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Weinberger M, Riley PR. Animal models to study cardiac regeneration. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:89-105. [PMID: 37580429 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Permanent fibrosis and chronic deterioration of heart function in patients after myocardial infarction present a major health-care burden worldwide. In contrast to the restricted potential for cellular and functional regeneration of the adult mammalian heart, a robust capacity for cardiac regeneration is seen during the neonatal period in mammals as well as in the adults of many fish and amphibian species. However, we lack a complete understanding as to why cardiac regeneration takes place more efficiently in some species than in others. The capacity of the heart to regenerate after injury is controlled by a complex network of cellular and molecular mechanisms that form a regulatory landscape, either permitting or restricting regeneration. In this Review, we provide an overview of the diverse array of vertebrates that have been studied for their cardiac regenerative potential and discuss differential heart regeneration outcomes in closely related species. Additionally, we summarize current knowledge about the core mechanisms that regulate cardiac regeneration across vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weinberger
- Institute of Developmental & Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul R Riley
- Institute of Developmental & Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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2
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Okamura DM, Nguyen ED, Beier DR, Majesky MW. Wound healing and regeneration in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus). Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 148:139-164. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Okamura DM, Brewer CM, Wakenight P, Bahrami N, Bernardi K, Tran A, Olson J, Shi X, Yeh SY, Piliponsky A, Collins SJ, Nguyen ED, Timms AE, MacDonald JW, Bammler TK, Nelson BR, Millen KJ, Beier DR, Majesky MW. Spiny mice activate unique transcriptional programs after severe kidney injury regenerating organ function without fibrosis. iScience 2021; 24:103269. [PMID: 34849462 PMCID: PMC8609232 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis-driven solid organ failure is an enormous burden on global health. Spiny mice (Acomys) are terrestrial mammals that can regenerate severe skin wounds without scars to avoid predation. Whether spiny mice also regenerate internal organ injuries is unknown. Here, we show that despite equivalent acute obstructive or ischemic kidney injury, spiny mice fully regenerate nephron structure and organ function without fibrosis, whereas C57Bl/6 or CD1 mice progress to complete organ failure with extensive renal fibrosis. Two mechanisms for vertebrate regeneration have been proposed that emphasize either extrinsic (pro-regenerative macrophages) or intrinsic (surviving cells of the organ itself) controls. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that the Acomys genome appears poised at the time of injury to initiate regeneration by surviving kidney cells, whereas macrophage accumulation was not detected until about day 7. Thus, we provide evidence for rapid activation of a gene expression signature for regenerative wound healing in the spiny mouse kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl M. Okamura
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Chris M. Brewer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Paul Wakenight
- Center for Integrated Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Nadia Bahrami
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kristina Bernardi
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Amy Tran
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jill Olson
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Xiaogang Shi
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Szu-Ying Yeh
- Center for Integrated Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Adrian Piliponsky
- Center for Immunity & Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Sarah J. Collins
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Andrew E. Timms
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - James W. MacDonald
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Theo K. Bammler
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Branden R. Nelson
- Center for Integrated Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Millen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Integrated Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - David R. Beier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Mark W. Majesky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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4
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Talarek JR, Piacentini AN, Konja AC, Wada S, Swanson JB, Nussenzweig SC, Dines JS, Rodeo SA, Mendias CL. The MRL/MpJ Mouse Strain Is Not Protected From Muscle Atrophy and Weakness After Rotator Cuff Tear. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:811-822. [PMID: 31696955 PMCID: PMC7071998 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic rotator cuff tears are a common source of shoulder pain and disability. Patients with rotator cuff tears often have substantial weakness, fibrosis, and fat accumulation, which limit successful surgical repair and postoperative rehabilitation. The Murphy Roths Large (MRL) strain of mice have demonstrated superior healing and protection against pathological changes in several disease and injury conditions. We tested the hypothesis that, compared with the commonly used C57Bl/6 (B6) strain, MRL mice would have less muscle fiber atrophy and fat accumulation, and be protected against the loss in force production that occurs after cuff tear. Adult male B6 and MRL mice were subjected to a rotator cuff tear, and changes in muscle fiber contractility and histology were measured. RNA sequencing and shotgun metabolomics and lipidomics were also performed. The muscles were harvested one month after tear. B6 and MRL mice had a 40% reduction in relative muscle force production after rotator cuff tear. RNA sequencing identified an increase in fibrosis-associated genes and a reduction in mitochondrial metabolism genes. The markers of glycolytic metabolism increased in B6 mice, while MRL mice appeared to increase amino acid metabolism after tear. There was an accumulation of lipid after injury, although there was a divergent response between B6 and MRL mice in the types of lipid species that accrued. There were strain-specific differences between the transcriptome, metabolome, and lipidome of B6 and MRL mice, but these differences did not protect MRL mice from weakness and pathological changes after rotator cuff tear. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:811-822, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joshua S Dines
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Christopher L Mendias
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
- Corresponding Author: Christopher Mendias, PhD, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th St, New York, NY 10021, USA, +1 212-606-1785 office, +1 212-249-2373 fax,
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5
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Ahsan F, Mahmood T, Usmani S, Bagga P, Shamim A, Tiwari R, Verma N, Siddiqui MH. A conglomeration of preclinical models related to myocardial infarction. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000418365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Neeraj Verma
- Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, India
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6
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Bombardo M, Malagola E, Chen R, Carta A, Seleznik GM, Hills AP, Graf R, Sonda S. Enhanced proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells in MRL/MpJ mice is driven by severe acinar injury but independent of inflammation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9391. [PMID: 29925922 PMCID: PMC6010442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult pancreatic acinar cells have the ability to re-enter the cell cycle and proliferate upon injury or tissue loss. Despite this mitotic ability, the extent of acinar proliferation is often limited and unable to completely regenerate the injured tissue or restore the initial volume of the organ, thus leading to pancreatic dysfunction. Identifying molecular determinants of enhanced proliferation is critical to overcome this issue. In this study, we discovered that Murphy Roths Large (MRL/MpJ) mice can be exploited to identify molecular effectors promoting acinar proliferation upon injury, with the ultimate goal to develop therapeutic regimens to boost pancreatic regeneration. Our results show that, upon cerulein-induced acinar injury, cell proliferation was enhanced and cell cycle components up-regulated in the pancreas of MRL/MpJ mice compared to the control strain C57BL/6. Initial damage of acinar cells was exacerbated in these mice, manifested by increased serum levels of pancreatic enzymes, intra-pancreatic trypsinogen activation and acinar cell apoptosis. In addition, MRL/MpJ pancreata presented enhanced inflammation, de-differentiation of acinar cells and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. Manipulation of inflammatory levels and mitogenic stimulation with the thyroid hormone 5,3-L-tri-iodothyronine revealed that factors derived from initial acinar injury rather than inflammatory injury promote the replicative advantage in MRL/MpJ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bombardo
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ermanno Malagola
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rong Chen
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arcangelo Carta
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gitta M Seleznik
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew P Hills
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
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7
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Lindsey ML, Bolli R, Canty JM, Du XJ, Frangogiannis NG, Frantz S, Gourdie RG, Holmes JW, Jones SP, Kloner RA, Lefer DJ, Liao R, Murphy E, Ping P, Przyklenk K, Recchia FA, Schwartz Longacre L, Ripplinger CM, Van Eyk JE, Heusch G. Guidelines for experimental models of myocardial ischemia and infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H812-H838. [PMID: 29351451 PMCID: PMC5966768 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00335.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is a prevalent major cardiovascular event that arises from myocardial ischemia with or without reperfusion, and basic and translational research is needed to better understand its underlying mechanisms and consequences for cardiac structure and function. Ischemia underlies a broad range of clinical scenarios ranging from angina to hibernation to permanent occlusion, and while reperfusion is mandatory for salvage from ischemic injury, reperfusion also inflicts injury on its own. In this consensus statement, we present recommendations for animal models of myocardial ischemia and infarction. With increasing awareness of the need for rigor and reproducibility in designing and performing scientific research to ensure validation of results, the goal of this review is to provide best practice information regarding myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and infarction models. Listen to this article’s corresponding podcast at ajpheart.podbean.com/e/guidelines-for-experimental-models-of-myocardial-ischemia-and-infarction/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Research Service, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - John M Canty
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology and Biophysics, The Veterans Affairs Western New York Health Care System and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine Research, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute , Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Jeffrey W Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia Health System , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Steven P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Robert A Kloner
- HMRI Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes , Pasadena, California.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - David J Lefer
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ronglih Liao
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Genetics and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peipei Ping
- National Institutes of Health BD2KBig Data to Knowledge (BD2K) Center of Excellence and Department of Physiology, Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Karin Przyklenk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Departments of Physiology and Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Fabio A Recchia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Fondazione G. Monasterio, Pisa , Italy.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa Schwartz Longacre
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias Branch, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Crystal M Ripplinger
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School , Essen , Germany
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8
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Hou M, Song M, Zhang H, Zheng Z, Wei YJ, Wang LQ, Hu SS. Absence of myocyte regeneration by mobilization of bone marrow stem cells after myocardial infarction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:8654-8659. [PMID: 31966723 PMCID: PMC6965467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to test the potential for bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) mobilized by granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to promote neovascularization and cardiomyocytes regeneration in a rat model of myocardial infarction. The myocardial infracted rats were randomly assigned to receive GM-CSF injection as GM-CSF group or received saline injection as control group. Evaluation of CD34+ stem cells was performed by flow cytometry. Cardiac functions were monitored using a multiple channel recorder via cardiac catheterization. Immunobiological staining including factor VIII and Ki67, and phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin (PTAH) staining, were performed to assess angiogenesis and myogenesis and calculated myocardial infarction size. The CD34+ stem cells in blood and bone marrow of GM-CSF group increased significantlyon day 7 and day 14 comparing with control group, and declined on day 28. Immunobiological staining showed neovasculature formation and more Ki67 expression in the infracted regions of theGM-CSF group.Ki67 and PTAH double staining showed Ki67 positive signals were overlap with lymphocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells but not myocytes. No significant decrease of infracted size occurred in the GM-CSF group. These results suggested BMSC could be mobilized effectively by GM-CSF after myocardial infarction, which could only promote neovascularization without myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Hou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Air Force General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Min Song
- National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease in Fu-Wai Heart Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC)Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease in Fu-Wai Heart Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC)Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease in Fu-Wai Heart Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC)Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jie Wei
- National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease in Fu-Wai Heart Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC)Beijing, China
| | - Li-Qing Wang
- National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease in Fu-Wai Heart Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC)Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Shou Hu
- National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease in Fu-Wai Heart Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC)Beijing, China
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9
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Genetically encoded iron-associated proteins as MRI reporters for molecular and cellular imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 10. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Voges HK, Mills RJ, Elliott DA, Parton RG, Porrello ER, Hudson JE. Development of a human cardiac organoid injury model reveals innate regenerative potential. Development 2017; 144:1118-1127. [PMID: 28174241 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adult human heart possesses a limited regenerative potential following an ischemic event, and undergoes a number of pathological changes in response to injury. Although cardiac regeneration has been documented in zebrafish and neonatal mouse hearts, it is currently unknown whether the immature human heart is capable of undergoing complete regeneration. Combined progress in pluripotent stem cell differentiation and tissue engineering has facilitated the development of human cardiac organoids (hCOs), which resemble fetal heart tissue and can be used to address this important knowledge gap. This study aimed to characterize the regenerative capacity of immature human heart tissue in response to injury. Following cryoinjury with a dry ice probe, hCOs exhibited an endogenous regenerative response with full functional recovery 2 weeks after acute injury. Cardiac functional recovery occurred in the absence of pathological fibrosis or cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Consistent with regenerative organisms and neonatal human hearts, there was a high basal level of cardiomyocyte proliferation, which may be responsible for the regenerative capacity of the hCOs. This study suggests that immature human heart tissue has an intrinsic capacity to regenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Voges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Richard J Mills
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David A Elliott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Enzo R Porrello
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James E Hudson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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11
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Camacho P, Fan H, Liu Z, He JQ. Small mammalian animal models of heart disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 2016; 6:70-80. [PMID: 27679742 PMCID: PMC5030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent clinical need to develop new therapeutic approaches for treating cardiovascular disease, but the biology of cardiovascular regeneration is complex. Model systems are required to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis, progression, and mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease as well as to test therapeutic approaches to regenerate tissue and restore cardiac function following injury. An ideal model system should be inexpensive, easily manipulated, reproducible, physiologically representative of human disease, and ethically sound. The choice of animal model needs to be considered carefully since it affects experimental outcomes and whether findings of the study can be reasonably translated to humans. This review presents a guideline for the commonly used small animal models (mice, rats, rabbits, and cats) used in cardiac research as an effort to standardize the most relevant procedures and obtain translatable and reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Camacho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Huimin Fan
- Research Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji UniversityShanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Research Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji UniversityShanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Qiang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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12
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Vivien CJ, Hudson JE, Porrello ER. Evolution, comparative biology and ontogeny of vertebrate heart regeneration. NPJ Regen Med 2016; 1:16012. [PMID: 29302337 PMCID: PMC5744704 DOI: 10.1038/npjregenmed.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 64,000 living species of vertebrates on our planet and all of them have a heart. Comparative analyses devoted to understanding the regenerative potential of the myocardium have been performed in a dozen vertebrate species with the aim of developing regenerative therapies for human heart disease. Based on this relatively small selection of animal models, important insights into the evolutionary conservation of regenerative mechanisms have been gained. In this review, we survey cardiac regeneration studies in diverse species to provide an evolutionary context for the lack of regenerative capacity in the adult mammalian heart. Our analyses highlight the importance of cardiac adaptations that have occurred over hundreds of millions of years during the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life, as well as during the transition from the womb to an oxygen-rich environment at birth. We also discuss the evolution and ontogeny of cardiac morphological, physiological and metabolic adaptations in the context of heart regeneration. Taken together, our findings suggest that cardiac regenerative potential correlates with a low-metabolic state, the inability to regulate body temperature, low heart pressure, hypoxia, immature cardiomyocyte structure and an immature immune system. A more complete understanding of the evolutionary context and developmental mechanisms governing cardiac regenerative capacity would provide stronger scientific foundations for the translation of cardiac regeneration therapies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine J Vivien
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Cardiac and Vascular Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James E Hudson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Cardiac and Vascular Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Enzo R Porrello
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Cardiac and Vascular Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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13
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Farah Z, Fan H, Liu Z, He JQ. A concise review of common animal models for the study of limb regeneration. Organogenesis 2016; 12:109-118. [PMID: 27391218 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1205775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Correct selection of an appropriate animal mode to closely mimic human extremity diseases or to exhibit desirable phenotypes of limb regeneration is the first critical step for all scientists in biomedical and regenerative researches. The commonly-used animals in limb regeneration and repairing studies, such as axolotl, mice, and rats, are discussed in the review and other models including cockroaches, dogs, and horses are also mentioned. The review weighs the general advantages, disadvantages, and precedent uses of each model in the context of limb and peripheral injury and subsequent regeneration. We hope that this review can provide the reader an overview of each model, from which to select one for their specific purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayd Farah
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology , Center for Veterinary Regenerative Medicine (CVRM), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA
| | - Huimin Fan
- b Research Institute of Heart Failure , Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- b Research Institute of Heart Failure , Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jia-Qiang He
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology , Center for Veterinary Regenerative Medicine (CVRM), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA
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A cryoinjury model in neonatal mice for cardiac translational and regeneration research. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:542-52. [PMID: 26890681 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of injury models for neonatal mouse hearts has accelerated research on the mechanisms of cardiac regeneration in mammals. However, some existing models, such as apical resection and ligation of the left anterior descending artery, produce variable results, which may be due to technical difficulties associated with these methods. Here we present an alternative model for the study of cardiac regeneration in neonatal mice in which cryoinjury is used to induce heart injury. This model yields a reproducible injury size, does not induce known mechanisms of cardiac regeneration and leads to a sustained reduction of cardiac function. This protocol uses reusable cryoprobes that can be assembled in 5 min, with the entire procedure taking 15 min per pup. The subsequent heart collection and fixation takes 2 d to complete. Cryoinjury results in a myocardial scar, and the size of injury can be scaled by the use of different cryoprobes (0.5 and 1.5 mm). Cryoinjury models are medically relevant to diseases in human infants with heart disease. In summary, the myocardial cryoinjury model in neonatal mice described here is a useful tool for cardiac translational and regeneration research.
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Podolak-Popinigis J, Górnikiewicz B, Ronowicz A, Sachadyn P. Transcriptome profiling reveals distinctive traits of retinol metabolism and neonatal parallels in the MRL/MpJ mouse. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:926. [PMID: 26572684 PMCID: PMC4647819 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The MRL/MpJ mouse is a laboratory inbred strain known for regenerative abilities which are manifested by scarless closure of ear pinna punch holes. Enhanced healing responses have been reported in other organs. A remarkable feature of the strain is that the adult MRL/MpJ mouse retains several embryonic biochemical characteristics, including increased expression of stem cell markers. Results We explored the transcriptome of the MRL/MpJ mouse in the heart, liver, spleen, bone marrow and ears. We used two reference strains, thus increasing the chances to discover the genes responsible for the exceptional properties of the regenerative strain. We revealed several distinctive characteristics of gene expression patterns in the MRL/MpJ mouse, including the repression of immune response genes, the up-regulation of those associated with retinol metabolism and PPAR signalling, as well as differences in expression of the genes engaged in wounding response. Another crucial finding is that the gene expression patterns in the adult MRL/MpJ mouse and murine neonates share a number of parallels, which are also related to immune and wounding response, PPAR pathway, and retinol metabolism. Conclusions Our results indicate the significance of retinol signalling and neonatal transcriptomic relics as the distinguishing features of the MRL/MpJ mouse. The possibility that retinoids could act as key regulatory molecules in this regeneration model brings important implications for regenerative medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2075-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Podolak-Popinigis
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Górnikiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Ronowicz
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Sachadyn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Suarez SL, Rane AA, Muñoz A, Wright AT, Zhang SX, Braden RL, Almutairi A, McCulloch AD, Christman KL. Intramyocardial injection of hydrogel with high interstitial spread does not impact action potential propagation. Acta Biomater 2015; 26:13-22. [PMID: 26265060 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Injectable biomaterials have been evaluated as potential new therapies for myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure. These materials have improved left ventricular (LV) geometry and ejection fraction, yet there remain concerns that biomaterial injection may create a substrate for arrhythmia. Since studies of this risk are lacking, we utilized optical mapping to assess the effects of biomaterial injection and interstitial spread on cardiac electrophysiology. Healthy and infarcted rat hearts were injected with a model poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel with varying degrees of interstitial spread. Activation maps demonstrated delayed propagation of action potentials across the LV epicardium in the hydrogel-injected group when compared to saline and no-injection groups. However, the degree of the electrophysiological changes depended on the spread characteristics of the hydrogel, such that hearts injected with highly spread hydrogels showed no conduction abnormalities. Conversely, the results of this study indicate that injection of a hydrogel exhibiting minimal interstitial spread may create a substrate for arrhythmia shortly after injection by causing LV activation delays and reducing gap junction density at the site of injection. Thus, this work establishes site of delivery and interstitial spread characteristics as important factors in the future design and use of biomaterial therapies for MI treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Biomaterials for treating myocardial infarction have become an increasingly popular area of research. Within the past few years, this work has transitioned to some large animals models, and Phase I & II clinical trials. While these materials have preserved/improved cardiac function the effect of these materials on arrhythmogenesis, which is of considerable concern when injecting anything into the heart, has yet to be understood. Our manuscript is therefore a first of its kind in that it directly examines the potential of an injectable material to create a substrate for arrhythmias. This work suggests that site of delivery and distribution in the tissue are important criteria in the design and development of future biomaterial therapies for myocardial infarction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L Suarez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aboli A Rane
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adam Muñoz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adam T Wright
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shirley X Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rebecca L Braden
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adah Almutairi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen L Christman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Smiley D, Smith MA, Carreira V, Jiang M, Koch SE, Kelley M, Rubinstein J, Jones WK, Tranter M. Increased fibrosis and progression to heart failure in MRL mice following ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Pathol 2014; 23:327-34. [PMID: 25035060 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac regenerative capacity of MRL/MpJ mouse remains a controversy. Although the MRL mouse has been reported to exhibit minimal scarring and subsequent cardiac regeneration after cryoinjury of the right ventricle, multiple studies have been unable to replicate this cardiac regenerative capacity after both cryogenic and coronary ligation cardiac injury. Therefore, we evaluated the cardiac regenerative wound-healing response and functional recovery of MRL mice compared to C57 mice, in response to a clinically relevant left ventricular (LV) coronary ligation. Male MRL/MpJ+/+ and C57BL/6 mice underwent left coronary artery ligation followed by reperfusion. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography [LV ejection fraction (LVEF), LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), LV mass, wall thickness] at 24 hours post-ischemia and weekly for 13 weeks thereafter. Hearts were also analyzed histologically for individual cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. Our results show that contrary to prior reports of cardiac regenerations, MRL mice progress to heart failure more rapidly following I/R injury as marked by a significant decrease in LVEF, increase in LVEDV, LV mass, individual myocyte size, and fibrosis in the post-ischemic myocardium. Therefore, we conclude that MRL mice do not exhibit regeneration of the LV or enhanced functional improvement in response to coronary ligation. However, unlike prior studies, we matched initial infarct size in MRL and C57 mice, used high frequency echocardiography, and histological analysis to reach this conclusion. The prospect of cardiac regeneration after ischemia in MRL mice seems to have attenuated interest, given the multiple negative studies and the promise of stem cell cardiac regeneration. However, our novel observation that MRL may possess an impaired compensated hypertrophy response makes the MRL mouse strain an interesting model in the study of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dia Smiley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Margaret A Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Vinicius Carreira
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sheryl E Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Melissa Kelley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jack Rubinstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - W Keith Jones
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pharmacology & Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Michael Tranter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.
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Cardiac regeneration in non-mammalian vertebrates. Exp Cell Res 2014; 321:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lin28 enhances tissue repair by reprogramming cellular metabolism. Cell 2014; 155:778-92. [PMID: 24209617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration capacity declines with age, but why juvenile organisms show enhanced tissue repair remains unexplained. Lin28a, a highly conserved RNA-binding protein expressed during embryogenesis, plays roles in development, pluripotency, and metabolism. To determine whether Lin28a might influence tissue repair in adults, we engineered the reactivation of Lin28a expression in several models of tissue injury. Lin28a reactivation improved hair regrowth by promoting anagen in hair follicles and accelerated regrowth of cartilage, bone, and mesenchyme after ear and digit injuries. Lin28a inhibits let-7 microRNA biogenesis; however, let-7 repression was necessary but insufficient to enhance repair. Lin28a bound to and enhanced the translation of mRNAs for several metabolic enzymes, thereby increasing glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Lin28a-mediated enhancement of tissue repair was negated by OxPhos inhibition, whereas a pharmacologically induced increase in OxPhos enhanced repair. Thus, Lin28a enhances tissue repair in some adult tissues by reprogramming cellular bioenergetics. PAPERCLIP:
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Walkin L, Herrick SE, Summers A, Brenchley PE, Hoff CM, Korstanje R, Margetts PJ. The role of mouse strain differences in the susceptibility to fibrosis: a systematic review. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2013; 6:18. [PMID: 24294831 PMCID: PMC3849643 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In humans, a number of genetic factors have been linked to the development of fibrosis in a variety of different organs. Seeking a wider understanding of this observation in man is ethically important. There is mounting evidence suggesting that inbred mouse strains with different genetic backgrounds demonstrate variable susceptibility to a fibrotic injury. We performed a systematic review of the literature describing strain and organ specific response to injury in order to determine whether genetic susceptibility plays a role in fibrogenesis. Data were collected from studies that were deemed eligible for analysis based on set inclusion criteria, and findings were assessed in relation to strain of mouse, type of injury and organ of investigation. A total of 44 studies were included covering 21 mouse strains and focusing on fibrosis in the lung, liver, kidney, intestine and heart. There is evidence that mouse strain differences influence susceptibility to fibrosis and this appears to be organ specific. For instance, C57BL/6J mice are resistant to hepatic, renal and cardiac fibrosis but susceptible to pulmonary and intestinal fibrosis. However, BALB/c mice are resistant to pulmonary fibrosis but susceptible to hepatic fibrosis. Few studies have assessed the effect of the same injury stimulus in different organ systems using the same strains of mouse. Such mouse strain studies may prove useful in elucidating the genetic as well as epigenetic factors in humans that could help determine why some people are more susceptible to the development of certain organ specific fibrosis than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Walkin
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- 3.107 Blond McIndoe Laboratory, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sarah E Herrick
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Angela Summers
- Manchester Institute of Nephrology and Transplantation, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Grafton St, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Paul E Brenchley
- Manchester Institute of Nephrology and Transplantation, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Grafton St, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Catherine M Hoff
- Baxter Healthcare, Renal Division Scientific Affairs, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, McGaw Park, Chicago, Illinois, 60015-4625, USA
| | - Ron Korstanje
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | - Peter J Margetts
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S4L8, Canada
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Górnikiewicz B, Ronowicz A, Podolak J, Madanecki P, Stanisławska-Sachadyn A, Sachadyn P. Epigenetic basis of regeneration: analysis of genomic DNA methylation profiles in the MRL/MpJ mouse. DNA Res 2013; 20:605-21. [PMID: 23929942 PMCID: PMC3859327 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dst034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation plays essential role in cell differentiation and dedifferentiation, which are the intrinsic processes involved in regeneration. To investigate the epigenetic basis of regeneration capacity, we choose DNA methylation as one of the most important epigenetic mechanisms and the MRL/MpJ mouse as a model of mammalian regeneration known to exhibit enhanced regeneration response in different organs. We report the comparative analysis of genomic DNA methylation profiles of the MRL/MpJ and the control C57BL/6J mouse. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation followed by microarray analysis using the Nimblegen '3 × 720 K CpG Island Plus RefSeq Promoter' platform was applied in order to carry out genome-wide DNA methylation profiling covering 20 404 promoter regions. We identified hundreds of hypo- and hypermethylated genes and CpG islands in the heart, liver, and spleen, and 37 of them in the three tissues. Decreased inter-tissue diversification and the shift of DNA methylation balance upstream the genes distinguish the genomic methylation patterns of the MRL/MpJ mouse from the C57BL/6J. Homeobox genes and a number of other genes involved in embryonic morphogenesis are significantly overrepresented among the genes hypomethylated in the MRL/MpJ mouse. These findings indicate that epigenetic patterning might be a likely molecular basis of regeneration capability in the MRL/MpJ mouse.
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22
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Sereysky JB, Flatow EL, Andarawis-Puri N. Musculoskeletal regeneration and its implications for the treatment of tendinopathy. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:293-303. [PMID: 23772908 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathies are common muskoloskeletal injuries that lead to pain and disability. Development and pathogenesis of tendinopathy is attributed to progressive pathological changes to the structure, function, and biology of tendon. The nature of this disease state, whether acquired by acute or chronic injury, is being actively investigated. Scarring, disorganized tissue, and loss of function characterize adult tendon healing. Recent work from animal models has begun to reveal the potential for adult mammalian tendon regeneration, the replacement of diseased with innate tissue. This review discusses what is known about musculoskeletal regeneration from a molecular perspective and how these findings can be applied to tendinopathy. Non-mammalian and mammalian models are discussed with emphasis on the potential of Murphy Roths Large mice to serve as a model of adult tendon regeneration. Comparison of regeneration in non-mammals, foetal mammals and adult mammals emphasizes distinctly different contributing factors to effective regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedd B Sereysky
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Zebrafish cardiac injury and regeneration models: a noninvasive and invasive in vivo model of cardiac regeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1037:463-73. [PMID: 24029953 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-505-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite current treatment regimens, heart failure still remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world due to failure to adequately replace lost ventricular myocardium from ischemia-induced infarct. Although adult mammalian ventricular cardiomyocytes have a limited capacity to divide, this proliferation is insufficient to overcome the significant loss of myocardium from ventricular injury. However, lower vertebrates, such as the zebrafish and newt, have the remarkable capacity to fully regenerate their hearts after severe injury. Thus, there is great interest in studying these animal model systems to discover new regenerative approaches that might be applied to injured mammalian hearts. To this end, the zebrafish has been utilized more recently to gain additional mechanistic insight into cardiac regeneration because of its genetic tractability. Here, we describe two cardiac injury methods, a mechanical and a genetic injury model, for studying cardiac regeneration in the zebrafish.
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Heydemann A, Swaggart KA, Kim GH, Holley-Cuthrell J, Hadhazy M, McNally EM. The superhealing MRL background improves muscular dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 2012; 2:26. [PMID: 23216833 PMCID: PMC3534636 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-2-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mice from the MRL or “superhealing” strain have enhanced repair after acute injury to the skin, cornea, and heart. We now tested an admixture of the MRL genome and found that it altered the course of muscle pathology and cardiac function in a chronic disease model of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Mice lacking γ-sarcoglycan (Sgcg), a dystrophin-associated protein, develop muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy similar to their human counterparts with limb girdle muscular dystrophy. With disruption of the dystrophin complex, the muscle plasma membrane becomes leaky and muscles develop increased fibrosis. Methods MRL/MpJ mice were bred with Sgcg mice, and cardiac function was measured. Muscles were assessed for fibrosis and membrane leak using measurements of hydroxyproline and Evans blue dye. Quantitative trait locus mapping was conducted using single nucleotide polymorphisms distinct between the two parental strains. Results Introduction of the MRL genome reduced fibrosis but did not alter membrane leak in skeletal muscle of the Sgcg model. The MRL genome was also associated with improved cardiac function with reversal of depressed fractional shortening and the left ventricular ejection fraction. We conducted a genome-wide analysis of genetic modifiers and found that a region on chromosome 2 was associated with cardiac, diaphragm muscle and abdominal muscle fibrosis. Conclusions These data are consistent with a model where the MRL genome acts in a dominant manner to suppress fibrosis in this chronic disease setting of heart and muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlke Heydemann
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, 5841 S, Maryland, MC 6088, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Reinecke H, Robey TE, Mignone JL, Muskheli V, Bornstein P, Murry CE. Lack of thrombospondin-2 reduces fibrosis and increases vascularity around cardiac cell grafts. Cardiovasc Pathol 2012; 22:91-5. [PMID: 22512900 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis around cardiac cell injections represents an obstacle to graft integration in cell-based cardiac repair. Thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) is a pro-fibrotic, anti-angiogenic matricellular protein and an attractive target for therapeutic knockdown to improve cardiac graft integration and survival. METHODS We used a TSP-2 knockout (KO) mouse in conjunction with a fetal murine cardiomyocyte grafting model to evaluate the effects of a lack of TSP-2 on fibrosis, vascular density, and graft size in the heart. RESULTS Two weeks after grafting in the uninjured heart, fibrosis area was reduced 4.5-fold in TSP-2 KO mice, and the thickness of the peri-graft scar capsule was reduced sevenfold compared to wild-type (WT). Endothelial cell density in the peri-graft region increased 2.5-fold in the absence of TSP-2, and cardiomyocyte graft size increased by 46% in TSP-2 KO hearts. CONCLUSIONS TSP-2 is a key regulator of fibrosis and angiogenesis following cell grafting in the heart, and its absence promotes better graft integration, vascularization, and survival. SUMMARY Fibrosis around cardiac cell injections impairs graft integration in cell-based cardiac repair. TSP-2 is a pro-fibrotic, anti-angiogenic matricellular protein. Using a TSP-2-knockout mouse model and cardiac cell transplantation, we found significantly reduced fibrosis and increased endothelial cell density in the peri-graft region. Thus, TSP-2 is an attractive target for therapeutic knockdown to improve cardiac graft integration and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Reinecke
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Abstract
The Murphy Roths Large (MRL/MpJ) mice provide unique insights into wound repair and regeneration. These mice and the closely related MRL/MpJ-Faslpr /J and Large strains heal wounds made in multiple tissues without production of a fibrotic scar. The precise mechanism of this remarkable ability still eludes researchers, but some data has been generated and insights are being revealed. For example, MRL cells reepithelialize over dermal wound sites faster than cells of other mouse strains. This allows a blastema to develop beneath the protective layer. The MRL mice also have an altered basal immune system and an altered immune response to injury. In addition, MRL mice have differences in their tissue resident progenitor cells and certain cell cycle regulatory proteins. The difficulty often lies in separating the causative differences from the corollary differences. Remarkably, not every tissue in these mice heals scarlessly, and the specific type of wound and priming affect regeneration ability as well. The MRL/MpJ, MRL/MpJ-Faslpr /J, and Large mouse strains are also being investigated for their autoimmune characteristic. Whether the two phenotypes of regeneration and autoimmunity are related remains an enigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlke Heydemann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Hunt DL, Campbell PH, Zambon AC, Vranizan K, Evans SM, Kuo HC, Yamaguchi KD, Omens JH, McCulloch AD. Early postmyocardial infarction survival in Murphy Roths Large mice is mediated by attenuated apoptosis and inflammation but depends on genetic background. Exp Physiol 2012; 97:102-14. [PMID: 21967898 PMCID: PMC3253239 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.060269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Murphy Roths Large (MRL) mouse, a strain capable of regenerating right ventricular myocardium, has a high postmyocardial infarction (post-MI) survival rate compared with C57BL/6J (C57) mice. The biological processes responsible for this survival advantage are unknown. To assess the effect of genetic background, the LG/J strain, which harbours 75% of the MRL composite genome, was included in the study. The MRL survival advantage versus C57 mice (92 versus 68%, P < 0.05) occurred primarily in the first 5 days; LG/J survival was intermediate (P = n.s.). Microarray data analysis revealed an attenuation of apoptotic (P < 0.05) and stress response transcripts in MRL hearts compared with C57 hearts post-MI. Supporting the microarray results, there were fewer TUNEL-positive cells 1 day post-MI in MRL infarcts compared with C57 infarcts (P = 0.001) and fewer CD45-positive cells in the MRL infarct border zone 2 days post-MI (P < 0.01); the LG/J results were intermediate (P = n.s.). The MRL hearts had smaller infarct scars and attenuated ventricular dilatation 30 days post-MI compared with C57 hearts (P < 0.05). We conclude that the early post-MI survival advantage of MRL mice over the C57 strain is mediated at least in part by reductions in apoptosis and inflammatory infiltration, and that these reductions may influence chronic remodelling. The intermediate survival, apoptosis and inflammation profile of LG/J mice suggests that this high tolerance for MI in the MRL mouse could be derived from its shared genetic background with the LG/J mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene L. Hunt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Patrick H. Campbell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alexander C. Zambon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Karen Vranizan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Sylvia M. Evans
- School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hai-Chien Kuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA
| | - Ken D. Yamaguchi
- Department of Computational Biology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA
| | - Jeffrey H. Omens
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Andrew D. McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Xia H, Krebs MP, Kaushal S, Scott EW. Enhanced retinal pigment epithelium regeneration after injury in MRL/MpJ mice. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:862-72. [PMID: 21989111 PMCID: PMC3249660 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine holds the promise of restoring cells and tissues that are destroyed in human disease, including degenerative eye disorders. However, development of this approach in the eye has been limited by a lack of animal models that show robust regeneration of ocular tissue. Here, we test whether MRL/MpJ mice, which exhibit enhanced wound healing, can efficiently regenerate the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) after an injury that mimics the loss of this tissue in age-related macular degeneration. The RPE of MRL/MpJ and control AKR/J mice was injured by retro-orbital injection of sodium iodate at 20 mg/kg body weight, which titration studies indicated was optimal for highlighting strain differences in the response to injury. Five days after sodium iodate injection at this dose, electroretinography of both strains revealed equivalent retinal responses that were significantly reduced compared to untreated mice. At one and two months post-injection, retinal responses were restored in MRL/MpJ but not AKR/J mice. Bright field and fluorescence microscopy of eyecup cryosections indicated an initial central loss of RPE cells and RPE65 immunostaining in MRL/MpJ and AKR/J mice, with preservation of peripheral RPE. Phalloidin staining of posterior eye whole mounts confirmed this pattern of RPE loss, and revealed a transition region characterized by RPE cell shedding and restructuring in both strains, suggesting a similar initial response to injury. At one month post-injection, central RPE cells, RPE65 immunostaining and phalloidin staining were restored in MRL/MpJ but not AKR/J mice. BrdU incorporation was observed throughout the RPE of MRL/MpJ but not AKR/J mice after one month of administration following sodium iodate treatment, consistent with RPE proliferation. These findings provide evidence for a dramatic regeneration of the RPE after injury in MRL/MpJ mice that supports full recovery of retinal function, which has not been observed previously in mammalian eyes. This model should prove useful for understanding molecular mechanisms that underlie regeneration, and for identifying factors that promote RPE regeneration in age-related macular degeneration and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Xia
- Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, 1600 Southwest Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Moseley FL, Faircloth ME, Lockwood W, Marber MS, Bicknell KA, Valasek P, Brooks G. Limitations of the MRL mouse as a model for cardiac regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:648-56. [PMID: 21492166 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myocardial repair following injury in mammals is restricted such that damaged areas are replaced by scar tissue, impairing cardiac function. MRL mice exhibit exceptional regenerative healing in an ear punch wound model. Some myocardial repair with restoration of heart function has also been reported following cryoinjury. Increased cardiomyocyte proliferation and a foetal liver stem cell population were implicated. We investigated molecular mechanisms facilitating myocardial repair in MRL mice to identify potential therapeutic targets in non-regenerative species. METHODS Expressions of specific cell-cycle regulators that might account for regeneration (CDKs 1, 2, 4 and 6; cyclins A, E, D1 and B1; p21, p27 and E2F5) were compared by immunoblotting in MRL and control C57BL/6 ventricles during development. Flow cytometry was used to investigate stem cell populations in livers from foetal mice, and infarct sizes were compared in coronary artery-ligated and sham-treated MRL and C57BL/6 adult mice. KEY FINDINGS No differences in the expressions of cell cycle regulators were observed between the two strains. Expressions of CD34+Sca1+ckit-, CD34+Sca1+ckit+ and CD34+Sca1-ckit+ increased in livers from C57BL/6 vs MRL mice. No differences were observed in infarct sizes, levels of fibrosis, Ki67 staining or cardiac function between MRL and C57BL/6 mice. CONCLUSIONS No intrinsic differences were observed in cell cycle control molecules or stem cell populations between MRL and control C57BL mouse hearts. Pathophysiologically relevant ischaemic injury is not repaired more efficiently in MRL myocardium, questioning the use of the MRL mouse as a reliable model for cardiac regeneration in response to pathophysiologically relevant forms of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur L Moseley
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, UK
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Lafontant PJ, Burns AR, Grivas JA, Lesch MA, Lala TD, Reuter SP, Field LJ, Frounfelter TD. The giant danio (D. aequipinnatus) as a model of cardiac remodeling and regeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 295:234-48. [PMID: 22095914 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The paucity of mammalian adult cardiac myocytes (CM) proliferation following myocardial infarction (MI) and the remodeling of the necrotic tissue that ensues, result in non-regenerative repair. In contrast, zebrafish (ZF) can regenerate after an apical resection or cryoinjury of the heart. There is considerable interest in models where regeneration proceeds in the presence of necrotic tissue. We have developed and characterized a cautery injury model in the giant danio (GD), a species closely related to ZF, where necrotic tissue remains part of the ventricle, yet regeneration occurs. By light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we have documented four temporally overlapping processes: (1) a robust inflammatory response analogous to that observed in MI, (2) concomitant proliferation of epicardial cells leading to wound closure, (3) resorption of necrotic tissue and its replacement by granulation tissue, and (4) regeneration of the myocardial tissue driven by 5-EDU and [(3) H]thymidine incorporating CMs. In conclusion, our data suggest that the GD possesses robust repair mechanisms in the ventricle and can serve as an important model of cardiac inflammation, remodeling and regeneration.
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Fernandes S, Kuklok S, McGonigle J, Reinecke H, Murry CE. Synthetic matrices to serve as niches for muscle cell transplantation. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 195:48-59. [PMID: 22005610 DOI: 10.1159/000331414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor cell retention and limited cell survival after grafting are major limitations of cell therapy. Recent studies showed that the use of matrices as vehicles at the time of cell injection can significantly improve cell engraftment by providing an appropriate structure and physical support for the injected cells. Properly designed matrices can also promote the organization of the cells into a functioning cardiac-like tissue and enhance integration between the host and the engrafted tissue. Furthermore, the use of an injectable biomaterial provides an opportunity to release in situ bioactive molecules that can further enhance the beneficial effects of cell transplantation. In this article we review a large variety of biologically derived synthetic and hybrid materials that have been tested as matrices for cardiac repair. We summarize the optimal parameters required for an ideal matrix including biocompatibility, injectability, degradation rate, and mechanical properties. Using an in vivo subcutaneous grafting model, we also provide novel data involving a side-by-side comparison of six synthetic matrices derived from maltodextrin. By systematically varying polymer molecular weight, cross-link density, and availability of cell adhesion motifs, a synthetic matrix was identified that supported skeletal myotube formation similar to Matrigel™. Our results emphasize not only the need to have a range of tunable matrices for cardiac cell therapy but also the importance of further characterizing the physical properties required for an ideal injectable matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fernandes
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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32
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Naumova AV, Reinecke H, Yarnykh V, Deem J, Yuan C, Murry CE. Ferritin overexpression for noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging-based tracking of stem cells transplanted into the heart. Mol Imaging 2010; 9:201-210. [PMID: 20643023 PMCID: PMC4082401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An unmet need in cardiac cell therapy is a noninvasive imaging technique capable of tracking changes in graft size over time and monitoring cell dynamics such as replication and death, factors to which commonly used superparamagnetic nanoparticles are insensitive. Our goal was to explore if overexpression of ferritin, a nontoxic iron-binding protein, can be used for noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cells transplanted into the infarcted heart. Mouse skeletal myoblasts (C2C12 cells) were engineered to overexpress ferritin. Ferritin overexpression did not interfere with cell viability, proliferation, or differentiation into multinucleated myotubes. Ferritin overexpression caused a 25% decrease in T2 relaxation time in vitro compared to wild-type cells. Transgenic grafts were detected in vivo 3 weeks after transplantation into infarcted hearts of syngeneic mice as areas of hypointensity caused by iron accumulation in overexpressed ferritin complexes. Graft size evaluation by MRI correlated tighly with histologic measurements (R2 = .8). Our studies demonstrated the feasibility of ferritin overexpression in mouse skeletal myoblasts and the successful detection of transgenic cells by MRI in vitro and in vivo after transplantation into the infarcted mouse heart. These experiments lay the groundwork for using the MRI gene reporter ferritin to track stem cells transplanted to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Naumova
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Naumova AV, Reinecke H, Yarnykh V, Deem J, Yuan C, Murry CE. Ferritin Overexpression for Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based Tracking of Stem Cells Transplanted into the Heart. Mol Imaging 2010. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Naumova
- From the Departments of Radiology, Pathology, Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Hans Reinecke
- From the Departments of Radiology, Pathology, Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Vasily Yarnykh
- From the Departments of Radiology, Pathology, Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jennifer Deem
- From the Departments of Radiology, Pathology, Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Chun Yuan
- From the Departments of Radiology, Pathology, Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles E. Murry
- From the Departments of Radiology, Pathology, Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA
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34
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Turner NJ, Johnson SA, Badylak SF. A histomorphologic study of the normal healing response following digit amputation in C57bl/6 and MRL/MpJ mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 73:103-11. [DOI: 10.1679/aohc.73.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neill J. Turner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Scott A. Johnson
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh
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Rodgers BD, Interlichia JP, Garikipati DK, Mamidi R, Chandra M, Nelson OL, Murry CE, Santana LF. Myostatin represses physiological hypertrophy of the heart and excitation-contraction coupling. J Physiol 2009; 587:4873-86. [PMID: 19736304 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.172544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although myostatin negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth, its function in heart is virtually unknown. Herein we demonstrate that it inhibits basal and IGF-stimulated proliferation and differentiation and also modulates cardiac excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. Loss of myostatin induced eccentric hypertrophy and enhanced cardiac responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation in vivo. This was due to myostatin null ventricular myocytes having larger [Ca(2+)](i) transients and contractions and responding more strongly to beta-adrenergic stimulation than wild-type cells. Enhanced cardiac output and beta-adrenergic responsiveness of myostatin null mice was therefore due to increased SR Ca(2+) release during EC coupling and to physiological hypertrophy, but not to enhanced myofilament function as determined by simultaneous measurement of force and ATPase activity. Our studies support the novel concept that myostatin is a repressor of physiological cardiac muscle growth and function. Thus, the controlled inhibition of myostatin action could potentially help repair damaged cardiac muscle by inducing physiological hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buel D Rodgers
- Department of Animal Sciences and School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Robey TE, Saiget MK, Reinecke H, Murry CE. Systems approaches to preventing transplanted cell death in cardiac repair. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45:567-81. [PMID: 18466917 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation may repair the injured heart, but tissue regeneration is limited by death of transplanted cells. Most cell death occurs in the first few days post-transplantation, likely from a combination of ischemia, anoikis and inflammation. Interventions known to enhance transplanted cell survival include heat shock, over-expressing anti-apoptotic proteins, free radical scavengers, anti-inflammatory therapy and co-delivery of extracellular matrix molecules. Combinatorial use of such interventions markedly enhances graft cell survival, but death still remains a significant problem. We review these challenges to cardiac cell transplantation and present an approach to systematically address them. Most anti-death studies use histology to assess engraftment, which is time- and labor-intensive. To increase throughput, we developed two biochemical approaches to follow graft viability in the mouse heart. The first relies on LacZ enzymatic activity to track genetically modified cells, and the second quantifies human genomic DNA content using repetitive Alu sequences. Both show linear relationships between input cell number and biochemical signal, but require correction for the time lag between cell death and loss of signal. Once optimized, they permit detection of as few as 1 graft cell in 40,000 host cells. Pro-survival effects measured biochemically at three days predict long-term histological engraftment benefits. These methods permitted identification of carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO) as a pro-survival factor for human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte grafts. CEPO's effects were additive to heat shock, implying independent survival pathways. This system should permit combinatorial approaches to enhance graft viability in a fraction of the time required for conventional histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Robey
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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37
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Quest for the cardiovascular holy grail: mammalian myocardial regeneration. Cardiovasc Pathol 2008; 17:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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