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Escomel L, Martins FF, Vendier L, Coffinet A, Queyriaux N, Krewald V, Simonneau A. Coordination of Al(C 6F 5) 3 vs. B(C 6F 5) 3 on group 6 end-on dinitrogen complexes: chemical and structural divergences. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11321-11336. [PMID: 39055009 PMCID: PMC11268509 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02713b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The coordination of the Lewis superacid tris(pentafluorophenyl)alane (AlCF) to phosphine-supported, group 6 bis(dinitrogen) complexes [ML2(N2)2] is explored, with M = Cr, Mo or W and L = dppe (1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane), depe (1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane), dmpe (1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) or 2 × PMe2Ph. Akin to tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF), AlCF can form 1 : 1 adducts by coordination to one distal nitrogen of general formula trans-[ML2(N2){(μ-η1:η1-N2)Al(C6F5)3}]. The boron and aluminium adducts are structurally similar, showing a comparable level of N2 push-pull activation. A notable exception is a bent (BCF adducts) vs. linear (AlCF adducts) M-N-N-LA motif (LA = Lewis acid), explained computationally as the result of steric repulsion. A striking difference arose when the formation of two-fold adducts was conducted. While in the case of BCF the 2 : 1 Lewis pairs could be observed in equilibrium with the 1 : 1 adduct and free borane but resisted isolation, AlCF forms robust 2 : 1 adducts trans-[ML2{(μ-η1:η1-N2)Al(C6F5)3}2] that isomerise into a more stable cis configuration. These compounds could be isolated and structurally characterized, and represent the first examples of trinuclear heterometallic complexes formed by Lewis acid-base interaction exhibiting p and d elements. Calculations also demonstrate that from the bare complex to the two-fold aluminium adduct, substantial decrease of the HOMO-LUMO gap is observed, and, unlike the trans adducts (1 : 1 and 1 : 2) for which the HOMO was computed to be a pure d orbital, the one of the cis-trinuclear compounds mixes a d orbital with a π* one of each N2 ligands. This may translate into a more favourable electrophilic attack on the N2 ligands instead of the metal centre, while a stabilized N2-centered LUMO should ease electron transfer, suggesting Lewis acids could be co-activators for electro-catalysed N2 reduction. Experimental UV-vis spectra for the tungsten family of compounds were compared with TD-DFT calculations (CAM-B3LYP/def2-TZVP), allowing to assign the low extinction bands found in the visible spectrum to unusual low-lying MLCT involving N2-centered orbitals. As significant red-shifts are observed upon LA coordination, this could have important implications for the development of visible light-driven nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon Escomel
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPS 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Frederico F Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, TU Darmstadt Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 6 4287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPS 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Anaïs Coffinet
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPS 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Nicolas Queyriaux
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPS 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Vera Krewald
- Department of Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, TU Darmstadt Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 6 4287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Antoine Simonneau
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPS 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
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2
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Choutipalli VSK, Subramanian V. Harnessing halogen bond donors for enhanced nitrogen reduction: a case study on metal-free boron nitride single-atom catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12495-12509. [PMID: 38600843 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Developing efficient catalysts for ammonia synthesis is increasingly crucial but remains a formidable challenge due to the lack of robust design criteria, particularly in addressing the activity and selectivity issues, especially in electrochemical nitrogen reduction reactions (NRR). In this study, we systematically investigated the catalytic potential of hexagonal boron nitride (BN) embedded with non-metal (C, Si, P and S) atoms as an electrocatalyst for the nitrogen reduction reaction using density functional theory (DFT) computations. The preference for non-metal-doped BN nanomaterials stems from their ability to suppress hydrogen evolution and their environmentally friendly nature, in contrast to transition metals. Among the designed single-atom catalysts (SACs), Si-doped boron nitride (SiBBN) exhibits a favorable inclination toward activating nitrogen, which is determined by the combination of advantageous molecular orbital coupling and formation of a covalent bond with the N2 molecule. Under thermal conditions, the first protonation step emerges as the rate-determining step (22.66 kcal mol-1) for SiBBN. Conversely, under electrochemical conditions, the final elementary step becomes the potential-determining step (PDS) with 2.38 eV. We explored the impact of the exogenous addition of Lewis acids (alkali metal ions, neutral boron Lewis acids, and halogen bond donors) on modulating the electrochemical NRR activity. Our results highlight the pivotal role of halogen bond donors as catalytic promoters in facilitating electron density transfer through activated N2, establishing a push-pull charge transfer mechanism that populates the distal nitrogen more than the proximal nitrogen. This facilitates the potential requirements for the first reduction step. The synergistic effect of both halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding interactions in the final reduction step was proven to be the main determinant for a significant reduction in the PDS from 2.38 to 0.10 V. Notably, this study unveils the pioneering role of halogen bond donors as promoters for NRR, providing valuable insights into the development of robust metal-free catalysts and promoters in experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Surya Kumar Choutipalli
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201 002, India.
- Centre for High Computing, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai-600 020, India
| | - Venkatesan Subramanian
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201 002, India.
- Centre for High Computing, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai-600 020, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Adyar, Chennai-600 020, India
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3
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Lionetti D, Suseno S, Shiau AA, de Ruiter G, Agapie T. Redox Processes Involving Oxygen: The Surprising Influence of Redox-Inactive Lewis Acids. JACS AU 2024; 4:344-368. [PMID: 38425928 PMCID: PMC10900226 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes with heteromultimetallic active sites perform chemical reactions that control several biogeochemical cycles. Transformations catalyzed by such enzymes include dioxygen generation and reduction, dinitrogen reduction, and carbon dioxide reduction-instrumental transformations for progress in the context of artificial photosynthesis and sustainable fertilizer production. While the roles of the respective metals are of interest in all these enzymatic transformations, they share a common factor in the transfer of one or multiple redox equivalents. In light of this feature, it is surprising to find that incorporation of redox-inactive metals into the active site of such an enzyme is critical to its function. To illustrate, the presence of a redox-inactive Ca2+ center is crucial in the Oxygen Evolving Complex, and yet particularly intriguing given that the transformation catalyzed by this cluster is a redox process involving four electrons. Therefore, the effects of redox inactive metals on redox processes-electron transfer, oxygen- and hydrogen-atom transfer, and O-O bond cleavage and formation reactions-mediated by transition metals have been studied extensively. Significant effects of redox inactive metals have been observed on these redox transformations; linear free energy correlations between Lewis acidity and the redox properties of synthetic model complexes are observed for several reactions. In this Perspective, these effects and their relevance to multielectron processes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandy Suseno
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Angela A. Shiau
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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4
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Jori N, Keener M, Rajeshkumar T, Scopelliti R, Maron L, Mazzanti M. Dinitrogen cleavage by a dinuclear uranium(iii) complex. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13485-13494. [PMID: 38033909 PMCID: PMC10686047 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05253b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of multimetallic cooperativity and of alkali ion-binding in the second coordination sphere is important for the design of complexes that can promote dinitrogen (N2) cleavage and functionalization. Herein, we compare the reaction products and mechanism of N2 reduction of the previously reported K2-bound dinuclear uranium(iii) complex, [K2{[UIII(OSi(OtBu)3)3]2(μ-O)}], B, with those of the analogous dinuclear uranium(iii) complexes, [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][K{UIII(OSi(OtBu)3)3}2(μ-O)], 1, and [K(2.2.2-cryptand)]2[{UIII(OSi(OtBu)3)3}2(μ-O)], 2, where one or two K+ ions have been removed from the second coordination sphere by addition of 2.2.2-cryptand. In this study, we found that the complete removal of the K+ ions from the inner coordination sphere leads to an enhanced reducing ability, as confirmed by cyclic voltammetry studies, of the resulting complex 2, and yields two new species upon N2 addition, namely the U(iii)/U(iv) complex, [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][{UIII(OSi(OtBu)3)3}(μ-O){UIV(OSi(OtBu)3)3}], 3, and the N2 cleavage product, the bis-nitride, terminal-oxo complex, [K(2.2.2-cryptand)]2[{UV(OSi(OtBu)3)3}(μ-N)2{UVI(OSi(OtBu)3)2(κ-O)}], 4. We propose that the formation of these two products involves a tetranuclear uranium-N2 intermediate that can only form in the absence of coordinated alkali ions, resulting in a six-electron transfer and cleavage of N2, demonstrating the possibility of a three-electron transfer from U(iii) to N2. These results give an insight into the relationship between alkali ion binding modes, multimetallic cooperativity and reactivity, and demonstrate how these parameters can be tuned to cleave and functionalize N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Jori
- Insititut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Megan Keener
- Insititut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- X-Ray Diffraction and Surface Analytics Platform, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Insititut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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5
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Guo R, Hu C, Li Q, Liu LL, Tung CH, Kong L. BN Analogue of Butadiyne: A Platform for Dinitrogen Release and Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18767-18772. [PMID: 37582249 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of the metallomimetic chemistry of main group elements is of the utmost importance from the perspective of both fundamental research and potential applications. Here, we report the synthesis, bonding analysis, and reactivities of an isolable diiminoborane, Mes*B≡N─N≡BMes* (Mes* = 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl) (1), a BN analogue of butadiyne. This species is characterized by a conjugated B≡N─N≡B moiety, a structural feature that enables the controlled release of N2 when it is exposed to organic nitriles. Furthermore, the N2 unit in 1 could be reduced to an ammonium salt via cleavage of the BN triple bond. Our work shows a rare example of an unsaturated BN system, serving as a platform for both the release and reduction of N2. This discovery opens new pathways and holds substantial influence on the future design of functional main group N2 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qianli Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lingbing Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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6
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Fiorentini F, Diment WT, Deacy AC, Kerr RWF, Faulkner S, Williams CK. Understanding catalytic synergy in dinuclear polymerization catalysts for sustainable polymers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4783. [PMID: 37553344 PMCID: PMC10409799 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the chemistry underpinning intermetallic synergy and the discovery of generally applicable structure-performances relationships are major challenges in catalysis. Additionally, high-performance catalysts using earth-abundant, non-toxic and inexpensive elements must be prioritised. Here, a series of heterodinuclear catalysts of the form Co(III)M(I/II), where M(I/II) = Na(I), K(I), Ca(II), Sr(II), Ba(II) are evaluated for three different polymerizations, by assessment of rate constants, turn over frequencies, polymer selectivity and control. This allows for comparisons of performances both within and between catalysts containing Group I and II metals for CO2/propene oxide ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP), propene oxide/phthalic anhydride ROCOP and lactide ring-opening polymerization (ROP). The data reveal new structure-performance correlations that apply across all the different polymerizations: catalysts featuring s-block metals of lower Lewis acidity show higher rates and selectivity. The epoxide/heterocumulene ROCOPs both show exponential activity increases (vs. Lewis acidity, measured by the pKa of [M(OH2)m]n+), whilst the lactide ROP activity and CO2/epoxide selectivity show linear increases. Such clear structure-activity/selectivity correlations are very unusual, yet are fully rationalised by the polymerization mechanisms and the chemistry of the catalytic intermediates. The general applicability across three different polymerizations is significant for future exploitation of catalytic synergy and provides a framework to improve other catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arron C Deacy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan W F Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Jin H, Kim SS, Venkateshalu S, Lee J, Lee K, Jin K. Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation for Green Ammonia: Recent Progress and Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300951. [PMID: 37289104 PMCID: PMC10427382 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia, a key feedstock used in various industries, has been considered a sustainable fuel and energy storage option. However, NH3 production via the conventional Haber-Bosch process is costly, energy-intensive, and significantly contributing to a massive carbon footprint. An electrochemical synthetic pathway for nitrogen fixation has recently gained considerable attention as NH3 can be produced through a green process without generating harmful pollutants. This review discusses the recent progress and challenges associated with the two relevant electrochemical pathways: direct and indirect nitrogen reduction reactions. The detailed mechanisms of these reactions and highlight the recent efforts to improve the catalytic performances are discussed. Finally, various promising research strategies and remaining tasks are presented to highlight future opportunities in the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneul Jin
- Department of Energy and Materials EngineeringDongguk University‐SeoulSeoul04620Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon S. Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural ScienceKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Sandhya Venkateshalu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural ScienceKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Jeseok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural ScienceKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural ScienceKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungsuk Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural ScienceKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
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8
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Kokubo Y, Tsuzuki K, Sugiura H, Yomura S, Wasada-Tsutsui Y, Ozawa T, Yanagisawa S, Kubo M, Takeyama T, Yamaguchi T, Shimazaki Y, Kugimiya S, Masuda H, Kajita Y. Syntheses, Characterizations, Crystal Structures, and Protonation Reactions of Dinitrogen Chromium Complexes Supported with Triamidoamine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5320-5333. [PMID: 36972224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel dinitrogen-dichromium complex, [{Cr(LBn)}2(μ-N2)] (1), has been prepared from reaction of CrCl3 with a lithiated triamidoamine ligand (Li3LBn) under dinitrogen. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of 1 revealed that it is composed of two independent dimeric Cr complexes bridged by N2 in the unit cell. The bridged N-N bond lengths (1.188(4) and 1.185(7) Å) were longer than the free dinitrogen molecule. The elongations of N-N bonds in 1 were also supported by the fact that the ν(N-N) stretching vibration at 1772 cm-1 observed in toluene is smaller than the free N2. Complex 1 was identified to be a 5-coordinated high spin Cr(IV) complex by Cr K-edge XANES measurement. The 1H NMR spectrum and temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility of 1 indicated that complex 1 is in the S = 1 ground state, in which two Cr(IV) ions and unpaired electron spins of the bridging N22- ligand are strongly antiferromagnetically coupled. Reaction of complex 1 with 2.3 equiv of Na or K gave chromium complexes with N2 between the Cr ion and the respective alkali metal ion, [{CrNa(LBn)(N2)(Et2O)}2] (2) and [{CrK(LBn)(N2)}4(Et2O)2] (3), respectively. Furthermore, the complexes 2 and 3 reacted with 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 to form the respective crown-ether adducts, [CrNa(LBn)(N2)(15-crown-5)] (4) and [CrK(LBn)(N2)(18-crown-6)] (5). The XANES measurements of complexes 2, 3, 4, and 5 revealed that they are high spin Cr(IV) complexes like complex 1. All complexes reacted with a reducing agent and a proton source to form NH3 and/or N2H4. The yields of these products in the presence of K+ were higher than those in the presence of Na+. The electronic structures and binding properties of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were evaluated and discussed based on their DFT calculations.
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9
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Bhutto SM, Hooper RX, Mercado BQ, Holland PL. Mechanism of Nitrogen-Carbon Bond Formation from Iron(IV) Disilylhydrazido Intermediates during N 2 Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4626-4637. [PMID: 36794981 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported a reaction sequence that activates C-H bonds in simple arenes as well as the N-N triple bond in N2, delivering the aryl group to N2 to form a new N-C bond (Nature 2020, 584, 221). This enables the transformation of abundant feedstocks (arenes and N2) into N-containing organic compounds. The key N-C bond forming step occurs upon partial silylation of N2. However, the pathway through which reduction, silylation, and migration occurred was unknown. Here, we describe synthetic, structural, magnetic, spectroscopic, kinetic, and computational studies that elucidate the steps of this transformation. N2 must be silylated twice at the distal N atom before aryl migration can occur, and sequential silyl radical and silyl cation addition is a kinetically competent pathway to a formally iron(IV)-NN(SiMe3)2 intermediate that can be isolated at low temperature. Kinetic studies show its first-order conversion to the migrated product, and DFT calculations indicate a concerted transition state for migration. The electronic structure of the formally iron(IV) intermediate is examined using DFT and CASSCF calculations, which reveal contributions from iron(II) and iron(III) resonance forms with oxidized NNSi2 ligands. The depletion of electron density from the Fe-coordinated N atom makes it electrophilic enough to accept the incoming aryl group. This new pathway for the N-C bond formation offers a method for functionalizing N2 using organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Bhutto
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Reagan X Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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10
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Jin H, Kim HS, Lee CH, Hong Y, Choi J, Baik H, Lee SU, Yoo SJ, Lee K, Park HS. Directing the Surface Atomic Geometry on Copper Sulfide for Enhanced Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haneul Jin
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Soo Kim
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
- Green Materials & Processes R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology 55, Jongga-ro, Jung-gu, Ulsan44413, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Ho Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Choi
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hionsuck Baik
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Uck Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Yoo
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul02447, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun S. Park
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul02447, Republic of Korea
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11
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van Alten RS, Wieser PA, Finger M, Abbenseth J, Demeshko S, Würtele C, Siewert I, Schneider S. Halide Effects in Reductive Splitting of Dinitrogen with Rhenium Pincer Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11581-11591. [PMID: 35861586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal halide complexes are used as precursors for reductive N2 activation up to full splitting into nitride complexes. Distinct halide effects on the redox properties and yields are frequently observed yet not well understood. Here, an electrochemical and computational examination of reductive N2 splitting with the rhenium(III) complexes [ReX2(PNP)] (PNP = N(CH2CH2PtBu2)2 and X = Cl, Br, I) is presented. As previously reported for the chloride precursor ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 7922), the heavier halides give rhenium(V) nitrides upon (electro-)chemical reduction in good yields yet with significantly anodically shifted electrolysis potentials along the halide series. Dinuclear, end-on N2-bridged complexes, [{ReX(PNP)}2(μ-N2)], were identified as key intermediates in all cases. However, while the chloride complex is exclusively formed via 2-electron reduction and ReIII/ReI comproportionation, the iodide system also reacts via an alternative ReII/ReII-dimerization mechanism at less negative potentials. This alternative pathway relies on the absence of the potential inversion after reduction and N2 activation that was observed for the chloride precursor. Computational analysis of the relevant ReIII/II and ReII/I redox couples by energy decomposition analysis attributes the halide-induced trends of the potentials to the dominating electrostatic Re-X bonding interactions over contributions from charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richt S van Alten
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp A Wieser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Finger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Josh Abbenseth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Würtele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Zhang L, Hou S, Wang T, Liu S, Gao X, Wang C, Wang G. Recent Advances in Application of Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Catalysts for Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202252. [PMID: 35710700 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia, the second most-produced chemical, is widely used in agricultural and industrial applications. However, traditional industrial ammonia production dominated by the Haber-Bosch process presents huge resource and environment issues due to the massive energy consumption and CO2 emission. The newly emerged nitrogen fixation technology, photocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (p-NRR), uses clean solar energy with zero-emission, holding great prospect to achieve sustainable ammonia synthesis. Although great efforts are made, the p-NRR catalysts still suffer from poor N2 adsorption and activation, inferior light absorption, and fast recombination of photocarriers. Due to the tunable electronic structure of the metal-free polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ), the above-mentioned issues can be significantly alleviated, making it the most promising p-NRR photocatalyst. This review summarizes the recent development of g-C3 N4 -based catalysts for p-NRR, including the working principle of p-NRR catalysts, the challenges of developing p-NRR catalysts, and corresponding solutions. Particularly, the roles of defect engineering and heterojunction construction on g-C3 N4 to the enhancement of photocatalytic performances are emphasized. In addition, computational studies are introduced to deepen the understanding of reaction pathways. At last, perspectives are provided on the development of p-NRR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Shaoqi Hou
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Tianyi Wang
- The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Sixiao Liu
- The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Xiaochun Gao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Chengyin Wang
- The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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13
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Regenauer NI, Wadepohl H, Roşca DA. Metal-Ligand Cooperativity in Iron Dinitrogen Complexes: Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Disproportionation and an Anionic Fe(0)N 2 Hydride. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7426-7435. [PMID: 35508073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal-ligand cooperativity and redox-active ligands enable the use of open-shell first-row transition metals in catalysis. However, the fleeting nature of the reactive intermediates prevents direct inspection of the relevant catalytic species. By employing phosphine α-iminopyridine (PNN)-based complexes, we show that chemical and redox metal-ligand cooperativity can be combined in the coordination sphere of iron dinitrogen complexes. These systems show dual activation modes either through deprotonation, which triggers reversible core dearomatization, or through reversibly accepting one electron by reducing the imine functionality. (PNN)Fe(N2) fragments can be obtained under mildly reducing conditions. Deprotonation of such complexes induces dearomatization of the pyridine core while retaining a terminally coordinated N2 ligand. This species is nevertheless stable in solution only below -30 °C and undergoes unusual ligand-assisted redox disproportionation through proton-coupled electron transfer at room temperature. The origin of this phenomenon is the significant lability of the α-imine C-H bonds in the dearomatized species, where the calculated bond dissociation free energy is 48.7 kcal mol-1. The dispropotionation reaction yields an overreduced iron compound, demonstrating that the formation of such species can be triggered by mild bases, and does not require harsh reducing agents. Reaction of the dearomatized species with dihydrogen yields a rare anionic Fe hydride that binds dinitrogen and features a rearomatized core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas I Regenauer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dragoş-Adrian Roşca
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Jori N, Rajeshkumar T, Scopelliti R, Z̆ivković I, Sienkiewicz A, Maron L, Mazzanti M. Cation assisted binding and cleavage of dinitrogen by uranium complexes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9232-9242. [PMID: 36093011 PMCID: PMC9384805 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02530b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N2 binding affinity decreases markedly in a series of isostructural U(iii)–alkali ions complexes with increasing cation size. N2 binding is undetectable in the Cs analogue, but the first example of cesium-assisted N2 cleavage to bis-nitride was observed at ambient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Jori
- Insititut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Cedex 4, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Insititut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ivica Z̆ivković
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Sienkiewicz
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- ADSresonances Sàrl, Route de Genève 60B, 1028 Préverenges, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Cedex 4, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Insititut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Lv Y, Yu Q, Mou X, Lin R, Ding Y. Revisiting the Structural Evolution of Hydrotalcite‐Derived Mixed Metal Oxides upon Alkali Metal Doping and Its Impact on Base Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lv
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies Zhejiang Normal University 1108 Gengwen Road Hangzhou 116023 PR China
| | - Qing Yu
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies Zhejiang Normal University 1108 Gengwen Road Hangzhou 116023 PR China
| | - Xiaoling Mou
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies Zhejiang Normal University 1108 Gengwen Road Hangzhou 116023 PR China
| | - Ronghe Lin
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies Zhejiang Normal University 1108 Gengwen Road Hangzhou 116023 PR China
| | - Yunjie Ding
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies Zhejiang Normal University 1108 Gengwen Road Hangzhou 116023 PR China
- Dalian National Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 PR China
- The State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 PR China
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16
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Bouammali A, Coffinet A, Vendier L, Simonneau A. Dinitrogen-derived (diarylboryl)diazenido complexes with differing coordination to the thallium cation. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:10697-10701. [PMID: 34908087 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03905a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To prepare N2-derived cationic boryldiazenido-tungsten complexes as models of semimetallic metal-borinium frustrated Lewis pairs activating N2, we have attempted halide abstraction from trans-(diarylboryl)diazenido-halo-tungsten complexes. Reactions with Tl+ led to adducts in which coordination of the cation differs depending on the boryldiazenide substituents and the ancillary ligand. Chloride scavenging was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Bouammali
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
| | - Anaïs Coffinet
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
| | - Antoine Simonneau
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
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17
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18
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Hu K, Huang Z, Zeng L, Zhang Z, Mei L, Chai Z, Shi W. Recent Advances in MOF‐Based Materials for Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kongqiu Hu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Liwen Zeng
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Lei Mei
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Weiqun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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19
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Min S, Choi J, Yoo C, Graham PM, Lee Y. Ni(0)-promoted activation of C sp2 -H and C sp2 -O bonds. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9983-9990. [PMID: 34377392 PMCID: PMC8317657 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02210e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A dinickel(0)-N2 complex, stabilized with a rigid acridane-based PNP pincer ligand, was studied for its ability to activate C(sp2)-H and C(sp2)-O bonds. Stabilized by a Ni-μ-N2-Na+ interaction, it activates C-H bonds of unfunctionalized arenes, affording nickel-aryl and nickel-hydride products. Concomitantly, two sodium cations get reduced to Na(0), which was identified and quantified by several methods. Our experimental results, including product analysis and kinetic measurements, strongly suggest that this C(sp2)-H activation does not follow the typical oxidative addition mechanism occurring at a low-valent single metal centre. Instead, via a bimolecular pathway, two powerfully reducing nickel ions cooperatively activate an arene C-H bond and concomitantly reduce two Lewis acidic alkali metals under ambient conditions. As a novel synthetic protocol, nickel(ii)-aryl species were directly synthesized from nickel(ii) precursors in benzene or toluene with excess Na under ambient conditions. Furthermore, when the dinickel(0)-N2 complex is accessed via reduction of the nickel(ii)-phenyl species, the resulting phenyl anion deprotonates a C-H bond of glyme or 15-crown-5 leading to C-O bond cleavage, which produces vinyl ether. The dinickel(0)-N2 species then cleaves the C(sp2)-O bond of vinyl ether to produce a nickel(ii)-vinyl complex. These results may provide a new strategy for the activation of C-H and C-O bonds mediated by a low valent nickel ion supported by a structurally rigidified ligand scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehye Min
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea +82 2 880 6653
| | - Changho Yoo
- Green Carbon Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Peter M Graham
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Joseph's University 5600 City Avenue Philadelphia PA 19131 USA
| | - Yunho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea +82 2 880 6653
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20
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Forrest SJK, Schluschaß B, Yuzik-Klimova EY, Schneider S. Nitrogen Fixation via Splitting into Nitrido Complexes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6522-6587. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. K. Forrest
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bastian Schluschaß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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21
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Electron Transfer from Support/Promotor to Metal Catalyst: Requirements for Effective Support. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Aasfar A, Bargaz A, Yaakoubi K, Hilali A, Bennis I, Zeroual Y, Meftah Kadmiri I. Nitrogen Fixing Azotobacter Species as Potential Soil Biological Enhancers for Crop Nutrition and Yield Stability. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628379. [PMID: 33717018 PMCID: PMC7947814 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) refers to a microbial mediated process based upon an enzymatic "Nitrogenase" conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonium readily absorbable by roots. N2-fixing microorganisms collectively termed as "diazotrophs" are able to fix biologically N2 in association with plant roots. Specifically, the symbiotic rhizobacteria induce structural and physiological modifications of bacterial cells and plant roots into specialized structures called nodules. Other N2-fixing bacteria are free-living fixers that are highly diverse and globally widespread in cropland. They represent key natural source of nitrogen (N) in natural and agricultural ecosystems lacking symbiotic N fixation (SNF). In this review, the importance of Azotobacter species was highlighted as both important free-living N2-fixing bacteria and potential bacterial biofertilizer with proven efficacy for plant nutrition and biological soil fertility. In addition, we described Azotobacter beneficial plant promoting traits (e.g., nutrient use efficiency, protection against phytopathogens, phytohormone biosynthesis, etc.). We shed light also on the agronomic features of Azotobacter that are likely an effective component of integrated plant nutrition strategy, which contributes positively to sustainable agricultural production. We pointed out Azotobacter based-biofertilizers, which possess unique characteristics such as cyst formation conferring resistance to environmental stresses. Such beneficial traits can be explored profoundly for the utmost aim to research and develop specific formulations based on inoculant Azotobacter cysts. Furthermore, Azotobacter species still need to be wisely exploited in order to address specific agricultural challenges (e.g., nutrient deficiencies, biotic and abiotic constraints) taking into consideration several variables including their biological functions, synergies and multi-trophic interactions, and biogeography and abundance distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Aasfar
- Green Biotechnology Laboratory, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Rabat Design Centre, Rabat, Morocco.,Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, High Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan 1st University, Settat, Morocco
| | - Adnane Bargaz
- AgroBioSciences-Microbiome, Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Kaoutar Yaakoubi
- Green Biotechnology Laboratory, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Rabat Design Centre, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abderraouf Hilali
- Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, High Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan 1st University, Settat, Morocco
| | - Iman Bennis
- Green Biotechnology Laboratory, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Rabat Design Centre, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Issam Meftah Kadmiri
- Green Biotechnology Laboratory, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Rabat Design Centre, Rabat, Morocco.,AgroBioSciences-Microbiome, Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
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23
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Masero F, Perrin MA, Dey S, Mougel V. Dinitrogen Fixation: Rationalizing Strategies Utilizing Molecular Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:3892-3928. [PMID: 32914919 PMCID: PMC7986120 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N2 ) is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, but its inertness hinders its use as a nitrogen source in the biosphere and in industry. Efficient catalysts are hence required to ov. ercome the high kinetic barriers associated to N2 transformation. In that respect, molecular complexes have demonstrated strong potential to mediate N2 functionalization reactions under mild conditions while providing a straightforward understanding of the reaction mechanisms. This Review emphasizes the strategies for N2 reduction and functionalization using molecular transition metal and actinide complexes according to their proposed reaction mechanisms, distinguishing complexes inducing cleavage of the N≡N bond before (dissociative mechanism) or concomitantly with functionalization (associative mechanism). We present here the main examples of stoichiometric and catalytic N2 functionalization reactions following these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Masero
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Marie A. Perrin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Subal Dey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Victor Mougel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
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24
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Ghosh AC, Duboc C, Gennari M. Synergy between metals for small molecule activation: Enzymes and bio-inspired complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Walawalkar MG. Boron: the first p-block element to fix inert N 2 all the way to NH 3. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:460-465. [PMID: 33346773 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03599h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Boron, the fifth lightest element, in its sub-valent state in the form of borylene is able to activate inert dinitrogen all the way to the ammonium ion. The entire conversion has been established through a successive reduction-cum-protonation sequence, through the isolation of all intermediate species involving addition of two electrons and two protons. The activation of dinitrogen by the ambiphilic borylene is a parallel tactic to that of the well-known Haber-Bosch process. This chemistry can be potentially extrapolated to the activation of similar small molecules by low valent compounds of boron and other p-block elements.
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26
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Zhai DD, Xie SJ, Xia Y, Fang HY, Shi ZJ. Silylamido supported dinitrogen heterobimetallic complexes: syntheses and their catalytic ability. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa290. [PMID: 34987834 PMCID: PMC8694672 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum dinitrogen complexes supported by monodentate arylsilylamido ligand, [Ar(Me3Si)N]3MoN2Mg(THF)2[N(SiMe3)Ar] (5) and [Ar(Me3Si)N]3MoN2SiMe3 (6) (Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3) were synthesized and structurally characterized, and proved to be effective catalysts for the disproportionation of cyclohexadienes and isomerization of terminal alkenes. The 1H NMR spectrum suggested that the bridging nitrogen ligand remains intact during the catalytic reaction, indicating possible catalytic ability of the Mo-N=N motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Si-Jun Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hua-Yi Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhang-Jie Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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27
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Kaur N, Young VG, Su Y, Suryanarayanan R. Partial Dehydration of Levothyroxine Sodium Pentahydrate in a Drug Product Environment: Structural Insights into Stability. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3915-3929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, 9-177 WDH, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Victor G. Young
- Department of Chemistry, X-Ray Crystallographic Laboratory, LeClaire-Dow Chemical Instrumentation Facility, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, 9-177 WDH, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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28
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Chen X, Chen Y, Song C, Ji P, Wang N, Wang W, Cui L. Recent Advances in Supported Metal Catalysts and Oxide Catalysts for the Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction. Front Chem 2020; 8:709. [PMID: 33110907 PMCID: PMC7489098 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The reverse water-gas shift reaction (RWGSR), a crucial stage in the conversion of abundant CO2 into chemicals or hydrocarbon fuels, has attracted extensive attention as a renewable system to synthesize fuels by non-traditional routes. There have been persistent efforts to synthesize catalysts for industrial applications, with attention given to the catalytic activity, CO selectivity, and thermal stability. In this review, we describe the thermodynamics, kinetics, and atomic-level mechanisms of the RWGSR in relation to efficient RWGSR catalysts consisting of supported catalysts and oxide catalysts. In addition, we rationally classify, summarize, and analyze the effects of physicochemical properties, such as the morphologies, compositions, promoting abilities, and presence of strong metal-support interactions (SMSI), on the catalytic performance and CO selectivity in the RWGSR over supported catalysts. Regarding oxide catalysts (i.e., pure oxides, spinel, solid solution, and perovskite-type oxides), we emphasize the relationships among their surface structure, oxygen storage capacity (OSC), and catalytic performance in the RWGSR. Furthermore, the abilities of perovskite-type oxides to enhance the RWGSR with chemical looping cycles (RWGSR-CL) are systematically illustrated. These systematic introductions shed light on development of catalysts with high performance in RWGSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
- Center for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyu Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
- Center for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peiyi Ji
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Lifeng Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Shanahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nathaniel K. Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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30
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Qiu W, Luo YX, Liang RP, Qiu JD. Amorphous/Crystalline Hetero-Phase TiO 2 -Coated α-Fe 2 O 3 Core-Shell Nanospindles: A High-Performance Artificial Nitrogen Fixation Electrocatalyst. Chemistry 2020; 26:10226-10229. [PMID: 32227370 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical nitrogen fixation techniques have emerged as a promisingly sustainable approach to face the challenge associated with nitrogen activation of ammonia synthesis by the Haber-Bosch process under ambient conditions. Herein, the performance of electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction for the production of α-Fe2 O3 nanospindles coated with mesoporous TiO2 with different crystallinity [denoted as α-Fe2 O3 @mTiO2 -X (X=300, 400, and 500 °C)] were investigated. The as-prepared α-Fe2 O3 @mTiO2 -400 composite exhibits a large NH3 yield (27.2 μg h-1 mgcat. -1 ) at -0. 5 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode and a high Faradaic efficiency (13.3 %) in 0.1 m Na2 SO4 , with excellent electrochemical durability. This work presents a novel avenue for the rational design of efficient unique hetero-phase nanocatalysts toward sustainable electrocatalytic N2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Qiu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yu-Xi Luo
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ru-Ping Liang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jian-Ding Qiu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China.,College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang, 337055, Jiangxi, China
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31
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Bruch QJ, Connor GP, McMillion ND, Goldman AS, Hasanayn F, Holland PL, Miller AJM. Considering Electrocatalytic Ammonia Synthesis via Bimetallic Dinitrogen Cleavage. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinton J. Bruch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gannon P. Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Noah D. McMillion
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Alexander J. M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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32
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Suzuki S, Ishida Y, Kameo H, Sakaki S, Kawaguchi H. Counterion Dependence of Dinitrogen Activation and Functionalization by a Diniobium Hydride Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13444-13450. [PMID: 32352196 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of anionic diniobium hydride complexes with a series of alkali metal cations (Li+ , Na+ , and K+ ) and the counterion dependence of their reactivity with N2 . Exposure of these complexes to N2 initially produces the corresponding side-on end-on N2 complexes, the fate of which depends on the nature of countercations. The lithium derivative undergoes stepwise migratory insertion of the hydride ligands onto the aryloxide units, yielding the end-on bridging N2 complex. For the potassium derivative, the N-N bond cleavage takes place along with H2 elimination to form the nitride complex. Treatment of the side-on end-on N2 complex with Me3 SiCl results in silylation of the terminal N atom and subsequent N-N bond cleavage along with H2 elimination, giving the nitride-imide-bridged diniobium complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hajime Kameo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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33
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Suzuki S, Ishida Y, Kameo H, Sakaki S, Kawaguchi H. Counterion Dependence of Dinitrogen Activation and Functionalization by a Diniobium Hydride Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Yutaka Ishida
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Hajime Kameo
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku 599-8531 Sakai Osaka Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry Kyoto University Takano-nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
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34
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Labrum NS, Curtin GM, Jakubikova E, Caulton KG. The Influence of Nucleophilic and Redox Pincer Character as well as Alkali Metals on the Capture of Oxygen Substrates: The Case of Chromium(II). Chemistry 2020; 26:9547-9555. [PMID: 32189384 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dimeric [CrL]2 , where L is the conjugate base of bis-pyrazolyl pyridine, is evaluated for its ability to undergo inner sphere and outer sphere redox chemistry. It reacts with Cp2 Fe+ to give [Cr4 (HL)4 (μ4 -O)]2+ , still containing divalent Cr. Reduction (KC8 ) of [CrL]2 by two electrons gives [K2 (THF)3 Cr3 L3 (μ3 -O)], and by four electrons gives [K4 (THF)10 Cr2 L2 (μ-O)], each of which has scavenged (hydr)oxide from glass surface because of the electrophilicity of the underligated Cr. [K4 (THF)10 Cr2 L2 (μ-O)], is shown by comprehensive DFT calculations and analysis of intra-ligand bond lengths to contain a pyridyl radical L3- and CrII , illustrating that this pincer is proton-responsive, redox active, and a versatile donor to associated K+ ions here. The K+ electrophiles interact with electron-rich oxo, but do not significantly (>5 kcal mol-1 ) alter spin state energies. Inner sphere oxidation of [CrL]2 with a quinone gives [Cr2 L2 (semiquinone)2 ], while pre-reduced [CrL]2 2- reacts with quinone to give [K3 (THF)3 Cr2 L2 (catecholate)2 (μ-OH)], a product of capture of two undercoordinated LCr(catecholate)1- by hydroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Labrum
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - Gregory M Curtin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Kenneth G Caulton
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
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35
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Mondol R, Otten E. Cation effects on dynamics of ligand-benzylated formazanate boron and aluminium complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9094-9098. [PMID: 32573637 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01918f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic processes present in ligand-benzylated formazanate boron and aluminium complexes are investigated using variable temperature NMR experiments and lineshape analyses. The observed difference in activation parameters for complexes containing either organic countercations (NBu4+) or alkali cations is rationalized on the basis of a different degree of ion-pairing in the ground state, and the data are in all cases consistent with a mechanism that involves pyramidal inversion at the nitrogens in the heterocyclic ring rather than homolytic N-C(benzyl) bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Mondol
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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36
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Abstract
Activation of dinitrogen plays an important role in daily anthropogenic life, and the processes by which this fixation occurs have been a longstanding and significant research focus within the community. One of the major fields of dinitrogen activation research is the use of multimetallic compounds to reduce and/or activate N2 into a more useful nitrogen-atom source, such as ammonia. Here we report a comprehensive review of multimetallic-dinitrogen complexes and their utility toward N2 activation, beginning with the d-block metals from Group 4 to Group 11, then extending to Group 13 (which is exclusively populated by B complexes), and finally the rare-earth and actinide species. The review considers all polynuclear metal aggregates containing two or more metal centers in which dinitrogen is coordinated or activated (i.e., partial or complete cleavage of the N2 triple bond in the observed product). Our survey includes complexes in which mononuclear N2 complexes are used as building blocks to generate homo- or heteromultimetallic dinitrogen species, which allow one to evaluate the potential of heterometallic species for dinitrogen activation. We highlight some of the common trends throughout the periodic table, such as the differences between coordination modes as it relates to N2 activation and potential functionalization and the effect of polarizing the bridging N2 ligand by employing different metal ions of differing Lewis acidities. By providing this comprehensive treatment of polynuclear metal dinitrogen species, this Review aims to outline the past and provide potential future directions for continued research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devender Singh
- Center for Catalysis, and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
| | - William R. Buratto
- Center for Catalysis, and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
| | - Juan F. Torres
- Center for Catalysis, and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
| | - Leslie J. Murray
- Center for Catalysis, and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
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37
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Sorsche D, Miehlich ME, Searles K, Gouget G, Zolnhofer EM, Fortier S, Chen CH, Gau M, Carroll PJ, Murray CB, Caulton KG, Khusniyarov MM, Meyer K, Mindiola DJ. Unusual Dinitrogen Binding and Electron Storage in Dinuclear Iron Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8147-8159. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Sorsche
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Matthias E. Miehlich
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Guillaume Gouget
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eva M. Zolnhofer
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Skye Fortier
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Michael Gau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher B. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kenneth G. Caulton
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Marat M. Khusniyarov
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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38
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Sandl S, Jacobi von Wangelin A. The Role of Organoferrates in Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5434-5437. [PMID: 31999050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent groundbreaking studies on organoferrates have demonstrated that coordinatively unsaturated three-coordinate-σ-alkylferrates are active catalysts in Fe-catalyzed cross-couplings with Grignard reagents and that pronounced solvent and counterion effects dictate metalate speciation and catalyst activity. Thanks to modern spectroscopic methods, sensitive catalyst intermediates could be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sandl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Jacobi von Wangelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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39
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40
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Yang J, Luo G, Yu Y, Qu J, Hou Z, Luo Y. Theoretical Mechanistic Insights into Dinitrogen Activation by a Diniobium Tetrahydride: Two-State Reactivity and the Role of Potassium Cation Promoter. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:4626-4633. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Gen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, and Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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41
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Chen X, Li JY, Tang ZR, Xu YJ. Surface-defect-engineered photocatalyst for nitrogen fixation into value-added chemical feedstocks. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01227k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Surface-defect-engineered photocatalyst for nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Jing-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Zi-Rong Tang
- College of Chemistry
- New Campus, Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Yi-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- China
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42
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Recent advances in the chemistry of group 9—Pincer organometallics. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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43
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Jiang H, Zang C, Zhang Y, Wang W, Yang C, Sun B, Shen Y, Bian F. 2D MXene-derived Nb2O5/C/Nb2C/g-C3N4 heterojunctions for efficient nitrogen photofixation. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00656d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Novel 2D MXene-derived Nb2O5/C/Nb2C/g-C3N4 showed a high nitrogen reduction rate in water (0.365 mmol h−1 gcat−1); the nitrogen reduction efficiency could be further promoted 2.5 times (0.927 mmol h−1 gcat−1) with the optimized pH of 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyan Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environmental and Resources
- National Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
| | - Cuicui Zang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environmental and Resources
- National Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
| | - Yinglan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environmental and Resources
- National Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
| | - Wenhai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Yantai 264003
- China
| | - Chaofen Yang
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming 650093
- China
| | - Bin Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environmental and Resources
- National Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
| | - Yu Shen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environmental and Resources
- National Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
| | - Fengxia Bian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environmental and Resources
- National Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
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44
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Lohrey TD, Bergman RG, Arnold J. Controlling dinitrogen functionalization at rhenium through alkali metal ion pairing. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:17936-17944. [PMID: 31793591 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04489b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rhenium(i) salt Na[Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)] can be cooled in solution under a dinitrogen atmosphere to selectively access complexes containing rhenium(iii) centers bound to direduced, doubly-bonded N2 (i.e. diazenide) fragments. We demonstrate this reactivity is critically dependent on ion pairing involving the Na+ ion in the starting material, as N2 binding by Na[Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)] proved to be much less favorable when the Na+ was sequestered by benzo-12-crown-4. The analogous chemistry of Na[Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)] with carbon monoxide (CO) and 2,6-xylylisocyanide (XylNC) was also investigated, which provided structural and spectroscopic bases for determining the impact of ion pairing on π-acid activation in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Lohrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert G Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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45
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Zheng J, Liao F, Wu S, Jones G, Chen T, Fellowes J, Sudmeier T, McPherson IJ, Wilkinson I, Tsang SCE. Efficient Non‐dissociative Activation of Dinitrogen to Ammonia over Lithium‐Promoted Ruthenium Nanoparticles at Low Pressure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zheng
- Wolfson Catalysis CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Fenglin Liao
- Wolfson Catalysis CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simson Wu
- Wolfson Catalysis CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Glenn Jones
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre Blount's Court, Sonning Common Reading RG4 9NH UK
| | - Tian‐Yi Chen
- Wolfson Catalysis CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Joshua Fellowes
- Wolfson Catalysis CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Tim Sudmeier
- Wolfson Catalysis CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Ian J. McPherson
- Wolfson Catalysis CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | | | - Shik Chi Edman Tsang
- Wolfson Catalysis CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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46
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Bruch QJ, Connor GP, Chen CH, Holland PL, Mayer JM, Hasanayn F, Miller AJM. Dinitrogen Reduction to Ammonium at Rhenium Utilizing Light and Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20198-20208. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinton J. Bruch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gannon P. Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - James M. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Alexander J. M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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47
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Zheng J, Liao F, Wu S, Jones G, Chen TY, Fellowes J, Sudmeier T, McPherson IJ, Wilkinson I, Tsang SCE. Efficient Non-dissociative Activation of Dinitrogen to Ammonia over Lithium-Promoted Ruthenium Nanoparticles at Low Pressure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17335-17341. [PMID: 31560158 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is an exciting possibility to decentralize ammonia synthesis for fertilizer production or energy storage without carbon emission from H2 obtained from renewables at small units operated at lower pressure. However, no suitable catalyst has yet been developed. Ru catalysts are known to be promoted by heavier alkali dopants. Instead of using heavy alkali metals, Li is herein shown to give the highest rate through surface polarisation despite its poorest electron donating ability. This exceptional promotion rate makes Ru-Li catalysts suitable for ammonia synthesis, which outclasses industrial Fe counterparts by at least 195 fold. Akin to enzyme catalysis, it is for the first time shown that Ru-Li catalysts hydrogenate end-on adsorbed N2 stabilized by Li+ on Ru terrace sites to ammonia in a stepwise manner, in contrast to typical N2 dissociation on stepped sites adopted by Ru-Cs counterparts, giving new insights in activating N2 by metallic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zheng
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Fenglin Liao
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simson Wu
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Glenn Jones
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blount's Court, Sonning Common, Reading, RG4 9NH, UK
| | - Tian-Yi Chen
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Joshua Fellowes
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Tim Sudmeier
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Ian J McPherson
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Ian Wilkinson
- Siemens plc, CT NTF, Wharf Road, Oxford, OX29 4BP, UK
| | - Shik Chi Edman Tsang
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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48
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Pap LG, Couldridge A, Arulsamy N, Hulley E. Electrostatic polarization of nonpolar substrates: a study of interactions between simple cations and Mo-bound N 2. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11004-11017. [PMID: 31232399 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01606f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although a great deal of catalytic studies have focused on covalent interactions between substrates and catalyst centers, recognition of the importance of noncovalent and ionic interactions is driving new approaches to catalyst design. Electrostatic interactions with simple cations (those with little covalency, such as alkali metals) play crucial roles in many catalytic processes, but these effects are challenging to study due to their complicated solvation and speciation behaviour. These effects are particularly difficult to study during cation-mediated reactions with weakly-polar or non-polar substrates. Dinitrogen is one of the most nonpolar substrates known to be affected by electrostatic interactions in both heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions but understanding the significance of these effects requires further exploration. To examine these effects systematically, a new multidentate ligand framework bearing pendent crown ethers has been developed and incorporated into a series of Mo(0)-based dinitrogen complexes. Prepared via both reduction and ligand substitution routes, the strength and impact of cation-N2 interactions have been studied experimentally (IR spectroscopy) and computationally. Although the smallest cation (Li+) has the largest impact on the ground-state heterobimetallic activation of N2, solvation interactions are highly competitive and result in low Li+-(N2)Mo binding affinities. Thus, although smaller cations can have the largest electronic impact on substrates, these interactions are also the least persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente G Pap
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3838, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
| | - Adam Couldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3838, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
| | - Navamoney Arulsamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3838, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
| | - Elliott Hulley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3838, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
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49
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Bu TA, Hao YC, Gao WY, Su X, Chen LW, Zhang N, Yin AX. Promoting photocatalytic nitrogen fixation with alkali metal cations and plasmonic nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10072-10079. [PMID: 31089635 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02502b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation can produce ammonia from nitrogen and water under ambient conditions in the presence of sunlight. Here, we report that alkali metal cations (Li+, Na+, and K+) can significantly promote nitrogen activation and plasmonic nanocrystals (Au and Ag) can sensitize photocatalysts under visible light. The ammonia yield and selectivity on Au/P25 under UV-vis irradiation could be increased from 0.085 mmol g-1 h-1 and 75% to 0.43 mmol g-1 h-1 and 94.5% when promoted by K+, showing a visible-light-driven activity of 0.14 mmol g-1 h-1 and an AQE of 0.62% at 550 nm. The activity could be further increased to 1.02 (UV-vis) and 0.32 (visible) mmol g-1 h-1 with AQE of 0.93% at 550 nm with methanol added as the sacrificial agent. This strategy could be applied to a series of photocatalysts (e.g. TiO2, ZnO, and BiOBr) and may represent a general approach for designing efficient nitrogen fixation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-An Bu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Chen Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Yan Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Li-Wei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - An-Xiang Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
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50
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Krewald V. Steric Switching From Photochemical to Thermal N 2 Splitting: A Computational Analysis of the Isomerization Reaction {(Cp *)(Am)Mo} 2(μ-η 1:η 1-N 2) → {(Cp *)(Am)Mo} 2(μ-N) 2. Front Chem 2019; 7:352. [PMID: 31165063 PMCID: PMC6535493 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A μ-η1:η1-N2-bridged Mo dimer, {(η5-C5Me5)[N(Et)C(Ph)N(Et)]Mo}2(μ-N2), cleaves dinitrogen thermally resulting in a crystallographically characterized bis-μ-N-bridged dimer, {(η5-C5Me5)[N(Et)C(Ph)N(Et)]Mo}2(μ-N)2. A structurally related Mo dimer with a bulkier amidinate ligand, ([N(iPr)C(Me)N(iPr)]), is only capable of photochemical dinitrogen activation. These opposing reactivities were rationalized as steric switching between the thermally and photochemically active species. A computational analysis of the geometric and electronic structures of intermediates along the isomerization pathway from Mo2(μ-η1:η1-N2) to Mo2(μ-η2:η1-N2) and Mo2(μ-η2:η2-N2), and finally Mo2(μ-N)2, is presented here. The extent to which dispersion affects the thermodynamics of the isomers is evaluated, and it is found that dispersion interactions play a significant role in stabilizing the product and making the reaction exergonic. The concept of steric switching is further explored with theoretical models with sterically even less demanding ligands, indicating that systematic ligand modifications could be used to rationally design the N2 activation energy landscape. An analysis of electronic excitations in the computed UV-vis spectra of the two complexes shows that a particular type of asymmetric excitations is only present in the photoactive complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Krewald
- Theoretische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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