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Chen Y, Chen L, Li Y, Shen K. Metal-Organic Frameworks as a New Platform to Construct Ordered Mesoporous Ce-Based Oxides for Efficient CO 2 Fixation under Ambient Conditions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303235. [PMID: 37269208 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are proved to be good precursors to derive various nanomaterials with desirable functions, but so far the controllable synthesis of ordered mesoporous derivatives from MOFs has not been achieved. Herein, this work reports, for the first time, the construction of MOF-derived ordered mesoporous (OM) derivatives by developing a facile mesopore-inherited pyrolysis-oxidation strategy. This work demonstrates a particularly elegant example of this strategy, which involves the mesopore-inherited pyrolysis of OM-CeMOF into a OM-CeO2 @C composite, followed by the oxidation removal of its residual carbon, affording the corresponding OM-CeO2 . Furthermore, the good tunability of MOFs helps to allodially introduce zirconium into OM-CeO2 to regulate its acid-base property, thus boosting its catalytic activity for CO2 fixation. Impressively, the optimized Zr-doped OM-CeO2 can achieve above 16 times higher catalytic activity than its solid CeO2 counterpart, representing the first metal oxide-based catalyst to realize the complete cycloaddition of epichlorohydrin with CO2 under ambient temperature and pressure. This study not only develops a new MOF-based platform for enriching the family of ordered mesoporous nanomaterials, but also demonstrates an ambient catalytic system for CO2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yingwei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kui Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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2
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Exploring the Potential of Nanosized Oxides of Zinc and Tin as Recyclable Catalytic Components for the Synthesis of Cyclic Organic Carbonates under Atmospheric CO2 Pressure. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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3
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Díaz Velázquez H, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Meneses-Ruiz E, Muñoz-Arroyo JA. Study of catalyst performance of two inorganic/organic and inorganic/inorganic hybrid catalysts on the CO 2 cycloaddition to propylene oxide: kinetics and thermodynamics. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2021.1953994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E. Meneses-Ruiz
- Hydrocarbon Refining Department, Mexican Petroleum Institute, CDMX, Mexico
| | - J. A. Muñoz-Arroyo
- Hydrocarbon Refining Department, Mexican Petroleum Institute, CDMX, Mexico
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4
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CeO2-ZrO2 Solid Solution Catalyzed and Moderate Acidic–Basic Sites Dominated Cycloaddition of CO2 with Epoxides: Halogen-Free Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12060632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
For the production of cyclic carbonates from the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides, halogen pollution and product purity are two of the most common problems due to the usage of homogeneous halogen-containing catalysts such as ammonium salt and alkali metal halide. Hence, the development of a novel, halogen-free and efficient catalyst for the synthesis of high-purity cyclic carbonates is significant. Here, a series of acid–base bifunctional Ce1-xZrxO2 nanorods were successfully prepared. The Ce1-xZrxO2 nanorods could catalyze the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides efficiently without any halogen addition. Especially for the Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 catalyst, a conversion of 96% with 100% 1,2-butylene carbonate selectivity was achieved. The excellent catalytic performance of Ce1-xZrxO2 nanorods is attributed to the formation of the CeO2-ZrO2 solid solution, which contributes to abundant moderate acidic–basic active sites on the catalyst surface. It is the synergistic effect of moderate acidic–basic sites that dominates the conversion of CO2 with epoxides, which will supply important references for the synthesis of efficient metal oxide catalyst for the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides.
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5
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Nawaz Z, Ullah H, Gürbüz N, Zafar MN, Verpoort F, Tahir MN, Özdemir I, Trovitch RJ. Benzimidazole-based N-heterocyclic carbene silver complexes as catalysts for the formation of carbonates from carbon dioxide and epoxides. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Recent Advances in Greener and Energy Efficient Alkene Epoxidation Processes. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15082858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The chemical industry is considered to be one of the largest consumers of energy in the manufacturing sector. As the cost of energy is rising rapidly, coupled with the increasingly stringent standards for the release of harmful chemicals and gases into the environment, more attention is now focused on developing energy efficient chemical processes that could significantly reduce both operational costs and greenhouse gas emissions. Alkene epoxidation is an important chemical process as the resultant epoxides are highly reactive compounds that are used as platform chemicals for the production of commercially important products for flavours, fragrances, paints and pharmaceuticals. A number of epoxidation methods have been developed over the past decade with the ultimate aim of minimising waste generation and energy consumption. In this review paper, some of the recent advances in epoxides synthesis using energy efficient processes are discussed. The epoxidation methods may provide sustainability in terms of environmental impact and energy consumption.
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Han C, Wang R, Shu C, Li X, Li H, Gao X. The transesterification of ethylene glycol and 1,2-butanediol with dimethyl carbonate: reaction network and kinetic modeling. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction network for the reaction of ethylene glycol and 1,2-butanediol with dimethyl carbonate was investigated and kinetic parameters were obtained via experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrui Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Chang Shu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xingang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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Lai S, Gao J, Xiong X. Rosin-based porous heterogeneous catalyst functionalized with hydroxyl groups and triazole groups for CO2 chemical conversion under atmospheric pressure condition. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Boushehri PH, Hafizi A, Rahimpour MR, Khalifeh R. Synthesis and Application of Double-Shelled CuCo2O4 Hollow Sphere Catalyst for Chemical Fixation of CO2. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Onyenkeadi V, Aboelazayem O, Saha B. Systematic multivariate optimisation of butylene carbonate synthesis via CO2 utilisation using graphene-inorganic nanocomposite catalysts. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Coppola F, Bessa A, Henriques B, Russo T, Soares AMVM, Figueira E, Marques PAAP, Polese G, Di Cosmo A, Pereira E, Freitas R. Oxidative stress, metabolic and histopathological alterations in mussels exposed to remediated seawater by GO-PEI after contamination with mercury. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 243:110674. [PMID: 32058044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The modern technology brought new engineering materials (e.g. nanostructured materials) with advantageous characteristics such as a high capacity to decontaminate water from pollutants (for example metal(loid)s). Among those innovative materials the synthesis of nanostructured materials (NSMs) based on graphene as graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with polyethyleneimine (GO-PEI) had a great success due to their metal removal capacity from water. However, research dedicated to environmental risks related to the application of these materials is still non-existent. To evaluate the impacts of such potential stressors, benthic species can be a good model as they are affected by several environmental constraints. Particularly, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis has been identified by several authors as a bioindicator that responds quickly to environmental disturbances, with a wide spatial distribution and economic relevance. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the impacts caused in M. galloprovincialis by seawater previously contaminated by Hg and decontaminated using GO-PEI. For this, histopathological and biochemical alterations were examined. This study demonstrated that mussels exposed to the contaminant (Hg), the decontaminant (GO-PEI) and the combination of both (Hg + GO-PEI) presented an increment of histopathological, oxidative stress and metabolic alterations if compared to organisms under remediated seawater and control conditions The present findings highlight the possibility to remediate seawater with nanoparticles for environmental safety purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coppola
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Ana Bessa
- TEMA & Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Bruno Henriques
- CESAM & LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Tania Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | | | - Etelvina Figueira
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Paula A A P Marques
- TEMA & Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- CESAM & LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
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12
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Comparison of Catalytic Activity of ZIF-8 and Zr/ZIF-8 for Greener Synthesis of Chloromethyl Ethylene Carbonate by CO2 Utilization. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic activity of both ZIF-8 and Zr/ZIF-8 has been investigated for the synthesis of chloromethyl ethylene carbonate (CMEC) using carbon dioxide (CO2) and epichlorohydrin (ECH) under solvent-free conditions. Published results from literature have highlighted the weak thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability of ZIF-8 catalyst, which has limited its large-scale industrial applications. The synthesis of novel Zr/ZIF-8 catalyst for cycloaddition reaction of ECH and CO2 to produce CMEC has provided a remarkable reinforcement to this weak functionality, which is a significant contribution to knowledge in the field of green and sustainable engineering. The enhancement in the catalytic activity of Zr in Zr/ZIF-8 can be attributed to the acidity/basicity characteristics of the catalyst. The comparison of the catalytic performance of the two catalysts has been drawn based on the effect of different reaction conditions such as temperature, CO2 pressure, catalyst loading, reaction time, stirring speed, and catalyst reusability studies. Zr/ZIF-8 has been assessed as a suitable heterogeneous catalyst outperforming the catalytic activities of ZIF-8 catalyst with respect to conversion of ECH, selectivity and yield of CMEC. At optimum conditions, the experimental results for direct synthesis of CMEC agree well with similar literature on Zr/MOF catalytic performance, where the conversion of ECH, selectivity and the yield of CMEC are 93%, 86%, and 76%, respectively.
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Xiang W, Sun Z, Wu Y, He LN, Liu CJ. Enhanced cycloaddition of CO2 to epichlorohydrin over zeolitic imidazolate frameworks with mixed linkers under solventless and co-catalyst-free condition. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Identification and tuning of active sites in selected mixed metal oxide catalysts for cyclic carbonate synthesis from epoxides and CO2. J CO2 UTIL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Effect of change of Ca, P and Mg on the surface of catalyst prepared from phosphate tailing on urea alcoholysis. CATAL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2019.105712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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Chemical fixation of carbon dioxide catalyzed via cobalt (III) ONO pincer ligated complexes. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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17
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Carbonate synthesis from carbon dioxide and cyclic ethers over methylated nitrogen-substituted mesoporous silica. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Porous polymeric hollow fibers as bifunctional catalysts for CO2 conversion to cyclic carbonates. J CO2 UTIL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Darr JA, Zhang J, Makwana NM, Weng X. Continuous Hydrothermal Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles: Applications and Future Directions. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11125-11238. [PMID: 28771006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are at the leading edge of the emerging field of nanotechnology. Their unique and tunable size-dependent properties (in the range 1-100 nm) make these materials indispensable in many modern technological applications. In this Review, we summarize the state-of-art in the manufacture and applications of inorganic nanoparticles made using continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) processes. First, we introduce ideal requirements of any flow process for nanoceramics production, outline different approaches to CHFS, and introduce the pertinent properties of supercritical water and issues around mixing in flow, to generate nanoparticles. This Review then gives comprehensive coverage of the current application space for CHFS-made nanomaterials including optical, healthcare, electronics (including sensors, information, and communication technologies), catalysis, devices (including energy harvesting/conversion/fuels), and energy storage applications. Thereafter, topics of precursor chemistry and products, as well as materials or structures, are discussed (surface-functionalized hybrids, nanocomposites, nanograined coatings and monoliths, and metal-organic frameworks). Later, this Review focuses on some of the key apparatus innovations in the field, such as in situ flow/rapid heating systems (to investigate kinetics and mechanisms), approaches to high throughput flow syntheses (for nanomaterials discovery), as well as recent developments in scale-up of hydrothermal flow processes. Finally, this Review covers environmental considerations, future directions and capabilities, along with the conclusions and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawwad A Darr
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Neel M Makwana
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaole Weng
- Department of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
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20
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Kinetic modeling of carboxylation of propylene oxide to propylene carbonate using ion-exchange resin catalyst in a semi-batch slurry reactor. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Recyclable bifunctional aluminum salen catalyst for CO2 fixation: the efficient formation of five-membered heterocyclic compounds. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Peng J, Yang HJ, Geng Y, Wei Z, Wang L, Guo CY. Novel, recyclable supramolecular metal complexes for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO 2 under solvent-free conditions. J CO2 UTIL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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Kellici S, Acord J, Vaughn A, Power NP, Morgan DJ, Heil T, Facq SP, Lampronti GI. Calixarene Assisted Rapid Synthesis of Silver-Graphene Nanocomposites with Enhanced Antibacterial Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:19038-46. [PMID: 27378104 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Demonstrated herein is a single rapid approach employed for synthesis of Ag-graphene nanocomposites, with excellent antibacterial properties and low cytotoxicity, by utilizing a continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) process in combination with p-hexasulfonic acid calix[6]arene (SCX6) as an effective particle stabilizer. The nanocomposites showed high activity against E. coli (Gram-negative) and S. aureus (Gram-positive) bacteria. The materials were characterized using a range of techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). This rapid, single step synthetic approach not only provides a facile means of enabling and controlling graphene reduction (under alkaline conditions) but also offers an optimal route for homogeneously producing and depositing highly crystalline Ag nanostructures into reduced graphene oxide substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suela Kellici
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University , 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - John Acord
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University , 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Arni Vaughn
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University , 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P Power
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University , 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - David J Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Heil
- Nanoinvestigation Centre at Liverpool, Liverpool University , 1-3 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien P Facq
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Giulio I Lampronti
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
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