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Ma S, Gao J, Tian Y, Wen L. Recent progress in chemoenzymatic synthesis of human glycans. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39246045 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Glycan is an essential cell component that usually exists in either a free form or a glycoconjugated form. Glycosylation affects the regulatory function of glycoconjugates in health and disease development, indicating the key role of glycan in organisms. Because of the complexity and diversity of glycan structures, it is challenging to prepare structurally well-defined glycans, which hinders the investigation of biological functions at the molecular level. Chemoenzymatic synthesis is an attractive approach for preparing complex glycans, because it avoids tedious protecting group manipulations in chemical synthesis and ensures high regio- and stereo-selectivity of glucosides during glycan assembly. Herein, enzymes, such as glycosyltransferases (GTs) and glycosidases (GHs), and sugar donors involved in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of human glycans are initially discussed. Many state-of-the-art chemoenzymatic methodologies are subsequently displayed and summarized to illustrate the development of synthetic human glycans, for example, N- and O-linked glycans, human milk oligosaccharides, and glycosaminoglycans. Thus, we provide an overview of recent chemoenzymatic synthetic designs and applications for synthesizing complex human glycans, along with insights into the limitations and perspectives of the current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhou Ma
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinhua Gao
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yinping Tian
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Jiang Y, Sun T, Lin Y, Liu M, Wang X. Is it possible to obtain substitutes for human milk oligosaccharides from bovine milk, goat milk, or other mammal milks? Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e70018. [PMID: 39302160 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.70018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Considering the current level of chemical and biological synthesis technology, it was a sensible selection to obtain milk oligosaccharides (MOs) from other mammals as the potential substitute for human MOs (HMOs) that possessed various structural features in the infant formula. Through a comprehensive analysis of the content, structure, and function of MOs in six distinct varieties of mammal milk, it has been shown that goat milk was the most suitable material for the preparation as a human milk substitute. Goat MOs (GMOs) had a relatively high content and diverse structural features compared to those found in other mammalian milks. The concentration of GMOs in colostrum ranged from 60 to 350 mg/L, whereas in mature milk, it ranged from 200 to 24,00 mg/L. The acidic oligosaccharides in goat milk have attracted considerable attention due to their closeness in acidic content and structural diversity with HMOs. Simultaneously, it was discovered that some structures, like N-glycolylneuraminic acid, were found to have a certain content in GMOs and served essential functional properties. Moreover, studies focused on the extraction of MOs from goat milk indicated that the production of GMOs on an industrial scale was viable. Furthermore, it is imperative to do further study on GMOs to enhance the preparation process, discover of new MOs structures and bioactivity evaluation, which will contribute to the development of both the commercial production of MOs and the goat milk industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianrui Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yihan Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Manshun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Northwest A&F University ShenZhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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3
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Pei C, Peng X, Wu Y, Jiao R, Li T, Jiao S, Zhou L, Li J, Du Y, Qian EW. Characterization and application of active human α2,6-sialyltransferases ST6GalNAc V and ST6GalNAc VI recombined in Escherichia coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 177:110426. [PMID: 38503081 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic sialyltransferases play key roles in many physiological and pathological events. The expression of active human recombinant sialyltransferases in bacteria is still challenging. In the current study, the genes encoding human N-acetylgalactosaminide α2,6-sialyltransferase V (hST6GalNAc V) and N-acetylgalactosaminide α2,6-sialyltransferase VI (hST6GalNAc VI) lacking the N-terminal transmembrane domains were cloned into the expression vectors, pET-32a and pET-22b, respectively. Soluble and active forms of recombinant hST6GalNAc V and hST6GalNAc VI when coexpressed with the chaperone plasmid pGro7 were successfully achieved in Escherichia coli. Further, lactose (Lac), Lacto-N-triose II (LNT II), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), and sialyllacto-N-tetraose a (LSTa) were used as acceptor substrates to investigate their activities and substrate specificities. Unexpectedly, both can transfer sialic acid onto all those substrates. Compared with hST6GalNAc V expressed in the mammalian cells, the recombinant two α2,6-sialyltransferases in bacteria displayed flexible substrate specificities and lower enzymatic efficiency. In addition, an important human milk oligosaccharide disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) can be synthesized by both human α2,6-sialyltransferases expressed in E. coli using LSTa as an acceptor substrate. To the best of our knowledge, these two active human α2,6-sialyltransferases enzymes were expressed in bacteria for the first time. They showed a high potential to be applied in biotechnology and investigating the molecular mechanisms of biological and pathological interactions related to sialylated glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Pei
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinlv Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runmiao Jiao
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tiehai Li
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Siming Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Eika W Qian
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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Liu CC, Ye J, Cao H. Chemical Evolution of Enzyme-Catalyzed Glycosylation. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 38286791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusThe limited availability of structurally well-defined diverse glycans remains a major obstacle for deciphering biological functions as well as biomedical applications of carbohydrates. Despite tremendous progress that has been made in past decades, the synthesis of structurally well-defined complex glycans still represents one of the most challenging topics in synthetic chemistry. Chemical synthesis of glycans is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process that requires elaborate planning and skilled personnel. In contrast, glycosyltransferase-catalyzed enzymatic synthesis provides a more efficient, convenient, low-cost, and sustainable alternative to affording diverse and complex glycans. However, the existing methods are still insufficient to fulfill the increasing demand for specific synthetic glycan libraries necessary for functional glycomics research. This is mainly attributed to the inherent character of the glycan biosynthetic pathway. In nature, there are too many glycosyltransferases involved in the in vivo glycan synthesis, but only a small number of them are available for in vitro enzymatic synthesis. For instance, humans have over 200 glycosyltransferases, but only a few of them could be produced from the conventional bacterial expression system, and most of these membrane-associated enzymes could be overexpressed only in eukaryotic cells. Moreover, the glycan biosynthetic pathway is a nontemplate-driven process, which eventually ends up with heterogeneous glycan product mixtures. Therefore, it is not a practical solution for the in vitro enzymatic synthesis of complex glycans by simply copying the glycan biosynthetic pathway.In the past decade, we have tried to develop a simplified and transformable approach to the enzymatic modular assembly of a human glycan library. Despite the structural complexity of human glycans, the glycoinformatic analysis based on the known glycan structure database and the human glycosyltransferase database indicates that there are approximately 56 disaccharide patterns present in the human glycome and only 16 disaccharide linkages are required to account for over 80% of the total disaccharide fragments, while 35 disaccharide linkages are sufficient to cover over 95% of all disaccharide fragments of human glycome. Regardless of the substrate specificity, if one glycosyltransferase could be used for the synthesis of all of the same glycosidic linkages in human glycome, it will require only a few dozen glycosyltransferases for the assembly of entire human glycans. According to the glycobioinformatics analysis results, we rationally designed about two dozen enzyme modules for the synthesis of over 20 common glycosidic linkages in human glycome, in which each enzyme module contains a glycosyltransferase and a group of enzymes for the in situ generation of a nucleotide-activated sugar donor. By sequential glycosylation using orchestrated enzyme modules, we have completed the synthesis of over 200 structurally well-defined complex human glycans including blood group antigens, O-mannosyl glycans, human milk oligosaccharides, and others. To overcome the product microheterogeneity problem of enzymatic synthesis in the nontemplate-driven glycan biosynthetic pathway, we developed several substrate engineering strategies to control or manipulate the outcome of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions for the precise synthesis of structurally well-defined isomeric complex glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Cheng Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jinfeng Ye
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
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Selvamani S, Kapoor N, Ajmera A, El Enshasy HA, Dailin DJ, Sukmawati D, Abomoelak M, Nurjayadi M, Abomoelak B. Prebiotics in New-Born and Children's Health. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2453. [PMID: 37894112 PMCID: PMC10608801 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, prebiotics, like probiotics, are receiving more attention as a promising tool for health maintenance. Many studies have recognized the role of prebiotics in preventing and treating various illnesses including metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and allergies. Naturally, prebiotics are introduced to the human body in the first few hours of life as the mother breastfeeds the newborn. Prebiotic human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third largest constituent of human breastmilk. Studies have proven that HMOs modulate an infant's microbial composition and assist in the development of the immune system. Due to some health conditions of the mother or beyond the recommended age for breastfeeding, infants are fed with formula. Few types of prebiotics have been incorporated into formula to yield similar beneficial impacts similar to breastfeeding. Synthetic HMOs have successfully mimicked the bifidogenic effects of breastmilk. However, studies on the effectiveness and safety of consumption of these synthetic HMOs are highly needed before massive commercial production. With the introduction of solid foods after breastfeeding or formula feeding, children are exposed to a range of prebiotics that contribute to further shaping and maturing their gut microbiomes and gastrointestinal function. Therefore, this review evaluates the functional role of prebiotic interventions in improving microbial compositions, allergies, and functional gastrointestinal disorders in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugaprakasham Selvamani
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia; (S.S.); (H.A.E.E.); (D.J.D.)
- Nutrition Technologies SDN. BHD., No 1 & No 3, Jalan SiLC 2, Kawasan Perindustrian SiLC, Iskandar Puteri, Johor Bahru 80150, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia
| | - Nidhi Kapoor
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA (A.A.)
| | - Arun Ajmera
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA (A.A.)
| | - Hesham Ali El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia; (S.S.); (H.A.E.E.); (D.J.D.)
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Daniel Joe Dailin
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia; (S.S.); (H.A.E.E.); (D.J.D.)
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia
| | - Dalia Sukmawati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Rawamangun, Jakarta Timur 13530, Indonesia; (D.S.); (M.N.)
| | | | - Muktiningsih Nurjayadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Rawamangun, Jakarta Timur 13530, Indonesia; (D.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Bassam Abomoelak
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA (A.A.)
- Specialty Diagnostic Laboratory, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA
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Hu M, Miao M, Li K, Luan Q, Sun G, Zhang T. Human milk oligosaccharide lacto-N-tetraose: Physiological functions and synthesis methods. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 316:121067. [PMID: 37321746 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have attracted considerable attention due to their unique role in boosting infant health. Among the HMOs, lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) is a significant constituent associated with various health benefits, such as prebiotic effects, antiadhesive antimicrobials, antiviral protection, and immune modulators. LNT has received a "Generally Recognized as Safe" status by the American Food and Drug Administration and was approved as a food ingredient for infant formula. However, the limited availability of LNT poses a major challenge for its application in food and medicine. In this review, we first explored the physiological functions of LNT. Next, we describe several synthesis methods for production of LNT, including chemical, enzymatic, and cell factory approaches, and summarize the pivotal research results. Finally, challenges and opportunities for the large-scale synthesis of LNT were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Kewen Li
- Baolingbao Biology Co., Ltd., Yucheng, Shandong 251200, China
| | - Qingmin Luan
- Baolingbao Biology Co., Ltd., Yucheng, Shandong 251200, China
| | - Guilian Sun
- Baolingbao Biology Co., Ltd., Yucheng, Shandong 251200, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Pedersen K, Christensen LG, Jensen HH. Formation of β-Configured Thioglycosides of d-Glucosamine and d-Galactosamine and Synthesis of Protected Human Milk Oligosaccharides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12531-12541. [PMID: 37560896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the stereoselective multigram scale preparation of cyclohexyl- and phenyl thioglycosides of 2-azido-2-deoxy-β-d-gluco- and galactopyranosides from d-N-acetylglucosamine using a catalytic and solvent-free method. Two of the prepared building blocks were used as key intermediates for the synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides LNT and LNnT in their protected form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Louise G Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Microbial Production of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031491. [PMID: 36771155 PMCID: PMC9921495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex nonnutritive sugars present in human milk. These sugars possess prebiotic, immunomodulatory, and antagonistic properties towards pathogens and therefore are important for the health and well-being of newborn babies. Lower prevalence of breastfeeding around the globe, rising popularity of nutraceuticals, and low availability of HMOs have inspired efforts to develop economically feasible and efficient industrial-scale production platforms for HMOs. Recent progress in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering tools has enabled microbial systems to be a production system of HMOs. In this regard, the model organism Escherichia coli has emerged as the preferred production platform. Herein, we summarize the remarkable progress in the microbial production of HMOs and discuss the challenges and future opportunities in unraveling the scope of production of complex HMOs. We focus on the microbial production of five HMOs that have been approved for their commercialization.
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Zheng J, Xu H, Fang J, Zhang X. Enzymatic and chemoenzymatic synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides and derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Hu M, Li M, Miao M, Zhang T. Engineering Escherichia coli for the High-Titer Biosynthesis of Lacto- N-tetraose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8704-8712. [PMID: 35731707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), a member of the human milk oligosaccharides family, has received widespread attention because of its importance in infant health. We constructed a whole-cell biotransformation method in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) for high-titer LNT synthesis. The approach was performed by using a systematic design and metabolic engineering based on the metabolic pathway of LNT. The lgtA (encoding β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase) and wbgO (encoding β-1,3-galactosyltransferase) genes were introduced into the engineered E. coli BL21(DE3) to construct an LNT-producing starting strain B1 (0.22 g/L). Then, the genes related to the LNT metabolic pathway were screened in two vectors to evaluate LNT synthesis. The lgtA-wbgO and galE-galT-galK genes were overexpressed through the two-plasmid system in E. coli BL21(DE3). The titer of LNT (3.42 g/L) had a gain of 14.55 times compared with that of B1. Furthermore, the ugd gene, which was associated with the UDP-Gal bypass pathway, was inactivated to further improve LNT production in shake-flask cultivation (4.14 g/L). The final fed-batch cultivation of the engineered strain produced 31.56 g/L of LNT. This study provided a strategy for the effective production of LNT in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu214122, China
| | - Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu214122, China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu214122, China
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11
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Li Z, Zhu Y, Zhang P, Zhang W, Mu W. Pathway Optimization and Uridine 5'-Triphosphate Regeneration for Enhancing Lacto- N-Tetraose Biosynthesis in Engineered Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7727-7735. [PMID: 35723433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have attracted increasing attention and display great commercial importance, especially for the infant formula industry. Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) is an important neutral HMO commercially added in infant formula and a core structure for synthesizing complex HMOs. Previously, a novel LNT-generating β-1,3-galactosyltransferase from Pseudogulbenkiania ferrooxidans was identified and used for construction of an LNT-producing engineered Escherichia coli. In this work, LNT biosynthesis was further enhanced by pathway optimization and uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) regeneration. The main strategies included genomic integration of UDP-glucose 4-epimerase-encoding gene, fine-tuning of the LNT pathway-related genes, blocking of competitive pathways related to UDP-galactose, and overexpression of UTP supply related genes. The maximal LNT titer reached 6.16 and 57.5 g/L by shake-flask and fed-batch fermentation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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12
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Kellman BP, Richelle A, Yang JY, Chapla D, Chiang AWT, Najera JA, Liang C, Fürst A, Bao B, Koga N, Mohammad MA, Bruntse AB, Haymond MW, Moremen KW, Bode L, Lewis NE. Elucidating Human Milk Oligosaccharide biosynthetic genes through network-based multi-omics integration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2455. [PMID: 35508452 PMCID: PMC9068700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) are abundant carbohydrates fundamental to infant health and development. Although these oligosaccharides were discovered more than half a century ago, their biosynthesis in the mammary gland remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we use a systems biology framework that integrates glycan and RNA expression data to construct an HMO biosynthetic network and predict glycosyltransferases involved. To accomplish this, we construct models describing the most likely pathways for the synthesis of the oligosaccharides accounting for >95% of the HMO content in human milk. Through our models, we propose candidate genes for elongation, branching, fucosylation, and sialylation of HMOs. Our model aggregation approach recovers 2 of 2 previously known gene-enzyme relations and 2 of 3 empirically confirmed gene-enzyme relations. The top genes we propose for the remaining 5 linkage reactions are consistent with previously published literature. These results provide the molecular basis of HMO biosynthesis necessary to guide progress in HMO research and application with the goal of understanding and improving infant health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Kellman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anne Richelle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Digantkumar Chapla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Austin W T Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Julia A Najera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Chenguang Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Annalee Fürst
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bokan Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Natalia Koga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mahmoud A Mohammad
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anders Bech Bruntse
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Morey W Haymond
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Few classes of natural products rival the structural audacity of oligosaccharides. Their complexity, however, has stood as an immense roadblock to translational research, as access to homogeneous material from nature is challenging. Thus, while carbohydrates are critical to the myriad functional and structural aspects of the biological sciences, their behavior is largely descriptive. This challenge presents an attractive opportunity for synthetic chemistry, particularly in the area of human milk science. First, there is an inordinate need for synthesizing homogeneous human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Superimposed on this goal is the mission of conducting syntheses at scale to enable animal studies. Herein, we present a personalized rumination of our involvement, and that of our colleagues, which has led to the synthesis and characterization of HMOs and mechanistic probes. Along the way, we highlight chemical, chemoenzymatic, and synthetic biology based approaches. We close with a discussion on emergent challenges and opportunities for synthesis, broadly defined, in human milk science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyan L Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Steven D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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14
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Zhu Y, Luo G, Wan L, Meng J, Lee SY, Mu W. Physiological effects, biosynthesis, and derivatization of key human milk tetrasaccharides, lacto- N-tetraose, and lacto- N-neotetraose. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:578-596. [PMID: 34346270 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1944973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have recently attracted ever-increasing interest because of their versatile physiological functions. In HMOs, two tetrasaccharides, lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), constitute the essential components, each accounting 6% (w/w) of total HMOs. Also, they serve as core structures for fucosylation and sialylation, generating functional derivatives and elongation generating longer chains of core structures. LNT, LNnT, and their fucosylated and/or sialylated derivatives account for more than 30% (w/w) of total HMOs. For derivatization, LNT and LNnT can be modified into a series of complex fucosylated and/or sialylated HMOs by transferring fucose residues at α1,2-, α1,3-, and α1,3/4-linkage and/or sialic acid residues at α2,3- and α2,6-linkage. Such structural diversity allows these HMOs to possess great commercial value and an application potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this review, we first elaborate the physiological functions of these tetrasaccharides and derivatives. Next, we extensively review recent developments in the biosynthesis of LNT, LNnT, and their derivatives in vitro and in vivo by employing advanced enzymatic reaction systems and metabolic engineering strategies. Finally, future perspectives in the synthesis of these HMOs using enzymatic and metabolic engineering approaches are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guocong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiawei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,BioProcess Engineering Research Center and BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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15
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Bacterial sialyltransferases and their use in biocatalytic cascades for sialo-oligosaccharide production. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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From lab bench to formulated ingredient: Characterization, production, and commercialization of human milk oligosaccharides. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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17
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Gao T, Yan J, Liu CC, Palma AS, Guo Z, Xiao M, Chen X, Liang X, Chai W, Cao H. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of O-Mannose Glycans Containing Sulfated or Nonsulfated HNK-1 Epitope. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19351-19359. [PMID: 31738061 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) epitope is a unique sulfated trisaccharide sequence presented on O- and N-glycans of various glycoproteins and on glycolipids. It is overexpressed in the nervous system and plays crucial roles in nerve regeneration, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal diseases. However, the investigation of functional roles of HNK-1 in a more complex glycan context at the molecular level remains a big challenge due to lack of access to related structurally well-defined complex glycans. Herein, we describe a highly efficient chemoenzymatic approach for the first collective synthesis of HNK-1-bearing O-mannose glycans with different branching patterns, and for their nonsulfated counterparts. The successful strategy relies on both chemical glycosylation of a trisaccharide lactone donor for the introduction of sulfated HNK-1 branch and substrate promiscuities of bacterial glycosyltransferases that can tolerate sulfated substrates for enzymatic diversification. Glycan microarray analysis with the resulting complex synthetic glycans demonstrated their recognition by two HNK-1-specific antibodies including anti-HNK-1/N-CAM (CD57) and Cat-315, which provided further evidence for the recognition epitopes of these antibodies and the essential roles of the sulfate group for HNK-1 glycan-antibody recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Gao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266237 , China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Chang-Cheng Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266237 , China
| | - Angelina S Palma
- UCIBIO, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , NOVA University of Lisbon , Caparica 2829-516 , Portugal
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Wengang Chai
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266237 , China
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18
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Bandara MD, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. The chemical synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides: Lacto-N-neotetraose (Galβ1→4GlcNAcβ1→3Galβ1→4Glc). Carbohydr Res 2019; 483:107743. [PMID: 31319351 PMCID: PMC6717531 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of innovative methods that offer new capabilities for obtaining individual oligosaccharides from human milk will help to improve understanding their roles and boost practical applications. The total chemical synthesis of lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) has been completed using both linear and convergent strategies. The donor and acceptor protecting and leaving group combinations were found to be of paramount significance to successful couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila D Bandara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA.
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19
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Faijes M, Castejón-Vilatersana M, Val-Cid C, Planas A. Enzymatic and cell factory approaches to the production of human milk oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:667-697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Kooner AS, Yu H, Chen X. Synthesis of N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid (Neu5Gc) and Its Glycosides. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2004. [PMID: 31555264 PMCID: PMC6724515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids constitute a family of negatively charged structurally diverse monosaccharides that are commonly presented on the termini of glycans in higher animals and some microorganisms. In addition to N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is among the most common sialic acid forms in nature. Nevertheless, unlike most animals, human cells loss the ability to synthesize Neu5Gc although Neu5Gc-containing glycoconjugates have been found on human cancer cells and in various human tissues due to dietary incorporation of Neu5Gc. Some pathogenic bacteria also produce Neu5Ac and the corresponding glycoconjugates but Neu5Gc-producing bacteria have yet to be found. In addition to Neu5Gc, more than 20 Neu5Gc derivatives have been found in non-human vertebrates. To explore the biological roles of Neu5Gc and its naturally occurring derivatives as well as the corresponding glycans and glycoconjugates, various chemical and enzymatic synthetic methods have been developed to obtain a vast array of glycosides containing Neu5Gc and/or its derivatives. Here we provide an overview on various synthetic methods that have been developed. Among these, the application of highly efficient one-pot multienzyme (OPME) sialylation systems in synthesizing compounds containing Neu5Gc and derivatives has been proven as a powerful strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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21
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Zeuner B, Teze D, Muschiol J, Meyer AS. Synthesis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Protein Engineering Strategies for Improved Enzymatic Transglycosylation. Molecules 2019; 24:E2033. [PMID: 31141914 PMCID: PMC6600218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) signify a unique group of oligosaccharides in breast milk, which is of major importance for infant health and development. The functional benefits of HMOs create an enormous impetus for biosynthetic production of HMOs for use as additives in infant formula and other products. HMO molecules can be synthesized chemically, via fermentation, and by enzymatic synthesis. This treatise discusses these different techniques, with particular focus on harnessing enzymes for controlled enzymatic synthesis of HMO molecules. In order to foster precise and high-yield enzymatic synthesis, several novel protein engineering approaches have been reported, mainly concerning changing glycoside hydrolases to catalyze relevant transglycosylations. The protein engineering strategies for these enzymes range from rationally modifying specific catalytic residues, over targeted subsite -1 mutations, to unique and novel transplantations of designed peptide sequences near the active site, so-called loop engineering. These strategies have proven useful to foster enhanced transglycosylation to promote different types of HMO synthesis reactions. The rationale of subsite -1 modification, acceptor binding site matching, and loop engineering, including changes that may alter the spatial arrangement of water in the enzyme active site region, may prove useful for novel enzyme-catalyzed carbohydrate design in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Zeuner
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - David Teze
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jan Muschiol
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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22
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Romanò C, Oscarson S. Synthesis of lactosamine-based building blocks on a practical scale and investigations of their assembly for the preparation of 19F-labelled LacNAc oligomers. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2265-2278. [PMID: 30724303 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous disaccharide N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc type 2, Galβ1,4GlcNAc) is often over-expressed on the surface of cancer cells where it is bound by tumour secreted galectins contributing to cancer-related processes such as metastasis, adhesion, tumour survival, and immune escape. To facilitate NMR investigations into the binding interactions between oligo-LacNAc structures and galectins, which can show both exo- and endo-binding behaviour, a library of regioselectively 19F-labelled oligo-LacNAc structures was required. Herein, the synthesis on a practical scale of various N-protected (Troc, Phth, TFAc) lactosamine donors is reported starting from commercially available lactosamine hydrochloride. Investigations into their glycosylations with lactosamine acceptors to form 19F-containing LacNAc oligomers showed that benzylated acceptors significantly improved the yields over acetylated ones, and that, gratifyingly, the almost untried N-trifluoroacetamide (NTFAc) protected donors, already containing the desired 19F-label, were found to be optimal, both considering reaction yields and purification of the glycosylation reactions. The NTFAc group of reducing end acceptors was introduced through N-amide transacylation of linker-equipped LacNAc structures. A [2 + 2] synthetic approach was optimized for the preparation of tetrasaccharide LacNAc/TFAc-dimers and also further expanded to the synthesis of hexasaccharide LacNAc/TFAc-trimer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Romanò
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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23
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Li W, McArthur JB, Chen X. Strategies for chemoenzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates. Carbohydr Res 2018; 472:86-97. [PMID: 30529493 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are structurally complex but functionally important biomolecules. Therefore, they have been challenging but attractive synthetic targets. While substantial progress has been made on advancing chemical glycosylation methods, incorporating enzymes into carbohydrate synthetic schemes has become increasingly practical as more carbohydrate biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes as well as their mutants with synthetic application are identified and expressed for preparative and large-scale synthesis. Chemoenzymatic strategies that integrate the flexibility of chemical derivatization with enzyme-catalyzed reactions have been extremely powerful. Briefly summarized here are our experiences on developing one-pot multienzyme (OPME) systems and representative chemoenzymatic strategies from others using glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions for synthesizing diverse structures of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates. These strategies allow the synthesis of complex carbohydrates including those containing naturally occurring carbohydrate postglycosylational modifications (PGMs) and non-natural functional groups. By combining these srategies with facile purification schemes, synthetic access to the diverse space of carbohydrate structures can be automated and will not be limited to specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John B McArthur
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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24
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Hunter CD, Guo T, Daskhan G, Richards MR, Cairo CW. Synthetic Strategies for Modified Glycosphingolipids and Their Design as Probes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8188-8241. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmanah D. Hunter
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tianlin Guo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gour Daskhan
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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25
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Meng C, Sasmal A, Zhang Y, Gao T, Liu CC, Khan N, Varki A, Wang F, Cao H. Chemoenzymatic Assembly of Mammalian O-Mannose Glycans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caicai Meng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 China
| | - Aniruddha Sasmal
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center; University of California; San Diego CA 92093 USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 China
| | - Tian Gao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Chang-Cheng Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Naazneen Khan
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center; University of California; San Diego CA 92093 USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center; University of California; San Diego CA 92093 USA
| | - Fengshan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 China
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26
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Meng C, Sasmal A, Zhang Y, Gao T, Liu CC, Khan N, Varki A, Wang F, Cao H. Chemoenzymatic Assembly of Mammalian O-Mannose Glycans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9003-9007. [PMID: 29802667 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
O-Mannose glycans account up to 30 % of total O-glycans in the brain. Previous synthesis and functional studies have only focused on the core M3 O-mannose glycans of α-dystroglycan, which are a causative factor for various muscular diseases. In this study, a highly efficient chemoenzymatic strategy was developed that enabled the first collective synthesis of 63 core M1 and core M2 O-mannose glycans. This chemoenzymatic strategy features the gram-scale chemical synthesis of five judiciously designed core structures, and the diversity-oriented modification of the core structures with three enzyme modules to provide 58 complex O-mannose glycans in a linear sequence that does not exceed four steps. The binding profiles of synthetic O-mannose glycans with a panel of lectins, antibodies, and brain proteins were also explored by using a printed O-mannose glycan array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caicai Meng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Aniruddha Sasmal
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Tian Gao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Chang-Cheng Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Naazneen Khan
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fengshan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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27
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Bode L, Contractor N, Barile D, Pohl N, Prudden AR, Boons GJ, Jin YS, Jennewein S. Overcoming the limited availability of human milk oligosaccharides: challenges and opportunities for research and application. Nutr Rev 2017; 74:635-44. [PMID: 27634978 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex sugars highly abundant in human milk but currently not present in infant formula. Rapidly accumulating evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies, combined with epidemiological associations and correlations, suggests that HMOs benefit infants through multiple mechanisms and in a variety of clinical contexts. Until recently, however, research on HMOs has been limited by an insufficient availability of HMOs. Most HMOs are found uniquely in human milk, and thus far it has been prohibitively tedious and expensive to isolate and synthesize them. This article reviews new strategies to overcome this lack of availability by generating HMOs through chemoenzymatic synthesis, microbial metabolic engineering, and isolation from human donor milk or dairy streams. Each approach has its advantages and comes with its own challenges, but combining the different methods and acknowledging their limitations creates new opportunities for research and application with the goal of improving maternal and infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Bode
- L. Bode is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mother Milk Infant Center of Research Excellence (MoMI CoRE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. N. Contractor is with Metagenics, Inc, Gig Harbor, Washington, USA. D. Barile is with the Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA. N. Pohl is with the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. A.R. Prudden and G.-J. Boons are with the Department of Chemistry and the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. Y.-S. Jin is with the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. S. Jennewein is with Jennewein Biotechnologie GmbH, Rheinbreitbach, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany.
| | - Nikhat Contractor
- L. Bode is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mother Milk Infant Center of Research Excellence (MoMI CoRE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. N. Contractor is with Metagenics, Inc, Gig Harbor, Washington, USA. D. Barile is with the Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA. N. Pohl is with the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. A.R. Prudden and G.-J. Boons are with the Department of Chemistry and the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. Y.-S. Jin is with the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. S. Jennewein is with Jennewein Biotechnologie GmbH, Rheinbreitbach, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany
| | - Daniela Barile
- L. Bode is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mother Milk Infant Center of Research Excellence (MoMI CoRE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. N. Contractor is with Metagenics, Inc, Gig Harbor, Washington, USA. D. Barile is with the Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA. N. Pohl is with the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. A.R. Prudden and G.-J. Boons are with the Department of Chemistry and the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. Y.-S. Jin is with the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. S. Jennewein is with Jennewein Biotechnologie GmbH, Rheinbreitbach, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany
| | - Nicola Pohl
- L. Bode is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mother Milk Infant Center of Research Excellence (MoMI CoRE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. N. Contractor is with Metagenics, Inc, Gig Harbor, Washington, USA. D. Barile is with the Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA. N. Pohl is with the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. A.R. Prudden and G.-J. Boons are with the Department of Chemistry and the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. Y.-S. Jin is with the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. S. Jennewein is with Jennewein Biotechnologie GmbH, Rheinbreitbach, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany
| | - Anthony R Prudden
- L. Bode is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mother Milk Infant Center of Research Excellence (MoMI CoRE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. N. Contractor is with Metagenics, Inc, Gig Harbor, Washington, USA. D. Barile is with the Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA. N. Pohl is with the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. A.R. Prudden and G.-J. Boons are with the Department of Chemistry and the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. Y.-S. Jin is with the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. S. Jennewein is with Jennewein Biotechnologie GmbH, Rheinbreitbach, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- L. Bode is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mother Milk Infant Center of Research Excellence (MoMI CoRE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. N. Contractor is with Metagenics, Inc, Gig Harbor, Washington, USA. D. Barile is with the Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA. N. Pohl is with the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. A.R. Prudden and G.-J. Boons are with the Department of Chemistry and the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. Y.-S. Jin is with the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. S. Jennewein is with Jennewein Biotechnologie GmbH, Rheinbreitbach, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- L. Bode is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mother Milk Infant Center of Research Excellence (MoMI CoRE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. N. Contractor is with Metagenics, Inc, Gig Harbor, Washington, USA. D. Barile is with the Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA. N. Pohl is with the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. A.R. Prudden and G.-J. Boons are with the Department of Chemistry and the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. Y.-S. Jin is with the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. S. Jennewein is with Jennewein Biotechnologie GmbH, Rheinbreitbach, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany
| | - Stefan Jennewein
- L. Bode is with the Department of Pediatrics, Mother Milk Infant Center of Research Excellence (MoMI CoRE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. N. Contractor is with Metagenics, Inc, Gig Harbor, Washington, USA. D. Barile is with the Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA. N. Pohl is with the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. A.R. Prudden and G.-J. Boons are with the Department of Chemistry and the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. Y.-S. Jin is with the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. S. Jennewein is with Jennewein Biotechnologie GmbH, Rheinbreitbach, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany
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28
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Sprenger GA, Baumgärtner F, Albermann C. Production of human milk oligosaccharides by enzymatic and whole-cell microbial biotransformations. J Biotechnol 2017; 258:79-91. [PMID: 28764968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are almost unique constituents of breast milk and are not found in appreciable amounts in cow milk. Due to several positive aspects of HMO for the development, health, and wellbeing of infants, production of HMO would be desirable. As a result, scientists from different disciplines have developed methods for the preparation of single HMO compounds. Here, we review approaches to HMO preparation by (chemo-)enzymatic syntheses or by whole-cell biotransformation with recombinant bacterial cells. With lactose as acceptor (in vitro or in vivo), fucosyltransferases can be used for the production of 2'-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, or more complex fucosylated core structures. Sialylated HMO can be produced by sialyltransferases and trans-sialidases. Core structures as lacto-N-tetraose can be obtained by glycosyltransferases from chemical donor compounds or by multi-enzyme cascades; recent publications also show production of lacto-N-tetraose by recombinant Escherichia coli bacteria and approaches to obtain fucosylated core structures. In view of an industrial production of HMOs, the whole cell biotransformation is at this stage the most promising option to provide human milk oligosaccharides as food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg A Sprenger
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Florian Baumgärtner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Albermann
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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29
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Abstract
Despite mammalian glycans typically having highly complex asymmetrical multiantennary architectures, chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis has almost exclusively focused on the preparation of simpler symmetrical structures. This deficiency hampers investigations into the biology of glycan-binding proteins, which in turn complicates the biomedical use of this class of biomolecules. Herein, we describe an enzymatic strategy, using a limited number of human glycosyltransferases, to access a collection of 60 asymmetric, multiantennary human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which were used to develop a glycan microarray. Probing the array with several glycan-binding proteins uncovered that not only terminal glycoepitopes but also complex architectures of glycans can influence binding selectivity in unanticipated manners. N- and O-linked glycans express structural elements of HMOs, and thus, the reported synthetic principles will find broad applicability.
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30
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Han Z, Chen C, Meng C, Gao T, Peng P, Chen X, Wang F, Cao H. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of tumor-associated antigen N3 minor octasaccharide. J Carbohydr Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2017.1315123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Han
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Congcong Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Caicai Meng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tian Gao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Peng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Fengshan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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31
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Craft KM, Townsend SD. Synthesis of lacto-N-tetraose. Carbohydr Res 2017; 440-441:43-50. [PMID: 28214389 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third largest macromolecular component of breast milk and offer infants numerous health benefits, most of which stem from the development of a healthy microbiome. Characterization, quantification, and chemical derivatization of HMOs remains a frontier issue in glycobiology due to the challenge of isolating appreciable quantities of homogenous HMOs from breast milk. Herein, we report the synthesis of the human milk tetrasaccharide lacto-N-tetraose (LNT). LNT is ubiquitous in human breast milk as it is a core structure common to longer-chain HMOs and many glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Craft
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, United States
| | - Steven D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, United States.
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32
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McArthur JB, Yu H, Zeng J, Chen X. Converting Pasteurella multocidaα2-3-sialyltransferase 1 (PmST1) to a regioselective α2-6-sialyltransferase by saturation mutagenesis and regioselective screening. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:1700-1709. [PMID: 28134951 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02702d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A microtiter plate-based screening assay capable of determining the activity and regioselectivity of sialyltransferases was developed. This assay was used to screen two single-site saturation libraries of Pasteurella multocidaα2-3-sialyltransferase 1 (PmST1) for α2-6-sialyltransferase activity and total sialyltransferase activity. PmST1 double mutant P34H/M144L was found to be the most effective α2-6-sialyltransferase and displayed 50% reduced donor hydrolysis and 50-fold reduced sialidase activity compared to the wild-type PmST1. It retained the donor substrate promiscuity of the wild-type enzyme and was used in an efficient one-pot multienzyme (OPME) system to selectively catalyze the sialylation of the terminal galactose residue in a multigalactose-containing tetrasaccharide lacto-N-neotetraoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B McArthur
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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33
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Tsering D, Chen C, Ye J, Han Z, Jing BQ, Liu XW, Chen X, Wang F, Ling P, Cao H. Enzymatic synthesis of human blood group P1 pentasaccharide antigen. Carbohydr Res 2016; 438:39-43. [PMID: 27960098 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of biologically important and structurally unique human P1PK blood group type P1 pentasaccharide antigen is described. This synthesis features a three-step sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) glycosylation for the stepwise enzymatic chain elongation of readily available lactoside acceptor with cheap and commercially available galactose and N-acetylglucosamine as donor precursors. This enzymatic synthesis provides an operationally simple approach to access P1 pentasaccharide and its structurally related Gb3 and P1 trisaccharide epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawa Tsering
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Congcong Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jinfeng Ye
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zhipeng Han
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Bai-Qian Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Xian-Wei Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Fengshan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Peixue Ling
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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34
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Yu H, Chen X. One-pot multienzyme (OPME) systems for chemoenzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2809-18. [PMID: 26881499 PMCID: PMC4795158 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00058d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase-catalyzed enzymatic and chemoenzymatic syntheses are powerful approaches for the production of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoconjugates, and their derivatives. Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of sugar nucleotide donors can be combined with glycosyltransferases in one pot for efficient production of the target glycans from simple monosaccharides and acceptors. The identification of enzymes involved in the salvage pathway of sugar nucleotide generation has greatly facilitated the development of simplified and efficient one-pot multienzyme (OPME) systems for synthesizing major glycan epitopes in mammalian glycomes. The applications of OPME methods are steadily gaining popularity mainly due to the increasing availability of wild-type and engineered enzymes. Substrate promiscuity of these enzymes and their mutants allows OPME synthesis of carbohydrates with naturally occurring post-glycosylational modifications (PGMs) and their non-natural derivatives using modified monosaccharides as precursors. The OPME systems can be applied in sequence for synthesizing complex carbohydrates. The sequence of the sequential OPME processes, the glycosyltransferase used, and the substrate specificities of the glycosyltransferases define the structures of the products. The OPME and sequential OPME strategies can be extended to diverse glycans in other glycomes when suitable enzymes with substrate promiscuity become available. This Perspective summarizes the work of the authors and collaborators on the development of glycosyltransferase-based OPME systems for carbohydrate synthesis. Future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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35
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Baumgärtner F, Jurzitza L, Conrad J, Beifuss U, Sprenger GA, Albermann C. Synthesis of fucosylated lacto-N-tetraose using whole-cell biotransformation. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6799-806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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36
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Henze M, Schmidtke S, Hoffmann N, Steffens H, Pietruszka J, Elling L. Combination of Glycosyltransferases and a Glycosynthase in Sequential and One-Pot Reactions for the Synthesis of Type 1 and Type 2N-Acetyllactosamine Oligomers. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manja Henze
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Simon Schmidtke
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Natalie Hoffmann
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Forschungszentrum Jülich; Stetternicher Forst Gebäude 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Hanna Steffens
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Forschungszentrum Jülich; Stetternicher Forst Gebäude 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnology; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
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37
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Kitaoka M. Diversity of phosphorylases in glycoside hydrolase families. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8377-90. [PMID: 26293338 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylases are useful catalysts for the practical preparation of various sugars. The number of known specificities was 13 in 2002 and is now 30. The drastic increase in available genome sequences has facilitated the discovery of novel activities. Most of these novel phosphorylase activities have been identified through the investigations of glycoside hydrolase families containing known phosphorylases. Here, the diversity of phosphorylases in each family is described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomitsu Kitaoka
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan.
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38
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Baumgärtner F, Sprenger GA, Albermann C. Galactose-limited fed-batch cultivation of Escherichia coli for the production of lacto-N-tetraose. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 75-76:37-43. [PMID: 26047914 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lacto-N-tetraose (Gal(β1-3)GlcNAc(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc) is one of the most abundant oligosaccharide structures in human milk. We recently described the synthesis of lacto-N-tetraose by a whole-cell biotransformation with recombinant Escherichia coli cells. However, only about 5% of the lactose was converted into lacto-N-tetraose by this approach. The major product obtained was the intermediate lacto-N-triose II (GlcNAc(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc). In order to improve the bioconversion of lactose to lacto-N-tetraose, we have investigated the influence of the carbon source on the formation of lacto-N-tetraose and on the intracellular availability of the glycosyltransferase substrates, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-galactose. By growth of the recombinant E. coli cells on D-galactose, the yield of lacto-N-tetraose (810.8 mg L(-1) culture) was 3.6-times higher compared to cultivation on D-glucose. Using fed-batch cultivation with galactose as sole energy and carbon source, a large-scale synthesis of lacto-N-tetraose was demonstrated. During the 26 h feeding phase the growth rate (μ = 0.05) was maintained by an exponential galactose feed. In total, 16 g L(-1) lactose were fed and resulted in final yields of 12.72 ± 0.21 g L(-1) lacto-N-tetraose and 13.70 ± 0.10 g L(-1) lacto-N-triose II. In total, 173 g of lacto-N-tetraose were produced with a space-time yield of 0.37 g L(-1) h(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Baumgärtner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Georg A Sprenger
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Albermann
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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39
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Schmölzer K, Czabany T, Luley-Goedl C, Pavkov-Keller T, Ribitsch D, Schwab H, Gruber K, Weber H, Nidetzky B. Complete switch from α-2,3- to α-2,6-regioselectivity in Pasteurella dagmatis β-d-galactoside sialyltransferase by active-site redesign. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3083-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09772f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of Pro7His and Met117Ala substitutions resulted in a completely regioselective and highly efficient α-2,6-sialyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tibor Czabany
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | | | | | - Doris Ribitsch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Helmut Schwab
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering
- Graz University of Technology
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40
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Abstract
The important roles played by human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), the third major component of human milk, in the health of breast-fed infants have been increasingly recognized, as the structures of more than 100 different HMOS have now been elucidated. Despite the recognition of the various functions of HMOS as prebiotics, antiadhesive antimicrobials, and immunomodulators, the roles and the applications of individual HMOS species are less clear. This is mainly due to the limited accessibility to large amounts of individual HMOS in their pure forms. Current advances in the development of enzymatic, chemoenzymatic, whole-cell, and living-cell systems allow for the production of a growing number of HMOS in increasing amounts. This effort will greatly facilitate the elucidation of the important roles of HMOS and allow exploration into the applications of HMOS both as individual compounds and as mixtures of defined structures with desired functions. The structures, functions, and enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of HMOS are briefly surveyed to provide a general picture about the current progress on these aspects. Future efforts should be devoted to elucidating the structures of more complex HMOS, synthesizing more complex HMOS including those with branched structures, and developing HMOS-based or HMOS-inspired prebiotics, additives, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Chen C, Zhang Y, Xue M, Liu XW, Li Y, Chen X, Wang PG, Wang F, Cao H. Sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) synthesis of lacto-N-neotetraose and its sialyl and fucosyl derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7689-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01330e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) approach for the synthesis of lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and its derivatives at preparative scale was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Mengyang Xue
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Xian-wei Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- One Shields Avenue
- Davis
- USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- One Shields Avenue
- Davis
- USA
| | - Peng George Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
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