1
|
Yuce K, Ozkan AI. The kruppel-like factor (KLF) family, diseases, and physiological events. Gene 2024; 895:148027. [PMID: 38000704 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The Kruppel-Like Factor family of regulatory proteins, which has 18 members, is transcription factors. This family contains zinc finger proteins, regulates the activation and suppression of transcription, and binds to DNA, RNA, and proteins. Klfs related to the immune system are Klf1, Klf2, Klf3, Klf4, Klf6, and Klf14. Klfs related to adipose tissue development and/or glucose metabolism are Klf3, Klf7, Klf9, Klf10, Klf11, Klf14, Klf15, and Klf16. Klfs related to cancer are Klf3, Klf4, Klf5, Klf6, Klf7, Klf8, Klf9, Klf10, Klf11, Klf12, Klf13, Klf14, Klf16, and Klf17. Klfs related to the cardiovascular system are Klf4, Klf5, Klf10, Klf13, Klf14, and Klf15. Klfs related to the nervous system are Klf4, Klf7, Klf8, and Klf9. Klfs are associated with diseases such as carcinogenesis, oxidative stress, diabetes, liver fibrosis, thalassemia, and the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this review is to provide information about the relationship of Klfs with some diseases and physiological events and to guide future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Yuce
- Selcuk University, Medicine Faculty, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology, Konya, Turkiye.
| | - Ahmet Ismail Ozkan
- Artvin Coruh University, Medicinal-Aromatic Plants Application and Research Center, Artvin, Turkiye.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du Y, Ye H, Lin M, Cao L. KLF14 activates the JNK-signaling pathway to induce S-phase arrest in cervical cancer cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267950. [PMID: 38143751 PMCID: PMC10748496 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the role of Krüppel-like factor 14 (KLF14) and its underlying mechanism(s) of action in cell-cycle regulation in cervical cancer. Methods Lentiviral infection was used to construct KLF14, KLF14 zinc-finger structural mutations, and empty vector controls in SiHa and HeLa cervical cancer cells. The effect of KLF14 on cervical cancer cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. The effect of KLF14 on the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin A2 (CCNA2), and MAPK signalling pathway-related molecules was detected by fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Cervical cancer cells were treated with JNK-pathway inhibitors/agonists before we assessed changes in the cell cycle and the expression of the CDK2, CCNA2, and p-JNK/JNK. Subcutaneous xenograft studies to explore the effects of KLF14 on cervical cancer cell proliferation in vivo, and western blotting was implemented to measure the expression of CCNA2, CDK2, and the activation levels of the MAPK-signaling pathway proteins in tumours. Results The proportion of cells in the S phase was increased in the KLF14-overexpressing group compared with the control group (P<0.001); CDK2, CCNA2, and p-JNK/JNK expression levels were elevated in the KLF14-overexpressing group relative to the control group (all P<0.05). When JNK-pathway activation was inhibited/promoted, the proportion of cells in the S phase was reduced/increased (P<0.05) and CDK2 and CCNA2 expression levels were reduced/decreased, respectively (all P<0.05). Vivo experiments revealed that KLF14 inhibited cervical cancer cell proliferation (P<0.01) and that p-JNK/JNK, CDK2, and CCNA2 expression levels were augmented in tumours in the overexpression group (P<0.01). Conclusion KLF14 induced S-phase arrest in cervical cancer cells and inhibited the proliferation of cervical cancer cells in vivo; the induction of S-phase arrest was related to its zinc-finger structure. KLF14 also activated the JNK pathway to induce S-phase arrest and promote the expression of CDK2 and CCNA2. In summary, KLF14 activates the JNK-signaling pathway to induce S-phase arrest in cervical cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Du
- Oncology Department, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Oncology Department, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Oncology Department, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, , Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mao X, Li Y, Zhong Y, Chen R, Wang K, Huang D, Luo X. Kruppel-like factor 14 ameliorated obesity and related metabolic disorders by promoting adipose tissue browning. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E744-E754. [PMID: 37938176 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00226.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has been identified as a serious and debilitating disease that threatens human health, but the current treatment strategies still have some shortcomings. Exercise and dieting are difficult for many people to adhere to, and a series of surgical risks and pain brought about by volume reduction have made it difficult for the current weight loss effect to meet human expectations. In this study, we first found that mice with overexpression of the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 14 (KLF14) in subcutaneous adipose tissue gained weight more slowly while consuming a high-fat diet than did control mice, and these mice also showed reduced insulin resistance and liver lipid deposition abnormalities. Mechanistically, the browning of white adipose tissue was promoted in adipose tissue with KLF14 overexpression; therefore, we preliminarily concluded that KLF14 can improve obesity by promoting the browning of white adipose tissue and energy consumption, thus ameliorating obesity and related metabolic disturbances. In summary, our results revealed that KLF14 may promote white adipose tissue browning, thus ameliorating high-fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis, as well as serum lipid levels and insulin resistance, thereby achieving a positive effect on metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study first explored the role of KLF14 in the development and progression of HFD-induced obesity in male mice. Its beneficial effect on adipose browning and metabolic disorders suggests that KLF14 may provide us a new therapeutic strategy for obesity and related metabolic complications. This health problem is of global concern and needs to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanxiang Li
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sales LP, Hounkpe BW, Perez MO, Caparbo VF, Domiciano DS, Borba EF, Schett G, Figueiredo CP, Pereira RMR. Transcriptomic characterization of classical monocytes highlights the involvement of immuno-inflammation in bone erosion in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1251034. [PMID: 37868981 PMCID: PMC10588645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1251034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Evidence-based data suggest that under inflammatory conditions, classical monocytes are the main source of osteoclasts and might be involved in bone erosion pathophysiology. Here, we analyze the transcriptomic profile of classical monocytes in erosive and non-erosive rheumatoid arthritis patients in order to better understand their contribution to bone erosion. Methods Thirty-nine premenopausal RA patients were consecutively enrolled and divided into two groups based on the presence of bone erosions on hand joints. Classical monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood through negative selection, and RNA-seq was performed using a poly-A enrichment kit and Illumina® platform. Classical monocytes transcriptome from healthy age-matched women were also included to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Therefore, gene sets analysis was performed to identify the enriched biological pathways. Results RNA-seq analysis resulted in the identification of 1,140 DEGs of which 89 were up-regulated and 1,051 down-regulated in RA patients with bone erosion compared to those without bone erosions. Among up-regulated genes, there was a highlighted expression of IL18RAP and KLF14 related to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, innate and adaptive immune response. Genes related to collagen metabolism (LARP6) and bone formation process (PAPPA) were down-regulated in RA patients with erosions. Enriched pathways in patients with erosions were associated with greater activation of immune activation, and inflammation. Interestingly, pathways associated with osteoblast differentiation and regulation of Wnt signaling were less activated in RA patients with erosions. Conclusion These findings suggest that alterations in expression of monocyte genes related to the inflammatory process and impairment of bone formation might have an important role in the pathophysiology of bone erosions in RA patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Peixoto Sales
- Rheumatology Division, Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bidossessi Wilfried Hounkpe
- Rheumatology Division, Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ortega Perez
- Rheumatology Division, Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Falco Caparbo
- Rheumatology Division, Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diogo Souza Domiciano
- Rheumatology Division, Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ferreira Borba
- Rheumatology Division, Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Camille Pinto Figueiredo
- Rheumatology Division, Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira
- Rheumatology Division, Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Akash MSH, Rasheed S, Rehman K, Ibrahim M, Imran M, Assiri MA. Biochemical Activation and Regulatory Functions of Trans-Regulatory KLF14 and Its Association with Genetic Polymorphisms. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020199. [PMID: 36837818 PMCID: PMC9962810 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüpple-Like family of transcription factor-14 (KLF14) is a master trans-regulatory gene that has multiple biological regulatory functions and is involved in many pathological mechanisms. It controls the expressions of several other genes which are involved in multiple regulatory functions. KLF14 plays a significant role in lipid metabolism, glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity. Cell apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation are regulated by the KLF14 gene, and up-regulation of KLF14 prevents cancer progression. KLF14 has been used as an epigenetic biomarker for the estimation of chronological age due to the presence of different age-related CpG sites on genes that become methylated with age. Different genome-wide association studies have identified several KLF14 variants in adipose tissues. These single nucleotide polymorphisms in KLF14 have been associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. Moreover, the prevalence of genetic polymorphism is different in different populations due to ethnic differences and epigenetic modifications. In addition, environmental and physiological factors such as diet, age, gender, and obesity are also responsible for genetic mutations in KLF14.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.S.H.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Sumbal Rasheed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, The Women University, Multan 60000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.S.H.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 62413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Assiri
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 62413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62413, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mir R, Elfaki I, Javid J, Barnawi J, Altayar MA, Albalawi SO, Jalal MM, Tayeb FJ, Yousif A, Ullah MF, AbuDuhier FM. Genetic Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease: The Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 (eNOS3), Krüppel-Like Factor-14 (KLF-14), Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR), MiRNAs27a and Their Association with the Predisposition and Susceptibility to Coronary Artery Disease. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111905. [PMID: 36431040 PMCID: PMC9697170 DOI: 10.3390/life12111905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is an important cause of death worldwide. CAD is caused by genetic and other factors including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, stress, unhealthy diet, physical inactively, smoking and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). The genome wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed the association of many loci with risk to diseases such as cancers, T2D and CAD. Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator and is required for normal vascular health. It is produced in the endothelial cells in a reaction catalyzed by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a very important enzyme involved in metabolism of folate and homocysteine, and its reduced function leads to cardiovascular disease. The Krüppel-like factor-14 (KLF-14) is an important transcriptional regulator that has been implicated in metabolic syndrome. MicroRNA (MiRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate the gene expression of proteins involved in important physiological processes including cell cycle and metabolism. In the present study, we have investigated the potential impact of germline pathogenic variants of endothelial eNOS, KLF-14, MTHFR, MiRNA-27a and their association with risk to CAD in the Saudi population. Methods: Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) PCR was used to detect MTHFR, KLF-14, miRNA-27a and eNOS3 genotyping in CAD patients and healthy controls. About 125 CAD cases and 125 controls were enrolled in this study and statistical associations were calculated including p-value, risk ratio (RR), and odds ratio (OD). Results: There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in genotype distributions of MTHFR 677 C>T, KLF-14 rs972283 G>A, miRNAs27a rs895819 A>G and eNOS3 rs1799983 G>T between CAD patients and controls. In addition, our results indicated that the MTHFR-TT genotype was associated with increased CAD susceptibility with an OR 2.75 (95%) and p < 0.049, and the KLF14-AA genotype was also associated with increased CAD susceptibility with an OR of 2.24 (95%) and p < 0.024. Moreover, the miRNAs27a-GG genotype protects from CAD risk with an OR = 0.31 (0.016), p = 0.016. Our results also indicated that eNOS3 -GT genotype is associated with CAD susceptibility with an OR = 2.65, and p < 0.0003. Conclusion: The MTHFR 677C>T, KLF14 rs972283 G>A, miRNAs27a A>G, and eNOS3 rs1799983 G>T genotypes were associated with CAD susceptibility (p < 0.05). These findings require verification in future large-scale population based studies before these loci are used for the prediction and identification of individuals at risk to CAD. Weight control, physical activity, and smoking cessation are very influential recommendations given by clinicians to the at risk individuals to reduce or delay the development of CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Mir
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Imadeldin Elfaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Jamsheed Javid
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jameel Barnawi
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik A. Altayar
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem Owaid Albalawi
- Department of Cardiology, King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Jalal
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris J. Tayeb
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aadil Yousif
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Fahad Ullah
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisel M. AbuDuhier
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sawma T, Shaito A, Najm N, Sidani M, Orekhov A, El-Yazbi AF, Iratni R, Eid AH. Role of RhoA and Rho-associated kinase in phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells: Implications for vascular function. Atherosclerosis 2022; 358:12-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
8
|
Wang H, Guo Y, Lu H, Luo Y, Hu W, Liang W, Garcia-Barrio MT, Chang L, Schwendeman A, Zhang J, Chen YE. Krüppel-like factor 14 deletion in myeloid cells accelerates atherosclerotic lesion development. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:475-488. [PMID: 33538785 PMCID: PMC8803076 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atherosclerosis is the dominant pathologic basis of many cardiovascular diseases. Large genome-wide association studies have identified that single-nucleotide polymorphisms proximal to Krüppel-like factor 14 (KLF14), a member of the zinc finger family of transcription factors, are associated with higher cardiovascular risks. Macrophage dysfunction contributes to atherosclerosis development and has been recognized as a potential therapeutic target for treating many cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we address the biologic function of KLF14 in macrophages and its role during the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS KLF14 expression was markedly decreased in cholesterol loaded foam cells, and overexpression of KLF14 significantly increased cholesterol efflux and inhibited the inflammatory response in macrophages. We generated myeloid cell-selective Klf14 knockout (Klf14LysM) mice in the ApoE-/- background for the atherosclerosis study. Klf14LysMApoE-/- and litter-mate control mice (Klf14fl/flApoE-/-) were placed on the Western Diet for 12 weeks to induce atherosclerosis. Macrophage Klf14 deficiency resulted in increased atherosclerosis development without affecting the plasma lipid profiles. Klf14-deficient peritoneal macrophages showed significantly reduced cholesterol efflux resulting in increased lipid accumulation and exacerbated inflammatory response. Mechanistically, KLF14 upregulates the expression of a key cholesterol efflux transporter, ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1), while it suppresses the expression of several critical components of the inflammatory cascade. In macrophages, activation of KLF14 by its activator, perhexiline, a drug clinically used to treat angina, significantly inhibited the inflammatory response and increased cholesterol efflux in a KLF14-dependent manner in macrophages without triggering hepatic lipogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the anti-atherosclerotic effects of myeloid KLF14 through promoting cholesterol efflux and suppressing the inflammatory response. Activation of KLF14 may represent a potential new therapeutic approach to prevent or treat atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huilun Wang
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yonghong Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Wenting Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Circadian Rhythm: Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020676. [PMID: 33445491 PMCID: PMC7827891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Every organism has an intrinsic biological rhythm that orchestrates biological processes in adjusting to daily environmental changes. Circadian rhythms are maintained by networks of molecular clocks throughout the core and peripheral tissues, including immune cells, blood vessels, and perivascular adipose tissues. Recent findings have suggested strong correlations between the circadian clock and cardiovascular diseases. Desynchronization between the circadian rhythm and body metabolism contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases including arteriosclerosis and thrombosis. Circadian rhythms are involved in controlling inflammatory processes and metabolisms, which can influence the pathology of arteriosclerosis and thrombosis. Circadian clock genes are critical in maintaining the robust relationship between diurnal variation and the cardiovascular system. The circadian machinery in the vascular system may be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The research on circadian rhythms in cardiovascular diseases is still progressing. In this review, we briefly summarize recent studies on circadian rhythms and cardiovascular homeostasis, focusing on the circadian control of inflammatory processes and metabolisms. Based on the recent findings, we discuss the potential target molecules for future therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular diseases by targeting the circadian clock.
Collapse
|
10
|
Shahvazian E, Mahmoudi MB, Farashahi Yazd E, Gharibi S, Moghimi B, HosseinNia P, Mirzaei M. The KLF14 Variant is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and HbA 1C Level. Biochem Genet 2021; 59:574-588. [PMID: 33389382 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-020-10015-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to scan variants in coding region of Krȕppel like factor14 (KLF14) locus and assess association related to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Iranian population. We sequenced the coding region of KLF14 to scan variants in case-sibling study (92 individuals with T2D and 92 healthy older siblings). To confirm, we analyzed rs76603546 association with T2D in a larger unrelated case-control study by PCR-RFLP (475 cases and 512 controls). We analyzed the association of rs76603546 with HbA1C, BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, fasting glucose, cholesterol and HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) using one-way ANOVA analysis. Also, association of genotypes with T2D adjusted for confounding variables was analyzed using logistic regression. HaploReg v 4.1 was used to predict rs76603546 possible function. Sequencing results analysis revealed the association of C allele of rs76603546, synonymous variant C>T, [OR 2.10 (1.38-3.20), P value < 0.001] and CC genotype of rs76603546 [OR 4.3 (1.79-10.23), P value = 0.001] with susceptibility to T2D. PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) results analysis confirmed the association of rs76603546 with T2D [C allele, OR 1.91 (1.59-2.29), P value = 0.002, CC genotype, OR 3.27 (2.26-4.73), P value = 0.002 and TC genotype, OR 1.74 (1.31-2.31), P value = 0.001]. The CC genotype of rs76603546 is associated with HbA1C level (P value < 0.001) and BMI (P value = 0.02). After adjustment with confounding variables, we observed association of CC genotype with T2D [OR 2.542 (1.25-3.77), P value = 0.03]. Among over 220 SNPs, rs76603546 was associated with T2D, HbA1C and BMI in our study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Shahvazian
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Mahmoudi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ehsan Farashahi Yazd
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. .,Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. .,Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Bu-Ali Ave., Timsar Fallahi St., Safaeieh, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Saba Gharibi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Bahram Moghimi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Mirzaei
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Centre, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang Q, Civelek M. Transcription Factor KLF14 and Metabolic Syndrome. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:91. [PMID: 32548128 PMCID: PMC7274157 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is a combination of metabolic abnormalities that lead to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Although various criteria for defining MetSyn exist, common abnormalities include abdominal obesity, elevated serum triglyceride, insulin resistance, and blood glucose, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and hypertension. MetSyn prevalence has been increasing with the rise of obesity worldwide, with significantly higher prevalence in women compared with men and in Hispanics compared with Whites. Affected individuals are at a higher risk of developing T2D (5-fold) and CVD (2-fold). Heritability estimates for individual components of MetSyn vary between 40 and 70%, suggesting a strong contribution of an individual's genetic makeup to disease pathology. The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has enabled large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) into the genetics underlying MetSyn pathogenesis. Several such studies have implicated the transcription factor KLF14, a member of the Krüpple-like factor family (KLF), in the development of metabolic diseases, including obesity, insulin resistance, and T2D. How KLF14 regulates these metabolic traits and increases the risk of developing T2D, atherosclerosis, and liver dysfunction is still unknown. There have been some debate and controversial results with regards to its expression profile and functionality in various tissues, and a systematic review of current knowledge on KLF14 is lacking. Here, we summarize the research progress made in understanding the function of KLF14 and describe common attributes of its biochemical, physiological, and pathophysiological roles. We also discuss the current challenges in understanding the role of KLF14 in metabolism and provide suggestions for future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Yang
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Spólnicka M, Pośpiech E, Adamczyk JG, Freire-Aradas A, Pepłońska B, Zbieć-Piekarska R, Makowska Ż, Pięta A, Lareu MV, Phillips C, Płoski R, Żekanowski C, Branicki W. Modified aging of elite athletes revealed by analysis of epigenetic age markers. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:241-252. [PMID: 29466246 PMCID: PMC5842850 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in epigenomics has led to the development of prediction systems that enable accurate age estimation from DNA methylation data. Our objective was to track responses to intense physical exercise of individual age-correlated DNA methylation markers and to infer their potential impact on the aging processes. The study showed accelerated DNA hypermethylation for two CpG sites in TRIM59 and KLF14. Both markers predicted the investigated elite athletes to be several years older than controls and this effect was more substantial in subjects involved in power sports. Accordingly, the complete 5-CpG model revealed age acceleration of elite athletes (P=1.503x10-7) and the result was more significant amongst power athletes (P=1.051x10-9). The modified methylation of TRIM59 and KLF14 in top athletes may be accounted for by the biological roles played by these genes. Their known anti-tumour and anti-inflammatory activities suggests that intense physical training has a complex influence on aging and potentially launches signalling networks that contribute to the observed lower risk of elite athletes to develop cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewelina Pośpiech
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk
- Department of Theory of Sport, Józef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ana Freire-Aradas
- Forensic Genetics Unit, Institute of Forensic Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Beata Pepłońska
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Anna Pięta
- Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Victoria Lareu
- Forensic Genetics Unit, Institute of Forensic Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Christopher Phillips
- Forensic Genetics Unit, Institute of Forensic Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Żekanowski
- Department of Theory of Sport, Józef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Branicki
- Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police, Warsaw, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nardini C, Moreau JF, Gensous N, Ravaioli F, Garagnani P, Bacalini MG. The epigenetics of inflammaging: The contribution of age-related heterochromatin loss and locus-specific remodelling and the modulation by environmental stimuli. Semin Immunol 2018; 40:49-60. [PMID: 30396810 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A growing amount of evidences indicates that inflammaging - the chronic, low grade inflammation state characteristic of the elderly - is the result of genetic as well as environmental or stochastic factors. Some of these, such as the accumulation of senescent cells that are persistent during aging or accompany its progression, seem to be sufficient to initiate the aging process and to fuel it. Others, like exposure to environmental compounds or infections, are temporary and resolve within a (relatively) short time. In both cases, however, a cellular memory of the event can be established by means of epigenetic modulation of the genome. In this review we will specifically discuss the relationship between epigenetics and inflammaging. In particular, we will show how age-associated epigenetic modifications concerned with heterochromatin loss and gene-specific remodelling, can promote inflammaging. Furthermore, we will recall how the exposure to specific nutritional, environmental and microbial stimuli can affect the rate of inflammaging through epigenetic mechanisms, touching also on the recent insight given by the concept of trained immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Nardini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; CNR IAC "Mauro Picone", Roma, Italy; Personal Genomics S.r.l., Verona, Italy
| | - Jean-Francois Moreau
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS-UMR5164, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CHU Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, Bordeaux, France
| | - Noémie Gensous
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Ravaioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Cell Biology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sweet DR, Fan L, Hsieh PN, Jain MK. Krüppel-Like Factors in Vascular Inflammation: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:6. [PMID: 29459900 PMCID: PMC5807683 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in vascular disease is well recognized, involving dysregulation of both circulating immune cells as well as the cells of the vessel wall itself. Unrestrained vascular inflammation leads to pathological remodeling that eventually contributes to atherothrombotic disease and its associated sequelae (e.g., myocardial/cerebral infarction, embolism, and critical limb ischemia). Signaling events during vascular inflammation orchestrate widespread transcriptional programs that affect the functions of vascular and circulating inflammatory cells. The Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of transcription factors central in regulating vascular biology in states of homeostasis and disease. Given their abundance and diversity of function in cells associated with vascular inflammation, understanding the transcriptional networks regulated by KLFs will further our understanding of the pathogenesis underlying several pervasive health concerns (e.g., atherosclerosis, stroke, etc.) and consequently inform the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Within this review, we will discuss the role of KLFs in coordinating protective and deleterious responses during vascular inflammation, while addressing the potential targeting of these critical transcription factors in future therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Sweet
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Liyan Fan
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Paishiun N Hsieh
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xiong L, Ouyang KH, Jiang Y, Yang ZW, Hu WB, Chen H, Wang N, Liu X, Wang WJ. Chemical composition of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide and inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:1898-1907. [PMID: 29032210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to study the chemical composition of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide and inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage. A new elution (0.3% NaCl aqueous solution) of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide (CPP-3) was characterized by different methods such as fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), UV-vis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high performance gel chromatography (HPGLC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cell viability was measured by MTT test, phagocytosis assay was measured by Neutral red uptake assay, nitrite was measured by Griess assay, TNF-α and IL-1β analysis were measured by ELISA, PGE2 was measured by enzyme immunoassay system. The results showed that CPP-3 was comprised of two polysaccharides with average molecular weight (Mw) of 5.69×104Da and 4.94×103Da. CPP-3 contains six monosaccharides, of which are rhamnose (Rha), arabinose (Ara), xylose (Xyl), mannose (Man), glucose (Glu), galactose (Gal), the molar ratio of six monosaccharides is 0.060:0.109:0.053:0.128:0.293:0.357. CPP-3 increased the amount of NO released from mouse macrophage RAW264.7 and significantly increased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and PGE2 (P<0.01). CPP-3 suppressed LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage to release NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and PGE2 (P<0.01). CPP-3 and LPS accounted for synergistic effect on the release of NO and TNF-α, CPP-3 and LPS accounted for antagonistic effect on the release of IL-1β and PGE2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiong
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ke-Hui Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zhan-Wei Yang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wen-Bing Hu
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xiong L, Ouyang KH, Jiang Y, Yang ZW, Hu WB, Chen H, Wang N, Liu X, Wang WJ. Chemical composition of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide and inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage. Int J Biol Macromol 2018. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
17
|
Argmann CA, Violante S, Dodatko T, Amaro MP, Hagen J, Gillespie VL, Buettner C, Schadt EE, Houten SM. Germline deletion of Krüppel-like factor 14 does not increase risk of diet induced metabolic syndrome in male C57BL/6 mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:3277-3285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
18
|
|