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Peidayesh H, Ondriš L, Saparová S, Kovaľaková M, Fričová O, Chodák I. Biodegradable Nanocomposites Based on Blends of Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PBAT) and Thermoplastic Starch Filled with Montmorillonite (MMT): Physico-Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:540. [PMID: 38591383 PMCID: PMC10856518 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is widely used for production of biodegradable films due to its high elongation, excellent flexibility, and good processability properties. An effective way to develop more accessible PBAT-based bioplastics for wide application in packaging is blending of PBAT with thermoplastic starch (TPS) since PBAT is costly with prices approximately double or even triple the prices of traditional plastics like polyethylene. This study is focused on investigating the influence of TPS/PBAT blend ratio and montmorillonite (MMT) content on the physical and mechanical properties and molecular mobility of TPS-MMT/PBAT nanocomposites. Obtained TPS-MMT/PBAT nanocomposites through the melt blending process were characterized using tensile testing, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as solid-state 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Mechanical properties demonstrated that the addition of TPS to PBAT leads to a substantial decrease in the tensile strength as well as in the elongation at break, while Young's modulus is rising substantially, while the effect of the MMT addition is almost negligible on the tensile stress of the blends. DMTA results confirmed the formation of TPS domains in the PBAT matrix. With increasing TPS content, mobility of starch-rich regions of TPS domains slightly increases. However, molecular mobility in glycerol-rich regions of TPS domains in the blends was slightly restricted. Moreover, the data obtained from 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra indicated that the presence of TPS in the sample decreases the mobility of the PBAT chains, mainly those located at the TPS/PBAT interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Peidayesh
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Leoš Ondriš
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 2, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia (S.S.); (M.K.); (O.F.)
| | - Simona Saparová
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 2, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia (S.S.); (M.K.); (O.F.)
| | - Mária Kovaľaková
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 2, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia (S.S.); (M.K.); (O.F.)
| | - Oľga Fričová
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 2, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia (S.S.); (M.K.); (O.F.)
| | - Ivan Chodák
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Liu Z, Chen L, Qu L, Zhang R, Qin Z, Zhang H, Wei J, Xu J, Hou Z. Cross-linked poly(ester urethane)/starch composite films with high starch content as sustainable food-packaging materials: Influence of cross-link density. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128441. [PMID: 38013081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the development of cross-linked poly(ester urethane)/starch (PEUST) composites containing 50 wt% starch content for food-packaging materials. The NCO-terminated poly(caprolactone-urethane) prepolymer (PCUP) was first synthesized through bulk condensation. Then, low-moisture starch (0.21 wt%) and PCUP-based PEUST films were fabricated through an intensive extrusion process, followed by thermo-compression molding. The chemical structure of PCUP and PEUST was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted to assess the influence of cross-link density on the physicochemical properties of the composite films. The results showed that an increase in the cross-link density within the composites improved component compatibility and tensile strength but reduced crystallinity, water sensitivity, hydrolytic degradability, and water vapor permeability (WVP) of the films. In addition, the cytotoxicity tests were conducted to evaluate the safety of the composite films, and the high cell viability demonstrated non-toxicity for food application. The PEUST-II films with moderate cross-link density exhibited a suitable degradation rate (27.7 % weight loss at degradation for 140 d), optimal tensile properties (tensile strength at break: 12.4 MPa; elongation at break: 352 %), and low WVP (68.4 g/(m2⋅24h) at 30 % relative humidity). These characteristics make them highly promising as fresh-keeping food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lengbing Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lei Qu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Zihao Qin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shandong Tianming Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Jinan 250104, China
| | - Jinjian Wei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Zhaosheng Hou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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Liu Y, Wang J, Yue H, Du Z, Cheng X, Wang H, Cheng F, Du X. Flame-retardant phytic acid-decorated thermoplastic starch/halloysite nanotube composite films with enhanced mechanical strength and excellent barrier properties. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121465. [PMID: 37940320 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch (TPS), a green and fully biodegradable composite, is considered the most viable option for replacing petroleum-based polymers. However, the poor mechanical properties, high flammability and moisture absorption susceptibility of TPS severely restrict its large-scale applications. Through PA phosphorylation and blending with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), phytic acid (PA)-phosphorylated HNT/TPS composite films (HNTPSFs) were fabricated with enhanced mechanical strength, excellent flame retardancy, and improved barrier properties. The introduction of HNTs substantially increased the mechanical properties (tensile strength increased 54.3 % and elongation at break decreased 37.0 %) of TPS films and reduced the diffusion of water vapor (decreased 34.1 %). Thermogravimetric analysis studies demonstrated that the HNTPSFs had exceptional thermal stability at their anticipated working temperatures. Furthermore, when the PA content in the composite films increased, the peak heat release rate, total heat release and fire growth index of the HNTPSFs all decreased substantially, demonstrating the improved flame retardancy of HNTPSFs. Hence, the synthesized fully biodegradable TPS composites show enormous potential in the field of renewable biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Liu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiuao Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hao Yue
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zongliang Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xiaosheng Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Mosquera Rodríguez FS, Quintero Vélez A, Córdoba Urrutia E, Ramírez-Malule H, Mina Hernandez JH. Study of the Degradation of a TPS/PCL/Fique Biocomposite Material in Soil, Compost, and Water. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3952. [PMID: 37836001 PMCID: PMC10575001 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradability of the biocomposite produced from a binary mixture of thermoplastic banana starch (TPS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) reinforced with fique fibers (Fs) was evaluated in three different environments (soil, compost, water). An experimental design with two factors (soil and compost) and three levels (5, 10, and 20 cm) was used, with additional tests for a third aqueous environment (water from the lake of the Universidad del Valle) at a depth of 20 cm. The biocomposite was prepared from the implementation of a twin-screw extrusion process of the binary mixture TPS/PCL and fique fibers (54, 36, and 10% composition, respectively), followed by hot compression molding, and after that, generating ASTM D638 type V specimens using a stainless-steel die. The specimens were dried and buried according to the experimental design, for a total experimental time of 90 days, and removing samples every 30 days. After 90 days, all samples showed signs of degradation, where the best results were obtained in the compost at a depth of 20 cm (34 ± 4% mass loss and a decrease in tensile strength of 77.3%, which indicates that the material lost mechanical properties). TPS was the fastest disappearing component and promoted the degradation of the composite material as it disappeared. Finally, the aqueous media presented the lowest degradation results, losing only 20% of its initial mass after 90 days of the experiment, being the least effective environment in which the biocomposite can end up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Quintero Vélez
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali 760001, Colombia; (F.S.M.R.); (A.Q.V.)
| | - Estivinson Córdoba Urrutia
- Group Investigación en Ciencia Animal y Recursos Agroforestales, Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó, Carrera 22 No. 18B-10, Quibdó 270001, Colombia;
| | - Howard Ramírez-Malule
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali 760001, Colombia; (F.S.M.R.); (A.Q.V.)
| | - Jose Herminsul Mina Hernandez
- School of Materials Engineering, Group Materiales Compuestos, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali 760001, Colombia
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González K, Larraza I, Martin L, Eceiza A, Gabilondo N. Effective reinforcement of plasticized starch by the incorporation of graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126130. [PMID: 37541466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasticized starch (PLS) nanocomposite films using glycerol and reinforced with graphene (G) and graphene oxide (GO) were prepared by solvent casting procedure. On one hand, the influence of adding different G contents into the PLS matrix was analyzed. In order to improve the stability of G nanoflakes in water, Salvia extracts were added as surfactants. The resulting nanocomposites presented improved mechanical properties. A maximum increase of 287 % in Young's modulus and 57 % in tensile strength was achieved for nanocomposites with 5 wt% of G. However, it seemed that Salvia acted as co-plasticizer for the PLS. Moreover, the addition of the highest G content led to an improvement of the electrical conductivity close to 5 × 10-6 S/m compared to the matrix. On the other hand, GO was also incorporated as nanofiller to prepare nanocomposites. Thus, the effect of increasing the GO content in the final behavior of the PLS nanocomposites was evaluated. The characterization of GO containing PLS nanocomposites showed that strong starch/GO interactions and a good dispersion of the nanofiller were achieved. Moreover, the acidic treatment applied for the reduction of the GO was found to be effective, since the electrical conductivity was 150 times bigger than its G containing counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizkitza González
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 'Materials+Technologies' Group, Engineering College of Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Graphical Expression and Project Management, Engineering College of Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Izaskun Larraza
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 'Materials+Technologies' Group, Engineering College of Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Loli Martin
- Macrobehaviour-Mesostructure-Nanotechnology SGIker Service, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Arantxa Eceiza
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 'Materials+Technologies' Group, Engineering College of Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nagore Gabilondo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 'Materials+Technologies' Group, Engineering College of Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
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Ávila-Orta CA, Covarrubias-Gordillo CA, Fonseca-Florido HA, Melo-López L, Radillo-Ruíz R, Gutiérrez-Montiel E. PLA/modified-starch blends and their application for the fabrication of non-woven fabrics by melt-blowing. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 316:120975. [PMID: 37321705 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Blends of polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic starch (TS) with and without chemical modification were obtained by melt extrusion and used to obtain non-woven fabrics by melt-blowing for the first time. Different TS were obtained by reactive extrusion from native cassava, oxidized, maleated, and dual modified (oxidized and maleated) starch. The chemical modification of starch decreases the difference in viscosity and favors blending, resulting in more homogeneous morphologies, unlike the blends with unmodified TS, which displayed a visible phase separation with large TS droplets. The dual modified starch showed a synergistic effect to process TS by melt-blowing. Regarding non-woven fabrics, values in diameter (2.5-82.1 μm), thickness (0.4-0.6 mm), and grammage (49.9-103.8 g/m2) were explained due to differences in viscosity of the components, and to the fact that during melt the hot air preferentially stretches and thins the areas without large droplets of TS. Moreover, plasticized starch acts as a flow modifier. The porosity of the fibers increased with the addition of TS. Further studies and optimization of blends with low contents of TS and type starch modification will be necessary to completely understand these systems with very complex behavior to obtain non-woven fabrics with improved properties and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Ávila-Orta
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, Saltillo, Coahuila C. P 25294, Mexico
| | | | - Heidi Andrea Fonseca-Florido
- Investigador por México, CONACYT, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, Saltillo, Coahuila C.P 25294, Mexico.
| | - Leticia Melo-López
- Investigador por México, CONACYT, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, Saltillo, Coahuila C.P 25294, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Radillo-Ruíz
- Consultoría e Ingeniería en Servicios Especializados (CISE), Leona Vicario 1686, Ciudad de México C.P 09500, Mexico
| | - Edith Gutiérrez-Montiel
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, Saltillo, Coahuila C. P 25294, Mexico
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Thajai N, Rachtanapun P, Thanakkasaranee S, Punyodom W, Worajittiphon P, Phimolsiripol Y, Leksawasdi N, Ross S, Jantrawut P, Jantanasakulwong K. Reactive Blending of Modified Thermoplastic Starch Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Poly(butylene succinate) Blending with Epoxy Compatibilizer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3487. [PMID: 37631544 PMCID: PMC10458758 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable starch-based polymers were developed by melt-blending modified thermoplastic starch (MTPS) with poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blended with epoxy resin (Er). A modified thermoplastic starch blend with chlorhexidine gluconate (MTPSCh) was prepared by melt-blending cassava starch with glycerol and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) 1.0% wt. The Er was melt-blended with PBS (PBSE) at concentrations of 0.50%, 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% (wt%/wt%). The mechanical properties, water resistance, and morphology of the MTPSCh/PBSE blends were investigated. The MTPSCh/PBSE2.5% blend showed an improvement in tensile strength (8.1 MPa) and elongation at break (86%) compared to the TPSCh/PBS blend (2.6 MPa and 53%, respectively). In addition, water contact angle measurements indicated an increase in the hydrophobicity of the MTPSCh/PBSE blends. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an improvement in thermal stability when PBS was added to the MTPSCh blends. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data confirmed a new reaction between the amino groups of CHG in MTPSCh and the epoxy groups of Er in PBSE, which improved the interfacial adhesion of the MTPSCh/PBSE blends. This reaction improved the mechanical properties, water resistance, morphology, and thermal stability of the TPSCh/PBSE blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthicha Thajai
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (International Program/Interdisciplinary), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Winita Punyodom
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.P.); (P.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Patnarin Worajittiphon
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.P.); (P.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Sukunya Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.P.); (P.W.)
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Liu Z, Qin Z, Jia H, Xu J, Liu M, Hou Z. Dual-crosslinked starch−poly(ester urethane)−oligochitosan films with high starch content: Application as biodegradable food packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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9
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Tuntiworadet T, Yoksan R. Property improvement of a thermoplastic starch/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blown film by the addition of sodium nitrite. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124991. [PMID: 37211073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, global awareness of the adverse environmental impacts of single-use plastics has risen due to their nonbiodegradability and likelihood of ending up in the ocean. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) is an alternative material employed for manufacturing single-use products because of its high biodegradability, nontoxicity, and low cost. However, TPS is moisture sensitive and has poor mechanical properties and processability. Blending TPS with biodegradable polyesters, including poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), can expand its practical applications. This research aims to improve the performance of TPS/PBAT blends by adding sodium nitrite, a food additive, and considering its effect on the morphological characteristics and properties of TPS/PBAT blends. TPS/PBAT/sodium nitrite (TPS/PBAT/N) blends with a TPS:PBAT weight ratio of 40:60 and sodium nitrite concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt% were prepared by extrusion and then blown into films. The acids generated from the sodium nitrite during extrusion led to the molecular weight reduction of starch and PBAT polymers, causing the increased melt flow ability of the TPS/PBAT/N blends. The incorporation of sodium nitrite improved the blends' homogeneity and the compatibility between the TPS and PBAT phases, resulting in the increased tensile strength, extensibility, impact strength, and oxygen barrier properties of the TPS/PBAT blend film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanatcha Tuntiworadet
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Rangrong Yoksan
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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10
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Gamage A, Thiviya P, Mani S, Ponnusamy PG, Manamperi A, Evon P, Merah O, Madhujith T. Environmental Properties and Applications of Biodegradable Starch-Based Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214578. [PMID: 36365571 PMCID: PMC9656360 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for environmental sustainability has caused a great interest in finding novel polymer materials from natural resources that are both biodegradable and eco-friendly. Natural biodegradable polymers can displace the usage of petroleum-based synthetic polymers due to their renewability, low toxicity, low costs, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The development of novel starch-based bionanocomposites with improved properties has drawn specific attention recently in many applications, including food, agriculture, packaging, environmental remediation, textile, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomedical fields. This paper discusses starch-based nanocomposites, mainly with nanocellulose, chitin nanoparticles, nanoclay, and carbon-based materials, and their applications in the agriculture, packaging, biomedical, and environment fields. This paper also focused on the lifecycle analysis and degradation of various starch-based nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashoka Gamage
- Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (O.M.); Tel.: +94-714430714 (A.G.); +33-5-3432-3523 (O.M.)
| | - Punniamoorthy Thiviya
- Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Sudhagar Mani
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Asanga Manamperi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI 48504-6214, USA
| | - Philippe Evon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Toulouse, CEDEX 4, 31030 Toulouse, France
| | - Othmane Merah
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Toulouse, CEDEX 4, 31030 Toulouse, France
- Département Génie Biologique, IUT A, Université Paul Sabatier, 32000 Auch, France
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (O.M.); Tel.: +94-714430714 (A.G.); +33-5-3432-3523 (O.M.)
| | - Terrence Madhujith
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
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11
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Zhuang X, Zhang S, Ma W. Properties of composite film based on sucrose polyaldehyde cross‐linked polyhydroxyethyl acrylate and starch. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian People's Republic of China
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12
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Shi H, Zhu Y, Ju Q, Shen Y, Wang T. Enhanced properties of starch based foams with modified starch/polyester blend as masterbatch. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yanfeng Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Qing Ju
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yucai Shen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- Suqian Advanced Materials Institute of Nanjing Tech University Suqian China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- Suqian Advanced Materials Institute of Nanjing Tech University Suqian China
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13
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Preparation and characterization of starch-based nanocomposites reinforced by graphene oxide self-assembled on the surface of silanecouplingagent modified cellulose nanocrystals. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 198:187-193. [PMID: 34973977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dispersion of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) in starch matrix limited its application. In this study, CNC modified by silanecouplingagent before graphene oxide (GO) self-assembled on the surface of modified CNC, then CNC-GO as a filler was used to prepare starch-based nanocomposite films (CS/CNC-GO). The structure of CNC-GO and CS/CNC-GO films and the properties of CS/CNC-GO films were studied by FT-IR, Raman, SEM, surface potential, UV-Vis, moisture absorption and tensile tests. The results showed that GO was successfully self-assembled on the surface of CNC modified by silanecouplingagent. CNC-GO was superior to CNC in reinforcing the strength of starch film, improving the transmittance of starch film and decreasing moisture rate of starch film. Tensile strength, elongation at break and transmittance of CS/CNC-GO film with 5 wt% CNC-GO reached maximum, which was 53.96 MPa, 3.72% and 38.76%, respectively. Moisture rate of CS/CNC-GO film with 3 wt% CNC-GO reached minimum that was 12.13%. These were assigned to the more uniform dispersion of CNC-GO in the starch matrix and the stronger interfacial interaction between starch and CNC-GO.
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14
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Poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic cassava starch blends filled with duckweed biomass. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 203:369-378. [PMID: 35104474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Duckweed (DW) is a highly small, free-floating aquatic plant. It grows and reproduces rapidly, comprises mainly protein and carbohydrate, and has substantial potential as a feedstock to produce bioplastics due to its renewability and having very little impact on the food chain. The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of DW biomass on the characteristics and properties of bio-based and biodegradable plastics based on a poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic cassava starch (PLA/TPS) blend. Various amounts of DW biomass were compounded with PLA and TPS in a twin-screw extruder and then converted into dumbbell-shaped specimens using an injection molding machine. The obtained PLA/TPS blends filled with DW biomass exhibited a lower melt flow ability, higher moisture content, and increased surface hydrophilicity than the neat PLA/TPS blend. Incorporation of DW with low concentrations of 2.3 and 4.6 wt% increased the tensile strength, Young's modulus, and hardness of the PLA/TPS blend. Moisture and glycerol from DW and TPS played important roles in reducing the Tg, Tcc, Tm, and Td of PLA in the blends. The current work demonstrated that DW could be used as a biofiller for PLA/TPS blends, and the resulting PLA/TPS blends filled with DW biomass have potential in manufacturing injection-molded articles for sustainable, biodegradable, and short-term use.
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15
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Yoksan R, Dang KM, Boontanimitr A, Chirachanchai S. Relationship between microstructure and performances of simultaneous biaxially stretched films based on thermoplastic starch and biodegradable polyesters. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:141-150. [PMID: 34481849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although thermoplastic starch (TPS) is a good candidate to overcome the limitations of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) due to its relatively low cost and high flexibility, the toughness and barrier properties of PLA/TPS blends are still insufficient for film applications. Therefore, the present work aims to improve the performance of PLA/TPS blend by simultaneous biaxial stretching and partially replacing PLA with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) for packaging film applications. PLA/TPS and PLA/PBAT/TPS sheets were prepared by melt cast extrusion and simultaneously biaxially stretched to form films. The mechanical, morphological, thermal, and water vapor and oxygen barrier properties and crystallinity of both intermediate sheets and their corresponding stretched films were examined. After stretching, PLA/TPS and PLA/PBAT/TPS blends showed markedly improved extensibility, impact strength, crystallinity, water vapor and oxygen barrier properties, and surface hydrophobicity. The stretched films demonstrated stacked-layer planar morphology, in which their outermost layers were a biodegradable polyester-rich phase. The synergistic effects of simultaneous biaxial stretching and partial replacing PLA with PBAT were extremely impressive for toughness improvement. The stretched films have the potential to replace non-biodegradable plastic packaging films, particularly where good mechanical and barrier properties are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangrong Yoksan
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Khanh Minh Dang
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Apinya Boontanimitr
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Suwabun Chirachanchai
- Bioresources Advanced Materials (B2A), The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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16
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Rivadeneira-Velasco KE, Utreras-Silva CA, Díaz-Barrios A, Sommer-Márquez AE, Tafur JP, Michell RM. Green Nanocomposites Based on Thermoplastic Starch: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193227. [PMID: 34641042 PMCID: PMC8512963 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of bio-based materials has been a consequence of the environmental awareness generated over time. The versatility of native starch is a promising starting point for manufacturing environmentally friendly materials. This work aims to compile information on the advancements in research on thermoplastic starch (TPS) nanocomposites after the addition of mainly these four nanofillers: natural montmorillonite (MMT), organically modified montmorillonite (O-MMT), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The analyzed properties of nanocomposites were mechanical, barrier, optical, and degradability. The most important results were that as the nanofiller increases, the TPS modulus and strength increase; however, the elongation decreases. Furthermore, the barrier properties indicate that that the incorporation of nanofillers confers superior hydrophobicity. However, the optical properties (transparency and luminosity) are mostly reduced, and the color variation is more evident with the addition of these fillers. The biodegradability rate increases with these nanocompounds, as demonstrated by the study of the method of burial in the soil. The results of this compilation show that the compatibility, proper dispersion, and distribution of nanofiller through the TPS matrix are critical factors in overcoming the limitations of starch when extending the applications of these biomaterials. TPS nanocomposites are materials with great potential for improvement. Exploring new sources of starch and natural nano-reinforcement could lead to a genuinely eco-friendly material that can replace traditional polymers in applications such as packaging.
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17
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Cellulose nanofibrils reinforced PBAT/TPS blends: Mechanical and rheological properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:267-275. [PMID: 33887294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(butylene adipate-Co-terephthalate)/thermoplasticized starch PBAT/TPS blends are among the most produced biodegradable plastic for wide application packaging, sharing more than 20% of the global production capacity of bioplastics. However, this class of material suffers from poor mechanical strength in comparison of neat PBAT, especially when the TPS content exceeds 30 wt%. Aiming at enhancing the mechanical performance of PBAT/TPS blends while maintaining relatively high TPS content, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) was incorporated into the TPS phase using twin screw extrusion. The effects of CNFs content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, melt-rheology and humidity absorption were investigated. An enhancement in the tensile strength and modulus was noted with the inclusion of CNFs, with optimal performance attained at 8 wt% of CNFs. A narrowing in the distribution of the TPS nodules within the PBAT matrix was also observed with the addition of CNFs, which is expected to be on the origin of the main evolution in the mechanical, rheological and humidity observed. Because of the availability of CNFs, biodegradability and facile processability, the ternary PBAT-TPS-CNFs blends might contribute to improve the performance of this class of biodegradable bioplastic.
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18
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Yang Y, Zhou H, Xiao Y, Feng L, Yang L, Mu W, Peng X, Bao L, Wang J. Hydrophobic thermoplastic starch supramolecularly-induced by a functional sucrose based ionic liquid crystal. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 255:117363. [PMID: 33436196 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is still a big challenge to obtain hydrophobic thermoplastic starch with outstanding mechanical performance due to the inevitable usage of typical hydrophilic plasticizers like glycerol during processing. Herein, we report a novel hydrophobic thermoplastic starch using a supramolecularly induced thermoplasticization technique. To achieve this aim, a functional sucrose-based ionic liquid crystal (ILC) including numerous chloride atoms has been firstly synthesized, and the obtained ILC molecules are then used as supramolecular inducers to thermoplasticize corn starch granules. Thermoplasticity and hydrophobicity of the prepared supramolecularly induced thermoplastic starch (STPS) with different ILC contents have been extensively investigated. Mechanism of the supramolecularly induced thermoplasticization has been investigated using molecular simulation as well. The prepared STPS with the maximum tensile strength of 8.4 MPa and water contact angle of about 117° show large potential applications in green and sustainable packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - He Zhou
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Li Feng
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China; School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Lijun Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Wenyun Mu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Lixia Bao
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China.
| | - Jiliang Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China.
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19
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Yang L, Yang Y, Li T, Xiao Y, Bao L, Wang J. Understanding the thermoplasticization mechanism of polysaccharide at molecular level via computer simulations. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Yimnak K, Thipmanee R, Sane A. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/thermoplastic starch/zeolite 5A films: Effects of compounding sequence and plasticizer content. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1037-1045. [PMID: 32693142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of the compounding sequence and the glycerol content on poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/thermoplastic starch/zeolite 5A (PBAT/TPS/Z5A) composites. The composite pellets and films were prepared by an extrusion process using a PBAT:TPS ratio of 60:40, Z5A loading of 3 wt%, and glycerol contents of 35 and 40 parts per hundred parts of starch (phs). Prior to blown film extrusion, the composite pellets were produced by two compounding sequences: sequence I (SI)-mixing PBAT with Z5A prior to blending with TPS; sequence II (SII)-mixing TPS with Z5A before blending with PBAT. The SII compounding sequence provided improved mixing between PBAT and TPS, leading to increased continuous phase region and a reduced TPS dispersed phase size. Increasing the glycerol content decreased the viscosity and size of the TPS dispersed phase and gave rise to a more uniform dispersion of the TPS domains and Z5A particles. Compounding Z5A via the SII sequence with a glycerol content of 40 phs effectively improved the mixing and the performance of the PBAT/TPS blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannika Yimnak
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ranumas Thipmanee
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Amporn Sane
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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