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Huang H, Mu Y, Li S. The biological function of Serpinb9 and Serpinb9-based therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1422113. [PMID: 38966643 PMCID: PMC11222584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in discovering novel immune signaling pathways have revolutionized different disease treatments. SERPINB9 (Sb9), also known as Proteinase Inhibitor 9 (PI-9), is a well-known endogenous inhibitor of Granzyme B (GzmB). GzmB is a potent cytotoxic molecule secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, which plays a crucial role in inducing apoptosis in target cells during immune responses. Sb9 acts as a protective mechanism against the potentially harmful effects of GzmB within the cells of the immune system itself. On the other hand, overexpression of Sb9 is an important mechanism of immune evasion in diseases like cancers and viral infections. The intricate functions of Sb9 in different cell types represent a fine-tuned regulatory mechanism for preventing immunopathology, protection against autoimmune diseases, and the regulation of cell death, all of which are essential for maintaining health and responding effectively to disease challenges. Dysregulation of the Sb9 will disrupt human normal physiological condition, potentially leading to a range of diseases, including cancers, inflammatory conditions, viral infections or other pathological disorders. Deepening our understanding of the role of Sb9 will aid in the discovery of innovative and effective treatments for various medical conditions. Therefore, the objective of this review is to consolidate current knowledge regarding the biological role of Sb9. It aims to offer insights into its discovery, structure, functions, distribution, its association with various diseases, and the potential of nanoparticle-based therapies targeting Sb9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yiqing Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Song Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Wang H, Hua J, Chen S, Chen Y. SERPINB1 overexpression protects myocardial damage induced by acute myocardial infarction through AMPK/mTOR pathway. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:107. [PMID: 35291946 PMCID: PMC8925243 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SERPINB1 is involved in the development of a variety of diseases. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of SERPINB1 on acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods Serum SERPINB1 level of AMI patients was measured for receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The AMI rat model was constructed to observe myocardial damage, and the H9C2 cell oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) model was constructed to detect cell viability. Transthoracic echocardiography was used to assess the cardiac function. TTC staining and HE staining were used to detect pathologic changes of myocardial tissues. The apoptosis of myocardial tissues and cells were measured by TUNLE staining and flow cytometry assay. CCK-8 assay to measure cell viability. SERPINB1 expression was measured by qRT-PCR. Protein expression was measured by western blot. Results The serum SERPINB1 level was down-regulated in AMI patients. AMI modeling reduced the SERPINB1 expression level, induced inflammatory cells infiltrated, and myocardial apoptosis. OGD treatment inhibited cell viability and promoted apoptosis. The AMPK/mTOR pathway was inhibited in AMI rats and OGD-treated H9C2 cells. Overexpression of SERPINB1 reduced infarct size and myocardial apoptosis of AMI rats, inhibited apoptosis of H9C2 cells, and activated AMPK/mTOR pathway. However, AMPK inhibitor Dorsomorphin reversed the protective effect of SERPINB1 on myocardial cells. Conclusion SERPINB1 overexpression relieved myocardial damage induced by AMI via AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Wang
- Department of Cardiovasology, First People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Gaotang County People's Hospital, Liaocheng, 252800, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyuan Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, 257091, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Shengli Oilfield, No. 31 Jinan Road, Dongying, 257000, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Bourgeois R, Bourgault J, Despres AA, Perrot N, Guertin J, Girard A, Mitchell PL, Gotti C, Bourassa S, Scipione CA, Gaudreault N, Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML, Pibarot P, Droit A, Thériault S, Mathieu P, Bossé Y, Arsenault BJ. Lipoprotein Proteomics and Aortic Valve Transcriptomics Identify Biological Pathways Linking Lipoprotein(a) Levels to Aortic Stenosis. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070459. [PMID: 34357353 PMCID: PMC8307014 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is one of the most important risk factors for the development of calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS). However, the mechanisms through which Lp(a) causes CAVS are currently unknown. Our objectives were to characterize the Lp(a) proteome and to identify proteins that may be differentially associated with Lp(a) in patients with versus without CAVS. Our second objective was to identify genes that may be differentially regulated by exposure to high versus low Lp(a) levels in explanted aortic valves from patients with CAVS. We isolated Lp(a) from the blood of 21 patients with CAVS and 22 volunteers and performed untargeted label-free analysis of the Lp(a) proteome. We also investigated the transcriptomic signature of calcified aortic valves from patients who underwent aortic valve replacement with high versus low Lp(a) levels (n = 118). Proteins involved in the protein activation cascade, platelet degranulation, leukocyte migration, and response to wounding may be associated with Lp(a) depending on CAVS status. The transcriptomic analysis identified genes involved in cardiac aging, chondrocyte development, and inflammation as potentially influenced by Lp(a). Our multi-omic analyses identified biological pathways through which Lp(a) may cause CAVS, as well as key molecular events that could be triggered by Lp(a) in CAVS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Bourgeois
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (R.B.); (J.B.); (A.-A.D.); (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (P.L.M.); (N.G.); (P.P.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jérôme Bourgault
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (R.B.); (J.B.); (A.-A.D.); (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (P.L.M.); (N.G.); (P.P.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Audrey-Anne Despres
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (R.B.); (J.B.); (A.-A.D.); (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (P.L.M.); (N.G.); (P.P.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Perrot
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (R.B.); (J.B.); (A.-A.D.); (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (P.L.M.); (N.G.); (P.P.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jakie Guertin
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (R.B.); (J.B.); (A.-A.D.); (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (P.L.M.); (N.G.); (P.P.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Arnaud Girard
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (R.B.); (J.B.); (A.-A.D.); (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (P.L.M.); (N.G.); (P.P.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Patricia L. Mitchell
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (R.B.); (J.B.); (A.-A.D.); (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (P.L.M.); (N.G.); (P.P.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Clarisse Gotti
- Proteomics Platform of the CHU de Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (C.G.); (S.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Sylvie Bourassa
- Proteomics Platform of the CHU de Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (C.G.); (S.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Corey A. Scipione
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
| | - Nathalie Gaudreault
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (R.B.); (J.B.); (A.-A.D.); (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (P.L.M.); (N.G.); (P.P.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Michael B. Boffa
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (M.B.B.); (M.L.K.)
| | | | - Philippe Pibarot
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (R.B.); (J.B.); (A.-A.D.); (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (P.L.M.); (N.G.); (P.P.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Proteomics Platform of the CHU de Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (C.G.); (S.B.); (A.D.)
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sébastien Thériault
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (R.B.); (J.B.); (A.-A.D.); (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (P.L.M.); (N.G.); (P.P.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (R.B.); (J.B.); (A.-A.D.); (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (P.L.M.); (N.G.); (P.P.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (R.B.); (J.B.); (A.-A.D.); (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (P.L.M.); (N.G.); (P.P.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Benoit J. Arsenault
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (R.B.); (J.B.); (A.-A.D.); (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (P.L.M.); (N.G.); (P.P.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-656-8711 (ext. 3498)
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Adaptive Immune Responses in Human Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239322. [PMID: 33297441 PMCID: PMC7731312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is initiated by the deposition and accumulation of low-density lipoproteins in the artery wall. In this review, we will discuss the role of T- and B-cells in human plaques at different stages of atherosclerosis and the utility of profiling circulating immune cells to monitor atherosclerosis progression. Evidence supports a proatherogenic role for intraplaque T helper type 1 (Th1) cells, CD4+CD28null T-cells, and natural killer T-cells, whereas Th2 cells and regulatory T-cells (Treg) have an atheroprotective role. Several studies indicate that intraplaque T-cells are activated upon recognition of endogenous antigens including heat shock protein 60 and oxidized low-density lipoprotein, but antigens derived from pathogens can also trigger T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Future studies are needed to assess whether circulating cellular biomarkers can improve identification of vulnerable lesions so that effective intervention can be implemented before clinical manifestations are apparent.
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Velotti F, Barchetta I, Cimini FA, Cavallo MG. Granzyme B in Inflammatory Diseases: Apoptosis, Inflammation, Extracellular Matrix Remodeling, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587581. [PMID: 33262766 PMCID: PMC7686573 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is strictly interconnected to anti-inflammatory mechanisms to maintain tissue homeostasis. The disruption of immune homeostasis can lead to acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, as cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic diseases and cancer. The knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of these pathological conditions is important to find effective therapies. Granzyme B (GrB) is a serine protease produced by a variety of immune, non-immune and tumor cells. Apoptotic intracellular and multiple extracellular functions of GrB have been recently identified. Its capability of cleaving extracellular matrix (ECM) components, cytokines, cell receptors and clotting proteins, revealed GrB as a potential multifunctional pro-inflammatory molecule with the capability of contributing to the pathogenesis of different inflammatory conditions, including inflammaging, acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here we give an overview of recent data concerning GrB activity on multiple targets, potentially allowing this enzyme to regulate a wide range of crucial biological processes that play a role in the development, progression and/or severity of inflammatory diseases. We focus our attention on the promotion by GrB of perforin-dependent and perforin-independent (anoikis) apoptosis, inflammation derived by the activation of some cytokines belonging to the IL-1 cytokine family, ECM remodeling, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrosis. A greater comprehension of the pathophysiological consequences of GrB-mediated multiple activities may favor the design of new therapies aim to inhibit different inflammatory pathological conditions such as inflammaging and age-related diseases, EMT and organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Agata Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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6
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Granzymes in cardiovascular injury and disease. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109804. [PMID: 33035645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and impaired wound healing play important roles in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the aberrant secretion of proteases plays a critical role in pathological tissue remodeling in chronic inflammatory conditions. Human Granzymes (Granule secreted enzymes - Gzms) comprise a family of five (GzmA, B, H, K, M) cell-secreted serine proteases. Although each unique in function and substrate specificities, Gzms were originally thought to share redundant, intracellular roles in cytotoxic lymphocyte-induced cell death. However, an abundance of evidence has challenged this dogma. It is now recognized, that individual Gzms exhibit unique substrate repertoires and functions both intracellularly and extracellularly. In the extracellular milieu, Gzms contribute to inflammation, vascular dysfunction and permeability, reduced cell adhesion, release of matrix-sequestered growth factors, receptor activation, and extracellular matrix cleavage. Despite these recent findings, the non-cytotoxic functions of Gzms in the context of cardiovascular disease pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Minimally detected in tissues and bodily fluids of normal individuals, GzmB is elevated in patients with acute coronary syndromes, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. Pre-clinical animal models have exemplified the importance of GzmB in atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, and cardiac fibrosis as animals deficient in GzmB exhibit reduced tissue remodeling, improved disease phenotypes and increased survival. Although a role for GzmB in cardiovascular disease is described, further work to elucidate the mechanisms that underpin the remaining human Gzms activity in cardiovascular disease is necessary. The present review provides a summary of the pre-clinical and clinical evidence, as well as emerging areas of research pertaining to Gzms in tissue remodeling and cardiovascular disease.
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7
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Chai D, Kong X, Lu S, Zhang J. CD4+/CD8+ ratio positively correlates with coronary plaque instability in unstable angina pectoris patients but fails to predict major adverse cardiovascular events. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622320922020. [PMID: 32489573 PMCID: PMC7238310 DOI: 10.1177/2040622320922020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The association between CD4+/CD8+ ratio and coronary plaque instability in
patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP) has not been investigated. We
sought to elucidate the correlation between CD4+/CD8+ ratio and plaque
instability in this patient population. Methods: We enrolled 266 UAP patients who underwent pre-intervention optical coherence
tomography (OCT) examination and percutaneous coronary intervention in our
center from January 2016 to January 2018. Features of coronary plaques in
the culprit arteries were classified as unstable plaque and stable plaque.
Primary endpoint was occurrence of a major adverse cardiovascular event
(MACE). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to
determine the predictive efficacy of the CD4+/CD8+ ratio for a group of
unstable plaque patients, and binary logistic regression analysis was
performed to evaluate potential independent predictors of plaque
instability. All-cause mortality and MACE between the two groups were
analyzed. Results: UAP patients with unstable plaque had a higher CD4/CD8 ratio compared with
stable plaque patients (p < 0.05). Results of binary
logistic regression analyses showed that CD4+/CD8+ ratio ⩾1.725 and prior
stroke were predictors and risk factors of plaque instability
(p < 0.05). ROC analyses showed that CD4+/CD8+ ratio
⩾1.725 was predictive of plaque instability in UAP patients. However, the
Kaplan–Meier estimate for MACE and all-cause mortality showed no statistical
significance. Conclusions: Higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio is associated with higher risk of plaque instability
in our cohort of UAP patients. However, CD4+/CD8+ ratio was not an
independent predictor of 1-year MACE or all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayang Chai
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, The Affiliated Taicang Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang, China
| | - Xiangquan Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, The Affiliated Taicang Hospital of Soochow University, No. 58 Changsheng Road, Taicang, 215400, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, China
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Mendioroz M, Puebla-Guedea M, Montero-Marín J, Urdánoz-Casado A, Blanco-Luquin I, Roldán M, Labarga A, García-Campayo J. Telomere length correlates with subtelomeric DNA methylation in long-term mindfulness practitioners. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4564. [PMID: 32165663 PMCID: PMC7067861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness and meditation techniques have proven successful for the reduction of stress and improvement in general health. In addition, meditation is linked to longevity and longer telomere length, a proposed biomarker of human aging. Interestingly, DNA methylation changes have been described at specific subtelomeric regions in long-term meditators compared to controls. However, the molecular basis underlying these beneficial effects of meditation on human health still remains unclear. Here we show that DNA methylation levels, measured by the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Illumina) array, at specific subtelomeric regions containing GPR31 and SERPINB9 genes were associated with telomere length in long-term meditators with a strong statistical trend when correcting for multiple testing. Notably, age showed no association with telomere length in the group of long-term meditators. These results may suggest that long-term meditation could be related to epigenetic mechanisms, in particular gene-specific DNA methylation changes at distinct subtelomeric regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Mendioroz
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed Biomedical Research Center- UPNA-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, 31008, Spain. .,Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, 31008, Spain.
| | - Marta Puebla-Guedea
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón. Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria (REDIAPP), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Montero-Marín
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón. Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria (REDIAPP), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Amaya Urdánoz-Casado
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed Biomedical Research Center- UPNA-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, 31008, Spain
| | - Idoia Blanco-Luquin
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed Biomedical Research Center- UPNA-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, 31008, Spain
| | - Miren Roldán
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed Biomedical Research Center- UPNA-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, 31008, Spain
| | - Alberto Labarga
- Bioinformatics Unit, Navarrabiomed Biomedical Research Center - UPNA-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, 31008, Spain
| | - Javier García-Campayo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón. Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria (REDIAPP), Zaragoza, Spain.,Miguel Servet University Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Toghill BJ, Saratzis A, Freeman PJ, Sylvius N, Bown MJ. SMYD2 promoter DNA methylation is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and SMYD2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:29. [PMID: 29507647 PMCID: PMC5833080 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a deadly cardiovascular disease characterised by the gradual, irreversible dilation of the abdominal aorta. AAA is a complex genetic disease but little is known about the role of epigenetics. Our objective was to determine if global DNA methylation and CpG-specific methylation at known AAA risk loci is associated with AAA, and the functional effects of methylation changes. Results We assessed global methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA from 92 individuals with AAA and 93 controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, identifying hyper-methylation in those with large AAA and a positive linear association with AAA diameter (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.3175).We then determined CpG methylation status of regulatory regions in genes located at AAA risk loci identified in genome-wide association studies, using bisulphite next-generation sequencing (NGS) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) taken from aortic tissues of 44 individuals (24 AAAs and 20 controls). In IL6R, 2 CpGs were hyper-methylated (P = 0.0145); in ERG, 13 CpGs were hyper-methylated (P = 0.0005); in SERPINB9, 6 CpGs were hypo-methylated (P = 0.0037) and 1 CpG was hyper-methylated (P = 0.0098); and in SMYD2, 4 CpGs were hypo-methylated (P = 0.0012).RT-qPCR was performed for each differentially methylated gene on mRNA from the same VSMCs and compared with methylation. This analysis revealed downregulation of SMYD2 and SERPINB9 in AAA, and a direct linear relationship between SMYD2 promoter methylation and SMYD2 expression (P = 0.038). Furthermore, downregulation of SMYD2 at the site of aneurysm in the aortic wall was further corroborated in 6 of the same samples used for methylation and gene expression analysis with immunohistochemistry. Conclusions This study is the first to assess DNA methylation in VSMCs from individuals with AAA using NGS, and provides further evidence there is an epigenetic basis to AAA. Our study shows that methylation status of the SMYD2 promoter may be linked with decreased SMYD2 expression in disease pathobiology. In support of our work, downregulated SMYD2 has previously been associated with adverse cardiovascular physiology and inflammation, which are both hallmarks of AAA. The identification of such adverse epigenetic modifications could potentially contribute towards the development of epigenetic treatment strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Toghill
- 1Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX UK
| | - Athanasios Saratzis
- 1Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX UK
| | - Peter J Freeman
- 2Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Nicolas Sylvius
- 2Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | | | - Matthew J Bown
- 1Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX UK
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Sanad EF, Hamdy NM, El-Etriby AK, Sebak SA, El-Mesallamy HO. Peripheral leucocytes and tissue gene expression of granzyme B/perforin system and serpinB9: Impact on inflammation and insulin resistance in coronary atherosclerosis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 131:132-141. [PMID: 28743062 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The imbalance between proapoptotic granzyme B (GZB)/perforin (PRF) system and proteinase inhibitor-9 (PI-9; serpinB9); the only known inhibitor of human GZB, has been demonstrated in atherosclerosis. However, their role in atherosclerosis with the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) as well as their contribution to hallmarks of atherosclerosis is not clear. SUBJECTS AND METHODS ELISA for serum insulin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and GZB levels in atherosclerotic coronary artery diseases (CAD) patients were estimated in comparison to apparently healthy controls, while GZB, PRF and PI-9 mRNA expression levels were quantified by Taqman RT-PCR in both peripheral leucocytes and atherosclerotic tissues. RESULTS Atherosclerotic patients showed significantly higher insulin, hsCRP and GZB levels than controls. There was a significant increase in GZB mRNA expression and significant reduction in PI-9 mRNA in both patient peripheral leucocytes and atherosclerotic lesions, while PRF mRNA increased significantly only in atherosclerotic tissues. PI-9 mRNA levels were significantly lower in patients with diabetes than patients without diabetes. In contrast to positive modulating effect of GZB, regression analysis revealed negative modulating effect of PI-9 on inflammation and insulin resistance. Circulating PI-9 mRNA was inversely contributed to CAD severity. CONCLUSIONS GZB and PI-9 could be effective modulators for inflammation and insulin resistance in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman F Sanad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia M Hamdy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adel K El-Etriby
- Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samer A Sebak
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Kobry El-Kobba Military Hospital, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala O El-Mesallamy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt.
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11
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Dimayuga PC, Zhao X, Yano J, Lio WM, Zhou J, Mihailovic PM, Cercek B, Shah PK, Chyu KY. Identification of apoB-100 Peptide-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.005318. [PMID: 28711866 PMCID: PMC5586274 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background T cells are found in atherosclerotic plaques, with evidence supporting a potential role for CD8+ T cells in atherogenesis. Prior studies provide evidence of low‐density lipoprotein and apoB‐100 reactive T cells, yet specific epitopes relevant to the disease remain to be defined. The current study was undertaken to identify and characterize endogenous, antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells in atherosclerosis. Methods and Results A peptide fragment of apoB‐100 that tested positive for binding to the mouse MHC‐I allele H2Kb was used to generate a fluorescent‐labeled H2Kb pentamer and tested in apoE−/− mice. H2Kb pentamer(+)CD8+ T cells were higher in apoE−/− mice fed an atherogenic diet compared with those fed a normal chow. H2Kb pentamer (+)CD8+ T cells in atherogenic diet–fed mice had significantly increased effector memory phenotype with a shift in Vβ profile. H2Kb pentamer blocked lytic activity of CD8+ T cells from atherogenic diet–fed mice. Immunization of age‐matched apoE−/− mice with the apoB‐100 peptide altered the immune‐dominant epitope of CD8+ T cells and reduced atherosclerosis. Conclusions Our study provides evidence of a self‐reactive, antigen‐specific CD8+ T‐cell population in apoE−/− mice. Immune modulation using the peptide antigen reduced atherosclerosis in apoE−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Dimayuga
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xiaoning Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Juliana Yano
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Wai Man Lio
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jianchang Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter M Mihailovic
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bojan Cercek
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Prediman K Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kuang-Yuh Chyu
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
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12
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Oztas E, Ozler S, Tokmak A, Yilmaz N, Celik HT, Kazancı FH, Danisman N, Ergin M, Yakut HI. Increased levels of serum granzyme-B is associated with insulin resistance and increased cardiovascular risk in adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 198:89-93. [PMID: 26802256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to determine serum perforin and granzyme-B levels in adolescent PCOS patients, and to investigate whether they are associated with some of the insulin sensitivity, obesity and cardiovascular (CV) risk markers and metabolic syndrome. STUDY DESIGN A case-control study was carried out including a total of 172 adolescents (83 PCOS patients and 89 age-matched healthy controls). Participants were recruited consecutively. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), lipid parameters, and anthropometric measurements were determined. Serum perforin and granzyme B levels were measured by commercially available ELISA kits. HOMA-IR>3.16 was considered to indicate the presence of insulin resistance. Logistic regression analysis was applied for the predictive value of granzyme-B for increased CV risk in PCOS patients. RESULTS As body mass index (BMI) of the PCOS patients was significantly higher than the controls (median 24.6kg/m(2) and 21.4kg/m(2), respectively, p<0.001) all parameters were evaluated after adjustment for BMI. Adolescents with PCOS had significantly higher levels of fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and granzyme-B when compared with controls. According to the results of logistic regression analysis, granzyme-B levels were found to be significantly associated with increased HOMA-IR (OR=6.120, 95% CI: 2.352-15.926, p<0.001) in adolescent PCOS patients. Additionally, elevated levels of serum granzyme-B were predictive for increased CV risk in PCOS patients (OR=0.237, 95% CI: 0.091-0.616, p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Increased levels of serum granzyme-B are independently associated with insulin resistance and also with increased CV risk in adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efser Oztas
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sibel Ozler
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aytekin Tokmak
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nafiye Yilmaz
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Tugrul Celik
- Turgut Ozal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Nuri Danisman
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Ergin
- Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Ibrahim Yakut
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey
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Zhou J, Dimayuga PC, Zhao X, Yano J, Lio WM, Trinidad P, Honjo T, Cercek B, Shah PK, Chyu KY. CD8(+)CD25(+) T cells reduce atherosclerosis in apoE(-/-) mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:864-70. [PMID: 24342615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is increasingly evident that CD8(+) T cells are involved in atherosclerosis but the specific subtypes have yet to be defined. CD8(+)CD25(+) T cells exert suppressive effects on immune signaling and modulate experimental autoimmune disorders but their role in atherosclerosis remains to be determined. The phenotype and functional role of CD8(+)CD25(+) T cells in experimental atherosclerosis were investigated in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS CD8(+)CD25(+) T cells were observed in atherosclerotic plaques of apoE(-/-) mice fed hypercholesterolemic diet. Characterization by flow cytometric analysis and functional evaluation using a CFSE-based proliferation assays revealed a suppressive phenotype and function of splenic CD8(+)CD25(+) T cells from apoE(-/-) mice. Depletion of CD8(+)CD25(+) from total CD8(+) T cells rendered higher cytolytic activity of the remaining CD8(+)CD25(-) T cells. Adoptive transfer of CD8(+)CD25(+) T cells into apoE(-/-) mice suppressed the proliferation of splenic CD4(+) T cells and significantly reduced atherosclerosis in recipient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study has identified an athero-protective role for CD8(+)CD25(+) T cells in experimental atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Zhou
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Paul C Dimayuga
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Xiaoning Zhao
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Juliana Yano
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Wai Man Lio
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Portia Trinidad
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Tomoyuki Honjo
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Bojan Cercek
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Prediman K Shah
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Kuang-Yuh Chyu
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States.
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Plasma granzyme B in ST elevation myocardial infarction versus non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome: comparisons with IL-18 and fractalkine. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:343268. [PMID: 24307760 PMCID: PMC3836447 DOI: 10.1155/2013/343268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The proapoptotic protein, granzyme B (GZB), was identified as a contributor to the atherosclerotic plaque instability and recently as inflammatory activator. We studied the release kinetics of GZB and other markers of inflammation such as high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin 18 (IL-18), and fractalkine (FKN) in the early phase after acute cardiac events in different ACS subgroups. METHODS Thirty-six nondiabetic patients with ACS were compared to 12 control subjects. According to ACS diagnosis, the patients were classified into 22 patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 14 patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction or unstable angina (NSTEMI/UA). Blood samples were taken on day 1 (day of onset) and day 3 to measure hsCRP, IL-18, FKN, and GZB by ELISA. RESULTS Patients with ACS showed significantly higher GZB, IL-18, and FKN levels than the controls. STEMI group showed significantly higher GZB levels than NSTEMI/UA group. On day 3, FKN levels displayed a significant decrease, while GZB levels were significantly increased. IL-18 levels were more or less constant. GZB levels were positively correlated with IL-18 (r = 0.416, P < 0.01) and FKN (r = 0.58, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Unlike IL-18 and FKN, plasma GZB may be a marker of ACS disease severity.
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Hiebert PR, Boivin WA, Zhao H, McManus BM, Granville DJ. Perforin and granzyme B have separate and distinct roles during atherosclerotic plaque development in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78939. [PMID: 24205352 PMCID: PMC3811993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The granzyme B/perforincytotoxic pathway is a well established mechanism of initiating target cell apoptosis. Previous studies have suggested a role for the granzyme B/perforin cytotoxic pathway in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque formation. In the present study, granzyme B deficiency resulted in reduced atherosclerotic plaque development in the descending aortas of apolipoprotein E knockout mice fed a high fat diet for 30 weeks while perforindeficiency resulted in greater reduction in plaque development with significantly less plaque area than granzyme Bdeficient mice. In contrast to the descending aorta, no significant change in plaque size was observed in aortic roots from either granzyme Bdeficient or perforindeficient apolipoprotein E knockout mice. However, atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic roots did exhibit significantly more collagen in granzyme B, but not perforin deficient mice. Together these results suggest significant, yet separate roles for granzyme B and perforin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis that go beyond the traditional apoptotic pathway with additional implications in plaque development, stability and remodelling of extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Hiebert
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre at the Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wendy A. Boivin
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre at the Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre at the Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce M. McManus
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre at the Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre at the Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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McElhaney JE, Zhou X, Talbot HK, Soethout E, Bleackley RC, Granville DJ, Pawelec G. The unmet need in the elderly: how immunosenescence, CMV infection, co-morbidities and frailty are a challenge for the development of more effective influenza vaccines. Vaccine 2012; 30:2060-7. [PMID: 22289511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza remains the single most important cause of excess disability and mortality during the winter months. In spite of widespread influenza vaccination programs leading to demonstrated cost-savings in the over 65 population, hospitalization and death rates for acute respiratory illnesses continue to rise. As a person ages, increased serum levels of inflammatory cytokines are commonly recorded (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6). Termed "inflammaging", this has been linked to persistent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and immune senescence, while increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) are possibly associated with more healthy aging. Paradoxically, a shift with aging toward an anti-inflammatory (IL-10) response and decline in the IFN-γ:IL-10 ratio in influenza-challenged peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with a decline in the cytolytic capacity of CD8+ T cells responsible for clearing influenza virus from infected lung tissue. Thus, it is seemingly counter intuitive that the immune phenotype of healthy aging predicts a poor cell-mediated immune response and more serious outcomes of influenza. Herein we postulate a mechanistic link between the accumulation of late-stage, potentially terminally differentiated T cells, many or most of which result from CMV infection, and the immunopathogenesis of influenza infection, mediated by granzyme B in older adults. Further, adjuvanted influenza vaccines that stimulate inflammatory cytokines and suppress the IL-10 response to influenza challenge, would be expected to enhance protection in the 65+ population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E McElhaney
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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