ebru Toksoy Öner
- IBSB-Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Bioengineering Department, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey; (G.A.); (E.T.Ö.)
| | - Onur Kırtel
- IBSB-Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Bioengineering Department, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey; (G.A.); (E.T.Ö.)
- Correspondence: (O.K.); (W.V.d.E.)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (J.R.P.-D.); (H.C.J.v.R.)
- Correspondence: (O.K.); (W.V.d.E.)
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12
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Kırtel O, Aydın H, Toksoy Öner E. Fructanogenic traits in halotolerant Bacillus licheniformis OK12 and their predicted functional significance. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1391-1404. [PMID: 33484024 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Isolating a novel bacterial source of fructan from a saltern and analysis of its genome to better understand the possible roles of fructans in hypersaline environments. METHODS AND RESULTS Bacteria were isolated from crude salt samples originating from Çamaltı Saltern in Western Turkey and screened for fructanogenic traits in high-salt and sucrose-rich selective medium. Exopolysaccharide accumulated in the presence of sucrose by isolate OK12 was purified and chemically characterized via HPLC, FT-IR and NMR, which revealed that it was a levan-type fructan (β-2,6 linked homopolymer of fructose). The isolate was taxonomically classified as Bacillus licheniformis OK12 through 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequencing methods. Strain OK12 harbours one levansucrase and two different levanase genes, which altogether were predicted to significantly contribute to intracellular glucose and fructose pools. The isolate could withstand 15% NaCl, and thus classified as a halotolerant. CONCLUSIONS Fructanogenic traits in halotolerant B. licheniformis OK12 are significant due to predicted influx of glucose and fructose as a result of levan biosynthesis and levan hydrolysis, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Fructans from the residents of hypersaline habitats are underexplored compounds and are expected to demonstrate physicochemical properties different from their non-halophilic counterparts. Revealing fructanogenic traits in the genome of a halotolerant bacterium brings up a new perspective in physiological roles of fructans.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kırtel
- Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group-IBSB, Bioengineering Department, Göztepe Campus, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Aydın
- Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group-IBSB, Bioengineering Department, Göztepe Campus, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Toksoy Öner
- Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group-IBSB, Bioengineering Department, Göztepe Campus, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Moulis C, Guieysse D, Morel S, Séverac E, Remaud-Siméon M. Natural and engineered transglycosylases: Green tools for the enzyme-based synthesis of glycoproducts. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 61:96-106. [PMID: 33360622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of transglycosylase-based processes provide access to oligosaccharides or glycoconjugates, some of them reaching performance levels compatible with industrial developments. Nevertheless, the full potential of transglycosylases has not been explored because of the challenges in transforming a glycoside hydrolase into an efficient transglycosylase. Advances in studying enzyme structure/function relationships, screening enzyme activity, and generating synthetic libraries guided by computational protein design or machine learning methods should considerably accelerate the development of these catalysts. The time has now come for researchers to uncover their possibilities and learn how to design and precisely refine their activity to respond more rapidly to the growing demand for well-defined glycosidic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Moulis
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, Cedex 04, F-31077, France.
| | - David Guieysse
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, Cedex 04, F-31077, France
| | - Sandrine Morel
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, Cedex 04, F-31077, France
| | - Etienne Séverac
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, Cedex 04, F-31077, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, Cedex 04, F-31077, France.
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14
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Wienberg F, Hövels M, Kosciow K, Deppenmeier U. High-resolution method for isocratic HPLC analysis of inulin-type fructooligosaccharides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1172:122505. [PMID: 33895646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, strategies to improve human health by modulating the gut microbiota have developed rapidly. One of the most prominent is the use of prebiotics, which can lead to a higher abundance of health-promoting microorganisms in the gut. Currently, oligosaccharides dominate the prebiotic sector due to their ability to promote the growth and activity of probiotic bacteria selectively. Extensive efforts are made to develop effective production strategies for the synthesis of prebiotic oligosaccharides, including the use of microbial enzymes. Within the genus Lactobacillus, several inulosucrases have been identified, which are suitable for the synthesis of prebiotic inulin-type fructooligosaccharides (inulin-FOS). In this study, a truncated version of the inulosucrase from Lactobacillus gasseri DSM 20604 was used for the efficient synthesis of inulin-FOS. Product titers of 146.2 ± 7.4 g inulin-FOSL-1 were achieved by the catalytic activity of the purified recombinant protein InuGB-V3. A time and resource-saving HPLC method for rapid analysis of inulin-FOS in isocratic mode was developed and optimized, allowing baseline separated analysis of inulin-FOS up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of five in less than six minutes. Long-chain inulin-FOS with a DP of 17 can be analyzed in under 45 min. The developed method offers the advantages of isocratic HPLC analysis, such as low flow rates, high sensitivity, and the use of a simple, inexpensive chromatographic setup. Furthermore, it provides high-resolution separation of long-chain inulin-FOS, which can usually only be achieved with gradient systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wienberg
- Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Marcel Hövels
- Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Konrad Kosciow
- Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Uwe Deppenmeier
- Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Bonn, 53115, Germany.
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15
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Efficient production of inulin and oligosaccharides using thermostable inulosucrase from Lactobacillus jensenii. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1250-1257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Ghauri K, Ali H, Munawar N, Ghauri MA, Anwar MA. Glycoside hydrolase family 68 gene of halophilic archaeon Halalkalicoccus jeotgali B3T codes for an inulosucrase enzyme. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1813726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Ghauri
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hazrat Ali
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Muhammad Afzal Ghauri
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Munir Ahmad Anwar
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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17
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Ghauri K, Ali H, Munawar N, Ghauri MA, Anwar MA. Glycoside hydrolase family 68 gene of halophilic archaeon Halalkalicoccus jeotgali B3T codes for an inulosucrase enzyme. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10242422.2020.1813726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Ghauri
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hazrat Ali
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Muhammad Afzal Ghauri
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Munir Ahmad Anwar
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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18
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Saleh SAA, Abd El-Galil AA, Sakr EAE, Taie HAA, Mostafa FA. Physiochemical, kinetic and thermodynamic studies on Aspergillus wewitschiae MN056175 inulinase with extraction of prebiotic and antioxidant Cynara scolymus leaves fructo-oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1026-1036. [PMID: 32663564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of agricultural wastes as cheap natural resources for production of bioactive products is currently attracting global attention. For this purpose, this study focused on isolation of Aspergillus wewitschiae MN056175 as promising producer of inulinase, then investigating physiochemical, kinetics and thermodynamics of the obtained inulinase, and its ability to extract bioactive fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) from Cynara scolymus leaves (artichoke leaves, AL). A. wewitschiae MN056175 inulinase gave the maximum activity at temperature 60 °C and inulin concentration 1%. The kinetics including Km and Vmax were determined to be 105.26 mg·ml-1 and 83.33 μmol·ml-1·min-1, respectively. The thermodynamics including, Ea (activation energy) and Ed (activation energy for denaturation) were determined to be 21.82 and 73.21 kJ·mol-1, Kd, T1/2, D-value, ΔH°, ΔG° and ΔS° at 40, 50 and 60 °C which indicated the stability of A. wewitschiae MN056175 inulinase. Moreover, this inulinase was capable of hydrolyzing Cynara scolymus leaves into reducing sugar and 15 FOS with different DP, total carbohydrate, and protein content under different conditions designed by central composite design (CCD). The 15 AL FOS showed different high antioxidant and prebiotic activities. Central FOS with probiotic bacteria exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against tested gram positive bacteria in a way higher than those recorded against gram negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen A A Saleh
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Abd El-Galil
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ebtehag A E Sakr
- Botany Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan A A Taie
- Plant Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Faten A Mostafa
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
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19
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Ni D, Zhu Y, Xu W, Pang X, Lv J, Mu W. Production and Physicochemical Properties of Food-Grade High-Molecular-Weight Lactobacillus Inulin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5854-5862. [PMID: 32366099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inulin has been widely applied in food, pharmaceuticals, and many other fields because of its versatile physicochemical properties and physiological functions. Previous research showed that inulosucrase from microorganisms could produce higher-molecular-weight inulin than vegetal inulin. Herein, a food-grade recombinant Bacillus subtilis expression system was constructed to produce inulosucrase from Lactobacillus gasseri DSM 20604 without antibiotic resistance genes. The produced inulosucrase was used to biosynthesize inulin with an average molecular weight of 5.8 × 106 Da. The physicochemical properties of the produced Lactobacillus inulin were evaluated including microstructure, thermal characteristics, crystallinity, rheological behaviors, and storage stability. By comparing with vegetal inulin and other polymers, the biosynthesized microbial inulin showed some superior properties, such as better gel-forming capability and storage stability in aqueous solution than vegetal inulin. These results opened up possibilities for further investigations aimed at developing microbial inulin in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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20
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21
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Kırtel O, Lescrinier E, Van den Ende W, Toksoy Öner E. Discovery of fructans in Archaea. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 220:149-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Preparation of Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) of an Inulosucrase Mutant for the Enzymatic Synthesis of Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharides. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9080641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides are well-known carbohydrate molecules that exhibit good probiotic activity and are widely used as sweeteners. Inulin-type fructooligosaccharides (IFOs) can be synthesized from sucrose using inulosucrase. In this study, cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of Lactobacillus reuteri 121 inulosucrase (R483A-LrInu) were prepared and used as a biocatalyst for IFOs production. Under optimum conditions, R483A-LrInu CLEAs retained 42% of original inulosucrase activity. Biochemical characterization demonstrated that the optimum pH of inulosucrase changed from 5 to 4 after immobilization, while the optimum temperature was unchanged. Furthermore, the pH stability and thermostability of the R483A-LrInu CLEAs was significantly improved. IFOs product characterization indicated that the product specificity of the enzyme was impacted by CLEA generation, producing a narrower range of IFOs than the soluble enzyme. In addition, the R483A-LrInu CLEAs showed operational stability in the batch synthesis of IFOs.
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23
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Ni D, Xu W, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Zhang T, Guang C, Mu W. Inulin and its enzymatic production by inulosucrase: Characteristics, structural features, molecular modifications and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:306-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Kırtel O, Versluys M, Van den Ende W, Toksoy Öner E. Fructans of the saline world. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1524-1539. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Zhang J, Tan W, Mi Y, Luan F, Wei L, Li Q, Dong F, Guo Z. Synthesis and Characterization of Inulin Derivatives Bearing Urea Groups with Promising Antifungal Activity. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201800058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wenqiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yingqi Mi
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Fang Luan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Lijie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
| | - Fang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
| | - Zhanyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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