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Azimi-Boulali J, Mahler GJ, Murray BT, Huang P. Multiscale computational modeling of aortic valve calcification. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:581-599. [PMID: 38093148 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common cardiovascular disease that affects millions of people worldwide. The disease is characterized by the formation of calcium nodules on the aortic valve leaflets, which can lead to stenosis and heart failure if left untreated. The pathogenesis of CAVD is still not well understood, but involves several signaling pathways, including the transforming growth factor beta (TGF β ) pathway. In this study, we developed a multiscale computational model for TGF β -stimulated CAVD. The model framework comprises cellular behavior dynamics, subcellular signaling pathways, and tissue-level diffusion fields of pertinent chemical species, where information is shared among different scales. Processes such as endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), fibrosis, and calcification are incorporated. The results indicate that the majority of myofibroblasts and osteoblast-like cells ultimately die due to lack of nutrients as they become trapped in areas with higher levels of fibrosis or calcification, and they subsequently act as sources for calcium nodules, which contribute to a polydispersed nodule size distribution. Additionally, fibrosis and calcification processes occur more frequently in regions closer to the endothelial layer where the cell activity is higher. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms of CAVD and TGF β signaling and could aid in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for CAVD and other related diseases such as cancer. More broadly, this type of modeling framework can pave the way for unraveling the complexity of biological systems by incorporating several signaling pathways in subcellular models to simulate tissue remodeling in diseases involving cellular mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Azimi-Boulali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Bruce T Murray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Peter Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
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2
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Thatcher K, Mattern CR, Chaparro D, Goveas V, McDermott MR, Fulton J, Hutcheson JD, Hoffmann BR, Lincoln J. Temporal Progression of Aortic Valve Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:355. [PMID: 37623368 PMCID: PMC10455328 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10080355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Organization of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including collagens, proteoglycans, and elastin, is essential for maintaining the structure and function of heart valves throughout life. Mutations in ECM genes cause connective tissue disorders, including Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), and progressive debilitating heart valve dysfunction is common in these patients. Despite this, effective treatment options are limited to end-stage interventions. Mice with a homozygous frameshift mutation in col1a2 serve as a murine model of OI (oim/oim), and therefore, they were used in this study to examine the pathobiology of aortic valve (AoV) disease in this patient population at structural, functional, and molecular levels. Temporal echocardiography of oim/oim mice revealed AoV dysfunction by the late stages of disease in 12-month-old mice. However, structural and proteomic changes were apparent much earlier, at 3 months of age, and were associated with disturbances in ECM homeostasis primarily related to collagen and proteoglycan abnormalities and disorganization. Together, findings from this study provide insights into the underpinnings of late onset AoV dysfunction in connective tissue disease patients that can be used for the development of mechanistic-based therapies administered early to halt progression, thereby avoiding late-stage surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Thatcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (K.T.); (C.R.M.); (V.G.)
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Carol R. Mattern
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (K.T.); (C.R.M.); (V.G.)
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Daniel Chaparro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (D.C.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Veronica Goveas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (K.T.); (C.R.M.); (V.G.)
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michael R. McDermott
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (M.R.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Jessica Fulton
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (M.R.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (D.C.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Brian R. Hoffmann
- Mass Spectrometry and Protein Chemistry, Protein Sciences, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA;
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (K.T.); (C.R.M.); (V.G.)
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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3
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Anousakis-Vlachochristou N, Athanasiadou D, Carneiro KM, Toutouzas K. Focusing on the Native Matrix Proteins in Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:1028-1039. [PMID: 37719438 PMCID: PMC10504402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is a widespread valvular heart disease affecting people in aging societies, primarily characterized by fibrosis, inflammation, and progressive calcification, leading to valve orifice stenosis. Understanding the factors associated with CAVS onset and progression is crucial to develop effective future pharmaceutical therapies. In CAVS, native extracellular matrix proteins modifications, play a significant role in calcification in vitro and in vivo. This work aimed to review the evidence on the alterations of structural native extracellular matrix proteins involved in calcification development during CAVS and highlight its link to deregulated biomechanical function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karina M.M. Carneiro
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Konstantinos Toutouzas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, First Department of Cardiology, Athens, Greece
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4
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Calcific aortic valve disease: mechanisms, prevention and treatment. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023:10.1038/s41569-023-00845-7. [PMID: 36829083 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common disorder affecting heart valves and is characterized by thickening, fibrosis and mineralization of the aortic valve leaflets. Analyses of surgically explanted aortic valve leaflets have shown that dystrophic mineralization and osteogenic transition of valve interstitial cells co-occur with neovascularization, microhaemorrhage and abnormal production of extracellular matrix. Age and congenital bicuspid aortic valve morphology are important and unalterable risk factors for CAVD, whereas additional risk is conferred by elevated blood pressure and plasma lipoprotein(a) levels and the presence of obesity and diabetes mellitus, which are modifiable factors. Genetic and molecular studies have identified that the NOTCH, WNT-β-catenin and myocardin signalling pathways are involved in the control and commitment of valvular cells to a fibrocalcific lineage. Complex interactions between valve endothelial and interstitial cells and immune cells promote the remodelling of aortic valve leaflets and the development of CAVD. Although no medical therapy is effective for reducing or preventing the progression of CAVD, studies have started to identify actionable targets.
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5
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Dupuis LE, Evins SE, Abell MC, Blakley ME, Horkey SL, Barth JL, Kern CB. Increased Proteoglycanases in Pulmonary Valves after Birth Correlate with Extracellular Matrix Maturation and Valve Sculpting. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:27. [PMID: 36661922 PMCID: PMC9865826 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased mechanical forces on developing cardiac valves drive formation of the highly organized extracellular matrix (ECM) providing tissue integrity and promoting cell behavior and signaling. However, the ability to investigate the response of cardiac valve cells to increased mechanical forces is challenging and remains poorly understood. The developmental window from birth (P0) to postnatal day 7 (P7) when biomechanical forces on the pulmonary valve (PV) are altered due to the initiation of blood flow to the lungs was evaluated in this study. Grossly enlarged PV, in mice deficient in the proteoglycan protease ADAMTS5, exhibited a transient phenotypic rescue from postnatal day 0 (P0) to P7; the Adamts5-/- aortic valves (AV) did not exhibit a phenotypic correction. We hypothesized that blood flow, initiated to the lungs at birth, alters mechanical load on the PV and promotes ECM maturation. In the Adamts5-/- PV, there was an increase in localization of the proteoglycan proteases ADAMTS1, MMP2, and MMP9 that correlated with reduced Versican (VCAN). At birth, Decorin (DCN), a Collagen I binding, small leucine-rich proteoglycan, exhibited complementary stratified localization to VCAN in the wild type at P0 but colocalized with VCAN in Adamts5-/- PV; concomitant with the phenotypic rescue at P7, the PVs in Adamts5-/- mice exhibited stratification of VCAN and DCN similar to wild type. This study indicates that increased mechanical forces on the PV at birth may activate ECM proteases to organize specialized ECM layers during cardiac valve maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christine B. Kern
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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6
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Simon LR, Scott AJ, Figueroa Rios L, Zembles J, Masters KS. Cellular-scale sex differences in extracellular matrix remodeling by valvular interstitial cells. Heart Vessels 2023; 38:122-130. [PMID: 36070095 PMCID: PMC10120251 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-022-02164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Males acquire calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) twice as often as females, yet stenotic valves from females display significantly higher levels of fibrosis compared to males with similar extent of disease. Fibrosis occurs as an imbalance between the production and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), specifically type I collagen. This work characterizes ECM production and remodeling by male and female valvular interstitial cells (VICs) to better understand the fibrocalcific divergence between sexes evident in CAVD. Male and female VICs were assessed for gene and protein expression of myofibroblastic markers, ECM components, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) via qRT-PCR and western blot. Overall metabolic activity was also measured. Activity assays for collagenase and gelatinase were performed to examine degradation behavior. Male VICs produced greater levels of myofibroblastic markers while female VICs showed greater metabolic activity and collagen production. In general, females displayed a greater level of MMP expression and production than males, but no sex differences were observed in TIMP production. Male VICs also displayed a greater level of collagenase and gelatinase activity than female VICs. This work displays sex differences in ECM remodeling by VICs that could be related to the sexual dimorphism in ECM structure seen in clinical CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTonya R Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 8531, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Ashley J Scott
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Lysmarie Figueroa Rios
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 8531, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Joshua Zembles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 8531, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Kristyn S Masters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 8531, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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7
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Bramsen JA, Alber BR, Mendoza M, Murray BT, Chen MH, Huang P, Mahler GJ. Glycosaminoglycans affect endothelial to mesenchymal transformation, proliferation, and calcification in a 3D model of aortic valve disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:975732. [PMID: 36247482 PMCID: PMC9558823 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.975732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific nodules form in the fibrosa layer of the aortic valve in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are normally found in the valve spongiosa, are located local to calcific nodules. Previous work suggests that GAGs induce endothelial to mesenchymal transformation (EndMT), a phenomenon described by endothelial cells’ loss of the endothelial markers, gaining of migratory properties, and expression of mesenchymal markers such as alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). EndMT is known to play roles in valvulogenesis and may provide a source of activated fibroblast with a potential role in CAVD progression. In this study, a 3D collagen hydrogel co-culture model of the aortic valve fibrosa was created to study the role of EndMT-derived activated valvular interstitial cell behavior in CAVD progression. Porcine aortic valve interstitial cells (PAVIC) and porcine aortic valve endothelial cells (PAVEC) were cultured within collagen I hydrogels containing the GAGs chondroitin sulfate (CS) or hyaluronic acid (HA). The model was used to study alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity, cellular proliferation and matrix invasion, protein expression, and calcific nodule formation of the resident cell populations. CS and HA were found to alter ALP activity and increase cell proliferation. CS increased the formation of calcified nodules without the addition of osteogenic culture medium. This model has applications in the improvement of bioprosthetic valves by making replacements more micro-compositionally dynamic, as well as providing a platform for testing new pharmaceutical treatments of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bridget R. Alber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Melissa Mendoza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Bruce T. Murray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Mei-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Peter Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Gretchen J. Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Gretchen J. Mahler,
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8
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Han RI, Hu CW, Loose DS, Yang L, Li L, Connell JP, Reardon MJ, Lawrie GM, Qutub AA, Morrisett JD, Grande-Allen KJ. Differential proteome profile, biological pathways, and network relationships of osteogenic proteins in calcified human aortic valves. Heart Vessels 2022; 37:347-358. [PMID: 34727208 PMCID: PMC10960607 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-021-01975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common heart valve disease requiring intervention. Most research on CAVD has focused on inflammation, ossification, and cellular phenotype transformation. To gain a broader picture into the wide range of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this disease, we compared the total protein profiles between calcified and non-calcified areas from 5 human valves resected during surgery. The 1413 positively identified proteins were filtered down to 248 proteins present in both calcified and non-calcified segments of at least 3 of the 5 valves, which were then analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Concurrently, the top 40 differentially abundant proteins were grouped according to their biological functions and shown in interactive networks. Finally, the abundance of selected osteogenic proteins (osteopontin, osteonectin, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and RANK) was quantified using ELISA and/or immunohistochemistry. The top pathways identified were complement system, acute phase response signaling, metabolism, LXR/RXR and FXR/RXR activation, actin cytoskeleton, mineral binding, nucleic acid interaction, structural extracellular matrix (ECM), and angiogenesis. There was a greater abundance of osteopontin, osteonectin, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and RANK in the calcified regions than the non-calcified ones. The osteogenic proteins also formed key connections between the biological signaling pathways in the network model. In conclusion, this proteomic analysis demonstrated the involvement of multiple signaling pathways in CAVD. The interconnectedness of these pathways provides new insights for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I Han
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-142, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chenyue W Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-142, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David S Loose
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Clinical and Translational Proteomics Service Center, University of Texas Health Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer P Connell
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-142, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael J Reardon
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gerald M Lawrie
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amina A Qutub
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Joel D Morrisett
- Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K Jane Grande-Allen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-142, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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9
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Ott C, Pappritz K, Hegemann N, John C, Jeuthe S, McAlpine CS, Iwamoto Y, Lauryn JH, Klages J, Klopfleisch R, Van Linthout S, Swirski F, Nahrendorf M, Kintscher U, Grune T, Kuebler WM, Grune J. Spontaneous Degenerative Aortic Valve Disease in New Zealand Obese Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e023131. [PMID: 34779224 PMCID: PMC9075397 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.023131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Degenerative aortic valve (AoV) disease and resulting aortic stenosis are major clinical health problems. Murine models of valve disease are rare, resulting in a translational knowledge gap on underlying mechanisms, functional consequences, and potential therapies. Naïve New Zealand obese (NZO) mice were recently found to have a dramatic decline of left ventricular (LV) function at early age. Therefore, we aimed to identify the underlying cause of reduced LV function in NZO mice. Methods and Results Cardiac function and pulmonary hemodynamics of NZO and age-matched C57BL/6J mice were monitored by serial echocardiographic examinations. AoVs in NZO mice demonstrated extensive thickening, asymmetric aortic leaflet formation, and cartilaginous transformation of the valvular stroma. Doppler echocardiography of the aorta revealed increased peak velocity profiles, holodiastolic flow reversal, and dilatation of the ascending aorta, consistent with aortic stenosis and regurgitation. Compensated LV hypertrophy deteriorated to decompensated LV failure and remodeling, as indicated by increased LV mass, interstitial fibrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Elevated LV pressures in NZO mice were associated with lung congestion and cor pulmonale, evident as right ventricular dilatation, decreased right ventricular function, and increased mean right ventricular systolic pressure, indicative for the development of pulmonary hypertension and ultimately right ventricular failure. Conclusions NZO mice demonstrate as a novel murine model to spontaneously develop degenerative AoV disease, aortic stenosis, and the associated end organ damages of both ventricles and the lung. Closely mimicking the clinical scenario of degenerative AoV disease, the model may facilitate a better mechanistic understanding and testing of novel treatment strategies in degenerative AoV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Ott
- Department of Molecular Toxicology German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (partner site Berlin) Berlin Germany
| | - Kathleen Pappritz
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (partner site Berlin) Berlin Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinCampus Virchow Klinikum Berlin Germany
| | - Niklas Hegemann
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (partner site Berlin) Berlin Germany.,Institute of Physiology Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Cathleen John
- Department of Molecular Toxicology German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (partner site Berlin) Berlin Germany
| | - Sarah Jeuthe
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (partner site Berlin) Berlin Germany.,Department of Medicine/Cardiology Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin Berlin Germany.,Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany
| | - Cameron S McAlpine
- Center for Systems Biology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Jonathan H Lauryn
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (partner site Berlin) Berlin Germany.,Institute of Physiology Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Jan Klages
- Department of Anesthesiology Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (partner site Berlin) Berlin Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinCampus Virchow Klinikum Berlin Germany.,Department of Cardiology Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinCampus Virchow Klinikum Berlin Germany
| | - Fil Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Ulrich Kintscher
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (partner site Berlin) Berlin Germany.,Center for Cardiovascular Research/Institute of Pharmacology Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (partner site Berlin) Berlin Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research München-Neuherberg Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Science University of Potsdam Nuthetal Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (partner site Berlin) Berlin Germany.,Institute of Physiology Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany.,Departments of Surgery and Physiology University of Toronto and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Toronto Canada
| | - Jana Grune
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (partner site Berlin) Berlin Germany.,Institute of Physiology Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Center for Cardiovascular Research/Institute of Pharmacology Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
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10
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Tandon I, Ozkizilcik A, Ravishankar P, Balachandran K. Aortic valve cell microenvironment: Considerations for developing a valve-on-chip. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2021; 2:041303. [PMID: 38504720 PMCID: PMC10903420 DOI: 10.1063/5.0063608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac valves are sophisticated, dynamic structures residing in a complex mechanical and hemodynamic environment. Cardiac valve disease is an active and progressive disease resulting in severe socioeconomic burden, especially in the elderly. Valve disease also leads to a 50% increase in the possibility of associated cardiovascular events. Yet, valve replacement remains the standard of treatment with early detection, mitigation, and alternate therapeutic strategies still lacking. Effective study models are required to further elucidate disease mechanisms and diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Organ-on-chip models offer a unique and powerful environment that incorporates the ease and reproducibility of in vitro systems along with the complexity and physiological recapitulation of the in vivo system. The key to developing effective valve-on-chip models is maintaining the cell and tissue-level microenvironment relevant to the study application. This review outlines the various components and factors that comprise and/or affect the cell microenvironment that ought to be considered while constructing a valve-on-chip model. This review also dives into the advancements made toward constructing valve-on-chip models with a specific focus on the aortic valve, that is, in vitro studies incorporating three-dimensional co-culture models that incorporate relevant extracellular matrices and mechanical and hemodynamic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Tandon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Asya Ozkizilcik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Prashanth Ravishankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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11
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Dahal S, Bramsen JA, Alber BR, Murray BT, Huang P, Chen MH, Mahler GJ. Chondroitin Sulfate Promotes Interstitial Cell Activation and Calcification in an In Vitro Model of the Aortic Valve. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 13:481-494. [PMID: 34735711 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-021-00586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), has been characterized as a cascade of cellular changes leading to leaflet thickening and valvular calcification. In diseased aortic valves, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) normally found in the valve spongiosa migrate to the collagen I-rich fibrosa layer near calcified nodules. Current treatments for CAVD are limited to valve replacement or drugs tailored to other cardiovascular diseases. METHODS Porcine aortic valve interstitial cells and porcine aortic valve endothelial cells were seeded into collagen I hydrogels of varying initial stiffness or initial stiffness-matched collagen I hydrogels containing the glycosaminoglycans chondroitin sulfate (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), or dermatan sulfate (DS). Assays were performed after 2 weeks in culture to determine cell gene expression, protein expression, protein secretion, and calcification. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine the importance of initial hydrogel stiffness, GAGs, and the presence of endothelial cells on calcification, both with and without osteogenic medium. RESULTS High initial stiffness hydrogels and osteogenic medium promoted calcification, while for DS or HA the presence of endothelial cells prevented calcification. CS was found to increase the expression of pro-calcific genes, increase activated myofibroblast protein expression, induce the secretion of collagen I by activated interstitial cells, and increase calcified nodule formation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a more complete model of aortic valve disease, including endothelial cells, interstitial cells, and a stiff and disease-like ECM. In vitro models of both healthy and diseased valves can be useful for understanding the mechanisms of CAVD pathogenesis and provide a model for testing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Dahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | | | - Bridget R Alber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Bruce T Murray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Peter Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Mei-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
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12
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Excess Provisional Extracellular Matrix: A Common Factor in Bicuspid Aortic Valve Formation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8080092. [PMID: 34436234 PMCID: PMC8396938 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8080092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common cardiac malformation, found in 0.5% to 2% of the population. BAVs are present in approximately 50% of patients with severe aortic stenosis and are an independent risk factor for aortic aneurysms. Currently, there are no therapeutics to treat BAV, and the human mutations identified to date represent a relatively small number of BAV patients. However, the discovery of BAV in an increasing number of genetically modified mice is advancing our understanding of molecular pathways that contribute to BAV formation. In this study, we utilized the comparison of BAV phenotypic characteristics between murine models as a tool to advance our understanding of BAV formation. The collation of murine BAV data indicated that excess versican within the provisional extracellular matrix (P-ECM) is a common factor in BAV development. While the percentage of BAVs is low in many of the murine BAV models, the remaining mutant mice exhibit larger and more amorphous tricuspid AoVs, also with excess P-ECM compared to littermates. The identification of common molecular characteristics among murine BAV models may lead to BAV therapeutic targets and biomarkers of disease progression for this highly prevalent and heterogeneous cardiovascular malformation.
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13
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Engineering the aortic valve extracellular matrix through stages of development, aging, and disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 161:1-8. [PMID: 34339757 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
For such a thin tissue, the aortic valve possesses an exquisitely complex, multi-layered extracellular matrix (ECM), and disruptions to this structure constitute one of the earliest hallmarks of fibrocalcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). The native valve structure provides a challenging target for engineers to mimic, but the development of advanced, ECM-based scaffolds may enable mechanistic and therapeutic discoveries that are not feasible in other culture or in vivo platforms. This review first discusses the ECM changes that occur during heart valve development, normal aging, onset of early-stage disease, and progression to late-stage disease. We then provide an overview of the bottom-up tissue engineering strategies that have been used to mimic the valvular ECM, and opportunities for advancement in these areas.
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14
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Song L, Zhang J, Lai R, Li Q, Ju J, Xu H. Chinese Herbal Medicines and Active Metabolites: Potential Antioxidant Treatments for Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:675999. [PMID: 34054550 PMCID: PMC8155674 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.675999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex chronic disease that occurs in the arterial wall. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. The dominance of oxidative stress over antioxidative capacity generates excess reactive oxygen species, leading to dysfunctions of the endothelium and accelerating atherosclerotic plaque progression. Studies showed that Chinese herbal medicines and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) might regulate oxidative stress; they have already been used to treat diseases related to atherosclerosis, including stroke and myocardial infarction. This review will summarize the mechanisms of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis and discuss studies of Chinese herbal medicines and TCM preparations treating atherosclerosis, aiming to increase understanding of TCM and stimulate research for new drugs to treat diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxia Song
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runmin Lai
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyi Li
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Ju
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Clift CL, Drake RR, Mehta A, Angel PM. Multiplexed imaging mass spectrometry of the extracellular matrix using serial enzyme digests from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2709-2719. [PMID: 33206215 PMCID: PMC8012227 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a multiplexed imaging mass spectrometry method which spatially localizes and selectively accesses the extracellular matrix on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of (1) fibrous proteins, post-translationally modified (PTM) via N- and O-linked glycosylation, as well as hydroxylation on prolines and lysines, and (2) glycosaminoglycan-decorated proteoglycans. Accessing all these components poses a unique analytical challenge. Conventional peptide analysis via trypsin inefficiently captures ECM peptides due to their low abundance, intra- and intermolecular cross-linking, and PTMs. In previous studies, we have developed matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) techniques to capture collagen peptides via collagenase type III digestion, both alone and after N-glycan removal via PNGaseF digest. However, in fibrotic tissues, the buildup of ECM components other than collagen-type proteins, including elastin and glycosaminoglycans, limits efficacy of any single enzyme to access the complex ECM. Here, we have developed a novel serial enzyme strategy to define the extracellular matrix, including PTMs, from a single tissue section for MALDI-IMS applications. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Clift
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Anand Mehta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Peggi M Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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16
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Extracellular Matrix in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Architecture, Dynamic and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020913. [PMID: 33477599 PMCID: PMC7831300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD) is the most common valvular heart disease in developed countries and in the ageing population. It is strongly correlated to median age, affecting up to 13% of the population over the age of 65. Pathophysiological analysis indicates CAVD as a result of an active and degenerative disease, starting with sclerosis and chronic inflammation and then leaflet calcification, which ultimately can account for aortic stenosis. Although CAVD has been firstly recognized as a passive event mostly resulting from a degenerative aging process, much evidences suggests that calcification arises from different active processes, involving both aortic valve-resident cells (valve endothelial cells, valve interstitial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, innate immunity cells) and circulating cells (circulating mesenchymal cells, immunity cells). Moreover, a role for the cell-derived "matrix vesicles" and extracellular matrix (ECM) components has also been recognized. The aim of this work is to review the cellular and molecular alterations occurring in aortic valve during CAVD pathogenesis, focusing on the role of ECM in the natural course of the disease.
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17
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Biology and Biomechanics of the Heart Valve Extracellular Matrix. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7040057. [PMID: 33339213 PMCID: PMC7765611 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart valves are dynamic structures that, in the average human, open and close over 100,000 times per day, and 3 × 109 times per lifetime to maintain unidirectional blood flow. Efficient, coordinated movement of the valve structures during the cardiac cycle is mediated by the intricate and sophisticated network of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that provide the necessary biomechanical properties to meet these mechanical demands. Organized in layers that accommodate passive functional movements of the valve leaflets, heart valve ECM is synthesized during embryonic development, and remodeled and maintained by resident cells throughout life. The failure of ECM organization compromises biomechanical function, and may lead to obstruction or leaking, which if left untreated can lead to heart failure. At present, effective treatment for heart valve dysfunction is limited and frequently ends with surgical repair or replacement, which comes with insuperable complications for many high-risk patients including aged and pediatric populations. Therefore, there is a critical need to fully appreciate the pathobiology of biomechanical valve failure in order to develop better, alternative therapies. To date, the majority of studies have focused on delineating valve disease mechanisms at the cellular level, namely the interstitial and endothelial lineages. However, less focus has been on the ECM, shown previously in other systems, to be a promising mechanism-inspired therapeutic target. Here, we highlight and review the biology and biomechanical contributions of key components of the heart valve ECM. Furthermore, we discuss how human diseases, including connective tissue disorders lead to aberrations in the abundance, organization and quality of these matrix proteins, resulting in instability of the valve infrastructure and gross functional impairment.
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18
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The focal mechanical properties of normal and diseased porcine aortic valve tissue measured by a novel microindentation device. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 115:104245. [PMID: 33310684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cells sense and respond to the heterogeneous mechanical properties of their tissue microenvironment, with implications for the development of many diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, and aortic valve disease. Characterization of tissue mechanical heterogeneity on cellular length scales of tens of micrometers is thus important for understanding disease mechanobiology. In this study, we developed a low-cost bench-top microindentation system to readily map focal microscale soft tissue mechanical properties. The device was validated by comparison with atomic force microscopy nanoindentation of polyacrylamide gels. To demonstrate its utility, the device was used to measure the focal microscale elastic moduli of normal and diseased porcine aortic valve leaflet tissue. Consistent with previous studies, the fibrosa layer of intact leaflets was found to be 1.91-fold stiffer than the ventricularis layer, with both layers exhibiting significant heterogeneity in focal elastic moduli. For the first time, the microscale compressive moduli of focal proteoglycan-rich lesions in the fibrosa of early diseased porcine aortic valve leaflets were measured and found to be 2.44-fold softer than those of normal tissue. These data provide new insights into the tissue micromechanical environment in valvular disease and demonstrate the utility of the microindentation device for facile measurement of the focal mechanical properties of soft tissues.
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19
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Wilson RL, Sylvester CB, Wiltz DC, Kumar A, Malik TH, Morrisett JD, Grande-Allen KJ. The Ryanodine Receptor Contributes to the Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Mineralization in Valvular Interstitial Cells. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2020; 11:316-327. [PMID: 32356274 PMCID: PMC10558202 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibrocalcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is caused by the deposition of calcific nodules in the aortic valve leaflets, resulting in progressive loss of function that ultimately requires surgical intervention. This process is actively mediated by the resident valvular interstitial cells (VICs), which, in response to oxidized lipids, transition from a quiescent to an osteoblast-like state. The purpose of this study was to examine if the ryanodine receptor, an intracellular calcium channel, could be therapeutically targeted to prevent this phenotypic conversion. METHODS The expression of the ryanodine receptor in porcine aortic VICs was characterized by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Next, the VICs were exposed to lysophosphatidylcholine, an oxidized lipid commonly found in low-density lipoprotein, while the activity of the ryanodine receptor was modulated with ryanodine. The cultures were analyzed for markers of cellular mineralization, alkaline phosphatase activity, proliferation, and apoptosis. RESULTS Porcine aortic VICs predominantly express isoform 3 of the ryanodine receptors, and this protein mediates the cellular response to LPC. Exposure to LPC caused elevated intracellular calcium concentration in VICs, raised levels of alkaline phosphatase activity, and increased calcific nodule formation, but these changes were reversed when the activity of the ryanodine receptor was blocked. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest blocking the activity of the ryanodine receptor can attenuate the valvular mineralization caused by LPC. We conclude that oxidized lipids, such as LPC, play an important role in the development and progression of CAVD and that the ryanodine receptor is a promising target for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid L Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., MS 142, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christopher B Sylvester
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., MS 142, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dena C Wiltz
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., MS 142, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., MS 142, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Tahir H Malik
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., MS 142, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Joel D Morrisett
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - K Jane Grande-Allen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., MS 142, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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20
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Artiach G, Carracedo M, Seime T, Plunde O, Laguna-Fernandez A, Matic L, Franco-Cereceda A, Bäck M. Proteoglycan 4 is Increased in Human Calcified Aortic Valves and Enhances Valvular Interstitial Cell Calcification. Cells 2020; 9:E684. [PMID: 32168892 PMCID: PMC7140654 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis (AVS), a consequence of increased fibrosis and calcification of the aortic valve leaflets, causes progressive narrowing of the aortic valve. Proteoglycans, structural components of the aortic valve, accumulate in regions with fibrosis and moderate calcification. Particularly, proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) has been identified in fibrotic parts of aortic valves. However, the role of PRG4 in the context of AVS and aortic valve calcification has not yet been determined. Here, transcriptomics, histology, and immunohistochemistry were performed in human aortic valves from patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Human valve interstitial cells (VICs) were used for calcification experiments and RNA expression analysis. PRG4 was significantly upregulated in thickened and calcified regions of aortic valves compared with healthy regions. In addition, mRNA levels of PRG4 positively associated with mRNA for proteins involved in cardiovascular calcification. Treatment of VICs with recombinant human PRG4 enhanced phosphate-induced calcification and increased the mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and the runt-related transcription factor 2. In summary, PRG4 was upregulated in the development of AVS and promoted VIC osteogenic differentiation and calcification. These results suggest that an altered valve leaflet proteoglycan composition may play a role in the progression of AVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Artiach
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.P.); (A.L.-F.)
| | - Miguel Carracedo
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.P.); (A.L.-F.)
| | - Till Seime
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.S.); (L.M.); (A.F.-C.)
| | - Oscar Plunde
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.P.); (A.L.-F.)
| | - Andres Laguna-Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.P.); (A.L.-F.)
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.S.); (L.M.); (A.F.-C.)
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.S.); (L.M.); (A.F.-C.)
- Theme Heart and Vessels, Division of Valvular and Coronary Disease, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.P.); (A.L.-F.)
- Theme Heart and Vessels, Division of Valvular and Coronary Disease, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Khosravi M, Poursaleh A, Ghasempour G, Farhad S, Najafi M. The effects of oxidative stress on the development of atherosclerosis. Biol Chem 2020; 400:711-732. [PMID: 30864421 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease (CVD) known widely world wide. Several hypothesizes are suggested to be involved in the narrowing of arteries during process of atherogenesis. The oxidative modification hypothesis is related to oxidative and anti-oxidative imbalance and is the most investigated. The aim of this study was to review the role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, it describes the roles of oxidative/anti-oxidative enzymes and compounds in the macromolecular and lipoprotein modifications and in triggering inflammatory events. The reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are the most important endogenous sources produced by non-enzymatic and enzymatic [myeloperoxidase (MPO), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) oxidase and lipoxygenase (LO)] reactions that may be balanced with anti-oxidative compounds [glutathione (GSH), polyphenols and vitamins] and enzymes [glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), peroxiredoxins (Prdx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and paraoxonase (PON)]. However, the oxidative and anti-oxidative imbalance causes the involvement of cellular proliferation and migration signaling pathways and macrophage polarization leads to the formation of atherogenic plaques. On the other hand, the immune occurrences and the changes in extra cellular matrix remodeling can develop atherosclerosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khosravi
- Biochemistry Department, Firoozabadi Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adeleh Poursaleh
- Biochemistry Department, Firoozabadi Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghasempour
- Biochemistry Department, Firoozabadi Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaikhnia Farhad
- Biochemistry Department, Firoozabadi Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafi
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Biochemistry Department, Firoozabadi Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Swaminathan G, Krishnamurthy VK, Sridhar S, Robson DC, Ning Y, Grande-Allen KJ. Hypoxia Stimulates Synthesis of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Aortic Valve Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:156. [PMID: 31737648 PMCID: PMC6828964 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Aortic valve disease is commonly found in the elderly population. It is characterized by dysregulated extracellular matrix remodeling followed by extensive microcalcification of the aortic valve and activation of valve interstitial cells. The mechanism behind these events are largely unknown. Studies have reported expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1α) in calcific nodules in aortic valve disease, therefore we investigated the effect of hypoxia on extracellular matrix remodeling in aged aortic valves. Approach and Results: Western blotting revealed elevated expression of HIF1α and the complex of matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in aged porcine aortic valves cultured under hypoxic conditions. Consistently, immunofluorescence staining showed co-expression of MMP9 and NGAL in the fibrosa layer of these porcine hypoxic aortic valves. Gelatinase zymography demonstrated that the activity of MMP9-NGAL complex was significantly increased in aortic valves in 13% O2 compared to 20% O2. Importantly, the presence of ectopic elastic fibers in the fibrosa of hypoxic aortic valves, also detected in human diseased aortic valves, suggests altered elastin homeostasis due to hypoxia. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that hypoxia stimulates pathological extracellular matrix remodeling via expression of NGAL and MMP9 by valve interstitial cells.
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23
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Monroe MN, Nikonowicz RC, Grande-Allen KJ. Heterogeneous multi-laminar tissue constructs as a platform to evaluate aortic valve matrix-dependent pathogenicity. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:420-427. [PMID: 31362141 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Designing and constructing controlled in vitro cell culture platforms is imperative toward pinpointing factors that contribute to the development of calcific aortic valve disease. A 3D, laminar, filter paper-based cell culture system that was previously established as a method of analyzing valvular interstitial cell migration and protein expression was adapted here for studying the impact of specific extracellular matrix proteins on cellular viability and calcification proclivity. Hydrogels incorporating hyaluronan and collagen I, two prevalent valvular extracellular matrix proteins with altered pathological production, were designed with similar mechanics to parse out effects of the individual proteins on cell behavior. Laminar constructs containing varying combinations of discrete layers of collagen and hyaluronan were assembled to mimic native and pathological valve compositions. Proteinaceous and genetic expression patterns pertaining to cell viability and calcific potential were quantified via fluorescent imaging. A significant dose-dependency was observed, with increased collagen content associated with decreased viability and increased calcific phenotype. These results suggest that extracellular composition is influential in calcific aortic valve disease progression and will be key toward development of future tissue-engineered or pharmaceutical calcific aortic valve treatments. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), a widespread heart valve disorder, is characterized by fibrotic leaflet thickening and calcific nodule formation. This pathological remodeling is an active process mediated by the valvular interstitial cells (VICs). Currently, the only treatment available is surgical replacement of the valve - a procedure associated with significant long-term risk and morbidity. Development of effective alternate therapies is hindered by our poor understanding of CAVD etiology. Previous work has implicated the composition and mechanics of the extracellular matrix in the progression of CAVD. These individual factors and their magnitude of influence have not been extensively explored - particularly in 3D systems. Here, we have bridged this gap in understanding through the employment of a heterogeneous 3D filter-paper culture system.
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Schlotter F, Halu A, Goto S, Blaser MC, Body SC, Lee LH, Higashi H, DeLaughter DM, Hutcheson JD, Vyas P, Pham T, Rogers MA, Sharma A, Seidman CE, Loscalzo J, Seidman JG, Aikawa M, Singh SA, Aikawa E. Spatiotemporal Multi-Omics Mapping Generates a Molecular Atlas of the Aortic Valve and Reveals Networks Driving Disease. Circulation 2019; 138:377-393. [PMID: 29588317 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.032291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No pharmacological therapy exists for calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), which confers a dismal prognosis without invasive valve replacement. The search for therapeutics and early diagnostics is challenging because CAVD presents in multiple pathological stages. Moreover, it occurs in the context of a complex, multi-layered tissue architecture; a rich and abundant extracellular matrix phenotype; and a unique, highly plastic, and multipotent resident cell population. METHODS A total of 25 human stenotic aortic valves obtained from valve replacement surgeries were analyzed by multiple modalities, including transcriptomics and global unlabeled and label-based tandem-mass-tagged proteomics. Segmentation of valves into disease stage-specific samples was guided by near-infrared molecular imaging, and anatomic layer-specificity was facilitated by laser capture microdissection. Side-specific cell cultures were subjected to multiple calcifying stimuli, and their calcification potential and basal/stimulated proteomes were evaluated. Molecular (protein-protein) interaction networks were built, and their central proteins and disease associations were identified. RESULTS Global transcriptional and protein expression signatures differed between the nondiseased, fibrotic, and calcific stages of CAVD. Anatomic aortic valve microlayers exhibited unique proteome profiles that were maintained throughout disease progression and identified glial fibrillary acidic protein as a specific marker of valvular interstitial cells from the spongiosa layer. CAVD disease progression was marked by an emergence of smooth muscle cell activation, inflammation, and calcification-related pathways. Proteins overrepresented in the disease-prone fibrosa are functionally annotated to fibrosis and calcification pathways, and we found that in vitro, fibrosa-derived valvular interstitial cells demonstrated greater calcification potential than those from the ventricularis. These studies confirmed that the microlayer-specific proteome was preserved in cultured valvular interstitial cells, and that valvular interstitial cells exposed to alkaline phosphatase-dependent and alkaline phosphatase-independent calcifying stimuli had distinct proteome profiles, both of which overlapped with that of the whole tissue. Analysis of protein-protein interaction networks found a significant closeness to multiple inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. CONCLUSIONS A spatially and temporally resolved multi-omics, and network and systems biology strategy identifies the first molecular regulatory networks in CAVD, a cardiac condition without a pharmacological cure, and describes a novel means of systematic disease ontology that is broadly applicable to comprehensive omics studies of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schlotter
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Arda Halu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.).,Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.H., A.S., M.A.)
| | - Shinji Goto
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Mark C Blaser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Simon C Body
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Center for Perioperative Genomics and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Lang H Lee
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Hideyuki Higashi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Daniel M DeLaughter
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M.D., C.E.S., J.G.S.)
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.).,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami (J.D.H.)
| | - Payal Vyas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Tan Pham
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Maximillian A Rogers
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Amitabh Sharma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.H., A.S., M.A.)
| | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M.D., C.E.S., J.G.S.).,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.E.S., J.L.).,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (C.E.S.)
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.E.S., J.L.)
| | - Jonathan G Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M.D., C.E.S., J.G.S.)
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.).,Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.H., A.S., M.A.).,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A., E.A.)
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.).,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A., E.A.)
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25
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van Broekhoven A, Krijnen PAJ, Fuijkschot WW, Morrison MC, Zethof IPA, van Wieringen WN, Smulders YM, Niessen HWM, Vonk ABA. Short-term LPS induces aortic valve thickening in ApoE*3Leiden mice. Eur J Clin Invest 2019; 49:e13121. [PMID: 31013351 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, it was shown that 12 weeks of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration to nonatherosclerotic mice induced thickening of the aortic heart valve (AV). Whether such effects may also occur even earlier is unknown. As most patients with AV stenosis also have atherosclerosis, we studied the short-term effect of LPS on the AVs in an atherosclerotic mouse model. METHODS ApoE*3Leiden mice, on an atherogenic diet, were injected intraperitoneally with either LPS or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and sacrificed 2 or 15 days later. AVs were assessed for size, fibrosis, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), lipids, calcium deposits, iron deposits and inflammatory cells. RESULTS LPS injection caused an increase in maximal leaflet thickness at 2 days (128.4 µm) compared to PBS-injected mice (67.8 µm; P = 0.007), whereas at 15 days this was not significantly different. LPS injection did not significantly affect average AV thickness on day 2 (37.8 µm), but did significantly increase average AV thickness at day 15 (41.6 µm; P = 0.038) compared to PBS-injected mice (31.7 and 32.3 µm respectively). LPS injection did not affect AV fibrosis, GAGs and lipid content. Furthermore, no calcium deposits were found. Iron deposits, indicative for valve haemorrhage, were observed in one AV of the PBS-injected group (a day 2 mouse; 9.1%) and in five AVs of the LPS-injected group (both day 2- and 15 mice; 29.4%). No significant differences in inflammatory cell infiltration were observed upon LPS injection. CONCLUSION Short-term LPS apparently has the potential to increase AV thickening and haemorrhage. These results suggest that systemic inflammation can acutely compromise AV structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber van Broekhoven
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A J Krijnen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wessel W Fuijkschot
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine C Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse P A Zethof
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wessel N van Wieringen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Mathematics, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvo M Smulders
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W M Niessen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander B A Vonk
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Baugh L, Watson MC, Kemmerling EC, Hinds PW, Huggins GS, Black LD. Knockdown of CD44 expression decreases valve interstitial cell calcification in vitro. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H26-H36. [PMID: 30951363 PMCID: PMC6692733 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00123.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The lack of pharmaceutical targets available to treat patients with calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) necessitates further research into the specific mechanisms of the disease. The significant changes that occur to the aortic valves extracellular matrix (ECM) during the progression of CAVD suggests that these proteins may play an important role in calcification. Exploring the relationship between valve interstitial cells (VICs) and the ECM may lead to a better understand of CAVD mechanisms and potential pharmaceutical targets. In this study, we look at the effect of two ECM components, collagen and hyaluronic acid (HA), on the mineralization of VICs within the context of a two-dimensional, polyacrylamide (PAAM) model system. Using a novel, nondestructive imaging technique, we were able to track calcific nodule development in culture systems over a 3-wk time frame. We saw a significant increase in the size of the nodules grown on HA PAAM gels as compared with collagen PAAM gels, suggesting that HA has a direct effect on mineralization. Directly looking at the two known receptors of HA, CD44 and receptor for HA-mediated motility (RHAMM), and using siRNA knockdown revealed that a decrease in CD44 expression resulted in a reduction of calcification. A decrease in CD44, through siRNA knockdown, reduces mineralization on HA PAAM gels, suggesting a potential new target for CAVD treatment. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our in vitro model of calcific aortic valve disease shows an interaction between the hyaluronic acid binding protein CD44 with the osteogenic factor OPN as a potential mechanism of aortic valve calcification. Using siRNA knockdown of CD44, we show an upregulation of OPN expression with a decrease in overall mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Baugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew C Watson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Erica C Kemmerling
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Philip W Hinds
- Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Program, Sackler School for Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gordon S Huggins
- Molecular Cardiology Research Center, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University Sackler School for Graduate Biomedical Sciences , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren D Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts
- Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Program, Sackler School for Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
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27
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Barth M, Selig JI, Klose S, Schomakers A, Kiene LS, Raschke S, Boeken U, Akhyari P, Fischer JW, Lichtenberg A. Degenerative aortic valve disease and diabetes: Implications for a link between proteoglycans and diabetic disorders in the aortic valve. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2019; 16:254-269. [PMID: 30563371 DOI: 10.1177/1479164118817922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative aortic valve disease in combination with diabetes is an increasing burden worldwide. There is growing evidence that particularly small leucine-rich proteoglycans are involved in the development of degenerative aortic valve disease. Nevertheless, the role of these molecules in this disease in the course of diabetes has not been elucidated in detail and previous studies remain controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study is to broaden the knowledge about small leucine-rich proteoglycans in degenerative aortic valve disease and the influence of diabetes and hyperglycaemia on aortic valves and valvular interstitial cells is examined. Analyses were performed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, (immuno)histology and colorimetric assays. We could show that biglycan, but not decorin and lumican, is upregulated in degenerated human aortic valve cusps. Subgroup analysis reveals that upregulation of biglycan is stage-dependent. In vivo, loss of biglycan leads to stage-dependent calcification and also to migratory effects on interstitial cells within the extracellular matrix. In late stages of degenerative aortic valve disease, diabetes increases the expression of biglycan in aortic valves. In vitro, the combinations of hyperglycaemic with pro-degenerative conditions lead to an upregulation of biglycan. In conclusion, biglycan represents a potential link between degenerative aortic valve disease and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Barth
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica I Selig
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Svenja Klose
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Antje Schomakers
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lena S Kiene
- 2 Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Silja Raschke
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Udo Boeken
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Payam Akhyari
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens W Fischer
- 2 Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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28
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Roedig H, Nastase MV, Wygrecka M, Schaefer L. Breaking down chronic inflammatory diseases: the role of biglycan in promoting a switch between inflammation and autophagy. FEBS J 2019; 286:2965-2979. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Roedig
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Klinikum der Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Madalina Viviana Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Klinikum der Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Klinikum der Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt am Main Germany
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29
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Gonzalez Rodriguez A, Schroeder ME, Walker CJ, Anseth KS. FGF-2 inhibits contractile properties of valvular interstitial cell myofibroblasts encapsulated in 3D MMP-degradable hydrogels. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:046104. [PMID: 31069326 PMCID: PMC6481727 DOI: 10.1063/1.5042430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) are responsible for the maintenance of the extracellular matrix in heart valve leaflets and, in response to injury, activate from a quiescent fibroblast to a wound healing myofibroblast phenotype. Under normal conditions, myofibroblast activation is transient, but the chronic presence of activated VICs can lead to valve diseases, such as fibrotic aortic valve stenosis, for which non-surgical treatments remain elusive. We monitored the porcine VIC response to exogenously delivered fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2; 100 ng/ml), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1; 5 ng/ml), or a combination of the two while cultured within 3D matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable 8-arm 40 kDa poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels that mimic aspects of the aortic valve. Here, we aimed to investigate VIC myofibroblast activation and subsequent contraction or the reparative wound healing response. To this end, VIC morphology, proliferation, gene expression related to the myofibroblast phenotype [alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)] and matrix remodeling [collagens (COL1A1 and COL3) and MMP1], and contraction assays were used to quantify the cell response. Treatment with FGF-2 resulted in increased cellular proliferation while reducing the myofibroblast phenotype, as seen by decreased expression of CTGF and α-SMA, and reduced contraction relative to untreated control, suggesting that FGF-2 encourages a reparative phenotype, even in the presence of TGF-β1. TGF-β1 treatment predictably led to an increased proportion of VICs exhibiting the myofibroblast phenotype, indicated by the presence of α-SMA, increased gene expression indicative of matrix remodeling, and bulk contraction of the hydrogels. Functional contraction assays and biomechanical analyses were performed on VIC encapsulated hydrogels and porcine aortic valve tissue explants to validate these findings.
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30
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Ohukainen P, Ruskoaho H, Rysa J. Cellular Mechanisms of Valvular Thickening in Early and Intermediate Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2018; 14:264-271. [PMID: 30124158 PMCID: PMC6300797 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x14666180820151325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Calcific aortic valve disease is common in an aging population. It is an ac-tive atheroinflammatory process that has an initial pathophysiology and similar risk factors as athero-sclerosis. However, the ultimate disease phenotypes are markedly different. While coronary heart dis-ease results in rupture-prone plaques, calcific aortic valve disease leads to heavily calcified and ossi-fied valves. Both are initiated by the retention of low-density lipoprotein particles in the subendotheli-al matrix leading to sterile inflammation. In calcific aortic valve disease, the process towards calcifica-tion and ossification is preceded by valvular thickening, which can cause the first clinical symptoms. This is attributable to the accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells and subsequently disturbances in the valvular extracellular matrix. Fibrosis is also increased but the innermost extracellular matrix layer is simultaneously loosened. Ultimately, the pathological changes in the valve cause massive calcifica-tion and bone formation - the main reasons for the loss of valvular function and the subsequent myo-cardial pathology. Conclusion: Calcification may be irreversible, and no drug treatments have been found to be effec-tive, thus it is imperative to emphasize lifestyle prevention of the disease. Here we review the mecha-nisms underpinning the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauli Ohukainen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Ruskoaho
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Rysa
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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31
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Creation of disease-inspired biomaterial environments to mimic pathological events in early calcific aortic valve disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E363-E371. [PMID: 29282325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704637115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An insufficient understanding of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) pathogenesis remains a major obstacle in developing treatment strategies for this disease. The aim of the present study was to create engineered environments that mimic the earliest known features of CAVD and apply this in vitro platform to decipher relationships relevant to early valve lesion pathobiology. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) enrichment is a dominant hallmark of early CAVD, but culture of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) in biomaterial environments containing pathological amounts of hyaluronic acid (HA) or chondroitin sulfate (CS) did not directly increase indicators of disease progression such as VIC activation or inflammatory cytokine production. However, HA-enriched matrices increased production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), while matrices displaying pathological levels of CS were effective at retaining lipoproteins, whose deposition is also found in early CAVD. Retained oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), in turn, stimulated myofibroblastic VIC differentiation and secretion of numerous inflammatory cytokines. OxLDL also increased VIC deposition of GAGs, thereby creating a positive feedback loop to further enrich GAG content and promote disease progression. Using this disease-inspired in vitro platform, we were able to model a complex, multistep pathological sequence, with our findings suggesting distinct roles for individual GAGs in outcomes related to valve lesion progression, as well as key differences in cell-lipoprotein interactions compared with atherosclerosis. We propose a pathogenesis cascade that may be relevant to understanding early CAVD and envision the extension of such models to investigate other tissue pathologies or test pharmacological treatments.
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32
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Ayoub S, Lee CH, Driesbaugh KH, Anselmo W, Hughes CT, Ferrari G, Gorman RC, Gorman JH, Sacks MS. Regulation of valve interstitial cell homeostasis by mechanical deformation: implications for heart valve disease and surgical repair. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:20170580. [PMID: 29046338 PMCID: PMC5665836 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress is one of the major aetiological factors underlying soft-tissue remodelling, especially for the mitral valve (MV). It has been hypothesized that altered MV tissue stress states lead to deviations from cellular homeostasis, resulting in subsequent cellular activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling. However, a quantitative link between alterations in the organ-level in vivo state and in vitro-based mechanobiology studies has yet to be made. We thus developed an integrated experimental-computational approach to elucidate MV tissue and interstitial cell responses to varying tissue strain levels. Comprehensive results at different length scales revealed that normal responses are observed only within a defined range of tissue deformations, whereas deformations outside of this range lead to hypo- and hyper-synthetic responses, evidenced by changes in α-smooth muscle actin, type I collagen, and other ECM and cell adhesion molecule regulation. We identified MV interstitial cell deformation as a key player in leaflet tissue homeostatic regulation and, as such, used it as the metric that makes the critical link between in vitro responses to simulated equivalent in vivo behaviour. Results indicated that cell responses have a delimited range of in vivo deformations that maintain a homeostatic response, suggesting that deviations from this range may lead to deleterious tissue remodelling and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Ayoub
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES), Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chung-Hao Lee
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Kathryn H Driesbaugh
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wanda Anselmo
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Connor T Hughes
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES), Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Giovanni Ferrari
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert C Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph H Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES), Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Krishnamurthy VK, Stout AJ, Sapp MC, Matuska B, Lauer ME, Grande-Allen KJ. Dysregulation of hyaluronan homeostasis during aortic valve disease. Matrix Biol 2017; 62:40-57. [PMID: 27856308 PMCID: PMC10615645 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aortic valve disease (AVD) is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular mortality. Abnormal expression of hyaluronan (HA) and its synthesizing/degrading enzymes have been observed during latent AVD however, the mechanism of impaired HA homeostasis prior to and after the onset of AVD remains unexplored. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway defects and biomechanical dysfunction are hallmarks of AVD, however their association with altered HA regulation is understudied. Expression of HA homeostatic markers was evaluated in diseased human aortic valves and TGFβ1-cultured porcine aortic valve tissues using histology, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Further, porcine valve interstitial cell cultures were stretched (using Flexcell) and simultaneously treated with exogenous TGFβ1±inhibitors for activated Smad2/3 (SB431542) and ERK1/2 (U0126) pathways, and differential HA regulation was assessed using qRT-PCR. Pathological heavy chain HA together with abnormal regional expression of the enzymes HAS2, HYAL1, KIAA1199, TSG6 and IαI was demonstrated in calcified valve tissues identifying the collapse of HA homeostatic machinery during human AVD. Heightened TSG6 activity likely preceded the end-stage of disease, with the existence of a transitional, pre-calcific phase characterized by HA dysregulation. TGFβ1 elicited a fibrotic remodeling response in porcine aortic valves similar to human disease pathology, with increased collagen and HYAL to HAS ratio, and site-specific abnormalities in the expression of CD44 and RHAMM receptors. Further in these porcine valves, expression of HAS2 and HYAL1 was found to be differentially regulated by the Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 pathways, and CD44 expression was highly responsive to biomechanical strain. Leveraging the regulatory pathways that control both HA maintenance in normal valves and early postnatal dysregulation of HA homeostasis during disease may identify new mechanistic insight into AVD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Stout
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Matthew C Sapp
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Brittany Matuska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mark E Lauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Dahal S, Huang P, Murray BT, Mahler GJ. Endothelial to mesenchymal transformation is induced by altered extracellular matrix in aortic valve endothelial cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2729-2741. [PMID: 28589644 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in shear stress, mechanical deformation, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and exposure to inflammatory conditions are known to cause endothelial to mesenchymal transformation (EndMT). This change in endothelial phenotype has only recently been linked to adult pathologies such as cancer progression, organ fibrosis, and calcific aortic valve disease; and its function in adult physiology, especially in response to tissue mechanics, has not been rigorously investigated. EndMT is a response to mechanical and biochemical signals that results in the remodeling of underlying tissues. In diseased aortic valves, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are present in the collagen-rich valve fibrosa, and are deposited near calcified nodules. In this study, in vitro models of early and late-stage valve disease were developed by incorporating the GAGs chondroitin sulfate (CS), hyaluronic acid, and dermatan sulfate into 3D collagen hydrogels with or without exposure to TGF-β1 to simulate EndMT in response to microenvironmental changes. High levels of CS induced the highest rate of EndMT and led to the most collagen I and GAG production by mesenchymally transformed cells, which indicates a cell phenotype most likely to promote fibrotic disease. Mesenchymal transformation due to altered ECM was found to depend on cell-ECM bond strength and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 signaling. Determining the environmental conditions that induce and promote EndMT, and the subsequent behavior of mesenchymally transformed cells, will advance understanding on the role of endothelial cells in tissue regeneration or disease progression. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2729-2741, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Dahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Peter Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Bruce T Murray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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Wu S, Duan B, Qin X, Butcher JT. Living nano-micro fibrous woven fabric/hydrogel composite scaffolds for heart valve engineering. Acta Biomater 2017; 51:89-100. [PMID: 28110071 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration and repair of injured or diseased heart valves remains a clinical challenge. Tissue engineering provides a promising treatment approach to facilitate living heart valve repair and regeneration. Three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic scaffolds that possess heterogeneous and anisotropic features that approximate those of native heart valve tissue are beneficial to the successful in vitro development of tissue engineered heart valves (TEHV). Here we report the development and characterization of a novel composite scaffold consisting of nano- and micro-scale fibrous woven fabrics and 3D hydrogels by using textile techniques combined with bioactive hydrogel formation. Embedded nano-micro fibrous scaffolds within hydrogel enhanced mechanical strength and physical structural anisotropy of the composite scaffold (similar to native aortic valve leaflets) and also reduced its compaction. We determined that the composite scaffolds supported the growth of human aortic valve interstitial cells (HAVIC), balanced the remodeling of heart valve ECM against shrinkage, and maintained better physiological fibroblastic phenotype in both normal and diseased HAVIC over single materials. These fabricated composite scaffolds enable the engineering of a living heart valve graft with improved anisotropic structure and tissue biomechanics important for maintaining valve cell phenotypes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Heart valve-related disease is an important clinical problem, with over 300,000 surgical repairs performed annually. Tissue engineering offers a promising strategy for heart valve repair and regeneration. In this study, we developed and tissue engineered living nano-micro fibrous woven fabric/hydrogel composite scaffolds by using textile technique combined with bioactive hydrogel formation. The novelty of our technique is that the composite scaffolds can mimic physical structure anisotropy and the mechanical strength of natural aortic valve leaflet. Moreover, the composite scaffolds prevented the matrix shrinkage, which is major problem that causes the failure of TEHV, and better maintained physiological fibroblastic phenotype in both normal and diseased HAVIC. This work marks the first report of a combination composite scaffold using 3D hydrogel enhanced by nano-micro fibrous woven fabric, and represents a promising tissue engineering strategy to treat heart valve injury.
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Entstehung und Progression der Aortenklappendegeneration. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HERZ THORAX UND GEFASSCHIRURGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00398-016-0086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ayoub S, Ferrari G, Gorman RC, Gorman JH, Schoen FJ, Sacks MS. Heart Valve Biomechanics and Underlying Mechanobiology. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1743-1780. [PMID: 27783858 PMCID: PMC5537387 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heart valves control unidirectional blood flow within the heart during the cardiac cycle. They have a remarkable ability to withstand the demanding mechanical environment of the heart, achieving lifetime durability by processes involving the ongoing remodeling of the extracellular matrix. The focus of this review is on heart valve functional physiology, with insights into the link between disease-induced alterations in valve geometry, tissue stress, and the subsequent cell mechanobiological responses and tissue remodeling. We begin with an overview of the fundamentals of heart valve physiology and the characteristics and functions of valve interstitial cells (VICs). We then provide an overview of current experimental and computational approaches that connect VIC mechanobiological response to organ- and tissue-level deformations and improve our understanding of the underlying functional physiology of heart valves. We conclude with a summary of future trends and offer an outlook for the future of heart valve mechanobiology, specifically, multiscale modeling approaches, and the potential directions and possible challenges of research development. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1743-1780, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Ayoub
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Giovanni Ferrari
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Robert C. Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Joseph H. Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Frederick J. Schoen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S. Sacks
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
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Mabry KM, Schroeder ME, Payne SZ, Anseth KS. Three-Dimensional High-Throughput Cell Encapsulation Platform to Study Changes in Cell-Matrix Interactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21914-21922. [PMID: 27050338 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In their native extracellular microenvironment, cells respond to a complex array of biochemical and mechanical cues that can vary in both time and space. High-throughput methods that allow characterization of cell-laden matrices are valuable tools to screen through many combinations of variables, ultimately helping to evolve and test hypotheses related to cell-ECM signaling. Here, we developed a platform for high-throughput encapsulation of cells in peptide-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Hydrogels were synthesized using a thiol-ene, photoclick reaction, which allowed the cell matrix environment to be modified in real time. Matrix signals were dynamically altered by in situ tethering of RGDS (0-1.5 mM), a fibronectin-derived adhesive peptide that induced more elongation than RLD or IKVAV, and/or by increasing the matrix modulus (1 to 6 kPa). This method was demonstrated with aortic valvular interstitial cells (VICs), a population of cells responsible for the pathological fibrosis and matrix remodeling that leads to aortic stenosis. VIC response to cell-matrix interactions was characterized by quantifying cell morphology and the fraction of cells exhibiting α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) stress fibers, a hallmark of the myofibroblast phenotype. VICs elongated in response to RGDS addition, with a dramatic change in morphology within 24 h. Myofibroblast activation was also dependent on RGDS addition, with VICs exhibiting high activation (16-24%) in 1 kPa gels with RGDS. Response to RGDS was path-dependent, with the amount of time exposed to the adhesive ligand important in determining VIC morphology and activation. Although VIC aspect ratios were dependent on the amount of time spent in a stiff vs soft gel, low levels of VIC activation (≤4%) were observed in any gels cultured in higher modulus (6 kPa vs 1 kPa) microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Mabry
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Megan E Schroeder
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Samuel Z Payne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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Cells and extracellular matrix interplay in cardiac valve disease: because age matters. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 111:16. [PMID: 26830603 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular aging is a physiological process affecting all components of the heart. Despite the interest and experimental effort lavished on aging of cardiac cells, increasing evidence is pointing at the pivotal role of extracellular matrix (ECM) in cardiac aging. Structural and molecular changes in ECM composition during aging are at the root of significant functional modifications at the level of cardiac valve apparatus. Indeed, calcification or myxomatous degeneration of cardiac valves and their functional impairment can all be explained in light of age-related ECM alterations and the reciprocal interplay between altered ECM and cellular elements populating the leaflet, namely valvular interstitial cells and valvular endothelial cells, is additionally affecting valve function with striking reflexes on the clinical scenario. The initial experimental findings on this argument are underlining the need for a more comprehensive understanding on the biological mechanisms underlying ECM aging and remodeling as potentially constituting a pharmacological therapeutic target or a basis to improve existing prosthetic devices and treatment options. Given the lack of systematic knowledge on this topic, this review will focus on the ECM changes that occur during aging and on their clinical translational relevance and implications in the bedside scenario.
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Chu Y, Lund DD, Doshi H, Keen HL, Knudtson KL, Funk ND, Shao JQ, Cheng J, Hajj GP, Zimmerman KA, Davis MK, Brooks RM, Chapleau MW, Sigmund CD, Weiss RM, Heistad DD. Fibrotic Aortic Valve Stenosis in Hypercholesterolemic/Hypertensive Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:466-74. [PMID: 26769049 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are associated with aortic valve stenosis (AVS) in humans. We have examined aortic valve function, structure, and gene expression in hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Control, hypertensive, hypercholesterolemic (Apoe(-/-)), and hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice were studied. Severe aortic stenosis (echocardiography) occurred only in hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice. There was minimal calcification of the aortic valve. Several structural changes were identified at the base of the valve. The intercusp raphe (or seam between leaflets) was longer in hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice than in other mice, and collagen fibers at the base of the leaflets were reoriented to form a mesh. In hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice, the cusps were asymmetrical, which may contribute to changes that produce AVS. RNA sequencing was used to identify molecular targets during the developmental phase of stenosis. Genes related to the structure of the valve were identified, which differentially expressed before fibrotic AVS developed. Both RNA and protein of a profibrotic molecule, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, were increased greatly in hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice. CONCLUSIONS Hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice are the first model of fibrotic AVS. Hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice develop severe AVS in the absence of significant calcification, a feature that resembles AVS in children and some adults. Structural changes at the base of the valve leaflets include lengthening of the raphe, remodeling of collagen, and asymmetry of the leaflets. Genes were identified that may contribute to the development of fibrotic AVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chu
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Donald D Lund
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Hardik Doshi
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Henry L Keen
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Kevin L Knudtson
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Nathan D Funk
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Jian Q Shao
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Justine Cheng
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Georges P Hajj
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Kathy A Zimmerman
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Melissa K Davis
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Robert M Brooks
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Mark W Chapleau
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Robert M Weiss
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Donald D Heistad
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.).
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Masjedi S, Amarnath A, Baily KM, Ferdous Z. Comparison of calcification potential of valvular interstitial cells isolated from individual aortic valve cusps. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 25:185-194. [PMID: 26874039 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is one of the most prevalent disorders among the elderly in developed countries. CAVD develops via cell-mediated processes, and clinical data show that CAVD initiates mostly in the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve. Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) populate the inside of heart valves and are a heterogeneous cell population. The goal of this study is to elucidate the difference in calcification potential among VICs isolated from the left, right, and noncoronary cusps of porcine aortic valves. METHODS AND RESULTS VICs were isolated from each of the aortic valve cusps and cultured in calcifying medium for 14days to induce calcification. The samples were assessed for calcium deposits, nodule formation, and calcific markers using alizarin red and Von Kossa staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, ALP enzyme activity assay, and Western blot. Extracellular matrix production and degradation were measured using collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assay and gelatin zymography. We observed that VICs isolated from the noncoronary cusp expressed greatest amount of the above calcific markers as compared to the coronary cusps. Also, collagen and GAG content was the greatest in noncoronary VICs. However, our zymography results showed significant difference only for active matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression between right and noncoronary VICs. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that VICs among the three cusps within aortic valve might be inherently different, where a subpopulation of VICs might be predisposed to calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Masjedi
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Adithi Amarnath
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Katherine M Baily
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Zannatul Ferdous
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996.
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Farrar EJ, Huntley GD, Butcher J. Endothelial-derived oxidative stress drives myofibroblastic activation and calcification of the aortic valve. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123257. [PMID: 25874717 PMCID: PMC4395382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Oxidative stress is present in and contributes to calcification of the aortic valve, but the driving factors behind the initiation of valve oxidative stress are not well understood. We tested whether the valve endothelium acts as an initiator and propagator of oxidative stress in aortic valve disease. Methods and Results Calcified human aortic valves showed side-specific elevation of superoxide in the endothelium, co-localized with high VCAM1 expression, linking oxidative stress, inflammation, and valve degeneration. Treatment with inflammatory cytokine TNFα increased superoxide and oxidative stress and decreased eNOS and VE-cadherin acutely over 48 hours in aortic valve endothelial cells (VEC) and chronically over 21 days in ex vivo AV leaflets. Co-treatment of VEC with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) but not apocynin mitigated TNFα-driven VEC oxidative stress. Co-treatment of ex vivo AV leaflets with TNFα+BH4 or TNFα+peg-SOD rescued endothelial function and mitigated inflammatory responses. Both BH4 and peg-SOD rescued valve leaflets from the pro-osteogenic effects of TNFα treatment, but only peg-SOD was able to mitigate the fibrogenic effects, including increased collagen and αSMA expression. Conclusions Aortic valve endothelial cells are a novel source of oxidative stress in aortic valve disease. TNFα-driven VEC oxidative stress causes loss of endothelial protective function, chronic inflammation, and fibrogenic and osteogenic activation, mitigated differentially by BH4 and peg-SOD. These mechanisms identify new targets for tailored antioxidant therapy focused on mitigation of oxidative stress and restoration of endothelial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Farrar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey D. Huntley
- Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Duan B, Hockaday LA, Das S, Xu C, Butcher JT. Comparison of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Source Differentiation Toward Human Pediatric Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells within 3D Engineered Matrices. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:795-807. [PMID: 25594437 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Living tissue-engineered heart valves (TEHV) would be a major benefit for children who require a replacement with the capacity for growth and biological integration. A persistent challenge for TEHV is accessible human cell source(s) that can mimic native valve cell phenotypes and matrix remodeling characteristics that are essential for long-term function. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (BMMSC) or adipose tissue (ADMSC) are intriguing cell sources for TEHV, but they have not been compared with pediatric human aortic valve interstitial cells (pHAVIC) in relevant 3D environments. In this study, we compared the spontaneous and induced multipotency of ADMSC and BMMSC with that of pHAVIC using different induction media within three-dimensional (3D) bioactive hybrid hydrogels with material modulus comparable to that of aortic heart valve leaflets. pHAVIC possessed some multi-lineage differentiation capacity in response to induction media, but limited to the earliest stages and much less potent than either ADMSC or BMMSC. ADMSC expressed cell phenotype markers more similar to pHAVIC when conditioned in basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) containing HAVIC growth medium, while BMMSC generally expressed similar extracellular matrix remodeling characteristics to pHAVIC. Finally, we covalently attached bFGF to PEG monoacrylate linkers and further covalently immobilized in the 3D hybrid hydrogels. Immobilized bFGF upregulated vimentin expression and promoted the fibroblastic differentiation of pHAVIC, ADMSC, and BMMSC. These findings suggest that stem cells retain a heightened capacity for osteogenic differentiation in 3D culture, but can be shifted toward fibroblast differentiation through matrix tethering of bFGF. Such a strategy is likely important for utilizing stem cell sources in heart valve tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Duan
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Laura A Hockaday
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Shoshana Das
- 2 Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Charlie Xu
- 2 Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
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Song R, Fullerton DA, Ao L, Zheng D, Zhao KS, Meng X. BMP-2 and TGF-β1 mediate biglycan-induced pro-osteogenic reprogramming in aortic valve interstitial cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 93:403-12. [PMID: 25412776 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biglycan accumulates in aortic valves affected by calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), and soluble biglycan upregulates BMP-2 expression in human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) via Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and induces AVIC pro-osteogenic reprogramming, characterized by elevated pro-osteogenic activities. We sought to identify the factors responsible for biglycan-induced pro-osteogenic reprogramming in human AVICs. Treatment of AVICs with recombinant biglycan induced the secretion of BMP-2 and TGF-β1, but not BMP-4 or BMP-7. Biglycan upregulated TGF-β1 expression in a TLR4-dependent fashion. Neutralization of BMP-2 or TGF-β1 attenuated the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin, and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in cells exposed to biglycan. However, neutralization of both BMP-2 and TGF-β1 abolished the expression of these osteogenic biomarkers and calcium deposition. Phosphorylated Smad1 and Smad3 were detected in cells exposed to biglycan, and knockdown of Smad1 or Smad3 attenuated the effect of biglycan on the expression of osteogenic biomarkers. While BMP-2 and TGF-β1 each upregulated the expression of osteogenic biomarkers, an exposure to BMP-2 plus TGF-β1 induced a greater upregulation and results in calcium deposition. We conclude that concurrent upregulation of BMP-2 and TGF-β1 is responsible for biglycan-induced pro-osteogenic reprogramming in human AVICs. The Smad 1/3 pathways are involved in the mechanism of AVIC pro-osteogenic reprogramming. KEY MESSAGE Biglycan upregulates BMP-2 and TGF-β1 in human aortic valve cells through TLRs. Both BMP-2 and TGF-β1 are required for aortic valve cell pro-osteogenic reprogramming. Smad signaling pathways are involved in mediating the pro-osteogenic effects of biglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Box C-320, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Review of Molecular and Mechanical Interactions in the Aortic Valve and Aorta: Implications for the Shared Pathogenesis of Aortic Valve Disease and Aortopathy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 7:823-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-014-9602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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Song R, Ao L, Zhao KS, Zheng D, Venardos N, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Soluble biglycan induces the production of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in human aortic valve interstitial cells through TLR2/4 and the ERK1/2 pathway. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:703-10. [PMID: 24875140 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mononuclear cell infiltration in valvular tissue is one of the characteristics in calcific aortic valve disease. The inflammatory responses of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) play an important role in valvular inflammation. However, it remains unclear what may evoke AVIC inflammatory responses. Accumulation of biglycan has been found in diseased aortic valve leaflets. Soluble biglycan can function as a danger-associated molecular pattern to induce the production of proinflammatory mediators in cultured macrophages. We tested the hypothesis that soluble biglycan induces AVIC production of proinflammatory mediators involved in mononuclear cell infiltration through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent signaling pathways. METHODS Human AVICs isolated from normal aortic valve leaflets were treated with specific siRNA and neutralizing antibody against TLR2 or TLR4 before biglycan stimulation. The production of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 was assessed. To determine the signaling pathway involved, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK was analyzed, and specific inhibitors of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK were applied. RESULTS Soluble biglycan induced ICAM-1 expression and MCP-1 release in human AVICs, but had no effect on IL-6 release. TLR4 blockade and knockdown reduced ICAM-1 and MCP-1 production induced by biglycan, while knockdown and neutralization of TLR2 resulted in greater suppression of the inflammatory responses. Biglycan induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, but ICAM-1 and MCP-1 production was reduced only by inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway. Further, inhibition of ERK1/2 attenuated NF-κB activation following biglycan treatment. CONCLUSIONS Soluble biglycan induces the expression of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in human AVICs through TLR2 and TLR4 and requires activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. AVIC inflammatory responses induced by soluble biglycan may contribute to the mechanism of chronic inflammation associated with calcific aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Box C-320, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Rienks M, Papageorgiou AP, Frangogiannis NG, Heymans S. Myocardial extracellular matrix: an ever-changing and diverse entity. Circ Res 2014; 114:872-88. [PMID: 24577967 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex architectural network consisting of structural and nonstructural proteins, creating strength and plasticity. The nonstructural compartment of the ECM houses a variety of proteins, which are vital for ECM plasticity, and can be divided into 3 major groups: glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans. The common denominator for these groups is glycosylation, which refers to the decoration of proteins or lipids with sugars. This review will discuss the fundamental role of the matrix in cardiac development, homeostasis, and remodeling, from a glycobiology point of view. Glycoproteins (eg, thrombospondins, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, tenascins), proteoglycans (eg, versican, syndecans, biglycan), and glycosaminoglycans (eg, hyaluronan, heparan sulfate) are upregulated on cardiac injury and regulate key processes in the remodeling myocardium such as inflammation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. Albeit some parallels can be made regarding the processes these proteins are involved in, their specific functions are extremely diverse. In fact, under varying conditions, individual proteins can even have opposing functions, making spatiotemporal contribution of these proteins in the rearrangement of multifaceted ECM very hard to grasp. Alterations of protein characteristics by the addition of sugars may explain the immense, yet tightly regulated, variability of the remodeling cardiac matrix. Understanding the role of glycosylation in altering the ultimate function of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans in the myocardium may lead to the development of new biochemical structures or compounds with great therapeutic potential for patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Rienks
- From Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Neufeld EB, Zadrozny LM, Phillips D, Aponte A, Yu ZX, Balaban RS. Decorin and biglycan retain LDL in disease-prone valvular and aortic subendothelial intimal matrix. Atherosclerosis 2014; 233:113-21. [PMID: 24529131 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subendothelial LDL retention by intimal matrix proteoglycans is an initial step in atherosclerosis and calcific aortic valve disease. Herein, we identify decorin and biglycan as the proteoglycans that preferentially retain LDL in intimal matrix at disease-prone sites in normal valve and vessel wall. METHODS The porcine aortic valve and renal artery ostial diverter, initiation sites of calcific valve disease and renal atherosclerosis, respectively, from normal non-diseased animals were used as models in these studies. RESULTS Fluorescent human LDL was selectively retained on the lesion-prone collagen/proteoglycan-enriched aortic surface of the valve, where the elastic lamina is depleted, as previously observed in lesion-prone sites in the renal ostium. iTRAQ mass spectrometry of valve and diverter protein extracts identified decorin and biglycan as the major subendothelial intimal matrix proteoglycans electrostatically retained on human LDL affinity columns. Decorin levels correlated with LDL binding in lesion-prone sites in both tissues. Collagen binding to LDL was shown to be proteoglycan-mediated. All known basement membrane proteoglycans bound LDL suggesting they may modulate LDL uptake into the subendothelial matrix. The association of purified decorin with human LDL in an in vitro microassay was blocked by serum albumin and heparin suggesting anti-atherogenic roles for these proteins in vivo. CONCLUSIONS LDL electrostatic interactions with decorin and biglycan in the valve leaflets and vascular wall is a major source of LDL retention. The complementary electrostatic sites on LDL or these proteoglycans may provide a novel therapeutic target for preventing one of the earliest events in these cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Neufeld
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Leah M Zadrozny
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Darci Phillips
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Angel Aponte
- Proteomics Core, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert S Balaban
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Dupuis LE, Kern CB. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans exhibit unique spatiotemporal expression profiles during cardiac valve development. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:601-11. [PMID: 24272803 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small Leucine Rich Proteoglycans (SLRPs) play a role in collagen fiber formation and also function as signaling molecules. Given the importance of collagen synthesis to the cardiovascular extracellular matrix (ECM), we examined the spatiotemporal expression of SLRPs, not previously investigated in the murine heart. RESULTS Cardiac expression using antibodies specific for biglycan (BGN), decorin (DCN), fibromodulin (FMOD), and lumican (LUM) revealed distinct patterns among the SLRPs in mesenchymal-derived tissues. DCN showed the most intense localization within the developing valve cusps, while LUM was evident primarily in the hinge region of postnatal cardiac valves. BGN, DCN, and FMOD were immunolocalized to regions where cardiac valves anchor into adjacent tissues. Medial (BGN) and adventitial (BGN, DCN, FMOD and LUM) layers of the pulmonary and aortic arteries also showed intense staining of SLRPs but this spatiotemporal expression varied with developmental age. CONCLUSIONS The unique expression patterns of SLRPs suggest they have adapted to specialized roles in the cardiovascular ECM. SLRP expression patterns overlap with areas where TGFβ signaling is critical to the developing heart. Therefore, we speculate that SLRPs may not only be required to facilitate collagen fiber formation but may also regulate TGFβ signaling in the murine heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren E Dupuis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Defining the role of fluid shear stress in the expression of early signaling markers for calcific aortic valve disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84433. [PMID: 24376809 PMCID: PMC3871675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is an active process presumably triggered by interplays between cardiovascular risk factors, molecular signaling networks and hemodynamic cues. While earlier studies demonstrated that alterations in fluid shear stress (FSS) on the fibrosa could trigger inflammation, the mechanisms of CAVD pathogenesis secondary to side-specific FSS abnormalities are poorly understood. This knowledge could be critical to the elucidation of key CAVD risk factors such as congenital valve defects, aging and hypertension, which are known to generate FSS disturbances. The objective of this study was to characterize ex vivo the contribution of isolated and combined abnormalities in FSS magnitude and frequency to early valvular pathogenesis. The ventricularis and fibrosa of porcine aortic valve leaflets were exposed simultaneously to different combinations of sub-physiologic/physiologic/supra-physiologic levels of FSS magnitude and frequency for 24, 48 and 72 hours in a double cone-and-plate device. Endothelial activation and paracrine signaling were investigated by measuring cell-adhesion molecule (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) and cytokine (BMP-4, TGF-β1) expressions, respectively. Extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation was characterized by measuring the expression and activity of the proteases MMP-2, MMP-9, cathepsin L and cathepsin S. The effect of the FSS treatment yielding the most significant pathological response was examined over a 72-hour period to characterize the time-dependence of FSS mechano-transduction. While cytokine expression was stimulated under elevated FSS magnitude at normal frequency, ECM degradation was stimulated under both elevated FSS magnitude at normal frequency and physiologic FSS magnitude at abnormal frequency. In contrast, combined FSS magnitude and frequency abnormalities essentially maintained valvular homeostasis. The pathological response under supra-physiologic FSS magnitude peaked at 48 hours but was then maintained until the 72-hour time point. This study confirms the sensitivity of valve leaflets to both FSS magnitude and frequency and suggests the ability of supra-physiologic FSS levels or abnormal FSS frequencies to initiate CAVD mechanisms.
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