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Lee Y, Nam K, Kim YM, Yang K, Kim Y, Oh JW, Roh YH. Functional polymeric DNA nanostructure-decorated cellulose nanocrystals for targeted and stimuli-responsive drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 340:122270. [PMID: 38858000 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Targeted and stimuli-responsive drug delivery enhances therapeutic efficacy and minimizes undesirable side effects of cancer treatment. Although cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are used as drug carriers because of their robustness, spindle shape, biocompatibility, renewability, and nontoxicity, the lack of programmability and functionality of CNCs-based platforms hampers their application. Thus, high adaptability and the capacity to form dynamic 3D nanostructures of DNA may be advantageous, as they can provide functionalities such as target-specific and stimuli-responsive drug release. Using DNA nanotechnology, the functional polymeric form of DNA nanostructures can be replicated using rolling circle amplification (RCA), and the biologically and physiologically stable DNA nanostructures may overcome the challenges of CNCs. In this study, multifunctional polymeric DNAs produced with RCA were strongly complexed with surface-modified CNCs via electrostatic interactions to form polymeric DNA-decorated CNCs (pDCs). Particle size, polydispersity, zeta potential, and biostability of the nanocomplexes were analyzed. As a proof of concept, the dynamic structural functionalities of DNA nanostructures were verified by observing cancer-targeted intracellular delivery and pH-responsive drug release. pDCs showed anticancer properties without side effects in vitro, owing to their aptamer and i-motif functionalities. In conclusion, pDCs exhibited multifunctional anticancer activities, demonstrating their potential as a promising hybrid nanocomplex platform for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyeon Lee
- Graduate Program in Bioindustrial Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Keonwook Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Young Min Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Kyungjik Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Yeongmok Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jong-Won Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Young Hoon Roh
- Graduate Program in Bioindustrial Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea.
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2
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Li C, Luo Z, Tian M, Liang Q, Xie X, Zhao C. Molecularly imprinted beads based on modified cellulose hydrogel:A novel solid phase extraction filler for specific adsorption of camptothecin. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122257. [PMID: 38823923 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Traditional solid phase extraction (SPE) suffers from a lack of specific adsorption. To overcome this problem, a combination of adsorption method and molecular imprinting technology by polydopamine modification was proposed to realize specific recognition of target compounds in SPE, which is of great significance to improve the separation efficiency of SPE. Cellulose hydrogel beads were prepared by dual cross-linking curing method and modified with polydopamine to make them hydrophilic and biocompatible. Subsequently, cellulose hydrogel-based molecularly imprinted beads (MIBs) were synthesized by surface molecular imprinting technology and used as novel column fillers in SPE to achieve efficient adsorption (34.16 mg·g-1) with specific selectivity towards camptothecin (CPT) in 120 min. The simulation and NMR analysis revealed that recognition mechanism of MIBs involved hydrogen bond interactions and Van der Waals effect. The MIBs were successful used in separating CPT from Camptotheca acuminata fruits, exhibiting impressive adsorption capacity (1.19 mg·g-1) and efficient recovery of CPT (81.54 %). Thus, an environmentally friendly column filler for SPE was developed, offering a promising avenue for utilizing cellulose-based materials in the selective separation of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zidan Luo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Mengfei Tian
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qi Liang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaofei Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chunjian Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Harbin 150040, China.
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Kumar Chaudhary H, Singh P, Niveria K, Yadav M, Malika A, Kamra Verma A. pH-sensitive semi-interpenetrating network of microcrystalline cellulose and methacrylic acid hydrogel for the oral delivery of insulin. Int J Pharm 2024:124452. [PMID: 38996826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Insulin is commonly administered to diabetic patients subcutaneously and has shown poor patient compliance. Due to this, research has been carried out extensively to find molecules that could deliver insulin orally. In this context, a new type of pH-responsive hydrogel, composed of microcrystalline cellulose and methacrylic acid-based hydrogels, has been developed and studied for the oral delivery of insulin. These hydrogels were prepared by free radical polymerization using potassium persulphate as initiator and N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide as a cross-linker. These pH-sensitive hydrogels showed swelling in distilled water as high as 5800 %. The hydrogels were investigated for swelling in saline and glucose solutions, and pH sensitivity was confirmed by swelling in solutions of different pH. The morphological shape was established by SEM, and the structure was analyzed by FTIR. Thermal degradation was investigated by TGA. In vitro release studies have confirmed pH sensitivity, showing lower insulin release at pH 1.2 than at pH 6.8. The encapsulation efficiency was determined to be 56.00 ± 0.04 %. It was further validated by in-vivo investigations for which insulin was loaded into hydrogels and administered orally to healthy and diabetic Wistar rats at 40 IU/kg, showing maximum hypoglycemic effect at 6 h, which was sustained for 24 h. In the stomach's acidic environment, the gels remained unaffected due to the formation of intermolecular polymer complexes. Insulin remained in the gel and was protected from proteolytic degradation. Thus, pH-responsive methacrylic acid-based hydrogels are promising for biomedical applications, especially oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, 110003, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Nanobiotech Lab, Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Karishma Niveria
- Nanobiotech Lab, Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Monika Yadav
- Nanobiotech Lab, Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Amita Malika
- Department of Chemistry, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, 110003, New Delhi, India.
| | - Anita Kamra Verma
- Nanobiotech Lab, Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India; Delhi School of Public Health, Institution of Eminence, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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4
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Hang T, Chen Y, Yin F, Shen J, Li X, Li Z, Zheng J. Highly stretchable polyvinyl alcohol composite conductive hydrogel sensors reinforced by cellulose nanofibrils and liquid metal for information transmission. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128855. [PMID: 38114002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have received widespread attention in the field of flexible sensors. However, a single network structure inside the hydrogel sensor usually makes it difficult to bear larger mechanical loadings, greatly limiting practical applications. Developing a recoverable conductive hydrogel sensor with high toughness and adaptability is still challenging. Herein, a high-performance polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based conductive composite hydrogel was constructed, assisted by green cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), ethylene glycol (EG), and liquid metal (LM). The synergistic effects between CNFs and LM enhanced the network structure inside the recoverable hydrogel. This resulted in an excellent tensile strength of 3.86 MPa with an elongation at break of as high as 918.4 % and compressive strength of 4.04 MPa at 80 % strain. In addition, the conductive network composed of MgCl2 and LM endowed the hydrogel good electrical conductivity. Moreover, it could be used as a flexible strain sensor for various application scenarios, e.g., micro-stress monitoring (water droplet falling) and information encryption transmission of Morse code. Such uniqueness will provide a design strategy for developing a new generation of hydrogel sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Hang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Fuqiang Yin
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiahui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Zhaochun Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Jiajia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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5
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Taokaew S. Recent Advances in Cellulose-Based Hydrogels Prepared by Ionic Liquid-Based Processes. Gels 2023; 9:546. [PMID: 37504425 PMCID: PMC10379057 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent advances in preparing cellulose hydrogels via ionic liquid-based processes and the applications of regenerated cellulose hydrogels/iongels in electrochemical materials, separation membranes, and 3D printing bioinks. Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer, which has attracted great attention due to the demand for eco-friendly and sustainable materials. The sustainability of cellulose products also depends on the selection of the dissolution solvent. The current state of knowledge in cellulose preparation, performed by directly dissolving in ionic liquids and then regenerating in antisolvents, as described in this review, provides innovative ideas from the new findings presented in recent research papers and with the perspective of the current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Taokaew
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka 940-2188, Niigata, Japan
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Jiang L, Huang X, Tian C, Zhong Y, Yan M, Miao C, Wu T, Zhou X. Preparation and Characterization of Porous Cellulose Acetate Nanofiber Hydrogels. Gels 2023; 9:484. [PMID: 37367154 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The currently reported methods for preparing cellulose acetate hydrogels use chemical reagents as cross-linking agents, and the prepared ones are non-porous structured cellulose acetate hydrogels. Nonporous cellulose acetate hydrogels limit the range of applications, such as limiting cell attachment and nutrient delivery in tissue engineering. This research creatively proposed a facile method to prepare cellulose acetate hydrogels with porous structures. Water was added to the cellulose acetate-acetone solution as an anti-solvent to induce the phase separation of the cellulose acetate-acetone solution to obtain a physical gel with a network structure, where the cellulose acetate molecules undergo re-arrangement during the replacement of acetone by water to obtain hydrogels. The SEM and BET test results showed that the hydrogels are relatively porous. The maximum pore size of the cellulose acetate hydrogel is 380 nm, and the specific surface area reaches 62 m2/g. The porosity of the hydrogel is significantly higher than that of the cellulose acetate hydrogel reported in the previous literature. The XRD results show that the nanofibrous morphology of cellulose acetate hydrogels is caused by the deacetylation reaction of cellulose acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Jiang
- National-Provincial Joint Engineering Research Center of Electromechanical Product Packaging, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xingyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-Treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chaochao Tian
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yidan Zhong
- National-Provincial Joint Engineering Research Center of Electromechanical Product Packaging, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ming Yan
- National-Provincial Joint Engineering Research Center of Electromechanical Product Packaging, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chen Miao
- National-Provincial Joint Engineering Research Center of Electromechanical Product Packaging, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- National-Provincial Joint Engineering Research Center of Electromechanical Product Packaging, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Zhang K, Wu D, Chang L, Duan W, Wang Y, Li W, Qin J. Cellulose based self-healing hydrogel through Boronic Ester connections for wound healing and antitumor applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123294. [PMID: 36649869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of biodegradable hydrogels in medical field has drawn great attention because their networked structure provided ideal spaces for drug loading and cell growth. In this research, the boronic acid was coupled onto carboxyethyl cellulose (CMC) to synthesize boronic acid grafted CMC (CMC-BA) conveniently and self-healing hydrogel was fabricated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) crosslinking through dynamic boronic ester bond. The CMC-BA/PVA hydrogel showed good biocompatibility and could be degraded by cellulase and in vivo. The hydrogel formed fast fit for localized injection to cover the irregular wounds and localize the antitumor drugs to the tumor site. The in vivo wound repairing experiment revealed the hydrogel could form airtight adhesion to the wound site to reduce blood loss and accelerate the wound repairing rate. The hydrogel as a drug release carrier also reduced the acute in vivo toxicity of DOX with antitumor performance well preserved through a controlled release profile. Based on the above advantages, the CMC-based hydrogel with boronic ester connection should have great potential in biomedical areas with profitable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Diseases in Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China
| | - Limin Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China
| | - Wenhao Duan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Diseases in Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Diseases in Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China
| | - Jianglei Qin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Diseases in Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China.
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High-Yield Alpha-Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches by Optimizing Thermochemical Delignification Processes for Use as Microcrystalline Cellulose. Int J Biomater 2023; 2023:9169431. [PMID: 36843636 PMCID: PMC9950327 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9169431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are lignocellulosic materials that are a by-product of the palm oil industry, which have less use and utilization is still limited. OPEFB's high cellulose content could potentially develop into various bioproducts, especially biomaterials. The thermochemical delignification process can obtain high-yieldalpha-cellulose. The cellulose extraction process can be done by combining the bleaching process under acidic conditions and alkaline delignification to obtain high-purity cellulose. The bleaching conditions vary in the concentration of NaClO2, the length of bleaching, the temperature, and the number of stages. The research obtains high α-cellulose by optimizing bleaching conditions under acidic conditions in cellulose's OPEFB extraction with variability on NaClO2 concentration and bleaching time using response surface methodology (RSM). The bleaching process was implemented at an early stage with a concentration of 3% NaClO2 and a bleaching time of 2 hours as a center point with a bleaching cycle of twice at pH 4-4.5 using acetic acid. Bleached fibers were delignified using 10% NaOH for 2 hours at room temperature. The RSM analysis resulted in optimum bleaching conditions at a concentration of 3.22% NaClO2 for 1 hour, yielding OPEFB's cellulose of 82.96% ± 2.53, hemicellulose of 9.27% ± 2.28, and lignin of 1.68% ± 0.58. The validation and verification process in the bleaching conditions obtained cellulose of 84.87% and α-cellulose of 88.51%, with a crystallinity index of 70.55% and crystallite size of 2.35 nm. Scanning electron microscopy on surface cellulose morphology at optimum bleaching helped remove hemicellulose impurities, lignin, and inorganic materials and a more intensive opening of cellulose fibrils. The bleaching process optimization point was verified to improve the delignification performance and potentially produce high yield α-cellulose content for microcrystalline cellulose use.
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Application of Nano-Inspired Scaffolds-Based Biopolymer Hydrogel for Bone and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183791. [PMID: 36145936 PMCID: PMC9504130 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review’s objectives are to provide an overview of the various kinds of biopolymer hydrogels that are currently used for bone tissue and periodontal tissue regeneration, to list the advantages and disadvantages of using them, to assess how well they might be used for nanoscale fabrication and biofunctionalization, and to describe their production processes and processes for functionalization with active biomolecules. They are applied in conjunction with other materials (such as microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs)) and other novel techniques to replicate physiological bone generation more faithfully. Enhancing the biocompatibility of hydrogels created from blends of natural and synthetic biopolymers can result in the creation of the best scaffold match to the extracellular matrix (ECM) for bone and periodontal tissue regeneration. Additionally, adding various nanoparticles can increase the scaffold hydrogel stability and provide a number of biological effects. In this review, the research study of polysaccharide hydrogel as a scaffold will be critical in creating valuable materials for effective bone tissue regeneration, with a future impact predicted in repairing bone defects.
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He Z, Zhou Z, Yuan W. Highly Adhesive, Stretchable, and Antifreezing Hydrogel with Excellent Mechanical Properties for Sensitive Motion Sensors and Temperature-/Humidity-Driven Actuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38205-38215. [PMID: 35952384 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels as flexible wearable devices have attracted considerable attention due to their mechanical flexibility and intelligent sensing. How to endow more and better performance, such as high self-adhesion, stretchability, and wide application temperature range for traditional hydrogels and flexible sensors is a challenge. Herein, a stretchable, self-adhesive, and antifreezing conductive hydrogel with multiple networks and excellent mechanical properties was prepared by a two-step method for its application in sensitive motion sensors and temperature-/humidity-driven actuators. First, quaternary chitosan (QCS) was introduced into the network of an acrylamide (AM) and 1-vinyl imidazole (VI) copolymer initiated by UV-photoinitiated radical polymerization. Then, the double-network hydrogel was immersed in a FeCl3 solution to fabricate the P(AAm-co-VI)/QCS-Fe3+ ionic hydrogel with multiple physical networks. The properties of the hydrogel were controllable and adjustable. The toughness of the ionic hydrogel could reach up to 654.4 kJ/m3, the fracture strength could reach 253.1 kPa, and the compressive strength reached 8.4 MPa at an 80% compression strain. The multiple physical networks improved the mechanical properties and the quick resilience of the hydrogel. A large amount of FeCl3 in the network greatly enhanced the ionic conductivity. Meanwhile, hydrogen bonds with water molecules inhibit the formation of ice crystals between zero water molecules and enhance the freezing resistance of P(Aam-co-VI)/QCS hydrogels. The active group on the QCS chain provided adhesiveness to various substrates for hydrogels. The P(AAm-co-VI)/QCS-Fe3+ hydrogel-based sensor showed high sensitivity, which can detect human movement and pulse, with a gauge factor of 2.37. Finally, due to the different dehydration rates of the P(AAm-co-VI)/QCS-Fe3+ and P(AAm-co-VI)/QCS hydrogel, a double-layer temperature/humidity-driven actuator was fabricated, expanding the application of conductive hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui He
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Zhou
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhong Yuan
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
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11
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Godiya CB, Revadekar C, Kim J, Park BJ. Amine-bilayer-functionalized cellulose-chitosan composite hydrogel for the efficient uptake of hazardous metal cations and catalysis in polluted water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129112. [PMID: 35605498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we represent a novel ecofriendly bilayer-amine group incorporated microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)/chitosan (CS) hydrogel, fabricated via integrating polydopamine (PDA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) for reliable and effective extraction of copper (Cu2+), zinc (Zn2+), and nickel (Ni2+) ions from effluents. Owing to abundant adsorptive sites, the MCC-PDA-PEI/CS-PDA-PEI hydrogel showed excellent Cu2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+ adsorbabilities of ~434.8, ~277.7, and ~261.8 mg/g, respectively, in a single-ion adsorption system with the adsorption kinetics and isotherm complied with pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively. In a multi-ion adsorption system, hydrogel removes mixed metal cations with slightly higher selectivity for Cu2+. In accordance with X-ray photoelectron and Fourier-transform-infrared spectrometric analyses, a plausible binding mechanism of metal cations on the as-prepared hydrogel was proposed by chelation between hydrogel functional groups and metal ions. In the repetitive adsorption/desorption experiments, the hydrogel retained >40% metal ion adsorption and desorption capacities after four cycles. Furthermore, the Cu2+-adsorbing hydrogel could serve as a support for the in situ development of Cu nanoparticles, which showed excellent catalytic performance as demonstrated by the transformation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol. This work provides a novel ecofriendly, reusable, and highly-efficient adsorbent, as well as a biocatalyst for remediation of heavy metal cations and 4-NP polluted effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Batukbhai Godiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea.
| | - Chetan Revadekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
| | - Jinsoo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
| | - Bum Jun Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea.
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12
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Xue Y, Li W, Yang G, Lin Z, Qi L, Zhu P, Yu J, Chen J. Strength Enhancement of Regenerated Cellulose Fibers by Adjustment of Hydrogen Bond Distribution in Ionic Liquid. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102030. [PMID: 35631912 PMCID: PMC9147360 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the physical strength of regenerated cellulose fibers, cellulose dissolution was analyzed with a conductor-like screening model for real solvents in which 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AMIMCl) worked only as a hydrogen bond acceptor while dissolving the cellulose. This process could be promoted by the addition of urea, glycerol, and choline chloride. The dissolution and regeneration of cellulose was achieved through dry-jet and wet-spinning. The results demonstrated that the addition of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors either on their own or in combination can enhance the tensile strength, but their effects on the crystallinity of the regenerated fibers were quite limited. Compared with the regenerated fibers without any additives, the tensile strength was improved from 54.43 MPa to 139.62 MPa after introducing the choline chloride and glycerol, while related the crystallinity was only changed from 60.06% to 62.97%. By contrast, a more compact structure and fewer pores on the fiber surface were identified in samples with additives along with well-preserved cellulose frameworks. Besides, it should be noted that an optimization in the overall thermal stability was obtained in samples with additives. The significant effect of regenerated cellulose with the addition of glycerol was attributed to the reduction of cellulose damage by slowing down the dissolution and cross-linking in the cellulose viscose. The enhancement of the physical strength of regenerated cellulose fiber can be realized by the appropriate adjustment of the hydrogen bond distribution in the ionic liquid system with additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (Y.X.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Weidong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (W.L.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Guihua Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (Y.X.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (W.L.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (L.Q.); Tel.: +86-531-8963-1884 (G.Y. & L.Q.)
| | - Zhaoyun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (W.L.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Letian Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (W.L.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (L.Q.); Tel.: +86-531-8963-1884 (G.Y. & L.Q.)
| | - Peihua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (Y.X.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jinghua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (Y.X.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiachuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (W.L.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
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13
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Synthesis and performance of a new temperature-sensitive and super-absorbent fire prevention hydrogel based on ultrasonic method. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Organic Thermoelectric Materials as the Waste Heat Remedy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031016. [PMID: 35164278 PMCID: PMC8839541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary reason behind the search for novel organic materials for application in thermoelectric devices is the toxicity of inorganic substances and the difficulties associated with their processing for the production of thin, flexible layers. When Thomas Seebeck described a new phenomenon in Berlin in 1820, nobody could have predicted the future applications of the thermoelectric effect. Now, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are used in watches, and thermoelectric coolers (TECs) are applied in cars, computers, and various laboratory equipment. Nevertheless, the future of thermoelectric materials lies in organic compounds. This paper discusses the developments made in thermoelectric materials, including small molecules, polymers, molecular junctions, and their applications as TEGs and/or TECs.
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15
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Double cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) microcomposite hydrogels with high strength and cell compatibility. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Medellín-Castillo NA, Isaacs-Páez ED, Rodríguez-Méndez I, González-García R, Labrada-Delgado GJ, Aragón-Piña A, García-Arreola ME. Formaldehyde and tripolyphosphate crosslinked chitosan hydrogels: Synthesis, characterization and modeling. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:2293-2304. [PMID: 34097967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the synthesis of crosslinked chitosan hydrogels was performed by ionic and covalent interactions using tripolyphosphate (TPP) and formaldehyde (CH2O), respectively. The hydrogels synthesis was performed using a D-Optimal combined experiment design with two mixing variables, A and B representing the TPP weight fraction (slack variable) and CH2O weight fraction, respectively, and three (3) process variables C-chitosan concentration, D-cross-linker concentration, and E-Contact time. The response variables studied were the point of zero charge (pHPZC), the swelling ratio (SW), and the equilibrium water content (EWC), which are relevant physicochemical properties in applications such as the pollutant removal from water. According to the ANOVA results, the model obtained was significant; this means it can be adequately used to predicting pHPZC, SW, and EWC from the mixing and process variables, obtaining coefficients of determination R2 of 0.9572, 0.8900, and 0.8447, respectively. The pHPZC is affected by chitosan concentration, while the crosslinker concentration influences the SW, and the contact time most significantly affected the EWC. Morphology and hardness tests, thermal stability, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, allowed verifying the types of crosslinking of chitosan with TPP and CH2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum Andrés Medellín-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. 78290, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Diane Isaacs-Páez
- División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., San Luis Potosí, S.L.P 78216, Mexico
| | - Itzia Rodríguez-Méndez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. 78290, Mexico
| | - Raul González-García
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. 78260, Mexico
| | - Gladis Judith Labrada-Delgado
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigaciones en Nanociencias y Nanotecnologia, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. 78216, Mexico
| | - Antonio Aragón-Piña
- Instituto de Metalurgía, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. 78210, Mexico
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17
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Boron nitride–nanosheet enhanced cellulose nanofiber aerogel with excellent thermal management properties. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Development of microcrystalline cellulose based hydrogels for the in vitro delivery of Cephalexin. Heliyon 2019; 6:e03027. [PMID: 31909241 PMCID: PMC6938831 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three hydrogels namely, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), microcrystalline cellulose-carboxymethyl cellulose (MCC-CMC) and microcrystalline cellulose-xylan (MCC-xylan) are synthesized using ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether as crosslinker. For the chemical characterization, FT-IR spectroscopy is adopted, whereas gel fraction and swelling ratio are used for the physical characterization of the hydrogels. Coarse morphology of hydrogels is further visualized by microscopic observation. The rheological characterization proves that MCC-CMC gel withstands higher strain to resist permanent deformation than the other two gels. The hydrogels are used for the loading and in vitro release of Cephalexin. The in vitro delivery is carried out in various simulated body fluids such as phosphate buffer saline (PBS), artificial intestinal fluid (AIF) and artificial gastric fluid (AGF). MCC-CMC is observed to deliver Cephalexin individually 15% in AGF, 86% in AIF, 98% in PBS and 98% in consecutive buffers (AGF followed by AIF and PBS).
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19
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Pectin-based hydrogels with adjustable properties for controlled delivery of nifedipine: development and optimization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-03065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Yang B, Hua W, Li L, Zhou Z, Xu L, Bian F, Ji X, Zhong G, Li Z. Robust hydrogel of regenerated cellulose by chemical crosslinking coupled with polyacrylamide network. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen‐Qiang Hua
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation FacilityShanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201204 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Zi‐Han Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng‐Gang Bian
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation FacilityShanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201204 People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Ji
- College of Chemical EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Gan‐Ji Zhong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong‐Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
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21
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Lima EMB, Lima AM, Minguita APS, Rojas dos Santos NR, Pereira ICS, Neves TTM, da Costa Gonçalves LF, Moreira APD, Middea A, Neumann R, Tavares MIB, Oliveira RN. Poly(lactic acid) biocomposites with mango waste and organo-montmorillonite for packaging. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Muniz Lima
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation; EMBRAPA Food Technology; Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Paula Duarte Moreira
- Materials and Metallurgy Engineering Program/COPPE; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Renata Nunes Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program of Chemical Engineering/DEQ; Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
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22
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Mandracchia D, Trapani A, Perteghella S, Di Franco C, Torre ML, Calleri E, Tripodo G. A Micellar-Hydrogel Nanogrid from a UV Crosslinked Inulin Derivative for the Simultaneous Delivery of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E97. [PMID: 30029476 PMCID: PMC6161022 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are among the most common materials used in drug delivery, as polymeric micelles are too. They, preferentially, load hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, respectively. In this paper, we thought to combine the favorable behaviors of both hydrogels and polymeric micelles with the specific aim of delivering hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs for dual delivery in combination therapy, in particular for colon drug delivery. Thus, we developed a hydrogel by UV crosslinking of a methacrylated (MA) amphiphilic derivative from inulin (INU) (as known INU is specifically degraded into the colon) and vitamin E (VITE), called INVITEMA. The methacrylated micelles were physicochemically characterized and subjected to UV irradiation to form what we called the "nanogrids". The INVITEMA nanogrids were characterized by DSC, SEM, TEM, water uptake and beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) release. In particular, the release of the hydrophobic drug was specifically assessed to verify that it can spread along the hydrophilic portions and, therefore, effectively released. These systems can open new pharmaceutical applications for known hydrogels or micelle systems, considering that in literature only few examples are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Mandracchia
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Adriana Trapani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Sara Perteghella
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (CNR-IFN) Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Torre
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Enrica Calleri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Tripodo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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