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Marques APS, Almeida RO, Pereira LFR, Carvalho MGVS, Gamelas JAF. Nanocelluloses and Their Applications in Conservation and Restoration of Historical Documents. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1227. [PMID: 38732695 PMCID: PMC11085636 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanocelluloses have gained significant attention in recent years due to their singular properties (good biocompatibility, high optical transparency and mechanical strength, large specific surface area, and good film-forming ability) and wide-ranging applications (paper, food packaging, textiles, electronics, and biomedical). This article is a comprehensive review of the applications of nanocelluloses (cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial nanocellulose) in the conservation and restoration of historical paper documents, including their preparation methods and main properties. The novelty lies in the information collected about nanocelluloses as renewable, environmentally friendly, and sustainable materials in the field of cultural heritage preservation as an alternative to conventional methods. Several studies have demonstrated that nanocelluloses, with or without other particles, may impart to the paper documents excellent optical and mechanical properties, very good stability against temperature and humidity aging, higher antibacterial and antifungal activity, high protection from UV light, and may be applied without requiring additional adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. S. Marques
- Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.S.M.); (R.O.A.); (M.G.V.S.C.)
| | - Ricardo O. Almeida
- Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.S.M.); (R.O.A.); (M.G.V.S.C.)
| | - Luís F. R. Pereira
- Techn&Art, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Quinta do Contador, Estrada da Serra, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal;
| | - Maria Graça V. S. Carvalho
- Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.S.M.); (R.O.A.); (M.G.V.S.C.)
| | - José A. F. Gamelas
- Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.S.M.); (R.O.A.); (M.G.V.S.C.)
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Zhang X, Yao J, Yan Y, Huang X, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Yang Y. Reversible Deacidification and Preventive Conservation of Paper-Based Cultural Relics by Mineralized Bacterial Cellulose. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:13091-13102. [PMID: 38422229 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Paper-based cultural relics experience irreversible aging and deterioration during long-term preservation. The most common process of paper degradation is the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose. Nowadays, deacidification has been considered as a practical way to protect acidified literature; however, two important criteria of minimal intervention and reversibility should be considered. Inspired by the superior properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) and its structural similarity to paper, herein, the mineralized BC membranes are applied to deacidification and conservation of paper-based materials for the first time. Based on the enzyme-induced mineralization process, the homogeneous and high-loaded calcifications of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles onto the nanofibers of BC networks have been achieved, respectively. The size, morphology, structure of minerals, as well as the alkalinity and alkali reserve of BC membranes are well controlled by regulating enzyme concentration and mineralization time. Compared with HAP/CaCO3-immersed method, HAP/CaCO3-BC membranes show more efficient and sustained deacidification performance on paper. The weak alkalinity of mineralized BC membranes avoids the negative effect of alkali on paper, and the high alkali reserve implies a good sustained-release effect of alkali to neutralize the future generated acid. The multiscale nanochannels of the BC membrane provide ion exchange and acid/alkali neutralization channels between paper and the BC membrane, and the final pH of protected paper can be well stabilized in a certain range. Most importantly, this BC-deacidified method is reversible since the BC membrane can be removed without causing any damage to paper and the original structure and fiber morphology of paper are well preserved. In addition, the mineralized BC membrane provides excellent flame-retardant performance on paper thanks to its unique organic-inorganic composite structure. All of these advantages of the mineralized BC membrane indicate its potential use as an effective protection material for the reversible deacidification and preventive conservation of paper-based cultural relics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingjing Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, 381 Cang Wu Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yueer Yan
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xizi Huang
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yahong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuliang Yang
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Zhang X, Yan Y, Yao J, Jin S, Tang Y. Chemistry directs the conservation of paper cultural relics. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Potential effects of nano-cellulose and nano-silica/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites in the strengthening of dyed paper manuscripts with madder: an experimental study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19617. [PMID: 36380061 PMCID: PMC9666511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the composite cross-linked were used to consolidate the dyed paper manuscripts. Nanocomposites of mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MPSNP)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/PVA, which have never been used before, have been evaluated for the consolidation process of the dyed paper manuscripts with madder extract. Three concentrations 1%, 3%, and 5% have been prepared. Analysis and investigation methods like scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS), X-Ray diffraction Analysis (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and total color difference (ΔE) by spectrophotometer have been used in order to characterize the prepared nano-sized composites and evaluate the treated dyed paper samples before and after the aging process. The results of surface morphology by SEM revealed the effectiveness of MPSNP/PVA core-shell nanocomposite at 5% in the consolidation process, where the improvement of properties of the aged dyed paper samples. The fibers of the treated paper became strong and appeared clearly. The result of ΔE measurements showed that the treated sample with MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite at 5% gave the lowest ΔE (5.22), while, the treated sample with CNF/PVA nanocomposite at 5% gave the highest ΔE value (11.66). Mechanical measurements (tensile strength and elongation) revealed the efficiency of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite at 5% in the treatment of the aged dyed paper samples. The treated sample with the mentioned material gave tensile strength and elongation values of 84.8 N/nm2 and 1.736%, respectively. In contrast, the treated sample with CNF/PVA nanocomposite at 1% gave the lowest tensile strength and elongation values 38.2 N/nm2, and 1.166%, respectively. FTIR analysis revealed an increase was noticed in the CH2 stretching band (refers to the crystallinity of cellulose), where the intensity of the treated sample with MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite was at a 5% increase compared to the control sample. The FTIR results supported the results of mechanical measurements. The intensity of the CH2 stretching band, which refers to the crystallinity index of cellulose, was increased with the use of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite at 3% and 5%, which explains the improvement in mechanical properties. This may be due to the nano-mineral particles, which improve the mechanical properties. Additionally, they reduce the effect of accelerated thermal aging on the cellulosic fibers and give them stability. The detailed analysis of analytical methods used for evaluation revealed the novelty of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite, especially at 5%. It has a potential role in strengthening and improving different properties of the dyed paper manuscripts with madder extract.
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Potthast A, Ahn K, Becker M, Eichinger T, Kostic M, Böhmdorfer S, Jeong MJ, Rosenau T. Acetylation of cellulose – Another pathway of natural cellulose aging during library storage of books and papers. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang S, Yang X, Li Y, Gao B, Jin S, Yu R, Zhang Y, Tang Y. Colloidal magnesium hydroxide Nanoflake: One-Step Surfactant-Assisted preparation and Paper-Based relics protection with Long-Term Anti-Acidification and Flame-Retardancy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:992-1004. [PMID: 34571317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the interfacial dispersion and suspension stability is crucial for magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) nanomaterials in the long-term deacidification of paper-based cultural relics. However, because of the low specific surface area and the poor solvent compatibility of as-prepared large-sized Mg(OH)2, it often tends to agglomerate and settle down during the usage and storage, that is harmful for paper protection due to its unevenly deacidification and nonuniformly distribution on paper cellulose. Herein, we propose a feasible preparation of colloidal Mg(OH)2 ultrathin nanoflakes with high dispersion stability via a simple one-step surfactant-assisted strategy. The surfactant acts as both a structure-direct agent to confine the growth of Mg(OH)2 with rich active sites and a surface modifier to enhance its solvent adaptability and dispersion stability, avoiding the common fussy procedure with additional steric stabilizer. Owing to the evenly interaction with free acid species therein and the uniformly distribution on the paper fiber as alkaline reserve, the as-obtained Mg(OH)2 presents the superior paper protection performance characterized by its safer pH of 7.29 for the original aged paper (pH = 5.03) and the excellent long-term anti-acidification effect with competitive pH of 5.47 after accelerated-aging at 105 °C for 5 months. Furthermore, Mg(OH)2 nanoflakes with surfactant-modified structure also endue them as an improved flame retardant for multifunctional paper protection. The protection with Mg(OH)2 has little effect on the paper surface properties and cellulose crystallinity, in line with the principle of least intervention. This work will put forward a feasible way toward colloidal Mg(OH)2 nanoflakes with excellent paper protection performance, shedding light on the development of emerging protection materials for paper-based cultural relics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinong Wang
- Institute for Preservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yihan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Boxu Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- Institute for Preservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Rong Yu
- Chinese Rare Books Department, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yahong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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Ferrandin-Schoffel N, Martineau-Corcos C, Piovesan C, Paris-Lacombe S, Fichet O, Dupont AL. Stability of lignocellulosic papers strengthened and deacidified with aminoalkylalkoxysilanes. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang J, Hu D, Xing H, Qi Y, Li Y. Facile and Scalable Conservation of Chinese Ancient Paintings Using Water-Borne Fluoropolymer. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:33162-33169. [PMID: 33403277 PMCID: PMC7774261 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In China, alum-gelatin aqueous solution is historically used to prevent falling off of mineral pigments from paintings and to enhance strength of their paper matrices in the restoration process. However, after a long period of time of preservation, alum-gelatin aqueous solution applied to paintings will hydrolyze and produce free acid, which accelerates aging. To resolve this issue, instead of using alum-gelatin aqueous solution, here we report a new method of using a water-borne fluoropolymer coating to protect paintings. This coating is applied to simulated paintings, and their influences are systematically examined on the antipeeling property of pigment, mechanical properties, thermal stability, chromaticity, surface morphology, and water contact angle. Our results show that the applied coating slightly affects the appearance of the painting without falling off of pigment observed. Moreover, the coating increases the tensile strength and folding endurance of the paper because the polymer fills into the porous structure of paper fibers and covers pigment particles from SEM analysis. The treated painting retains moderate hydrophilicity, which facilitates removal of degradation substances from the paintings by water cleaning and the subsequent mounting procedure. Moreover, this coating is successfully applied to repairing a set of real ancient Chinese paintings of Yuan Dynasty (1271∼1368 A.D.), with practical acceptance. Our work provides a facile yet effective solution to conservation of ancient paintings by applying the modern fluoropolymers.
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Jablonský M, Šima J. Stability of Alum-Containing Paper under Alkaline Conditions. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245815. [PMID: 33317188 PMCID: PMC7763073 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present contribution evaluates the methods of degradation and stabilization of alum-containing paper with a focus on the alkaline environment achieved by deacidification procedures. In terms of reviewed subjects, the contribution focuses on alum-rosin sized paper, which is still used as a carrier of knowledge and information; however, it also mentions cellulose itself and other brands of paper. The contribution summarizes the results on the homogeneity of the distribution of alum and rosin in the paper mass and on the paper surface. It provides the knowledge gained in the field of alkaline hydrolysis and oxidation with special regard to transition metal species. It shows the values of alkaline reserves achieved in the main mass-deacidification processes. On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the contribution emphasizes the procedures of paper stabilization. Criteria of “increased mechanical permanence and lifetime prolongation” adopted to evaluate and compare the efficacy of individual mass-deacidification processes were applied and corresponding data are introduced. The contribution also draws attention to the existence of open issues in the area of paper degradation and stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Jablonský
- Department of Wood, Pulp and Paper, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
| | - Jozef Šima
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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