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Freitas Paiva M, Sadula S, Vlachos DG, Wojcieszak R, Vanhove G, Bellot Noronha F. Advancing Lignocellulosic Biomass Fractionation through Molten Salt Hydrates: Catalyst-Enhanced Pretreatment for Sustainable Biorefineries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400396. [PMID: 38872421 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Developing a process that performs the lignocellulosic biomass fractionation under milder conditions simultaneously with the depolymerization and/or the upgrading of all fractions is fundamental for the economic viability of future lignin-first biorefineries. The molten salt hydrates (MSH) with homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts are a potential alternative to biomass pretreatment that promotes cellulose's dissolution and its conversion to different platform molecules while keeping the lignin reactivity. This review investigates the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass using MSH to produce chemicals and fuels. First, the MSH properties and applications are discussed. In particular, the use of MSH in cellulose dissolution and hydrolysis for producing high-value chemicals and fuels is presented. Then, the biomass treatment with MSH is discussed. Different strategies for preventing sugar degradation, such as biphasic media, adsorbents, and precipitation, are contrasted. The potential for valorizing isolated lignin from the pretreatment with MSH is debated. Finally, challenges and limitations in utilizing MSH for biomass valorization are discussed, and future developments are presented. Cellulose Avicel®PH-101 ZnCl2 ⋅ 4H2O, ZnBr2 ⋅ 4H2O, LiCl ⋅ 8H2O, LiBr ⋅ 4H2O H2SO4, (0.2 M); H3PW12O40 (0.067 M); H4SiW12O40 (0.05 M) T (145-175 °C); Time (30-120 min) Organic solvent (MIBK) LA (94 %) and HMF (3.4 %) Dissolution time: ZnBr2 ⋅ 4H2O<>2O<>2 ⋅ 4H2O<>2O; The highest conversion of pretreated cellulose and yield of glucose were obtained with ZnBr2 ⋅ 4H2O (88 % and 80 %, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Freitas Paiva
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR, 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
- UMR 8522 - PC2 A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Univ. Lille, CNRS, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sunitha Sadula
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150/221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150/221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Robert Wojcieszak
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR, 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
- L2CM UMR 7053, Université de Lorraine and CNRS, F-5400, Nancy, France
| | - Guillaume Vanhove
- UMR 8522 - PC2 A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Univ. Lille, CNRS, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Fábio Bellot Noronha
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR, 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
- National Institute of Technology, Catalysis, Biocatalysis and Chemical Processes Division, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20081-312, Brazil
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Analysis of the Catalytic Effects Induced by Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals (AAEMs) on the Pyrolysis of Beech Wood and Corncob. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic pyrolysis of beech wood and corncob was experimentally investigated considering six additives containing alkali and alkaline earth metals (Na2CO3, NaOH, NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2). Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out with raw feedstocks and samples impregnated with different concentrations of catalysts. In a bid to better interpret observed trends, measured data were analyzed using an integral kinetic modeling approach considering 14 different reaction models. As highlights, this work showed that cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) as well as anions (i.e., CO32−, OH−, and Cl−) influence pyrolysis in selective ways. Alkaline earth metals were proven to be more effective than alkali metals in fostering biomass decomposition, as evidenced by decreases in the characteristic pyrolysis temperatures and activation energies. Furthermore, the results obtained showed that the higher the basicity of the catalyst, the higher its efficiency as well. Increasing the quantities of calcium- and magnesium-based additives finally led to an enhancement of the decomposition process at low temperatures, although a saturation phenomenon was seen for high catalyst concentrations.
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Silva LD, Lira TS, Xavier TP, Barrozo MAS, Dantas SC, Silvério BC, Santos KG. Effect of Temperature and MgCl
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Concentration on the Catalytic Pyrolysis of Malt Waste Using Response Surface Methodology. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D. Silva
- Multicenter Chemistry Post-graduation Program of Minas Gerais State (PPGMQ-MG) Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro Av. Randolfo Borges Jr, 1400, B. Univerdecidade Uberaba-MG Brazil
| | - Taisa S. Lira
- Post-Graduation Program in Energy Federal University of Espírito Santo São Mateus-ES Brazil
| | - Thiago P. Xavier
- Post-Graduation Program in Energy Federal University of Espírito Santo São Mateus-ES Brazil
| | - Marcos A. S. Barrozo
- M.A.S. Barrozo. Post-Graduation Program in Chemical Engineering Federal University of Uberlândia Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, B. Santa Mônica Uberlândia- MG Brazil
| | - Sandra C. Dantas
- Multicenter Chemistry Post-graduation Program of Minas Gerais State (PPGMQ-MG) Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro Av. Randolfo Borges Jr, 1400, B. Univerdecidade Uberaba-MG Brazil
| | - Beatriz C. Silvério
- Multicenter Chemistry Post-graduation Program of Minas Gerais State (PPGMQ-MG) Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro Av. Randolfo Borges Jr, 1400, B. Univerdecidade Uberaba-MG Brazil
| | - K. G. Santos
- Multicenter Chemistry Post-graduation Program of Minas Gerais State (PPGMQ-MG) Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro Av. Randolfo Borges Jr, 1400, B. Univerdecidade Uberaba-MG Brazil
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Lin L, Han X, Han B, Yang S. Emerging heterogeneous catalysts for biomass conversion: studies of the reaction mechanism. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11270-11292. [PMID: 34632985 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient catalysts to break down and convert woody biomass will be a paradigm shift in delivering the global target of sustainable economy and environment via the use of cheap, highly abundant, and renewable carbon resources. However, such development is extremely challenging due to the complexity of lignocellulose, and today most biomass is treated simply as waste. The solution lies in the design of multifunctional catalysts that can place effective control on substrate activation and product selectivity. This is, however, severely hindered by the lack of fundamental understanding of (i) the precise role of active sites, and (ii) the catalyst-substrate chemistry that underpins the catalytic activity. Moreover, active sites alone often cannot deliver the desired selectivity of products, and full understanding of the microenvironment of the active sites is urgently needed. Here, we review key recent advances in the study of reaction mechanisms of biomass conversion over emerging heterogeneous catalysts. These insights will inform the design of future catalytic systems showing improved activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Sihai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Rodriguez Quiroz N, Norton AM, Nguyen H, Vasileiadou E, Vlachos DG. Homogeneous Metal Salt Solutions for Biomass Upgrading and Other Select Organic Reactions. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rodriguez Quiroz
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Angela M. Norton
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Hannah Nguyen
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Efterpi Vasileiadou
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Hamdan M, Sharif AO, Derwish G, Al-Aibi S, Altaee A. Draw solutions for Forward Osmosis process: Osmotic pressure of binary and ternary aqueous solutions of magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, sucrose and maltose. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Qian TT, Li DC, Jiang H. Thermochemical behavior of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) during co-pyrolysis with biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10734-10742. [PMID: 25154038 DOI: 10.1021/es502669s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Co-pyrolysis of plastic waste and wood biomass to recover valuable chemicals is a cost-effective waste-recycling technology. However, widely used organophosphate ester additives in plastic, such as tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), can form diverse phosphorus (P)-containing species. These P-containing compounds can pose new environmental challenges when the biochar is reused. In this study, a mixture of TBEP and lignin was used to simulate the feedstock of plastic waste and wood biomass, and the thermochemical behavior of TBEP in slow pyrolysis (20 K min(-1)) and fast pyrolysis at 400-600 °C was investigated. The results show that low temperature in fast pyrolysis favors the enrichment of P in char. Up to 76.6% of initial P in the feedstock is retained in the char resulting from 400 °C, while only 51% is retained in the char from 600 °C. Slow pyrolysis favors the formation of stable P species regardless of the temperature; only 7% of the P retained in the char is extractable from char from slow pyrolysis, while 20-40% of P can be extracted from char resulting from fast pyrolysis. The addition of CaCl2 and MgCl2 can significantly increase the fraction of P retained in the char by the formation of Ca, Mg-P compounds. Online TG-FTIR-MS analysis suggests that TBEP undergoes decomposition through different temperature-dependent pathways. The P-containing radicals react with the aromatic rings produced by the pyrolysis of lignin to form Ar-P species, which is an important factor influencing the distribution and stabilization of P in char.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Qian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
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Wu Y, Yao C, Hu Y, Yang S, Qing Y, Wu Q. Flame retardancy and thermal degradation behavior of red gum wood treated with hydrate magnesium chloride. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Comparative Performance of Three Magnesium Compounds on Thermal Degradation Behavior of Red Gum Wood. MATERIALS 2014; 7:637-652. [PMID: 28788480 PMCID: PMC5453080 DOI: 10.3390/ma7020637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of basic magnesium carbonate (BMC), magnesium hydroxide (MH), and magnesium chloride hydrate (MCH) on thermal degradation of red gum wood was studied using cone calorimetry, Thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization. The results showed common fire retardation actions of the three compounds by releasing incombustible gas and/or water vapor to dilute combustible gas in the flaming zone, and by converting to MgO, which had a satisfactory protective wall effect on the wood. Individually, BMC absorbed heat from the wood at the pre-decomposition stage and, thus, slowed down wood pyrolysis process. It slightly increased the char yield by charring in both the charring stage and the char calcination stage. MH lost water at about 270°C, close to the temperature at which wood thermally degraded. MH rendered wood char quickly, and the compact char layer impeded further carbonization and burning of inner wood. MCH promoted charring with Mg2+ as a Lewis acid, and increased wood char yield. MCH also released Cl· free radical and HCl at 167°C, which easily coordinated with combustion reaction radical, and slowed down, even inhibited, the combustion chain reaction.
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Patwardhan PR, Satrio JA, Brown RC, Shanks BH. Influence of inorganic salts on the primary pyrolysis products of cellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:4646-55. [PMID: 20171877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Processing bio-oil with the help of currently existing petroleum refinery infrastructure has been considered as a promising alternative to produce sustainable fuels in the future. The feasibility of bio-oil production and upgrading processes depend upon its chemical composition which in turn depends on the biomass composition and the process conditions of the fast pyrolysis reactions. The primary goal of this paper was to investigate the effect of mineral salts including mixtures of salts in the form of switchgrass ash on the chemical speciation resulting from primary pyrolysis reactions of cellulose and to gain an insight of the underlying mechanisms. Various concentrations of inorganic salts (NaCl, KCl, MgCl(2), CaCl(2), Ca(OH)(2), Ca(NO(3))(2), CaCO(3) and CaHPO(4)) and switchgrass ash were impregnated on pure cellulose. These samples were pyrolyzed in a micro-pyrolyzer connected to a GC-MS/FID system. Effects of minerals on the formation of (a) low molecular weight species - formic acid, glycolaldehyde and acetol, (b) furan ring derivatives - 2-furaldehyde and 5-hydroxy methyl furfural and (c) anhydro sugar - levoglucosan are reported exclusively. Further, the effect of reaction temperature ranging from 350 to 600 degrees C on the pyrolysis speciation of pure and ash-doped cellulose is also reported. The pyrolysis speciation revealed the competitive nature of the primary reactions. Mineral salts and higher temperatures accelerated the reactions that led to the formation of low molecular weight species from cellulose as compared to those leading to anhydro sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushkaraj R Patwardhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Amarasekara AS, Ebede CC. Zinc chloride mediated degradation of cellulose at 200 degrees C and identification of the products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:5301-4. [PMID: 19540751 PMCID: PMC2821469 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ZnCl(2) on the degradation of cellulose was studied to develop conditions to produce useful feedstock chemicals directly from cellulosic biomass. Cellulose containing 0.5 mol of ZnCl(2)/mol of glucose unit of cellulose was found to degrade at 200 degrees C when heated for more than 60 s in air. The major non-gaseous products of the degradation were identified as furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid. The maximum yields for furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural are 8% and 9%, respectively, based on glucose unit of cellulose. These yields are reached after 150 s of heating at 200 degrees C. A cellulose sample containing 0.5 mol of ZnCl(2)/mol of glucose unit of cellulose and 5.6 equivalents of water when heated for 150 s at 200 degrees C produced levulinic acid as the only product in 6% yield. The ZnCl(2) mediated controlled degradation of cellulose at 200 degrees C is shown to produce useful feedstock chemicals in low yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda S Amarasekara
- Department of Chemistry, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA.
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