1
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Zhang W, Shao ZQ, Wang ZX, Ye YF, Li SF, Wang YJ. Advances in aldo-keto reductases immobilization for biocatalytic synthesis of chiral alcohols. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133264. [PMID: 38901517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Chiral alcohols are essential building blocks of numerous pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) constitute a superfamily of oxidoreductases that catalyze the reduction of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols using NAD(P)H as a coenzyme. Knowledge about the crucial roles of AKRs immobilization in the biocatalytic synthesis of chiral alcohols is expanding. Herein, we reviewed the characteristics of various AKRs immobilization approaches, the applications of different immobilization materials, and the prospects of continuous flow bioreactor construction by employing these immobilized biocatalysts for synthesizing chiral alcohols. Finally, the opportunities and ongoing challenges for AKR immobilization are discussed and the outlook for this emerging area is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zi-Qing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yuan-Fan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Shu-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Ya-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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2
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Chen Q, Wang Y, Luo G. Recycling of Cofactors in Crude Enzyme Hydrogels as Co-immobilized Heterogeneous Biocatalysts for Continuous-Flow Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201654. [PMID: 36269055 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flow biocatalysis involving oxidoreductase is limited by the difficulty in recycling expensive cofactors. In this study, an enzyme-rich hydrogel monolithic microreactor was developed via in situ microfluidic assembly of inexpensive crude enzymes. This porous gel biocatalyst exhibited good tethering functions to nicotinamide cofactors; thus, they were retained by the hydrogel to controllably form a novel heterogeneous biocatalyst with self-sufficient cofactors. The flow asymmetric production of a chiral alcohol in this cofactor-entrapped gel microreactor achieved >99 % enantioselectivity and a high space-time yield of 46.3 g L-1 h-1 at 94.8 % conversion. Moreover, the turnover number of cofactors reached as high as 4800 after continuous operation of 160 reactor volumes, realizing significantly higher utilization of the cofactors compared with many reported strategies. Furthermore, this engineered heterogeneous biocatalyst exhibited improved performance in terms of product tolerance and storage stability, paving the way for a green, cost-effective, and sustainable continuous-flow production of enantiopure alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Wang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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3
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Benítez-Mateos AI, Roura Padrosa D, Paradisi F. Multistep enzyme cascades as a route towards green and sustainable pharmaceutical syntheses. Nat Chem 2022; 14:489-499. [PMID: 35513571 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme cascades are a powerful technology to develop environmentally friendly and cost-effective synthetic processes to manufacture drugs, as they couple different biotransformations in sequential reactions to synthesize the product. These biocatalytic tools can address two key parameters for the pharmaceutical industry: an improved selectivity of synthetic reactions and a reduction of potential hazards by using biocompatible catalysts, which can be produced from sustainable sources, which are biodegradable and, generally, non-toxic. Here we outline a broad variety of enzyme cascades used either in vivo (whole cells) or in vitro (purified enzymes) to specifically target pharmaceutically relevant molecules, from simple building blocks to complex drugs. We also discuss the advantages and requirements of multistep enzyme cascades and their combination with chemical catalysts through a series of reported examples. Finally, we examine the efficiency of enzyme cascades and how they can be further improved by enzyme engineering, process intensification in flow reactors and/or enzyme immobilization to meet all the industrial requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Benítez-Mateos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Roura Padrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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4
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Basso A, Brown MS, Cruz-Izquierdo A, Martinez CA, Serban S. Optimization of Metal Affinity Ketoreductase Immobilization for Application in Batch and Flow Processes. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Basso
- Unit D, Purolite Ltd., Llantrisant Business Park, Llantrisant CF72 8LF, U.K
| | - Maria S. Brown
- Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Carlos A. Martinez
- Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simona Serban
- Unit D, Purolite Ltd., Llantrisant Business Park, Llantrisant CF72 8LF, U.K
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5
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Williams V, Cui Y, Zhao J, Fu H, Jiao X, Ma Y, Li X, Du X, Zhang N. Highly Efficient Production of Optically Active ( R)-Tetrahydrothiophene-3-ol in Batch and Continuous Flow by Using Immobilized Ketoreductase. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vyasa Williams
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Cui
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Jiadong Zhao
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Han Fu
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Xuecheng Jiao
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Yulei Ma
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Xin Du
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
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6
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Poznansky B, Cleary SE, Thompson LA, Reeve HA, Vincent KA. Boosting the Productivity of H2-Driven Biocatalysis in a Commercial Hydrogenation Flow Reactor Using H2 From Water Electrolysis. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.718257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of redox biocatalysis into a commercial hydrogenation flow reactor, with in-built electrolytic H2 generation, was achieved using immobilized enzyme systems. Carbon-supported biocatalysts were first tested in batch mode, and were then transferred into continuous flow columns for H2-driven, NADH-dependent asymmetric ketone reductions. The biocatalysts were thus handled comparably to heterogeneous metal catalysts, but operated at room temperature and 1–50 bar H2, highlighting that biocatalytic strategies enable implementation of hydrogenation reactions under mild–moderate conditions. Continuous flow reactions were demonstrated as a strategy for process intensification; high conversions were achieved in short residence times, with a high biocatalyst turnover frequency and productivity. These results show the prospect of using enzymes in reactor infrastructure designed for conventional heterogeneous hydrogenations.
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7
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Zhou J, Wu Y, Zhang Q, Xu G, Ni Y. Co-immobilized Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Glucose Dehydrogenase with Resin Extraction for Continuous Production of Chiral Diaryl Alcohol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2742-2758. [PMID: 33826065 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ni2+-functionalized porous ceramic/agarose composite beads (Ni-NTA Cerose) can be used as carrier materials to immobilize enzymes harboring a metal affinity tag. Here, a 6×His-tag fusion alcohol dehydrogenase Mu-S5 and glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium (BmGDH) were co-immobilized on Ni-NTA Cerose to construct a packed bed reactor (PBR) for the continuous synthesis of the chiral intermediate (S)-(4-chlorophenyl)-(pyridin-2-yl) methanol ((S)-CPMA) NADPH recycling, and in situ product adsorption was achieved simultaneously by assembling a D101 macroporous resin column after the PBR. Using an optimum enzyme activity ratio of 2:1 (Mu-S5: BmGDH) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as co-solvent, a space-time yield of 1560 g/(L·d) could be achieved in the first three days at a flow rate of 5 mL/min and substrate concentration of 10 mM. With simplified selective adsorption and extraction procedures, (S)-CPMA was obtained in 84% isolated yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guochao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Ni
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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Towards a Novel Computer-Aided Optimization of Microreactors: Techno-Economic Evaluation of an Immobilized Enzyme System. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immobilized multi-enzyme cascades are increasingly used in microfluidic devices. In particular, their application in continuous flow reactors shows great potential, utilizing the benefits of reusability and control of the reaction conditions. However, capitalizing on this potential is challenging and requires detailed knowledge of the investigated system. Here, we show the application of computational methods for optimization with multi-level reactor design (MLRD) methodology based on the underlying physical and chemical processes. We optimize a stereoselective reduction of a diketone catalyzed by ketoreductase (Gre2) and Nicotinamidadenindinukleotidphosphat (NADPH) cofactor regeneration with glucose dehydrogenase (GDH). Both enzymes are separately immobilized on magnetic beads forming a packed bed within the microreactor. We derive optimal reactor feed concentrations and enzyme ratios for enhanced performance and a basic economic model in order to maximize the techno-economic performance (TEP) for the first reduction of 5-nitrononane-2,8-dione.
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9
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Rabuffetti M, Cannazza P, Contente ML, Pinto A, Romano D, Hoyos P, Alcantara AR, Eberini I, Laurenzi T, Gourlay L, Di Pisa F, Molinari F. Structural insights into the desymmetrization of bulky 1,2-dicarbonyls through enzymatic monoreduction. Bioorg Chem 2021; 108:104644. [PMID: 33486371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzil reductases are dehydrogenases preferentially active on aromatic 1,2-diketones, but the reasons for this peculiar substrate recognition have not yet been clarified. The benzil reductase (KRED1-Pglu) from the non-conventional yeast Pichia glucozyma showed excellent activity and stereoselectivity in the monoreduction of space-demanding aromatic 1,2-dicarbonyls, making this enzyme attractive as biocatalyst in organic chemistry. Structural insights into the stereoselective monoreduction of 1,2-diketones catalyzed by KRED1-Pglu were investigated starting from its 1.77 Å resolution crystal structure, followed by QM and classical calculations; this study allowed for the identification and characterization of the KRED1-Pglu reactive site. Once identified the recognition elements involved in the stereoselective desymmetrization of bulky 1,2-dicarbonyls mediated by KRED1-Pglu, a mechanism was proposed together with an in silico prediction of substrates reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rabuffetti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cannazza
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Letizia Contente
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Romano
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pilar Hoyos
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences (QUICIFARM), Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University, Plaza de Ramon y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres R Alcantara
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences (QUICIFARM), Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University, Plaza de Ramon y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Laurenzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Louise Gourlay
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Flavio Di Pisa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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10
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Benítez-Mateos AI, Contente ML, Roura Padrosa D, Paradisi F. Flow biocatalysis 101: design, development and applications. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00483a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flow biocatalysis: where to start? This tutorial review aims to guide and inspire new-comers to the field to boost the potential of flow biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- Bern
- Switzerland
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11
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Ding Y, Zhu Z, Yu C, Zhou Y. Recent Advances in Reductive Desymmetrization of Diketones. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Xuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Zhou‐Hao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Chang‐Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Yong‐Gui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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12
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Abstract
Biocatalysts provide a number of advantages such as high selectivity, the ability to operate under mild reaction conditions and availability from renewable resources that are of interest in the development of bioreactors for applications in the pharmaceutical and other sectors. The use of oxidoreductases in biocatalytic reactors is primarily focused on the use of NAD(P)-dependent enzymes, with the recycling of the cofactor occurring via an additional enzymatic system. The use of electrochemically based systems has been limited. This review focuses on the development of electrochemically based biocatalytic reactors. The mechanisms of mediated and direct electron transfer together with methods of immobilising enzymes are briefly reviewed. The use of electrochemically based batch and flow reactors is reviewed in detail with a focus on recent developments in the use of high surface area electrodes, enzyme engineering and enzyme cascades. A future perspective on electrochemically based bioreactors is presented.
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13
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Poznansky B, Thompson LA, Warren SA, Reeve HA, Vincent KA. Carbon as a Simple Support for Redox Biocatalysis in Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2020; 24:2281-2287. [PMID: 33100814 PMCID: PMC7574627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A continuous packed bed reactor for NADH-dependent biocatalysis using enzymes co-immobilized on a simple carbon support was optimized to 100% conversion in a residence time of 30 min. Conversion of pyruvate to lactate was achieved by co-immobilized lactate dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase, providing in situ cofactor recycling. Other metrics were also considered as optimization targets, such as low E factors between 2.5-11 and space-time yields of up to 22.9 g L-1 h-1. The long-term stability of the biocatalytic reactor was also demonstrated, with full conversion maintained over more than 30 h of continuous operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas Poznansky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Lisa A Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Sarah A Warren
- Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0PE, U.K
| | - Holly A Reeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Kylie A Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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14
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Plž M, Petrovičová T, Rebroš M. Semi-Continuous Flow Biocatalysis with Affinity Co-Immobilized Ketoreductase and Glucose Dehydrogenase. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184278. [PMID: 32961948 PMCID: PMC7570937 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-immobilization of ketoreductase (KRED) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) on highly cross-linked agarose (sepharose) was studied. Immobilization of these two enzymes was performed via affinity interaction between His-tagged enzymes (six histidine residues on the N-terminus of the protein) and agarose matrix charged with nickel (Ni2+ ions). Immobilized enzymes were applied in a semicontinuous flow reactor to convert the model substrate; α-hydroxy ketone. A series of biotransformation reactions with a substrate conversion of >95% were performed. Immobilization reduced the requirement for cofactor (NADP+) and allowed the use of higher substrate concentration in comparison with free enzymes. The immobilized system was also tested on bulky ketones and a significant enhancement in comparison with free enzymes was achieved.
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15
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Breaking Molecular Symmetry through Biocatalytic Reactions to Gain Access to Valuable Chiral Synthons. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review the recent reports of biocatalytic reactions applied to the desymmetrization of meso-compounds or symmetric prochiral molecules are summarized. The survey of literature from 2015 up to date reveals that lipases are still the most used enzymes for this goal, due to their large substrate tolerance, stability in different reaction conditions and commercial availability. However, a growing interest is focused on the use of other purified enzymes or microbial whole cells to expand the portfolio of exploitable reactions and the molecular diversity of substrates to be transformed. Biocatalyzed desymmetrization is nowadays recognized as a reliable and efficient approach for the preparation of pharmaceuticals or natural bioactive compounds and many processes have been scaled up for multigram preparative purposes, also in continuous-flow conditions.
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16
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Abstract
A flow-based chemo-enzymatic synthesis of selected APIs (i.e., butacaine, procaine and procainamide) has been developed. A bioreactor made of MsAcT, a versatile acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis, immobilised on glyoxyl–garose, was exploited to efficiently prepare amide and ester intermediates in gram scale. Immobilised MsAcT was employed in pure organic solvent, demonstrating high stability and reusability. In-line purification of the key intermediates using polymer-bound sulphonyl chloride was added after the bioreactor, enhancing the automation of the process. A final hydrogenation step using the H-Cube reactor was further carried out to obtain the selected APIs in excellent yields (>99%), making the process fast, safe and easily handled.
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17
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Thompson LA, Rowbotham JS, Nicholson JH, Ramirez MA, Zor C, Reeve HA, Grobert N, Vincent KA. Rapid, Heterogeneous Biocatalytic Hydrogenation and Deuteration in a Continuous Flow Reactor. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jack S. Rowbotham
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jake H. Nicholson
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Miguel A. Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Ceren Zor
- Department of Materials University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH UK
| | - Holly A. Reeve
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Nicole Grobert
- Department of Materials University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH UK
| | - Kylie A. Vincent
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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18
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Finnigan W, Citoler J, Cosgrove SC, Turner NJ. Rapid Model-Based Optimization of a Two-Enzyme System for Continuous Reductive Amination in Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Finnigan
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Citoler
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian C. Cosgrove
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
Ene-reductases (ERs) belonging to the old yellow enzyme (OYE) family have been thoroughly investigated for the stereospecific reduction of activated prochiral C=C double bonds. In this work, OYE3 was immobilized both by covalent binding on glyoxyl-agarose (OYE3-GA), and by affinity-based adsorption on EziGTM particles (OYE3-EziG). The immobilized OYE3-GA was demonstrated to be active (activity recovery = 52%) and to retain almost 100% of its activity under the enzymatic assay conditions (50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7, 28 °C) for six days, whereas the activity of the non-immobilized enzyme dropped to 50% after two days. In the case of EziGTM, the highest activity recovery (54%) was achieved by using the most hydrophilic carrier (EziGTM Opal) that was selected for the full characterization of this type of enzyme preparation (stability, recycling, re-use, enzyme leakage). OYE3-EziG was slightly less stable than OYE3-GA under the same experimental conditions. OYE3-GA could be recycled and re-used for up to 12 reaction cycles in the bioreduction of α-methyl-trans-cinnamaldehyde; after 12 runs, the highest conversion achieved was 40%. In the case of the co-immobilized OYE3/GDH-EziG, the conversion dropped to 56% after two reaction cycles. No enzyme leakage was detected over 48 h for both OYE3-GA and OYE3/GDH-EziG (50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7, 28 °C). These seed results pave the way for a true optimization of the immobilization of OYE3, as well as for the use of immobilized OYE3 for preparative applications both in batch and continuous flow conditions.
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20
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Semproli R, Vaccaro G, Ferrandi EE, Vanoni M, Bavaro T, Marrubini G, Annunziata F, Conti P, Speranza G, Monti D, Tamborini L, Ubiali D. Use of Immobilized Amine Transaminase from
Vibrio fluvialis
under Flow Conditions for the Synthesis of (
S
)‐1‐(5‐Fluoropyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐ethanamine. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Semproli
- Department of Drug SciencesUniversity of Pavia Viale Taramelli 12 Pavia I-27100 Italy
| | - Gianmarco Vaccaro
- Department of Drug SciencesUniversity of Pavia Viale Taramelli 12 Pavia I-27100 Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Milano Via Mangiagalli 25 Milano I-20133 Italy
| | - Erica E. Ferrandi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) - CNR Via Bianco 9 Milano I-20131 Italy
| | - Marta Vanoni
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) - CNR Via Bianco 9 Milano I-20131 Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department of Drug SciencesUniversity of Pavia Viale Taramelli 12 Pavia I-27100 Italy
| | - Giorgio Marrubini
- Department of Drug SciencesUniversity of Pavia Viale Taramelli 12 Pavia I-27100 Italy
| | - Francesca Annunziata
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Milano Via Mangiagalli 25 Milano I-20133 Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Milano Via Mangiagalli 25 Milano I-20133 Italy
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Milano Via Golgi 19 Milano I-20133 Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) - CNR Via Bianco 9 Milano I-20131 Italy
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Milano Via Mangiagalli 25 Milano I-20133 Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- Department of Drug SciencesUniversity of Pavia Viale Taramelli 12 Pavia I-27100 Italy
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21
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Continuous-Flow Biocatalytic Process for the Synthesis of the Best Stereoisomers of the Commercial Fragrances Leather Cyclohexanol (4-Isopropylcyclohexanol) and Woody Acetate (4-(Tert-Butyl)Cyclohexyl Acetate). Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leather cyclohexanol (4-(isopropyl)cyclohexanol) and woody acetate (4-(tert-butyl)cyclohexyl acetate) are commercialized for functional perfumery applications as mixtures of cis- and trans-isomers. The cis-isomers are more potent odorants than the corresponding trans counterparts, but they are the less favoured products in most of the classical synthetic routes. Known stereoselective routes to cis-4-alkylcyclohexanols are characterized by a high environmental burden and/or troublesome reaction work-up. In this work, we examine the use of commercial alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) to produce cis-4-alkylcyclohexanols, including the two derivatives with isopropyl and tert-butyl substituents, by the stereoselective reduction of the corresponding ketones. High conversions and diastereoisomeric excess values were achieved with five of the eighteen tested ADHs. To complete the synthetic approach to woody acetate, Candida antarctica A (CALA) was employed as a catalyst for the enzymatic acetylation of cis-4-(tert-butyl)cyclohexanol. In order to provide a technological upgrade to the production of the most odorous isomers of the two commercial fragrances, we designed a continuous-flow process based on the combination of in-line enzymatic steps with in-line work-up, effectively providing samples of cis-leather cyclohexanol and cis-woody acetate with high diastereoisomeric purity.
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22
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Coloma J, Guiavarc'h Y, Hagedoorn PL, Hanefeld U. Probing batch and continuous flow reactions in organic solvents: Granulicella tundricola hydroxynitrile lyase (GtHNL). Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Granulicella tundricola hydroxynitrile lyase (GtHNL) is a manganese dependent cupin which catalyses the enantioselective synthesis of (R)-cyanohydrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Coloma
- Biokatalyse
- Afdeling Biotechnologie
- Technische Universiteit Delft
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Yann Guiavarc'h
- Biokatalyse
- Afdeling Biotechnologie
- Technische Universiteit Delft
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Biokatalyse
- Afdeling Biotechnologie
- Technische Universiteit Delft
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse
- Afdeling Biotechnologie
- Technische Universiteit Delft
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
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23
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Contente ML, Dall’Oglio F, Annunziata F, Molinari F, Rabuffetti M, Romano D, Tamborini L, Rother D, Pinto A. Stereoselective Reduction of Prochiral Cyclic 1,3-Diketones Using Different Biocatalysts. Catal Letters 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-03015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Efficient reductive desymmetrization of bulky 1,3-cyclodiketones enabled by structure-guided directed evolution of a carbonyl reductase. Nat Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Hartley CJ, Williams CC, Scoble JA, Churches QI, North A, French NG, Nebl T, Coia G, Warden AC, Simpson G, Frazer AR, Jensen CN, Turner NJ, Scott C. Engineered enzymes that retain and regenerate their cofactors enable continuous-flow biocatalysis. Nat Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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27
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Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Sustainable bioconversion of food waste into high-value products by immobilized enzymes to meet bio-economy challenges and opportunities - A review. Food Res Int 2019; 123:226-240. [PMID: 31284972 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, food waste has intensified much attention from the local public, national and international organizations as well as a wider household territory due to increasing environmental, social and economic concerns, climate change and scarcity of fossil fuel resources. On one aspect, food-processing waste represents a substantial ecological burden. On the other hand, these waste streams are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, thus hold significant potential for biotransformation into an array of high-value compounds. Indeed, the high sugar, protein, and fat content render food waste streams as attractive feedstocks for enzymatic valorization given the plentiful volumes generated annually. Enzymes as industrial biocatalysts offer unique advantages over traditional chemical processes with regard to eco-sustainability, and process efficiency. Herein, an effort has been made to delineate immobilized enzyme-driven valorization of food waste streams into marketable products such as biofuels, bioactive compounds, biodegradable plastics, prebiotics, sweeteners, rare sugars, surfactants, etc. Current challenges and prospects are also highlighted with respect to the development of industrially adaptable biocatalytic systems to achieve the ultimate objectives of sustainable manufacturing combined with minimum waste generation. Applications-based strategies to enzyme immobilization are imperative to design cost-efficient and sustainable industrially applicable biocatalysts. With a deeper apprehension of support material influences, and analyzing the extreme environment, enzymes might have significant potential in improving the overall sustainability of food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
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28
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Li W, Lu B, Xie X, Zhang Z. Ru-Catalyzed Chemo- and Enantioselective Hydrogenation of β-Diketones Assisted by the Neighboring Heteroatoms. Org Lett 2019; 21:5509-5513. [PMID: 31264872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A highly chemo- and enantioselective hydrogenation of β-diketones was achieved by using [Ru(benzene)(S)-SunPhosCl]Cl for consistency in THF. The neighboring heteroatoms played important roles in guaranteeing the reactivity and controlling the chemoselectivity. These results suggested a potential approach for the clean and facile synthesis of functionalized chiral β-hydroxy ketones, which could otherwise be prepared through much less step-economic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanfang Li
- College of Science , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Bin Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Xiaomin Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Zhaoguo Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
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29
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Bioprocess Intensification Using Flow Reactors: Stereoselective Oxidation of Achiral 1,3-diols with Immobilized Acetobacter Aceti. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantiomerically enriched 2-hydroxymethylalkanoic acids were prepared by oxidative desymmetrisation of achiral 1,3-diols using immobilized cells of Acetobacter aceti in water at 28 °C. The biotransformations were first performed in batch mode with cells immobilized in dry alginate, furnishing the desired products with high molar conversion and reaction times ranging from 2 to 6 h. The biocatalytic process was intensified using a multiphasic flow reactor, where a segmented gas–liquid flow regime was applied for achieving an efficient O2-liquid transfer; the continuous flow systems allowed for high yields and high biocatalyst productivity.
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30
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Thompson MP, Peñafiel I, Cosgrove SC, Turner NJ. Biocatalysis Using Immobilized Enzymes in Continuous Flow for the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Thompson
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Itziar Peñafiel
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian C. Cosgrove
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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31
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Bavaro T, Pinto A, Dall’Oglio F, Hernáiz MJ, Morelli CF, Zambelli P, De Micheli C, Conti P, Tamborini L, Terreni M. Flow-based biocatalysis: Application to peracetylated arabinofuranosyl-1,5-arabinofuranose synthesis. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Integrating enzyme immobilization and protein engineering: An alternative path for the development of novel and improved industrial biocatalysts. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1470-1480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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33
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Self-sustaining closed-loop multienzyme-mediated conversion of amines into alcohols in continuous reactions. Nat Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-018-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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34
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35
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Flow Bioreactors as Complementary Tools for Biocatalytic Process Intensification. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 36:73-88. [PMID: 29054312 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has widened its scope and relevance since new molecular tools, including improved expression systems for proteins, protein and metabolic engineering, and rational techniques for immobilization, have become available. However, applications are still sometimes hampered by low productivity and difficulties in scaling up. A practical and reasonable step to improve the performances of biocatalysts (including both enzymes and whole-cell systems) is to use them in flow reactors. This review describes the state of the art on the design and use of biocatalysis in flow reactors. The encouraging successes of this enabling technology are critically discussed, highlighting new opportunities, problems to be solved and technological advances.
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36
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Contente ML, Dall'Oglio F, Tamborini L, Molinari F, Paradisi F. Highly Efficient Oxidation of Amines to Aldehydes with Flow-based Biocatalysis. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina L. Contente
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- UCD School of Chemistry; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Federica Dall'Oglio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; DISFARM; University of Milan; Via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; DISFARM; University of Milan; Via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science, DeFENS; University of Milan; via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- UCD School of Chemistry; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
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