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do Carmo Dias G, de Souza NCS, de Souza EIP, Puiatti GA, Moreira RPL. Enhanced degradation of Direct Red 80 dye via Fenton-like process mediated by cobalt ferrite: generated superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28025-28039. [PMID: 38523211 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Azo dyes, widely used in the textile industry, contribute to effluents with significant organic content. Therefore, the aim of this work was to synthesize cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) using the combustion method and assess its efficacy in degrading the azo dye Direct Red 80 (DR80). TEM showed a spherical structure with an average size of 33 ± 12 nm. Selected area electron diffraction and XRD confirmed the presence of characteristic crystalline planes specific to CoFe2O4. The amount of Co and Fe metals were determined by ICP-OES, indicating an n(Fe)/n(Co) ratio of 2.02. FTIR exhibited distinct bands corresponding to Co-O (455 cm-1) and Fe-O (523 cm-1) bonds. Raman spectroscopy detected peaks associated with octahedral and tetrahedral sites. For the first time, the material was applied to degrade DR80 in an aqueous system, with the addition of persulfate. Consistently, within 60 min, these trials achieved nearly 100% removal of DR80, even after the material had undergone five cycles of reuse. The pseudo-second-order model was found to be the most fitting model for the experimental data (k2 = 0.07007 L mg-1 min-1). The results strongly suggest that degradation primarily occurred via superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen. Furthermore, the presence of UV light considerably accelerated the degradation process (k2 = 1.54093 L mg-1 min-1). The material was applied in a synthetic effluent containing various ions, and its performance consistently approached 100% in the photo-Fenton system. Finally, two degradation byproducts were identified through HPLC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessica do Carmo Dias
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Noemi Cristina Silva de Souza
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Israel Pimenta de Souza
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Alves Puiatti
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Lopes Moreira
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Zhang X, Zhang H, Chen P, Liu M, Wu P, Liu C, Jiang W. One-step dye wastewater treatment by combined adsorption, extraction, and photocatalysis using g-C3N4 pickering emulsion. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Fresco-Cala B, Cárdenas S. Advanced polymeric solids containing nano- and micro-particles prepared via emulsion-based polymerization approaches. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1208:339669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Shi Z, Li Y, Dong L, Guan Y, Bao M. Deep remediation of oil spill based on the dispersion and photocatalytic degradation of biosurfactant-modified TiO 2. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130744. [PMID: 34029969 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The employment of dispersant was an effective method to treat marine oil spill pollution. However, conventional dispersants only showed a single oil dispersion. Here, by modifying TiO2 nanoparticles with biosurfactant-Rhamnolipids (Rha), a highly efficient particulate dispersant with photocatalytic activity was developed. Rha-TiO2 showed both excellent oil spill dispersion and facilitated photodegradation for oil simultaneously. The oil droplets dispersed by Rha-TiO2 in seawater exhibited long time stability, which indicated the synergistic emulsification interactions between TiO2 and Rha in artificial sea water (ASW). The dispersion mechanism of Rha-TiO2 was analyzed, we found the TiO2 nanoparticles alone weren't effectively emulsified oil in high salinity ASW, but the addition of a small amount of Rha could modify the surface wettability of TiO2 nanoparticles to form the stable emulsion. In addition, the addition of a small amount of Rha could reduce the surface tension of the oil-water interface, which contribute to increasing the content of TiO2 nanoparticles at the oil-water interface, form a steric rigid layer around the oil droplets to prevent droplet coalescence and facilitate the further photocatalytic degradation of oil. In short, the Rha-TiO2 nanoparticles could effective disperse oil in ASW, meanwhile the TiO2 also played the role of photocatalytic degradation of oil pollution. Hence, this study developed a novel photocatalytic particulate dispersant to remediate marine oil spill and delivered a new feasible solution for practical oil spill treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China.
| | - Limei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Yihao Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Mutai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
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Mechanochemical Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Self-organization at Interfaces to Produce Emulsion-Templated Photocatalytic Porous Polymers. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-01885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Wang J, Sun Y, Yu M, Lu X, Komarneni S, Yang C. Emulsions stabilized by highly hydrophilic TiO 2 nanoparticles via van der Waals attraction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 589:378-387. [PMID: 33482535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Highly hydrophilic nanoparticles are generally considered not suitable for stabilizing Pickering emulsions, since they could not be effectively wetted by the oil phase at the water-oil interface. However, highly hydrophilic nanoparticles with good dispersity are possibly absorbed and packed onto the surface of the oil droplets in water via the van der Waals attraction between the nanoparticles and the oil droplets. Hence, a novel "van der Waals emulsion" should be possible to be stabilized by highly hydrophilic nanoparticles. EXPERIMENTS Oil-in-water emulsions solely stabilized by pristine TiO2 nanoparticles (i.e., TiO2 without any modification or additives) were prepared. The emulsification behavior under varying pH value, oil fraction, particle content and temperature of the emulsion were explored. Composite wax-based beads which encapsulated chemical sunscreen and was coated by TiO2 nanoparticles, was also fabricated using the obtained emulsion as the templates. FINDINGS The emulsions displayed the highest stability near the isoelectric points of the TiO2 nanoparticles, which was attributed to the van der Waals attraction between TiO2 nanoparticles and oil droplets. Such mechanism was supported by a theoretical analysis based on calculation of the Hamaker constants and experimental evidences. Therefore, this work presents a simple, general and green method for preparing particle-stabilized emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yajuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Mingying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xihua Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Sridhar Komarneni
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management and Materials Research Institute, 204 Energy and the Environment Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Nawaz M, Khan AA, Hussain A, Jang J, Jung HY, Lee DS. Reduced graphene oxide-TiO 2/sodium alginate 3-dimensional structure aerogel for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127702. [PMID: 32750619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, graphene oxide and titanium dioxide in combination with sodium alginate were used to synthesize the reduced graphene oxide-TiO2/sodium alginate (RGOT/SA) aerogel. The potential of RGOT/SA aerogel was evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole and was compared with that of bare titanium dioxide nanoparticles. More than 99% removal of both the contaminants was obtained within 45-90 min by using the RGOT/SA aerogel under UV-A light. Mineralization of both the pollutants was also higher in case of RGOT/SA aerogel as compared to bare TiO2 nanoparticles. The optimal mass ratio of TiO2 nanoparticles with respect to graphene oxide was 2:1 in RGOT/SA aerogel in the presence of 1 wt% sodium alginate solution. High photodegradation of Ibuprofen was observed at neutral pH and acidic to neutral pH was found suitable for the photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole. Three-dimensional interconnected macroporous assembly, large surface area for settling TiO2 nanoparticles, efficient charge partitioning, and enhanced physical and chemical adsorption of ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole on the surface of RGOT/SA aerogel were the significant characteristics of RGOT/SA aerogels. Moreover, ease of separation and recyclability of the RGOT/SA aerogel could further save the extra energy used to separate nanoparticles from the effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Nawaz
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Old Shujabad Road, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Alamgir A Khan
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Old Shujabad Road, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Abid Hussain
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Old Shujabad Road, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Jiseon Jang
- R&D Institute of Radioactive Wastes, Korea Radioactive Waste Agency, 174 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Jung
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Fessi N, Nsib MF, Chevalier Y, Guillard C, Dappozze F, Houas A, Palmisano L, Parrino F. Pickering Emulsions of Fluorinated TiO 2: A New Route for Intensification of Photocatalytic Degradation of Nitrobenzene. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13545-13554. [PMID: 33147976 PMCID: PMC7676287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorination of the TiO2 surface has been often reported as a tool to increase the photocatalytic efficiency due to the beneficial effects in terms of production of oxidizing radicals. Moreover, it is shown that the unique amphiphilic properties of the fluorinated TiO2 (TiO2-F) surface allow one to use this material as a stabilizer for the formulation of Pickering emulsions of poorly soluble pollutants such as nitrobenzene (NB) in water. The emulsions have been characterized in terms of size of the droplets, type of emulsion, possibility of phase inversion, contact angle measurements, and optical microscopy. The emulsified system presents micrometer-sized droplets of pollutant surrounded by the TiO2-F photocatalyst. Consequently, the system can be considered to be composed of microreactors for the degradation of the pollutant, which maximize the contact area between the photocatalyst and substrate. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO2-F was confirmed in the present paper as the apparent rate constants of NB photodegradation were 16 × 10-3 and 12 × 10-3 min-1 for fluorinated and bare TiO2, respectively. At NB concentrations largely exceeding its solubility, the rate constant was 0.04 × 10-3 min-1 in the presence of both TiO2 and TiO2-F. However, unlike TiO2, TiO2-F stabilized NB/water emulsions and, under these conditions, the efficiency of NB photocatalytic degradation in the emulsified system was ca. 18 times higher than in the nonemulsified one. This result is relevant also in terms of practical applications because it opens the route to one-pot treatments of biphasic polluted streams without the need of preliminary physical separation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhal Fessi
- Laboratoire
de Recherche Catalyse et Matériaux pour l’Environnement
et les Procédés LRCMEP (UR11ES85), Faculté des
Sciences de Gabès, University of
Gabès, Campus Universitaire, Cité Erriadh, 6072 Gabès, Tunisia
- University
of Lyon, Laboratoire d’Automatique et de Génie des Procédés
(LAGEPP), UMR 5007 CNRS, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard 11 Novembre, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mohamed Faouzi Nsib
- Laboratoire
de Recherche Catalyse et Matériaux pour l’Environnement
et les Procédés LRCMEP (UR11ES85), Faculté des
Sciences de Gabès, University of
Gabès, Campus Universitaire, Cité Erriadh, 6072 Gabès, Tunisia
- Higher
School of Sciences and Technology, University
of Sousse, Rue Tahar
Ben Achour, 4003 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Yves Chevalier
- University
of Lyon, Laboratoire d’Automatique et de Génie des Procédés
(LAGEPP), UMR 5007 CNRS, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard 11 Novembre, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chantal Guillard
- University
of Lyon, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement
de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR 5256 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard
Lyon 1, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Frédéric Dappozze
- University
of Lyon, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement
de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR 5256 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard
Lyon 1, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ammar Houas
- Laboratoire
de Recherche Catalyse et Matériaux pour l’Environnement
et les Procédés LRCMEP (UR11ES85), Faculté des
Sciences de Gabès, University of
Gabès, Campus Universitaire, Cité Erriadh, 6072 Gabès, Tunisia
| | - Leonardo Palmisano
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Edificio 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Parrino
- Department
of Industrial Engineering, University of
Trento, Via Sommarive
9, 38123 Trento, Italy
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9
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Ou W, Ye C, Zhang Q, Zhu H, Zhang W. Pickering emulsions stabilized by hydrophobically modified hemp powders: the effect of formula compositions on emulsifying capability and stability. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1653196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Ou
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanjun Ye
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianjie Zhang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Zhu
- Shanghai Ruxi Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanping Zhang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Fessi N, Nsib MF, Chevalier Y, Guillard C, Dappozze F, Houas A, Palmisano L, Parrino F. Photocatalytic Degradation Enhancement in Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Solid Particles of Bare TiO 2. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:2129-2136. [PMID: 30657325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pickering emulsions provide a new way to enhance the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of water-insoluble pollutants. Indeed, the semiconductor solid particles dually act as the photocatalyst and stabilizer of the emulsion droplets whose size dramatically affects the photocatalytic reaction. The present work aims at the validation of this concept by using bare TiO2 without any surface modification. Nanostructured TiO2 has been prepared by a simple sol-gel process and characterized by X-ray diffraction, specific surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The emulsions were prepared by using 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN) as a model organic contaminant scarcely soluble in water and bare TiO2 as the photocatalyst/stabilizer. The emulsions have been characterized by electrical conductivity, optical microscopy, and light-scattering analyses. The photocatalytic degradation of 1-MN was 50 times faster in stable Pickering emulsions with respect to the case of biphasic liquid systems containing TiO2. This finding allows us to propose Pickering emulsions stabilized by TiO2 nanoparticles as an effective and novel way to intensify the photocatalytic degradation of water-insoluble organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhal Fessi
- Unité de Recherche Catalyse et Matériaux pour l'Environnement et les Procédés URCMEP (UR11ES85), Faculté des Sciences de Gabès , University of Gabès , Campus Universitaire, Cité Erriadh , 6072 Gabès , Tunisia
- Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, CNRS, UMR 5007, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , 43 bd 11 Novembre , 69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Mohamed Faouzi Nsib
- Unité de Recherche Catalyse et Matériaux pour l'Environnement et les Procédés URCMEP (UR11ES85), Faculté des Sciences de Gabès , University of Gabès , Campus Universitaire, Cité Erriadh , 6072 Gabès , Tunisia
- Higher School of Sciences and Technology , University of Sousse , Rue Tahar Ben Achour , 4003 Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Yves Chevalier
- Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, CNRS, UMR 5007, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , 43 bd 11 Novembre , 69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Chantal Guillard
- Université Lyon, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR 5256 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 , 2 av Albert Einstein , 69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Frédéric Dappozze
- Université Lyon, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR 5256 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 , 2 av Albert Einstein , 69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Ammar Houas
- Unité de Recherche Catalyse et Matériaux pour l'Environnement et les Procédés URCMEP (UR11ES85), Faculté des Sciences de Gabès , University of Gabès , Campus Universitaire, Cité Erriadh , 6072 Gabès , Tunisia
| | - Leonardo Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria , University of Palermo , Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6 , 90128 Palermo , Italy
| | - Francesco Parrino
- Department of Industrial Engineering , University of Trento , Via Sommarive 9 , 38123 Trento , Italy
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Nawaz M, Moztahida M, Kim J, Shahzad A, Jang J, Miran W, Lee DS. Photodegradation of microcystin-LR using graphene-TiO2/sodium alginate aerogels. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:109-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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