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Khabibulina LR, Garifullin BF, Aznagulov RF, Andreeva OV, Strobykina IY, Belenok MG, Voloshina AD, Abramova DF, Vyshtakalyuk AB, Lyubina AP, Amerhanova SK, Sharipova RR, Kataev VE. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of new conjugates of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine with α-aminophosphonates. Carbohydr Res 2024; 541:109146. [PMID: 38788561 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
A series of the first conjugates of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine with α-aminophosphonates was synthesized using the Kabachnik-Fields reaction, the Pudovik reaction, a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) and evaluated for the in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines M - HeLa, HuTu-80, A549, PANC-1, MCF-7, T98G and normal lung fibroblast cells WI-38. The tested conjugates, with exception of compound 21b, considered as a lead compound, were either inactive against the used cancer cells or showed moderate cytotoxicity in the range of IC50 values 33-80 μM. The lead compound 21b, being non cytotoxic against normal human cells WI-38 (IC50 = 90 μM), demonstrated good activity (IC50 = 17 μM) against breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) which to be 1.5 times higher than the activity of the used reference anticancer drug tamoxifen (IC50 = 25.0 μM). A flexible receptor molecular docking simulation showed that the cytotoxicity of the synthesized conjugates of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine with α-aminophosphonates against breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell line is due to their ability to inhibit EGFR kinase domain. In addition, it was found that conjugates 22a and 22b demonstrated antioxidant activity that was not typical for α-aminophosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leysan R Khabibulina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation; Kazan National Research Technological University, Karl Marx str., 68, Kazan, 420015, Russian Federation.
| | - Bulat F Garifullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation; Kazan National Research Technological University, Karl Marx str., 68, Kazan, 420015, Russian Federation
| | - Ravil F Aznagulov
- Kazan National Research Technological University, Karl Marx str., 68, Kazan, 420015, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Andreeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Yu Strobykina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Mayya G Belenok
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra D Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Dinara F Abramova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation; Kazan National Research Technological University, Karl Marx str., 68, Kazan, 420015, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra B Vyshtakalyuk
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Anna P Lyubina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Syumbelya K Amerhanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Radmila R Sharipova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir E Kataev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
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2
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Pertel SS, Kakayan ES, Zinin AI, Kononov LO. Synthesis and study of the glycosyl-donor properties of 2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-α-d-galactopyrano)-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109040. [PMID: 38232542 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
A synthesis of 2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-α-d-galactopyrano)-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline - a previously unknown 2-alkoxy glyco-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline derivative with d-galacto configuration was carried out. Glycosylating activity of the obtained galactooxazoline has been studied and it has been shown that in the presence of a weak protic acid, such as sym-collidinium triflate, this substance exhibits properties of a reactive and 1,2-trans-stereoselective glycosyl donor. The homopolymerization reaction of oxazoline derivatives of sugars has been found to proceed under the same conditions, leading to the formation of pseudo-oligosaccharide products. It has been found that this undesirable side reaction could be suppressed by changing the acid catalyst concentration, resulting in the development of efficient methods for the synthesis of glycoside and oligosaccharide derivatives of β-d-galactosamine using the synthesized 2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)-2-oxazoline glycosyl donor under very mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S Pertel
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Ave., 4, 295007, Simferopol, Russian Federation.
| | - Elena S Kakayan
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Ave., 4, 295007, Simferopol, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander I Zinin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp., 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid O Kononov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp., 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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3
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Pertel SS, Kakayan ES, Seryi SA, Zinin AI, Kononov LO. New method for the synthesis of 2-acylamino glycals. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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4
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Pertel SS, Seryi SA, Kakayan ES, Zinin AI, Kononov LO. New methods for the synthesis of 2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyrano)-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline and its use for stereo-, chemo- and regioselective glycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2022; 520:108633. [PMID: 35868150 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
New methods for the synthesis of the title oxazoline 2 from the corresponding 2-deoxy-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)glucosyl bromide were developed. The target 2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy) gluco-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline 2 can be synthesized under conditions of halide ion catalysis, using triethylamine as a base. The synthesized 2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)-2-oxazoline glycosyl donor was used for stereo-, regio-, and chemoselective glycosylation reactions under extremely mild conditions. The undesirable side reaction of intermolecular aglycone transfer between an ethyl thioglycoside glycosyl acceptor and the 2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)-2-oxazoline glycosyl donor occurred to a relatively small extent. Regio-, and chemoselectivity of the disaccharide synthesis with the oxazoline glycosyl donor depended on the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S Pertel
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Ave., 4, 295007, Simferopol, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergey A Seryi
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Ave., 4, 295007, Simferopol, Russian Federation
| | - Elena S Kakayan
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Ave., 4, 295007, Simferopol, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander I Zinin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp., 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid O Kononov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp., 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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5
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Pertel SS, Zinin AI, Seryi SA, Kakayan ES. The study of the acid-catalyzed reaction between 2-methyl and 2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy) gluco-[2,1-d]-2-oxazolines. Synthesis of macrocyclic pseudo-tetrasaccharide derivative of d-glucosamine. Carbohydr Res 2020; 499:108230. [PMID: 33429169 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The formation of macrocyclic pseudo-tetrasaccharide derivative of d-glucosamine as a result of the acid-catalyzed reaction between 2-methyl- and 2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)-substituted oxazoline derivatives of sugars was discovered. The structure of the obtained product was determined using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. An explanation of the obtained results based on the mechanism of the reaction of electrophilic polymerization of 2-substituted glyco-[2,1-d]-2-oxazolines and the principle of hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S Pertel
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Ave., 4, 295007, Simferopol, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander I Zinin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A Seryi
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Ave., 4, 295007, Simferopol, Russian Federation
| | - Elena S Kakayan
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Ave., 4, 295007, Simferopol, Russian Federation
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Chemical synthesis of 4-azido-β-galactosamine derivatives for inhibitors of N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:477-491. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Sardar MYR, Mandhapati AR, Park S, Wever WJ, Cummings RD, Chaikof EL. Convergent Synthesis of Sialyl Lewis X- O-Core-1 Threonine. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4963-4972. [PMID: 29638128 PMCID: PMC7648531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Selectins are a class of cell adhesion molecules that play a critical role during the initial steps of inflammation. The N-terminal domain of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) binds to all selectins, but with the highest affinity to P-selectin. Recent evidence suggests that the blockade of P-selectin/PSGL-1 interactions provides a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. Herein, we report the total synthesis of threonine bearing sialyl LewisX (sLeX) linked to a Core-1- O-hexasaccharide 1, as a key glycan of the N-terminal domain of PSGL-1. A convergent synthesis using α-selective sialylation and a regioselective [4+2] glycosylation are the key features of this synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y. R. Sardar
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Appi Reddy Mandhapati
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Simon Park
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Walter J. Wever
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Elliot L. Chaikof
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Sardar MYR, Krishnamurthy VR, Park S, Mandhapati AR, Wever WJ, Park D, Cummings RD, Chaikof EL. Synthesis of Lewis X-O-Core-1 threonine: A building block for O-linked Lewis X glycopeptides. Carbohydr Res 2017; 452:47-53. [PMID: 29065342 PMCID: PMC5682196 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
LewisX (LeX) is a branched trisaccharide Galβ1→4(Fucα1→3)GlcNAc that is expressed on many cell surface glycoproteins and plays critical roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. However, efficient synthesis of glycopeptides bearing LeX remains a major limitation for structure-function studies of the LeX determinant. Here we report a total synthesis of a LeX pentasaccharide 1 using a regioselective 1-benzenesulfinyl piperidine/triflic anhydride promoted [3 + 2] glycosylation. The presence of an Fmoc-threonine amino acid facilitates incorporation of the pentasaccharide in solid phase peptide synthesis, providing a route to diverse O-linked LeX glycopeptides. The described approach is broadly applicable to the synthesis of a variety of complex glycopeptides containing O-linked LeX or sialyl LewisX (sLeX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y R Sardar
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Venkata R Krishnamurthy
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simon Park
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Appi Reddy Mandhapati
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Walter J Wever
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dayoung Park
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Elliot L Chaikof
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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9
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Marqvorsen MHS, Pedersen MJ, Rasmussen MR, Kristensen SK, Dahl-Lassen R, Jensen HH. Why Is Direct Glycosylation with N-Acetylglucosamine Donors Such a Poor Reaction and What Can Be Done about It? J Org Chem 2016; 82:143-156. [PMID: 28001415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The monosaccharide N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) is an abundant building block in naturally occurring oligosaccharides, but its incorporation by chemical glycosylation is challenging since direct reactions are low yielding. This issue, generally agreed upon to be caused by an intermediate 1,2-oxazoline, is often bypassed by introducing extra synthetic steps to avoid the presence of the NHAc functional group during glycosylation. The present paper describes new fundamental mechanistic insights into the inherent challenges of performing direct glycosylation with GlcNAc. These results show that controlling the balance of oxazoline formation and glycosylation is key to achieving acceptable chemical yields. By applying this line of reasoning to direct glycosylation with a traditional thioglycoside donor of GlcNAc, which otherwise affords poor glycosylation yields, one may obtain useful glycosylation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel H S Marqvorsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin J Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michelle R Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steffan K Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Dahl-Lassen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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10
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Pertel SS, Osel´skaya VY, Chirva VY, Kakayan ES. Influence of a δ-lactam-type cyclic protecting group on the reactivity of a 4-hydroxy glycosyl acceptor derivative of d-glucosamine. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-0988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Aly MRES, El Ashry ESH. Recent Advances Toward Robust N-Protecting Groups for Glucosamine as Required for Glycosylation Strategies. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2016; 73:117-224. [PMID: 27816106 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
2-Amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose (d-glucosamine) is among the most abundant monosaccharides found in natural products. This constituent, recognized for its ubiquity, is presented in most instances as its N-acetyl derivative 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose (N-acetylglucosamine, GlcNAc, NAG). It occurs as the β-linked pyranosyl group in polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, and sometimes as the monosaccharide itself, either in its native state or as a glycoconjugate. The compound's acylation profile and other aspects of its structure are important elements in determining the variety of reactivities and functions of the molecule as a whole. Methods elaborated to investigate these challenges have been intensively reviewed; however, a relatively more comprehensive reviewing of this subject is introduced here to cover some aspects that have not been sufficiently covered. This might enable those who are beginners in this field to be aware of the subject in a more comprehensive context. 2-Amino-2-deoxy-d-glucosylation strategies demand robust amino-protecting groups that survive under a variety of chemical conditions, yet provide groups that can be deprotected under relatively mild conditions. At the end of this review, a table that includes all the N-protecting groups that have been used for glucosamine is provided to introduce them at a glance to aid in constructing building blocks that will act as useful 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucosyl donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ramadan El Sayed Aly
- Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - El Sayed H El Ashry
- Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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