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Pretorius D, Serpooshan V, Zhang J. Nano-Medicine in the Cardiovascular System. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:640182. [PMID: 33746761 PMCID: PMC7969876 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.640182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-medicines that include nanoparticles, nanocomposites, small molecules, and exosomes represent new viable sources for future therapies for the dysfunction of cardiovascular system, as well as the other important organ systems. Nanomaterials possess special properties ranging from their intrinsic physicochemical properties, surface energy and surface topographies which can illicit advantageous cellular responses within the cardiovascular system, making them exceptionally valuable in future clinical translation applications. The success of nano-medicines as future cardiovascular theranostic agents requires a comprehensive understanding of the intersection between nanomaterial and the biomedical fields. In this review, we highlight some of the major types of nano-medicine systems that are currently being explored in the cardiac field. This review focusses on the major differences between the systems, and how these differences affect the specific therapeutic or diagnostic applications. The important concerns relevant to cardiac nano-medicines, including cellular responses, toxicity of the different nanomaterials, as well as cardio-protective and regenerative capabilities are discussed. In this review an overview of the current development of nano-medicines specific to the cardiac field is provided, discussing the diverse nature and applications of nanomaterials as therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Pretorius
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Emory Children's Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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2
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Cellular cross-talks in the diseased and aging heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 138:136-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.11.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bale LK, West SA, Conover CA. Characterization of mouse pericardial fat: regulation by PAPP-A. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 42-43:1-7. [PMID: 30025286 PMCID: PMC6249060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although implicated in cardiovascular disease, little is known about the fat surrounding the heart. In humans, epicardial fat is the visceral fat depot of the heart, which directly contacts the myocardium. This strategically placed fat depot is thought to produce bioactive molecules that could affect cardiac function. A major limitation in understanding the biology of epicardial fat is its restricted access in humans and its seeming absence in commonly-used experimental animal models. Although laboratory mice do not have epicardial fat per se, they do have a fat depot around the heart. In this study, we found that mouse pericardial fat has the molecular signature, small adipocyte size, and resistance to differentiation consistent with visceral fat. In addition, we show that mouse pericardial fat is regulated by pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), a key modulator of local insulin-like growth factor bioavailability. PAPP-A is highly expressed in mouse pericardial fat at levels equivalent to those in mesenteric visceral fat and 10-fold higher than in subcutaneous inguinal fat (P = .0003). Cultured pre-adipocytes isolated from pericardial fat show 2-fold increased PAPP-A secretion compared to pre-adipocytes isolated from inguinal fat. Furthermore, PAPP-A knock-out mice fed a high fat diet for 20 weeks have significantly reduced pericardial fat (by 60%; P < .0001) compared to wild-type littermates. There was no significant difference in inguinal fat between wild-type and PAPP-A knock-out mice. These data characterize a new mouse model of visceral-like pericardial fat and lay a foundation for understanding its role in human heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie K Bale
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| | - Sally A West
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| | - Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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4
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The aging heart. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1367-1382. [PMID: 29986877 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As the elderly segment of the world population increases, it is critical to understand the changes in cardiac structure and function during the normal aging process. In this review, we outline the key molecular pathways and cellular processes that underlie the phenotypic changes in the heart and vasculature that accompany aging. Reduced autophagy, increased mitochondrial oxidative stress, telomere attrition, altered signaling in insulin-like growth factor, growth differentiation factor 11, and 5'- AMP-activated protein kinase pathways are among the key molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac aging. Aging promotes structural and functional changes in the atria, ventricles, valves, myocardium, pericardium, the cardiac conduction system, and the vasculature. We highlight the factors known to accelerate and attenuate the intrinsic aging of the heart and vessels in addition to potential preventive and therapeutic avenues. A greater understanding of the processes involved in cardiac aging may facilitate our ability to mitigate the escalating burden of CVD in older individuals and promote healthy cardiac aging.
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Fakoya AOJ, Otohinoyi DA, Yusuf J. Current Trends in Biomaterial Utilization for Cardiopulmonary System Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:3123961. [PMID: 29853910 PMCID: PMC5949153 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3123961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiopulmonary system is made up of the heart and the lungs, with the core function of one complementing the other. The unimpeded and optimal cycling of blood between these two systems is pivotal to the overall function of the entire human body. Although the function of the cardiopulmonary system appears uncomplicated, the tissues that make up this system are undoubtedly complex. Hence, damage to this system is undesirable as its capacity to self-regenerate is quite limited. The surge in the incidence and prevalence of cardiopulmonary diseases has reached a critical state for a top-notch response as it currently tops the mortality table. Several therapies currently being utilized can only sustain chronically ailing patients for a short period while they are awaiting a possible transplant, which is also not devoid of complications. Regenerative therapeutic techniques now appear to be a potential approach to solve this conundrum posed by these poorly self-regenerating tissues. Stem cell therapy alone appears not to be sufficient to provide the desired tissue regeneration and hence the drive for biomaterials that can support its transplantation and translation, providing not only physical support to seeded cells but also chemical and physiological cues to the cells to facilitate tissue regeneration. The cardiac and pulmonary systems, although literarily seen as just being functionally and spatially cooperative, as shown by their diverse and dissimilar adult cellular and tissue composition has been proven to share some common embryological codevelopment. However, necessitating their consideration for separate review is the immense adult architectural difference in these systems. This review also looks at details on new biological and synthetic biomaterials, tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and organ decellularization for cardiopulmonary regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joshua Yusuf
- All Saints University School of Medicine, Roseau, Dominica
- All Saints University School of Medicine, Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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6
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Lozano O, Torres-Quintanilla A, García-Rivas G. Nanomedicine for the cardiac myocyte: Where are we? J Control Release 2017; 271:149-165. [PMID: 29273321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical achievements in the last few decades, leading to successful therapeutic interventions, have considerably improved human life expectancy. Nevertheless, the increasing load and the still suboptimal outcome for patients with cardiac dysfunction underlines the relevance of continuous research to develop novel therapeutics for these diseases. In this context, the field of nanomedicine has attracted a lot of attention due to the potential novel treatment possibilities, such as controlled and sustained release, tissue targeting, and drug protection from degradation. For cardiac myocytes, which constitute the majority of the heart by mass and are the contractile unit, new options have been explored in terms of the use of nanomaterials (NMs) for therapy, diagnosis, and tissue engineering. This review focuses on the advances of nanomedicine targeted to the cardiac myocyte: first presenting the NMs used and the principal cardiac myocyte-based afflictions, followed by an overview of key advances in the field, including NMs interactions with the cardiac myocyte, therapy delivery, diagnosis based on imaging, and tissue engineering for tissue repair and heart-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Lozano
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico; Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, Tecnologico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza-García, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Torres-Quintanilla
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Gerardo García-Rivas
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico; Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, Tecnologico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza-García, Mexico
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7
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Zhou L, Koh HW, Bae UJ, Park BH. Aggravation of post-ischemic liver injury by overexpression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11231. [PMID: 26073647 PMCID: PMC4466889 DOI: 10.1038/srep11231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is known to inhibit reperfusion-induced apoptosis. IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is the major circulating carrier protein for IGF-1 and induces apoptosis. In this study, we determined if IGFBP-3 was important in the hepatic response to I/R. To deliver IGFBP-3, we used an adenovirus containing IGFBP-3 cDNA (AdIGFBP-3) or an IGFBP-3 mutant devoid of IGF binding affinity but retaining IGFBP-3 receptor binding ability (AdIGFBP-3(GGG)). Mice subjected to I/R injury showed typical patterns of hepatocellular damage. Protein levels of IGFBP-3 were increased after reperfusion and showed a positive correlation with the extent of liver injury. Prior injection with AdIGFBP-3 aggravated liver injury: serum aminotransferases, prothrombin time, proinflammatory cytokines, hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis, and neutrophil infiltration were markedly increased compared to control mice. A decrease in antioxidant potential and an upregulation of NADPH oxidase might have caused these aggravating effects of IGFBP-3. Experiments using HepG2 cells and N-acetylcysteine-pretreated mice showed a discernible effect of IGFBP-3 on reactive oxygen species generation. Lastly, AdIGFBP-3 abolished the beneficial effects of ischemic preconditioning and hypothermia. Mice treated with AdIGFBP-3(GGG) exhibited effects similar to those of AdIGFBP-3, suggesting a ligand-independent effect of IGFBP-3. Our results suggest IGFBP-3 as an aggravating factor during hepatic I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- 1] Department of Sports Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271-000, China [2] Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Won Koh
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ui-Jin Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of Korea
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McMahon CD, Chai R, Radley-Crabb HG, Watson T, Matthews KG, Sheard PW, Soffe Z, Grounds MD, Shavlakadze T. Lifelong exercise and locally produced insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have a modest influence on reducing age-related muscle wasting in mice. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 24:e423-435. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Chai
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| | - H. G. Radley-Crabb
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands Western Australia Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences; CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct; Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin University; Bentley Western Australia Australia
| | - T. Watson
- Agresearch Ltd; Hamilton New Zealand
| | | | - P. W. Sheard
- Department of Physiology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Z. Soffe
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| | - M. D. Grounds
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| | - T. Shavlakadze
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands Western Australia Australia
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The role of insulin-like growth factor-1 in development of coronary no-reflow and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute myocardial infarction. ADVANCES IN INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY 2014; 10:12-7. [PMID: 24799921 PMCID: PMC4007291 DOI: 10.5114/pwki.2014.41460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has atheroprotective effects via reduction in oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis, pro-inflammatory signaling, and endothelial dysfunction. AIM We hypothesized that low levels of IGF-1 may be associated with the severity and extent of coronary artery disease and development of the coronary no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and investigated the role of the IGF-1 molecule in the coronary no-reflow phenomenon and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with acute STEMI in a tertiary hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted among 113 patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) for STEMI, of whom 49 patients developed the no-reflow phenomenon. Coronary no-reflow was defined as Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 2 or less after intervention. Insulin-like growth factor-1 levels were measured in both groups. The severity and extent of CAD were evaluated according to the Gensini and Syntax scores. RESULTS Although IGF-1 levels were lower in the no-reflow group, there was not a statistically significant difference between the no-reflow group and the control group (116.65 ±51.72 vs. 130.82 ±48.76, p = 0.130). Gensini and Syntax scores were higher in the no-reflow group. There was no association between Gensini and Syntax scores and IGF-1 levels (r = -0.071, r = 0.479, r = -0.158, p = 0.113). CONCLUSIONS In this study, IGF-1 levels were not statistically different between patients developing the no-reflow phenomenon and controls. There was no association between development of the no-reflow phenomenon and severity of CAD or IGF-1 levels. Nevertheless, large scale studies are needed to verify these results.
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Chang MY, Yang YJ, Chang CH, Tang AC, Liao WY, Cheng FY, Yeh CS, Lai JJ, Stayton PS, Hsieh PC. Functionalized nanoparticles provide early cardioprotection after acute myocardial infarction. J Control Release 2013; 170:287-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nguyen DV, Calzi SL, Shaw LC, Kielczewski JL, Korah HE, Grant MB. An ocular view of the IGF-IGFBP system. Growth Horm IGF Res 2013; 23:45-52. [PMID: 23578754 PMCID: PMC3833084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
IGFs and their binding proteins have been shown to exhibit both protective and deleterious effects in ocular disease. Recent studies have characterized the expression patterns of different IGFBPs in retinal layers and within the vitreous. IGFBP-3 has roles in vascular protection stimulating proliferation, migration, and differentiation of vascular progenitor cells to sites of injury. IGFBP-3 increases pericyte ensheathment and shows anti-inflammatory effects by reducing microglia activation in diabetes. IGFBP-5 has recently been linked to mediating fibrosis in proliferative vitreoretinopathy but also reduces neovascularization. Thus, the regulatory balance between IGF and IGFBPs can have profound impact on target tissues. This review discusses recent findings of IGF and IGFBP expression in the eye with relevance to different retinopathies.
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12
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Bale LK, Resch ZT, Harstad SL, Overgaard MT, Conover CA. Constitutive expression of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in arterial smooth muscle reduces the vascular response to injury in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E139-44. [PMID: 23169786 PMCID: PMC3543565 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00376.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) functions to increase local IGF-I bioactivity. In this study, we used transgenic mice that constitutively express human PAPP-A in arterial smooth muscle to test the hypothesis that overexpression of PAPP-A enhances vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) response to IGF-I in vivo. PAPP-A transgenic (Tg) and wild-type (WT) mice underwent unilateral carotid ligation, a model of injury-induced SMC hyperplasia and neointimal formation. In both WT and PAPP-A Tg mice, endogenous PAPP-A mRNA expression showed peak elevation 5 days after carotid ligation. However, PAPP-A Tg mice had 70-75% less neointima than WT at 5 and 10 days postligation, with a significant reduction in occlusion of the ligated artery. WT and PAPP-A Tg mice had equivalent increases in medial area and vessel remodeling postligation. There was little change in medial area and no evidence of neointima in the contralateral carotid of WT or PAPP-A Tg mice. Both WT and PAPP-A Tg carotids exhibited signs of dedifferentiation of SMC, which precedes the increase in proliferation and migration that results in neointimal formation. However, the number of proliferating cells in the media and neointima of the ligated PAPP-A Tg artery was reduced by 90% on day 5 postsurgery compared with WT. This decrease was associated with a significant decrease in an in vivo marker of IGF-I bioactivity and reduced IGF-I-stimulated receptor phosphorylation ex vivo. These data suggest differential effects of chronic (transgenic) and transient (endogenous) PAPP-A expression on neointimal formation following vascular injury that may be due in part to the differential impact on IGF-I signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arteries/injuries
- Arteries/metabolism
- Arteries/pathology
- Arteries/physiology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/physiopathology
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/injuries
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A/genetics
- Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tunica Intima/injuries
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Tunica Intima/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie K Bale
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Abstract
The average lifespan of humans is increasing, and with it the percentage of people entering the 65 and older age group is growing rapidly and will continue to do so in the next 20 years. Within this age group, cardiovascular disease will remain the leading cause of death, and the cost associated with treatment will continue to increase. Aging is an inevitable part of life and unfortunately poses the largest risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although numerous studies in the cardiovascular field have considered both young and aged humans, there are still many unanswered questions as to how the genetic pathways that regulate aging in model organisms influence cardiovascular aging. Likewise, in the molecular biology of aging field, few studies fully assess the role of these aging pathways in cardiovascular health. Fortunately, this gap is beginning to close, and these two fields are merging together. We provide an overview of some of the key genes involved in regulating lifespan and health span, including sirtuins, AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 and their roles regulating cardiovascular health. We then discuss a series of review articles that will appear in succession and provide a more comprehensive analysis of studies carried out linking genes of aging and cardiovascular health, and perspectives of future directions of these two intimately linked fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J North
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Growth factors regulated by specific macronutrients have been shown to promote aging and accelerate mortality in the majority of the organisms studied. In particular, the enzymes activated by growth hormone, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in mammals and their orthologs in simple model organisms represent perhaps the best-understood proteins involved in the aging process. Dietary restriction, which reduces the level of insulin-like growth factor-1 and of other growth factors, has been associated with protection from diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, and deficiencies in growth hormone signaling and insulin-like growth factor-1 are strongly associated with protection from cancer and diabetes in both mice and humans; however, their role in cardiac function and cardiovascular diseases is controversial. Here, we review the link between growth factors, cardiac function, and heart disease with focus on the cardioprotective and sensitizing effect of growth factors in both model organisms and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Fontana
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Rae FK, Suhaimi N, Li J, Nastasi T, Slonimsky E, Rosenthal N, Little MH. Proximal tubule overexpression of a locally acting IGF isoform, Igf-1Ea, increases inflammation after ischemic injury. Growth Horm IGF Res 2012; 22:6-16. [PMID: 22197584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IGF-1 is an important regulator of postnatal growth in mammals. In mice, a non-circulating, locally acting isoform of IGF-1, IGF-1Ea, has been documented as a central regulator of muscle regeneration and has been shown to improve repair in the heart and skin. In this study, we examine whether local production of IGF1-Ea protein improves tubular repair after renal ischemia reperfusion injury. DESIGN Transgenic mice in which the proximal-tubule specific promoter Sglt2 was driving the expression of an Igf-1Ea transgene. These animals were treated with an ischemic-reperfusion injury and the response at 24h and 5days compared with wildtype littermates. RESULTS Transgenic mice demonstrated rapid and enhanced renal injury in comparison to wild type mice. Five days after injury the wild type and low expressing Igf-1Ea transgenic mice showed significant tubular recovery, while high expressing Igf-1Ea transgenic mice displayed significant tubular damage. This marked injury was accompanied by a two-fold increase in the number of F4/80 positive macrophages and a three-fold increase in the number of Gr1-positive neutrophils in the kidney. At the molecular level, Igf-1Ea expression resulted in significant up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and Ccl2. Expression of Nfatc1 was also delayed, suggesting reduced tubular proliferation after kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that, unlike the muscle, heart and skin, elevated levels of IGF-1Ea in the proximal tubules exacerbates ischemia reperfusion injury resulting in increased recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils and delays repair in a renal setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K Rae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
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