Structural characteristics and hepatoprotective potential of Aralia elata root bark polysaccharides and their effects on SCFAs produced by intestinal flora metabolism

Therapeutic mechanism of Cornus Officinalis Fruit Coreon on ALI by AKT/Nrf2 pathway and gut microbiota

BACKGROUND

Acute liver injury (ALI) often precipitates severe liver function impairment and is associated with high mortality rates. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has demonstrated efficacy in mitigating hepatic damage by exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects, enhancing antioxidant activity, and modulating gut microbiota (GM). Numerous studies have identified similar or identical bioactive compounds within the Cornus Officinalis Fruit Coreon(COFO) and its flesh. Notably, Cornus Officinalis has been shown to possess potent hepatoprotective properties. However, studies on the pharmacological effects and mechanism of action of COFO for hepatoprotection have received little attention.

PURPOSE

To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the COFO effect in ALI by integrating GM gene sequencing, quantifying Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), and examining relevant signaling pathways.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A rat model for carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced ALI was established, and the best liver protective components of COFO were selected by pathological observation and biochemical determination. The therapeutic efficacy of COFO in mitigating liver injury was elucidated through an integrated approach that included network pharmacology, biochemical indexes, 16S rDNA sequencing analyses, short-chain fatty acids, Western blotting analysis of protein levels, and immunohistochemical evaluations.

RESULTS

Pharmacological evaluation established that the n-butanol fraction (CNBP) provided optimal hepatoprotective effects. Firstly, the chemical constituents of CNBP were characterized, and its principal anti-ALI targets, such as ALI, AKT1, TNF, and IL-6, were identified through network pharmacology analysis. Secondly, experimental validation revealed that CNBP may enhance the genetic diversity of the GM, augmenting the diversity of the microbial community, increasing the levels of three SCFAs, and activating key proteins in the AKT/Nrf2 signaling pathway (AKT1, TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB p65, Nrf2, and HO-1). Consequently, CNBP exhibited hepatoprotective effects, with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.

CONCLUSION

CNBP may mitigate GM-induced disturbances, augment the levels of three SCFAs, activate the AKT/Nrf2 signaling pathway, and exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, thereby conferring hepatoprotective benefits.

Chemical structure and immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide from Saposhnikoviae Radix

A new polysaccharide, named SP40015A01, was obtained from Saposhnikoviae Radix by water extraction, isolation and purification. SP40015A01 (9.7 × 105 Da) is composed of Rhamnose (Rha), Galacturonic acid (GalA), Galactose (Gal), and Arabinose (Ara) with the proportion of 1.6:85.6:5.8:7.6. The backbone of SP40015A01 is composed of 3-α-GalAp, 2-α-GalAp, 2,3-β-GalAp and 2,3-β-Galp, and branched at C3 of 2,3-β-GalAp, C3 of 2,3-β-Galp. Zebrafish experiments were used to explore the immunomodulatory activity of SP40015A01. Results showed that SP40015A01 could significantly improve the neutrophils density of immunocompromised zebrafish and reduce the content of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). This study demonstrated that SP40015A01 has significant immunomodulatory activity, which can improve the neutrophils density and reduce inflammatory factor content, suggesting SP40015A01 may be a potential immunomodulator in Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR) for treatment of hypoimmunity related disease. This study supplemented the research on the polysaccharide components in traditional Chinese medicine and provided a scientific explanation for the development and clinical applications of SR.

The Isolation, Structural Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Neutral Polysaccharides from the Roots of Isatis indigotica Fort

Polysaccharides have been assessed as a potential natural active component in Chinese herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory properties. However, the complex and indefinite structures of polysaccharides limit their applications. This study explains the structures and anti-inflammatory potentials of three neutral polysaccharides, RIP-A1 (Mw 1.8 × 104 Da), RIP-B1 (Mw 7.4 × 104 Da) and RIP-B2 (Mw 9.3 × 104 Da), which were isolated from the roots of Isatis indigotica Fort. with sequenced ultrafiltration membrane columns, DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100. The planar structures and microstructures of RIP-A1, RIP-B1 and RIP-B2 were further determined by HPGPC, GC-MS, methylation analysis, FT-IR, SEM and AFM, in which the structure of RIP-A1 was elucidated in detail using 1D/2D NMR. The Raw 264.7 cells were used for the anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. The results showed that RIP-A1, RIP-B1 and RIP-B2 are all neutral polysaccharides, with RIP-A1 having the smallest Mw and the simplest monosaccharide composition of the three. RIP-A1 is mainly composed of Ara and Gal, except for a small quantity of Rha. Its main structure is covered with glycosidic linkages of T-α-Araf, 1,2-α-Rhap, 1,5-α-Araf, T-β-Galp, 1,2,4-α-Rhap, 1,3,5-α-Araf and 1,6-β-Galp with 0.33:0.12:1.02:0.09:0.45:11.41:10.23. RIP-A1 significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines (NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, RIP-A1 could significantly inhibit the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and L-1β. It could also activate IKK, p65 and IκBα (the components of the NF-κB signaling pathway). In conclusion, the above results show the structural characterization and anti-inflammatory potentials of RIP-A1 as an effective natural anti-inflammatory drug.

Multi-analytical investigation of the physical, chemical, morphological, tensile, and structural properties of Indian mulberry (Morinda tinctoria) bark fibers

In this study, micro-cellulosic fibers were isolated from the bark of Morinda tinctoria (MT) and characterized for the first time. The anatomical, physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the M. tinctoria bark fiber (MTBF) were investigated. The mean diameter and density values were determined to be 32.013 ± 1.43 μm and 1.4875 g/cm³, respectively. Zeta potential analysis and particle size measurements provided the evidence of enhanced micro-particle behavior on the fiber's surface. Various structural characterizations confirmed the presence of polysaccharide structures, monosaccharide compositions, glycosidic residues (sugar linkages), and cohesive reactions of TMSA (Trimethylsilyl alditol) derivatives, indicating the fiber's potential for strong surface absorption properties. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a crystallinity index of 51 % and a crystallite size of 3.086 nm for MTBF. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin constituents, along with their corresponding functional groups. The calculated values of Young's modulus and tensile strength were determined to be 75.7 GPa and 746.77 MPa, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated the thermal stability of the extracted MTBF up to 240 °C. Based on these findings, the MT microfibrils derived from the bark can be considered as potential substitutes for existing synthetic composites, offering reinforcement for novel bio composites.

Selenium-enriched crude polysaccharide from Rosa roxburghii Tratt ameliorates cadmium-induced acute kidney injury in mice by modulating intestinal microorganisms

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that can cause serious damage to the body. It can trigger the oxidative stress response and damage various organs of the body (kidney, liver, brain, lung, testis, etc.). Selenium polysaccharides are considered to possess better antioxidant, immune regulation, and heavy metal removal activities than other polysaccharides, But few reports focused on Selenium Polysaccharides in Rosa roxburghii Tratt. The purpose of this study was to isolate crude polysaccharides (RRP), and crude Selenium polysaccharides (SeRRP) from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit and determine their structure, antioxidant activity, and protective effects on cadmium-exposed mice (PONY-2020-FL-62). Results showed that SeRRP had lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The intake of food and body weight decreased, while the kidney index and liver index increased significantly after acute cadmium exposure. Most significantly, SeRRP ameliorates kidney injury by improving the kidney index. Furthermore, changes in the gut microbiota may be related to SeRRP or RRP. SeRRP and RRP decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lachnospiraceae, Muribaculaceae, and Ruminococcaceae, etc.). These findings indicate that SeRRP and RRP have the potential to be functional food against oxidant and heavy metal exposure.

The anti-hyperlipidemic effect and underlying mechanisms of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grass polysaccharides in mice induced by a high-fat diet

Hyperlipidemia is a pathological disorder of lipid metabolism that can cause fatty liver, atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, and other diseases, seriously endangering people's health. Polysaccharides have been shown to have lipid-lowering potential. In the current study, the anti-hyperlipidemia effect and potential mechanisms of a polysaccharide (BGP-Z31) obtained from barley grass harvested at the stem elongation stage in high-fat diet (HFD)-treated mice were investigated. Results showed that supplementation with BGP-Z31 (200 and 400 mg kg^-1) not only suppressed obesity, organ enlargement, and fat accumulation caused by HFD, but also regulated dyslipidemia, relieved liver function injury, and ameliorated the oxidative stress level. Meanwhile, BGP-Z31 increased the concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid in HFD-induced mice. Gut microbiota analysis demonstrated that BGP-Z31 had no obvious effect on the gut microbiota diversity in mice treated with HFD, but it positively remodeled the intestinal flora structure by elevating the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Muribaculaceae, and Lachnospiraceae and lowering the Firmicutes/Bacteroides value and the relative abundance of Desulfovibrionaceae. Therefore, our data suggested that BGP-Z31 can be used as a promising nutritional supplement for dietary intervention in hyperlipidemia.

Scientific Advances in the Last Decade on the Recovery, Characterization, and Functionality of Bioactive Compounds from the Araticum Fruit (Annona crassiflora Mart.)

Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) is a native and endemic species to Brazilian Cerrado whose fruits have high sensorial, nutritional, bioactive, and economic potential. Its use in local folk medicine, associated with recent scientific findings, has attracted growing interest from different industrial sectors. Therefore, understanding the scientific advances achieved so far and identifying gaps to be filled is essential to direct future studies and transform accumulated knowledge into innovative technologies and products. In this review, we summarize the phytochemical composition, bioactivities, and food products from araticum fruit that have been reported in the scientific literature over the past 10 years. The compiled data showed that araticum fruit parts contain a wide range of bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic compounds, alkaloids, annonaceous acetogenins, carotenoids, phytosterols, and tocols. These phytochemicals contribute to different biological activities verified in araticum fruit extracts/fractions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antidyslipidemic, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, healing of the cutaneous wound, antibacterial, and insecticide effects. Despite the promising findings, further studies-particularly toxicological (especially, with byproducts), pre-clinical, and clinical trials-must be conducted to confirm these biological effects in humans and assure the safety and well-being of consumers.

Structural characterization and hepatoprotective activity of exopolysaccharide from Bacillus velezensis SN-1

BACKGROUND

Exopolysaccharide biopolymers produced by microorganisms are crucial to the environment. They contribute to areas such as the health and bionanotechnology sectors, food and cosmetic industries as gelling agents, and environmental sector as flocculants owing to their biodegradability and non-toxic nature. The current study aimed to isolate the fraction of released exopolysaccharide (rEPS) by Bacillus velezensis SN-1 from Chinese Da-Jiang.

RESULTS

The weighted average molecular weight of the major isolated component, rEPS-2, was 202 kDa, and its monosaccharide composition included mannose, glucose, and galactose at a molar ratio of 0.38:0.30:0.32. Further, the rEPS-2 was characterized using methylation analysis and one-dimensional/two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D/2D NMR) spectroscopy. In vivo hepatoprotective effects indicated that rEPS-2 could alleviate carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄ )-induced liver injury in mice by lowering the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Furthermore, rEPS-2 can increase the expression of antioxidant genes HO-1, GCLC and NQO1 in the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, thereby increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and reduced catalase (CAT) in liver cells. Furthermore, the rEPS-2 can be used and modulate the gut microbiota of mice with liver injury caused by CCl₄ .

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that rEPS-2 has promising potential to serve as hepatoprotective agents. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

A pectic polysaccharide from fresh okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) beneficially ameliorates CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice by antioxidation, inhibition of inflammation and modulation of gut microbiota

Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Moench], as a well-known medicinal and food plant, has important physiological activities and health benefits, and polysaccharide is its main bioactive component. In this study, a pectic polysaccharide (OPS-50) prepared from fresh okra pods by three-phase partitioning and gradient (NH4)2SO4 precipitation at a saturation of 50% was employed in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-caused acute liver damage in mice to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential. Results indicated that OPS-50 was mainly composed of a limited linear homogalacturonan backbone and abundant rhamnogalacturonan-I domains as side chains. OPS-50 exerted positively protective effects on acute liver damage induced by CCl4 in mice through relieving weight reduction and organ damage, ameliorating liver function and dyslipidemia, alleviating oxidative stress, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulating gut microbiota, and promoting short-chain fatty acid secretion. Moreover, liver histopathology demonstrated the protective benefit of OPS-50 on CCl4-caused acute liver damage in mice. Therefore, our data suggested that the pectic OPS-50, as a dietary supplement, have great potential in preventing and treating chemical liver damages.

Underexploited Brazilian Cerrado fruits as sources of phenolic compounds for diseases management: A review

The Brazilian Cerrado is home to a large number of native and endemic species of enormous potential, among which we can highlight the cagaita, gabiroba, jatobá-do-cerrado, lobeira, and mangaba. In this review, we report the nutritional and phenolic composition, as well as bioactivities of these five Brazilian Cerrado fruits. The compiled data indicated that these fruits have high nutritional, functional, and economic potential and contribute to the daily intake of macro- and micronutrients, energy, and phenolic compounds by inhabitants of the Cerrado region. Phenolic-rich extracts obtained from these fruits have shown several bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidyslipidemic, antidiabetic, analgesic, anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, gastrointestinal protective, and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, these fruits can be explored by the food industry as a raw material to develop food products of high value-added, such as functional foods, and can also be employed as plant sources to obtain bioactive compounds for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical purposes.

Reconfiguration of Gut Microbiota and Reprogramming of Liver Metabolism with Phycobiliproteins Bioactive Peptides to Rehabilitate Obese Rats

Phycobiliproteins (derived from Arthrospira platensis) bioactive peptide extracts (PPE) possess multiple pharmacological effects in the mitigation of human metabolic disorders. The role of PPE in the treatment of diet-induced obesity and the understanding of the underlying mechanism between the gut microbiome and metabolic blood circulation for obese patients remains poorly understood. In this study, we showed that PPE attenuated obesity by reducing body weight, and ameliorated glucose and lipid indexes in serum. In particular, PPE is postulated to mitigate liver steatosis and insulin resistance. On the other hand, dietary treatment with PPE was found to “reconfigure” the gut microbiota in the way that the abundances were elevated for Akkermansia_muciniphila, beneficial Lactobacillus and Romboutsia, SCFA-producing species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Lachnospiraceae_bacterium, Clostridiales_bacterium, probiotics Clostridium sp., Enterococcus faecium, and Lactobacillus_johnsonii, while the abundance of Firmicutes was reduced and that of Bacteroidetes was increased to reverse the imbalance of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Finally, the metabolomics of circulating serum using UHPLC-MS/MS illustrated that PPE supplementation indeed promoted lipid metabolism in obese rats. As summary, it was seen that PPE reprogrammed the cell metabolism to prevent the aggravation of obesity. Our findings strongly support that PPE can be regarded as a potential therapeutic dietary supplement for obesity.

Extraction, purification, structural characterization, and gut microbiota relationship of polysaccharides: A review

Intestinal dysbiosis is one of the major causes of the occurrence of metabolic syndromes, such as obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases. Polysaccharide-based microbial therapeutic strategies have excellent potential in the treatment of metabolic syndromes, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Identification of the internal regulatory mechanism of the gut microbiome and the interaction mechanisms involving bacteria and the host are essential to achieve precise control of the gut microbiome and obtain valuable clinical data. Polysaccharides cannot be directly digested; the behavior in the intestinal tract is considered a "bridge" between microbiota and host communication. To provide a relatively comprehensive reference for researchers in the field, we will discuss the polysaccharide extraction and purification processes and chemical and structural characteristics, focusing on the polysaccharides in gut microbiota through the immune system, gut-liver axis, gut-brain axis, energy axis interactions, and potential applications.

Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity of a High Molecular Weight Polysaccharide From Ganoderma lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) exhibited excellent immunomodulatory activity. Unfortunately, the structure and immunomodulatory activity of GLP are still unclear. GLP was separated into two fractions [high Mw Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RGLP) and low Mw EGLP] using 10 kDa cut-off ultrafiltration membrane. Although the RGLP content was low in GLP, the immunomodulatory activity in RGLP was significantly higher than that of EGLP. Moreover, RGLP was further separated via the Sephacryl column to obtain RGLP-1 showed the best immunomodulatory activity in the macrophage RAW264.7 model. Structural analysis revealed that RGLP-1 was 3,978 kDa and mainly consisted of glucose. Periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and methylation results indicated that RGLP-1 is a β-pyran polysaccharide mainly with 1→3, 1→4, 1→6, and 1→3, 6 glycosyl bonds at a molar ratio of 40.08: 8.11: 5.62: 17.81. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Congo red experiments revealed that RGLP-1 intertwined with each other to form circular aggregates and might possess a globular structure with triple-helix conformation in water. Overall, these results provide RGLP-1 as a potential functional food ingredient or pharmaceutical for immunomodulatory.

Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and quality control of medicinal genus Aralia: A review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Aralia, which belongs to Araliaceae family, is mainly distributed in Asia, such as China, Japan and South Korea. It has a long medicinal history and is widely used in the treatment of various diseases, such as hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, bruises, lumps and carbuncles.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this review is to systematically evaluate the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and quality control of main medicinal plants of Aralia, discusses the application of ethnic medicine, modern scientific research and the relationship between them, and put forward some suggestions to promote the further development and utilization of Aralia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The relevant information on Aralia was collected through electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, CNKI and Wanfang), Chinese herbal classics, Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations, Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Plant names were verified by "The Plant List" (http://www.theplantlist.org). The literature cited in this review can be traced back to 1878 to 2021.

RESULTS

More than 290 chemical constituents have been isolated from the genus Aralia, including triterpenoid saponins, terpenoids, organic acids, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, phenylpropanoids and other constituents. Pharmacological studies have shown that the extracts and compounds of Aralia have a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, analgesic, anti-tumor, liver protection, protection of cardiovascular and nervous system, regulating substance metabolism, antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidation.

CONCLUSIONS

The genus Aralia is not only an excellent traditional herbal medicine, but also a source of bioactive molecules with good application prospects. However, the structure-activity relationship, in vivo activity and action mechanism of its bioactive components need to be further studied. In addition, more toxicological and quality control studies are essential to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Aralia as medicine.

Soluble Polysaccharide Derived from Laminaria japonica Attenuates Obesity-Related Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Associated with Gut Microbiota Regulation

In this study, the effects of a polysaccharide derived from Laminaria japonica (LJP) on obesity were investigated in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). LJP significantly attenuated obesity-related features, lowering serum triglycerides, glucose, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. HFD-induced liver steatosis and hepatocellular ballooning were significantly attenuated by LJP. Additionally, LJP was found to significantly modulate hepatic gene expressions of AMPK and HMGCR, which are key regulators of lipid and cholesterol metabolism. We further found that LJP ameliorated HFD-induced gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis by significantly reducing the obesity-related Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, meanwhile promoting the growth of Verrucomicrobia at the phylum level. At the genus level, propionate-producing bacteria Bacteroides and Akkermansia were elevated by LJP, which might explain the result that LJP elevated fecal propionate concentration. Taken together, these findings suggest that dietary intake of LJP modulates hepatic energy homeostasis to alleviate obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with GM regulation.

Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide-zinc complex modulates the immune response and alleviates LPS-induced intestinal inflammation via inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway

Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide-zinc (EP-Zn), a kind of polysaccharide-zinc complex, has been shown to improve the immune response and reduce the inflammatory factors in weaned piglets. Yet, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. The present study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulating activity and anti-inflammatory mechanism of EP-Zn in mice. Different doses (350 mg kg^-1, 700 mg kg^-1, 1050 mg kg^-1 and 1400 mg kg^-1) of EP-Zn were administered to C57BL/6J mice for 28 days. The results showed that under physiological conditions, 350 mg kg^-1 EP-Zn stimulated cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10) secrection, regulated the intestinal microbiota, and reduced the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (acetic acid and propionic acid). In addition, in the LPS-induced inflammation model, EP-Zn pretreatment effectively alleviated LPS-induced shortening of colonic length and increased MPO and DAO contents, improved intestinal physical barrier function by modulating mucosal structure, and attenuated intestinal inflammation via inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggested that EP-Zn exerted immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities under physiological and inflammatory conditions, respectively.

Synergistic hepatoprotective effect of combined administration of Lachnum polysaccharide with silymarin

In recent years, combination therapy has gradually become one of the hot spots. As a new therapy strategy, we investigated the combination treatment of polysaccharide from Lachnum sp. (LEP-2b) with silymarin and compared the effects with mono-therapy. In this study, combining high-dose LEP-2b with silymarin (CH) significantly reduced serum biochemistry indexes (ALT, AST, AKP, LDH), hepatic inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) and improved the antioxidant status (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GSH, MDA and T-AOC), in which its effect on TNF-α was very significant (P < 0.001). Therefore, the expressions of related proteins in the JNK/p38 signaling pathway associated with TNF-α were examined. The result showed that CH treatment markedly increased the expression of p-p38 and inhibited the JNK phosphorylation. TUNEL staining, immunohistochemical staining and western blot assays demonstrated that the hepatoprotective effect of CH treatment was probably related with inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis. In summary, combination of high dose LEP-2b with silymarin would be a more effective method to protect liver injury than mono-therapy.

Physicochemical characterization and the hypoglycemia effects of polysaccharide isolated from Passiflora edulis Sims peel

One polysaccharide, designated as WPEP-A, was isolated from Passiflora edulis Sims peel and its hypoglycemic effects on diabetic db/db mice were evaluated. Physicochemical characterization showed that WPEP-A was composed of galactose, glucose, xylose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid with a molecular weight of 9.51 × 104 Da. We observed an inhibition in weight gain and blood glucose levels. Glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance improved after the administration of WPEP-A. In addition, our data showed increased antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, the levels of serum insulin and triglyceride decreased with the recovery of liver damage. Meanwhile, positive changes in short chain fatty acid content were observed, and the mRNA levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, glucagon and prohormone convertase 3 were up-regulated in the intestinal tract. In summary, our results showed that WPEP-A had hypoglycemic activity and improved intestinal function in diabetic mice, which may contribute to the attenuation of the hypoglycemia effects.

Walnut green husk polysaccharides prevent obesity, chronic inflammatory responses, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and colonic tissue damage in high-fat diet fed rats

High-fat (HF) diets cause obesity, gut microbial dysbiosis and associated disorders and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to increased intestinal permeability, which is an important reason for chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. This study was to investigate the effects and mechanism by which walnut green husk polysaccharides (WGHP) prevents obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation, liver and colon damage in HF diet induced rats. We found that WGHP alleviated HF-induced abnormal weight gain, disordered lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, colonic tissue injury and up-regulate the expression level of colonic tight junction protein in the rats. Besides, the administration of WGHP promoted browning of iWAT and thermogenesis in BAT of HF-fed rats, and improved gut microbiota dysbiosis by increasing the bacterial diversity and reducing the relative abundance of potential pathogenic bacteria in the colon of the rats. Furthermore, WGHP consumption not only increased the SCFAs content but also improved the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae and Allobaculum in the gut of rats. Our results suggest that the protective effect of WGHP on metabolic inflammation caused by HF may be due to the regulation of gut microbiota and SCFAs.

Antrodin A from Antrodia camphorata modulates the gut microbiome and liver metabolome in mice exposed to acute alcohol intake

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Antrodin A (AdA) from Antrodia camphorata (A. camphorata) mycelium on alcohol-induced gut microbiota and liver metabolomic disorders. In acute alcoholic liver injury mice, AdA ameliorated alcoholic exposure-induced hepatic lipid deposition (TC and TG), oxidative stress (MDA), inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17 and IFN-γ), and liver damage via modulating microbiome and metabolomic responses. AdA restored the composition of intestinal flora with an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Dubosiella and a decrease in Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001. Besides, AdA favorably regulated alcohol-induced metabolic disorders, including glutathione metabolism (S-(2-hydroxyethyl)glutathione and glutathione oxidized), ascorbate and aldarate metabolism (l-ascorbic acid), and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism (taurine). In conclusion, AdA in A. camphorata is a beneficial active ingredient to treat the microbiomic and metabolic disturbance induced by alcohol intake.

Cloudy Apple Juice Fermented by Lactobacillus Prevents Obesity via Modulating Gut Microbiota and Protecting Intestinal Tract Health

Obesity and hyperglycemia are two serious chronic diseases that are increasing in incidence worldwide. This research aimed to develop a fermented cloudy apple juice with good hyperglycemia intervention activities. Here, cloudy apple juice (CAJ), cloudy apple juice rich in polyphenols (CAJP) and fermented cloudy apple juice rich in polyphenols (FCAJP) were prepared sequentially, and then the effects of the three apple juices on weight, lipid level, gut microbiota composition and intestinal tract health were evaluated for obese mice induced by a high-fat diet. The research findings revealed that the FCAJP showed potential to inhibit the weight gain of mice, reduce fat accumulation, and regulate the blood lipid levels of obese mice by decreasing the ratio of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidotas, improving the Sobs, Ace, and Chao indexes of the gut microbiota and protecting intestinal tract health. In addition, the FCAJP augmented the abundance of Akkermansia and Bacteroides, which were positively related to SCFAs in cecal contents. This study inferred that FCAJP could be developed as a healthy food for preventing obesity and hyperglycemia.

Structural characteristics and immunopotentiation activity of two polysaccharides from the petal of Crocus sativus

The current experiments were designed to explore the structural features and immunopotentiation activity of two homogeneous polysaccharides PCSPA and PCSPB prepared from Crocus sativus petals using DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G200 column chromatography. The structures of PCSPA and PCSPB were systematically characterized using extensive chemical and spectroscopic methods including colorimetry, HPGPC-RID, GC-MS, Smith degradations, methylation, solvolytic desulfation, UV, FT-IR, NMR, SEM, and AFM. The average molecular weights of PCSPA and PCSPB were 1.98 × 10⁶ and 2.53 × 10⁶ Da, respectively. PCSPA consisted of Gal, Rha, Ara, and Xyl in the molar ratio of 16:5:7:3, while PCSPB were composed of Gal, Glc, Man, Rha, Ara, and Xyl with molar ratio of 16:2:7:19:15:16. Both polysaccharides contained sulfonic and acetyl groups. PCSPA and PCSPB significantly activated RAW264.7 cells by enhancing the phagocytic activity, up-regulating the expression of surface molecules, promoting the production and mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines via MAPK and NF-κB pathway.

Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced liver injury is potentially associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an environmental pollutant, is widely engaged in industrial products and tends to accumulate in the liver. Emerging evidence has suggested that the gut microbiome is a pivotal player in maintaining animal health and can potentially altered by xenobiotic. However, few studies explored whether PFOA-induced liver injury is associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. In the present study, the effects of subacute and subchronic PFOA exposure on liver and gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice were investigated. Our findings showed that both subacute and subchronic exposure to PFOA induced the liver inflammation, disrupted antioxidative homeostasis and caused liver histological abnormalities with detectable hepatomegaly, ultimately triggering liver injury. Besides, 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that subacute PFOA exposure caused significant changes in the abundances of intestinal flora known to contribute to liver inflammation and oxidative stress, such as the Dehalobacterium and Bacteroides genera. Exposure to subchronic toxicity mainly induced the decrease in commensal probiotics including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, which are potentially beneficial to liver damage, compared with that in the untreated group. They also resulted in disturbed functional capabilities of the microbial communities by a Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis. Additionally, the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially butyric acid, were significantly reduced by PFOA administration. Collectively, our observations suggested that liver damage induced by both subacute and subchronic PFOA exposures probably partly related to the gut microbiota dysbiosis and provided a new insight into the role of PFOA in liver injury.

Hepatoprotection of Lycii Fructus Polysaccharide against Oxidative Stress in Hepatocytes and Larval Zebrafish

Scavenging of oxidative stress by antioxidants may provide a therapeutic strategy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Increasing evidence is supporting the potential application of natural resourced polysaccharides as promising prevention or treatment strategies against NAFLD. In the current study, an acidic heteropolysaccharide, LFP-a1, was isolated and purified from Lycii fructus with successively hot water refluxing extraction, alcohol precipitation, protein removal, and DEAE-52 cellulose chromatographic separation. LFP-a1 was a complicated structured polysaccharide with an average MW of 4.74 × 104 Da and composed of 6 monosaccharides and 1 uronic acid. Preexposure of LFP-a1 could increase the cell viability and reverse the abnormal oxidative stress though inhibition of mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway and correction of cell cycle progression against H₂O₂ hepatoxicity in NAFLD model L02 cells. Consistently, in vivo study in thioacetamide- (TAA-) induced NAFLD model zebrafish larvae showed LFP-a1 preserved the liver integrity and alleviated TAA-induced oxidative stress through downregulation of abnormal apoptosis. These observations indicated the hepatoprotective activity of LFP-a1, which may be applied for the prevention or treatment of NAFLD or other oxidative stress-related diseases.

Structural characterization, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of polysaccharides from wheat bran

In this study, two polysaccharide fractions were isolated from wheat bran by sequential extraction with water and alkaline solution, DEAE Cellulose-52 chromatography and Sephacryl S-400 gel permeation chromatography, they were named as WXA-1 and AXA-1, respectively. Structural analyses indicated that both polysaccharide fractions were heteropolysaccharides, their average molecular weights were 193 kDa and 107 kDa, respectively. The backbone of WXA-1 was → 4)-β-d-Xylp-(1→, which was substituted at O-3 positions by arabinose, glucose and galactose residues, while the backbone of AXA-1 was → 4)-β-d-Xylp-(1→, which was mainly substituted at O-3 positions by arabinose. AXA-1 exerted a stronger inhibitory effect on the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase compared with WXA-1. Moreover, AXA-1 exhibited a competitive inhibition of α-amylase and a mixed-type noncompetitive inhibition of α-glucosidase. These results suggest that AXA-1 can be used as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors.

Marine polysaccharides from Gelidium pacificum Okamura and Cereus sinensis reveal prebiotic functions

Many marine polysaccharides as prebiotics can promote host health by modulating gut microbiota. This study investigated the beneficial effects of purified marine plant-derived Gelidium pacificum Okamura polysaccharide (GPOP-1) and marine animal-derived Cereus sinensis polysaccharide (CSP-1) on normal mice by modulating gut microbiota. The composition and diversity of gut microbiota were evaluated using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that GPOP-1 and CSP-1 altered the composition of the gut microbiota and promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria. At the genus level, GPOP-1 increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, and decreased the relative abundance of Ruminococcus, Helicobacter, Allobaculum, Dorea and AF12. While CSP-1 increased the relative abundance of Coprococcus, Adlercreutzia, Roseburia, Phascolarctobacterium, and decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Ruminococcus and Oscillospira. The changes in the gut microbiota may affect the body weight, immune organ index and the production of short-chain fatty acids in normal mice. Compared to the normal control group, GPOP-1 decreased average weight gain while CSP-1 increased average weight gain. Furthermore, both GPOP-1 and CSP-1 significantly increased thymus and spleen indexes and total short chain fatty acids production in mice. In summary, GPOP-1 and CSP-1 exerted prebiotic effects on normal mice.

Gamma-irradiation degraded sulfated polysaccharide from a new red algal strain Pyropia yezoensis Sookwawon 104 with in vitro antiproliferative activity

Pyropia yezoensis Sookwawon 104 is a newly cultivated strain of red marine algae. The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro antiproliferative activity of sulfated polysaccharide extracted from P. yezoensis Sookwawon 104 (PYSP), as well as that of its low molecular weight (Mw) derivatives. PYSP is a heterogeneous sulfated polysaccharide mainly composed of galactose, glucose and fucose. PYSP was degraded by gamma-irradiation at doses of 20 and 100 kGy to produce two derivatives, named as PYSP-20 and PYSP-100, respectively. Comparison of PYSP, PYSP-20 and PYSP-100 revealed clear differences in their molecular weight (Mw) distributions, and distinct in vitro antiproliferative activities against Hep3B, MDA-MB-231 and HeLa cancer cell lines. PYSP-20 and PYSP-100 exhibited stronger antiproliferative effects than PYSP, suggesting that the reduction in Mw may have increased the in vitro antiproliferative activity. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of the antitumor gene P53 and cell cycle-associated genes P21, Cyclin B1 and cyclin dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) were further analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in PYSP-20 and PYSP-100-treated cancer cells. PYSP and its derivatives were shown to inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells by regulating the expression of P53, P21, Cyclin B1 and Cdk1. In conclusion, low-Mw polysaccharide derivatives prepared from P. yezoensis Sookwawon 104 by gamma-irradiation exhibit significant inhibition effects on cancer cell proliferation in vitro and may be a novel source of potential anticancer therapeutic agents.

Evaluation of fruta-do-lobo (Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill) starch on the growth of probiotic strains

Fruta-do-lobo (Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill) is a native fruit commonly used in Brazilian folk medicine as a hypoglycemic agent. These properties are attributed to their starch, mainly its resistant fraction. Resistant starch has shown to increases the growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the gut, even though not being selective for these strains. In this scenario, this study aimed to investigate the potential prebiotic activity of fruta-do-lobo starch (FLS). FLS showed around 30% of resistant starch and their prebiotic potential was evaluated with five probiotic strains L. acidophilus (LA3 and LA5), L. casei (LC01) and B. animalis (BB12) and B. lactis (BLC1) in a concentration range of 1.0-2.0% of starch. In a preliminary screening, we evaluated, during 48 h, the viability of the starch with promoting growth agent. An increase in the growth of the probiotic strains tested was observed. We also evaluated the microorganism's metabolic activity by assessing the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, using the best starch growth promotion conditions (2% of FLS and strains BLC1, LA5, and LC01). As expected, MRS and lactose were preferentially metabolized by BLC1, with the highest growth rates: 0.231 and 0.224 h^-1, respectively. However, for this strain, the FLS growth rate (0.222 h^-1) was 65% higher than FOS (0.144 h^-1). Also, for LA5 FLS promoted higher growth (0.150 h^-1) than FOS (0.135 h^-1). Additionally, FLS promoted acetate production. These data are promising and indicate that FLS may have prebiotic potential and more studies need to be done with pathogenic microorganisms.

Resource, chemical structure and activity of natural polysaccharides against alcoholic liver damages

Many natural polysaccharides from bio-resources hold advantages of multi-functions, high efficiency, non-toxicity or low side effect, and have strong potentials in protection against alcoholic liver damages. This review summarized the bio-resources, chemical and structural characteristics of natural polysaccharides with potentials in inhibition against alcoholic liver damages, and also emphasized knowledge on correlations between their chemical structure and function. Approximately 95 species were confirmed in generation of hepatoprotective polysaccharides. Products as crude polysaccharides originated from 17 species were sum up despite the indetermination of their accurate structure. Additional four polysaccharides were described for their known chemical structures. Possible roles of hepatoprotective polysaccharides were provided with evidence on antioxidant promotion, lipids regulation, apoptosis inhibition and anti-inflammation, as well as confirmations in immune enhancement, iron removal and anti-fibrosis when currently treated against the alcoholic liver damages. To sum up, this overview could serve to guide development and utilization of natural hepatoprotective polysaccharides.

Physicochemical properties of polysaccharide fractions from Sargassum fusiforme and their hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities in type 2 diabetic rats

Two polysaccharide fractions (SFPs, designated as respectively SFP-1 and SFP-2) were acquired from Sargassum fusiforme by ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction, and their physicochemical properties and hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects were investigated. Structural analysis indicated that SFPs were obvious different in the zeta potential, molecular weight distribution, characteristic organic group, microstructure and the contents of total sugar, uronic acid, sulfate and moisture. SFPs consisted of fucose, mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose and glucuronic acid with different molar ratios. Congo red test explained that SFPs had no triple-helix structure. SFP-1 exhibited lower viscosity due to its lower molecular weight. Regarding to hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, oral administration of SFPs prominently restrained loss of body weight and increase of water intake, and also significantly controlled the increase of levels of fasting blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), uric acid (UA), urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of diabetic rats, and SFP-2 showed better effects in controlling fasting blood glucose, ALT, UA and BUN levels. Intervention of SFP-2 reduced the levels of insulin, FFA and TBA of diabetic rats. Histomorphological observation further demonstrated that SFPs could attenuate liver and kidney damage caused by hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Data indicated that SFPs, especially SFP-2, significantly improved hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and liver and kidney function of diabetic rats.

Physicochemical Characterization of a Polysaccharide from Green Microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Its Hypolipidemic Activity via Gut Microbiota Regulation in Rats

A bioactive polysaccharide from microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CPP) was successively prepared via DEAE-52 and G-100 columns. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that the main glycosidic bonds were composed of 1,2-linked-α-l-Fucp, 1,4-linked-α-l-Rhap, 1,4-linked-β-l-Araf, 1-linked-α-d-Glcp, 1,3-linked-β-d-GlcpA, 1,4-linked-β-d-Xylp, and 1,3,6-linked-β-d-Manp. Its molecular weight was 5.63 × 10⁶ Da. The hypolipidemic effect and intestinal flora regulation of CPP on diet-induced rats were evaluated through histopathology and biochemistry analyses. CPP could improve plasma and liver lipid metabolism and accelerate the metabolism of the cecal total bile acids and short-chain fatty acids. CPP has also upregulated the adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase α and downregulated the acetyl-CoA carboxylase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, and β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA expressions. Moreover, with the 16S rRNA gene sequencing, it was revealed that the composition of intestinal flora changed drastically after treatment, such as the bloom of Coprococcus_1, Lactobacillus, and Turicibacter, whereas there was a strong reduction of the [Ruminococcus]_gauvreauii_group. The above results illustrated that CPP might be served as an effective ingredient to ameliorate lipid metabolism disorders and intestinal flora in hyperlipidemia rats.

A novel polysaccharide isolated from Flammulina velutipes, characterization, macrophage immunomodulatory activities and its impact on gut microbiota in rats

The structural characteristics of a novel Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide (FVP2) were explored in this study. Besides, immunomodulatory activities of FVP2 on RAW 264.7 cell and its impact on gut microbiota in rats were investigated. FVP2 has a molecular weight of 18.3 kD, and its main components include galactose (19.96%), glucose (60.66%) and mannose (19.38%). By NMR analysis, the main-chain structure consisted of (1 → 3)-linked-β-D-Gal, (1 → 6) -linked-β-D-Gal, (1 → 6)-linked-α-D-Glc and (1 → 3,6)-linked-α-D-Man was identified. Results of the in vitro assays on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells showed FVP2 could significantly up-regulate the expression of NO, TNF-α and IL-6. FVP2 was intragastrically administered to rats for 2 weeks. Compared with the control group, two caecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration (isobutyric acid and butyric acid) and the abundance of beneficial microbiota of the FVP2-treated group were significantly increased (p < .05) respectively. The results demonstrated that FVP2 could effectively enhance the level of butyric acid and increase beneficial gut microbiota, which could improve the intestinal barrier function and maintain the intestinal mucosal integrity, suggesting that FVP2 could potentially be an immunomodulators or a functional food to promote intestinal health.

The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii

Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases.

Anti-inflammatory activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide from the roots of purple sweet potato

In this study, a water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from purple sweet potato roots. The in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of the polysaccharide were evaluated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory RAW264.7 macrophages and mice, respectively. The in vitro anti-inflammatory assay showed that the polysaccharide could effectively inhibit the overproduction of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) while increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). The in vivo anti-inflammatory assay revealed that mice administered with the polysaccharide showed higher IL-10, SOD, and T-AOC levels but lower TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MDA levels as compared to the LPS-treated model. Meanwhile, mice administered with the polysaccharide showed increased abundance of Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillales and Parabacteroides but decreased amounts of Psychrobacter and Staphylococcus as compared to the LPS model group. Moreover, mice administered with polysaccharide showed enhanced production of short chain fatty acids by gut microbiota in the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mice. Our results suggested that the water-soluble polysaccharide from purple sweet potato roots could be utilized as a novel anti-inflammatory agent.

A water-soluble polysaccharide from purple sweet potato roots played anti-inflammatory roles by regulating inflammatory cytokines, gut microbiota and antioxidant defense system.

Holothuria Leucospilota Polysaccharides Ameliorate Hyperlipidemia in High-Fat Diet-Induced Rats via Short-Chain Fatty Acids Production and Lipid Metabolism Regulation

Holothuria leucospilota polysaccharides (HLP) are expected to become potential resources for the treatment of hyperlipidemia because of their various bioactivities. In the study, the treatment of HLP on improving hyperlipidemia in rats was explored. Oral administration of HLP at 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight effectively alleviated serum lipid levels and liver histological abnormalities in high-fat-diet rats. HLP regulated abnormal mRNA, lipogenesis-related hormones and inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-12) levels. HLP improved the ability of gut microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs have been found to ameliorate liver lesions. Therefore, HLP alleviated hyperlipidemia by improving the levels of SCFAs to regulate lipid metabolism. These results indicated that HLP could be used as beneficial polysaccharides to alleviate hyperlipidemia.

Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) as a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds for food and non-food purposes: A comprehensive review

Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) is a fruitful tree native to the Brazilian Cerrado biome that holds high nutritional, functional and economic potential. This plant has been used since ancient times by folk medicine for the treatment of several pathological conditions. There has been increasing interest in the development of pulp-based food products as well as the by-products utilization to obtain value-added ingredients. Understanding the chemical composition and biological activities of different botanical parts of Annona crassiflora Mart. provides a basis to support future researches and applications. In this context, this paper carries out an exhaustive review of the scientific literature, on the main phytochemicals of different botanical parts of Annona crassiflora Mart. (fruit, leaves, stem and root) and their biological activities, assessing their potential uses for several industrial segments. Annona crassiflora Mart. fruits and especially their by-products (peel and seeds) and leaves have been shown a wide range of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, annonaceous acetogenins, tocols, carotenoids, phytosterols, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals and essential oils. These compounds contribute to various biological activities, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, analgesic, antidiabetic, skin healing, antidiarrhoeic, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, insecticide and herbicide activities of Annona crassiflora Mart. extracts. Therefore, these findings demonstrate that Annona crassiflora Mart. fruit, by-products and leaves can be excellent candidates to be used as functional foods and/or sources for obtaining bioactive compounds for the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications.