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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2021-2022. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38925550 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates is a well-established technique and this review is the 12th update of the original article published in 1999 and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2022. As with previous review, this review also includes a few papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review follows the same format as previous reviews. It is divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of computer software for structural identification. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other general areas such as medicine, industrial processes, natural products and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis, particularly in its ability to produce single ions from each analyte and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Sheng H, Lei Y, Wei J, Yang Z, Peng L, Li W, Liu Y. Analogy of silicon and boron in plant nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1353706. [PMID: 38379945 PMCID: PMC10877001 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1353706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) and boron (B) are a class of elements called metalloids, which have properties like metals and non-metals. Si is classified as a quasi-essential element, while B is a micronutrient element for plants. Nowadays, numerous discoveries have shown the analogy of silicon and boron in plant nutrition. In this minireview, the molecular mechanisms for the transport of these two metalloids are compared. We also discussed the chemical forms of Si and B and their functional similarity in response to environmental stresses in plants. In conclusion, it can be proposed that cell wall-bound silicon rather than silica might partially replace boron for plant growth, development, and stress responses, and the underlying mechanism is the Si contribution to B in its structural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Sheng
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuyan Lei
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengming Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenbing Li
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Chen B, Deng X, Ma Q, Zhao Y, Wang A, Zhang X, Zeng Q. Cadmium accumulation in brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) depends on environmental factors and nutrient transport: A three-year field study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166942. [PMID: 37690756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in brown rice is a complex process in agroecosystems and is influenced by multiple factors, such as climate, soil properties, and nutrient transport. However, during the Cd transport process (soil-root-straw-brown rice), it remains unclear how Cd concentration in brown rice (BCd) is causal relationship to environmental factors and nutrient transport. The differences in precipitation, soil properties, nutrient transport, and Cd transport were studied through a three-year fixed-point field trial and linked them to the standard of Cd and nutrient absorption and transport processes. The results showed that the available Cd concentration (ACd), and BCd in 2020 were lower than those in 2019 and 2021, but monthly precipitation (MP) was higher in 2020 than in 2019 and 2021. The MP and niche metrics were significantly negatively associated with ACd and BCd. However, the relationship between the form and location of different nutrient elements and Cd in roots, Cd in straws, and BCd also varied during the transport of nutrient elements and Cd from soil to root to straw to brown rice. Structural equation modelling analysis showed that nitrogen (N 15.5 %), phosphorus (P 14.1 %), silicon (Si 4.2 %), and iron (Fe 7.6 %) transport were more closely related to BCd than to potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn). The increase in MP significantly inhibited the increase in BCd, whereas the MP led to a decrease in BCd by affecting the transport of N and Fe. Among them, Si, Fe, and BCd had indirect causal relationships, whereas N, P, and BCd had direct causal relationships. Particularly, P is a crucial nutrient in reducing BCd in the Cd transport process. Our results highlight a strong causal relationship between environmental factors and nutrient transport and BCd, and provide a theoretical basis for fertiliser application in Cd-contaminated agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiao Deng
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qiao Ma
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yingyue Zhao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Andong Wang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Qingru Zeng
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Huang W, Hua MZ, Li S, Chen K, Lu X, Wu D. Application of atomic force microscopy in the characterization of fruits and vegetables and associated substances toward improvement in quality, preservation, and processing: nanoscale structure and mechanics perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-29. [PMID: 37585698 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2242944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables are essential horticultural crops for humans. The quality of fruits and vegetables is critical in determining their nutritional value and edibility, which are decisive to their commercial value. Besides, it is also important to understand the changes in key substances involved in the preservation and processing of fruits and vegetables. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), a powerful technique for investigating biological surfaces, has been widely used to characterize the quality of fruits and vegetables and the substances involved in their preservation and processing from the perspective of nanoscale structure and mechanics. This review summarizes the applications of AFM to investigate the texture, appearance, and nutrients of fruits and vegetables based on structural imaging and force measurements. Additionally, the review highlights the application of AFM in characterizing the morphological and mechanical properties of nanomaterials involved in preserving and processing fruits and vegetables, including films and coatings for preservation, bioactive compounds for processing purposes, nanofiltration membrane for concentration, and nanoencapsulation for delivery of bioactive compounds. Furthermore, the strengths and weaknesses of AFM for characterizing the quality of fruits and vegetables and the substances involved in their preservation and processing are examined, followed by a discussion on the prospects of AFM in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Huang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Growth and Development), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhongyuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Marti Z Hua
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shenmiao Li
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Growth and Development), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhongyuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Di Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Growth and Development), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhongyuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
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Orzoł A, Cruzado-Tafur E, Gołębiowski A, Rogowska A, Pomastowski P, Górecki RJ, Buszewski B, Szultka-Młyńska M, Głowacka K. Comprehensive Study of Si-Based Compounds in Selected Plants ( Pisum sativum L., Medicago sativa L., Triticum aestivum L.). Molecules 2023; 28:4311. [PMID: 37298792 PMCID: PMC10254194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the role of silicon (Si) in plants. Methods of silicon determination and speciation are also reported. The mechanisms of Si uptake by plants, silicon fractions in the soil, and the participation of flora and fauna in the Si cycle in terrestrial ecosystems have been overviewed. Plants of Fabaceae (especially Pisum sativum L. and Medicago sativa L.) and Poaceae (particularly Triticum aestivum L.) families with different Si accumulation capabilities were taken into consideration to describe the role of Si in the alleviation of the negative effects of biotic and abiotic stresses. The article focuses on sample preparation, which includes extraction methods and analytical techniques. The methods of isolation and the characterization of the Si-based biologically active compounds from plants have been overviewed. The antimicrobial properties and cytotoxic effects of known bioactive compounds obtained from pea, alfalfa, and wheat were also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Orzoł
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.O.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Edith Cruzado-Tafur
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.C.-T.); (R.J.G.)
| | - Adrian Gołębiowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.O.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Rogowska
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Ryszard J. Górecki
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.C.-T.); (R.J.G.)
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.O.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Małgorzata Szultka-Młyńska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.O.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Głowacka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.C.-T.); (R.J.G.)
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Constantinescu-Aruxandei D, Oancea F. Closing the Nutrient Loop-The New Approaches to Recovering Biomass Minerals during the Biorefinery Processes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2096. [PMID: 36767462 PMCID: PMC9915181 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of plant mineral nutrients from the bio-based value chains is essential for a sustainable, circular bioeconomy, wherein resources are (re)used sustainably. The widest used approach is to recover plant nutrients on the last stage of biomass utilization processes-e.g., from ash, wastewater, or anaerobic digestate. The best approach is to recover mineral nutrients from the initial stages of biomass biorefinery, especially during biomass pre-treatments. Our paper aims to evaluate the nutrient recovery solutions from a trans-sectorial perspective, including biomass processing and the agricultural use of recovered nutrients. Several solutions integrated with the biomass pre-treatment stage, such as leaching/bioleaching, recovery from pre-treatment neoteric solvents, ionic liquids (ILs), and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) or integrated with hydrothermal treatments are discussed. Reducing mineral contents on silicon, phosphorus, and nitrogen biomass before the core biorefinery processes improves processability and yield and reduces corrosion and fouling effects. The recovered minerals are used as bio-based fertilizers or as silica-based plant biostimulants, with economic and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florin Oancea
- Department of Bioresources, Bioproducts Group, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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Pu J, Ma J, Li J, Wang S, Zhang W. Organosilicon and inorganic silica inhibit polystyrene nanoparticles uptake in rice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130012. [PMID: 36182889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) have become an emerging global environmental problem, and the toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) in rice plants has received widespread attention. However, few studies have focused on silicon (Si)-mediated interactions between PS-NPs and rice. Thus, two forms of Si (organosilicon/inorganic silica) treated rice cells were exposure of positively or negatively charged NPs, PS-NH2 and PS-COOH, to evaluate the effects of Si for defense against PS-NPs toxicity in rice. The result showed PS-NH2 nanoparticles were accumulated at relatively low levels in cells compared with that of PS-COOH, but induced a higher accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radicals (O2•-). However, both organosilicon and inorganic silica can generate more negative potential on the surfaces of cell wall to absorb large numbers of positively charged PS-NH2. In addition, they can prevent the uptake of both PS-NH2 and PS-COOH through reducing the porosity on the surface of the cell walls. These finally alleviated the toxicity of oxidative stress caused by PS-NPs and improved the viability of rice cells. Our findings demonstrated the significant contribution of Si in combating PS-NPs in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbao Pu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sheliang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Pu J, Putnis CV, Wang L. AFM imaging and single-molecule recognition of plant cell walls. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:412-413. [PMID: 34916130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junbao Pu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Christine V Putnis
- Institut für Mineralogie, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia
| | - Lijun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Wei W, Peng H, Xie Y, Wang X, Huang R, Chen H, Ji X. The role of silicon in cadmium alleviation by rice root cell wall retention and vacuole compartmentalization under different durations of Cd exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112810. [PMID: 34571424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) plays a pivotal role in mitigating phytotoxicity caused by cadmium (Cd). However, few former reports focused on the internal mechanism how Si assisted in alleviating Cd stress in rice under different durations of Cd exposure. Herein, the effects of Si on subcellular distribution of Cd in rice roots under short-term (12 h) and long-term (20 d) Cd exposure were explored. Results showed that Si decreased shoot Cd concentration but had little impact on root Cd levels. Under short-term Cd exposure, subcellular distribution analysis showed that Si increased the ratio of Cd in root cell wall by 23.2~24.0%, and decreased the ratio of Cd in root soluble fraction by 20.6~21.5%. This suggested that Si supply improved root retention of Cd by fixing it on the cell wall and thus restricted intracellular transportation of Cd. Further analysis unraveled that pectin (especially ionic-soluble pectin) of the cell wall was the main binding component, and Si supply induced more Cd accumulation in covalent-soluble pectin and hemicellulose. Moreover, the overexpression of germin-like proteins (GLPs) proved the role of cell wall in moderating Cd toxicity. Under long-term Cd exposure, Si promoted phytochelatin 2 (PC2) and phytochelatin 3 (PC3) synthesis in cytosol, at the same time, Si down-regulated the expression of the Cd efflux-related protein multidrug resistance-associated protein-like ATP-binding cassette transporters (MRP-like ABC transporters) and limited Cd transportation from vacuole to cytosol. Taken together, Si rather predominates in limiting Cd translocation by the cell wall of root under short-term Cd exposure and promoting vacuole compartmentalization to mitigate the Cd toxicity under long-term exposure, instead of reducing the absorption of Cd in rice roots, thereby decreasing Cd delivery into shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Long Ping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Hua Peng
- Institute of Agro-Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural, Science (HAAS), Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yunhe Xie
- Institute of Agro-Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural, Science (HAAS), Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Long Ping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Long Ping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xionghui Ji
- Long Ping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; Institute of Agro-Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural, Science (HAAS), Changsha 410125, China.
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