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Fu X, Gao J, Wang Q, Chen H, Liu Y, Zeng L, Yuan Y, Xu H. Mechanisms on the removal of gram-negative/positive antibiotic resistant bacteria and inhibition of horizontal gene transfer by ferrate coupled with peroxydisulfate or peroxymonosulfate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134254. [PMID: 38615644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The existence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been a global public environment and health issue. Due to the different cell structures, gram-positive/negative ARB exhibit various inactivation mechanisms in water disinfection. In this study, a gram-negative ARB Escherichia coli DH5α (E. coli DH5α) was used as a horizontal gene transfer (HGT) donor, while a gram-positive ARB Bacillus as a recipient. To develop an efficient and engineering applicable method in water disinfection, ARB and ARGs removal efficiency of Fe(VI) coupled peroxydisulfate (PDS) or peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was compared, wherein hydroxylamine (HA) was added as a reducing agent. The results indicated that Fe(VI)/PMS/HA showed higher disinfection efficiency than Fe(VI)/PDS/HA. When the concentration of each Fe(VI), PMS, HA was 0.48 mM, 5.15 log E. coli DH5α and 3.57 log Bacillus lost cultivability, while the proportion of recovered cells was 0.0017 % and 0.0566 %, respectively, and HGT was blocked. Intracellular tetA was reduced by 2.49 log. Fe(IV) and/or Fe(V) were proved to be the decisive reactive species. Due to the superiority of low cost as well as high efficiency and practicality, Fe(VI)/PMS/HA has significant application potential in ARB, ARGs removal and HGT inhibition, offering a new insight for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jingfeng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hao Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ying Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Liqin Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yukun Yuan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hongxin Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Hinojosa M, Oller I, Quiroga JM, Malato S, Egea-Corbacho A, Acevedo-Merino A. Solar photo-Fenton optimization at neutral pH for microcontaminant removal at pilot plant scale. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:96208-96218. [PMID: 37566324 PMCID: PMC10482785 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of micropollutants in natural water bodies has medium to long-term effects on both aquatic life and human health. The aim of this study is to optimize the degradation of two pharmaceutical pollutants of emerging concern: amoxicillin and acetaminophen in aqueous solution at laboratory and pilot scale, by solar photo-Fenton process carried out at neutral pH using ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) as a complexing agent to maintain iron in solution. The initial concentration of each compound was set at 1 mg/L dissolved in a simulated effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP). A factorial experimental design and its surface response analysis were used to optimize the operating parameters to achieve the highest initial degradation rate of each target. The evolution of the degradation process was measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC/UV), obtaining elimination rates above 90% for both contaminants. Statistical study showed the optimum concentrations of Fe(III) at 3 mg/L at an Fe-EDDS ratio of 1:2 and 2.75 mg/L H2O2 for the almost complete removal of the target compounds by solar photo-Fenton process. Validation of the experimental design was successfully carried out with actual MWTP effluent spiked with 100 μg/L of amoxicillin and acetaminophen, each at pilot plant scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Hinojosa
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Isabel Oller
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Senés, Km 4.5, 04200, Tabernas, Almería, Spain.
- CIESOL, Joint Centre of the University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - José María Quiroga
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Sixto Malato
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Senés, Km 4.5, 04200, Tabernas, Almería, Spain
- CIESOL, Joint Centre of the University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Agata Egea-Corbacho
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Rodrigues-Silva F, V M Starling MC, Amorim CC. Challenges on solar oxidation as post-treatment of municipal wastewater from UASB systems: Treatment efficiency, disinfection and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157940. [PMID: 35952890 PMCID: PMC9554792 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of solar photo-Fenton as post-treatment of municipal secondary effluents (MSE) in developing tropical countries is the main topic of this review. Alternative technologies such as stabilization ponds and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) are vastly applied in these countries. However, data related to the application of solar photo-Fenton to improve the quality of effluents from UASB systems are scarce. This review gathered main achievements and limitations associated to the application of solar photo-Fenton at neutral pH and at pilot scale to analyze possible challenges associated to its application as post-treatment of MSE generated by alternative treatments. To this end, the literature review considered studies published in the last decade focusing on CECs removal, toxicity reduction and disinfection via solar photo-Fenton. Physicochemical characteristics of effluents originated after UASB systems alone and followed by a biological post-treatment show significant difference when compared with effluents from conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems. Results obtained for solar photo-Fenton as post-treatment of MSE in developed countries indicate that remaining organic matter and alkalinity present in UASB effluents may pose challenges to the performance of solar advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). This drawback could result in a more toxic effluent. The use of chelating agents such as Fe3+-EDDS to perform solar photo-Fenton at neutral pH was compared to the application of intermittent additions of Fe2+ and both of these strategies were reported as effective to remove CECs from MSE. The latter strategy may be of greater interest in developing countries due to costs associated to complexing agents. In addition, more studies are needed to confirm the efficiency of solar photo-Fenton on the disinfection of effluent from UASB systems to verify reuse possibilities. Finally, future research urges to evaluate the efficiency of solar photo-Fenton at natural pH for the treatment of effluents from UASB systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rodrigues-Silva
- Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara V M Starling
- Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Camila C Amorim
- Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
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Rodrigues-Silva F, Masceno GP, Panicio PP, Imoski R, Prola LDT, Vidal CB, Xavier CR, Ramsdorf WA, Passig FH, Liz MVD. Removal of micropollutants by UASB reactor and post-treatment by Fenton and photo-Fenton: Matrix effect and toxicity responses. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113396. [PMID: 35525292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Literature is scarce on the performance of Fenton-based processes as post-treatment of municipal wastewater treated by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. This study aims to perform Fenton and photo-Fenton from UASB influent and effluent matrices to remove micropollutants (MPs) models: atrazine (ATZ), rifampicin (RIF), and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2). A UASB reactor at bench-scale (14 L) was operated with these MPs, and the AOPs experiments at bench-scale were performed on a conventional photochemical reactor (1 L). A high-pressure vapor mercury lamp was used for photo-Fenton process (UVA-Vis) as a radiation source. Microcrustacean Daphnia magna (acute toxicity) and seeds of Lactuca sativa (phytotoxicity) were indicator organisms for toxicity monitoring. The UASB reactor showed stability removing 90% of the mean chemical oxygen demand, and removal efficiencies for ATZ, RIF, and EE2 were 16.5%, 45.9%, and 15.7%, respectively. A matrix effect was noted regarding the application of both Fenton and photo-Fenton in UASB influent and effluent to remove MPs and toxicity responses. The pesticide ATZ was the most recalcitrant compound, yet the processes carried out from UASB effluent achieved removal >99.99%. The post-treatment of the UASB reactor by photo-Fenton removed acute toxicity in D. magna for all treatment times. However, only the photo-Fenton conducted for 90 min did not result in a phytotoxic effect in L. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rodrigues-Silva
- Research Group on Water and Wastewater Advanced Treatment Technologies (GPTec), Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado St., 5000, Ecoville, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Paini Masceno
- Research Group on Water and Wastewater Advanced Treatment Technologies (GPTec), Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado St., 5000, Ecoville, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Paloma Pucholobek Panicio
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado St., 5000, Ecoville, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Imoski
- Research Group on Water and Wastewater Advanced Treatment Technologies (GPTec), Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado St., 5000, Ecoville, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Liziê Daniela Tentler Prola
- Research Group on Water and Wastewater Advanced Treatment Technologies (GPTec), Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado St., 5000, Ecoville, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Carla Bastos Vidal
- Research Group on Water and Wastewater Advanced Treatment Technologies (GPTec), Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado St., 5000, Ecoville, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Claudia Regina Xavier
- Laboratory of Wastewater Treatment, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado St., 5000, Ecoville, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Algarte Ramsdorf
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado St., 5000, Ecoville, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Fernando Hermes Passig
- Laboratory of Sanitation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado St., 5000, Ecoville, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius de Liz
- Research Group on Water and Wastewater Advanced Treatment Technologies (GPTec), Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado St., 5000, Ecoville, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-340, Brazil.
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5
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Faggiano A, Ricciardi M, Fiorentino A, Cucciniello R, Motta O, Rizzo L, Proto A. Combination of foam fractionation and photo-Fenton like processes for greywater treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Munir HMS, Feroze N, Ramzan N, Sagir M, Babar M, Tahir MS, Shamshad J, Mubashir M, Khoo KS. Fe-zeolite catalyst for ozonation of pulp and paper wastewater for sustainable water resources. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134031. [PMID: 35189191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pulp and paper industry consumes enormous quality of freshwater, leading to wastewater. It must be treated to remove pollutants, particularly residual dyestuffs, before releasing them to water bodies to avoid adverse environmental effects. The traditional wastewater treatment methods used for the pulp and paper industry are less efficient in colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The current study is aimed at developing a novel catalyst for the catalytic ozonation of pulp and paper wastewater with better colour and COD removal for sustainable resources of clean water. The proposed catalyst is impregnated by iron on natural zeolites. Various parameters such as catalyst dose, pH, ozone dose, initial COD concentration, and reaction time are studied and optimized. The performance was evaluated by comparing the results with the single ozonation process (SOP) and catalytic ozonation process (COP). The highest COD and colour reduction efficiencies have been achieved, i.e., 71%, and 88% at a natural pH of 6.8. The proposed process achieved higher COD and colour efficiencies than the single ozonation process and catalytic ozonation process using raw zeolites. The improvement in efficiencies are 23% and 29% for SOP and 17% and 19% for COP, respectively. Hence, the results proposed the sustainability and applicability of COP to treat paper and pulp sector effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Shahzad Munir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Abu Dhabi Rd, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Nadeem Feroze
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Naveed Ramzan
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Sagir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Abu Dhabi Rd, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Babar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Abu Dhabi Rd, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Suleman Tahir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Abu Dhabi Rd, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan.
| | - Jaweria Shamshad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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7
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Fiorentino A, Lofrano G, Cucciniello R, Carotenuto M, Motta O, Proto A, Rizzo L. Disinfection of roof harvested rainwater inoculated with E. coli and Enterococcus and post-treatment bacterial regrowth: Conventional vs solar driven advanced oxidation processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149763. [PMID: 34438135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solar driven advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) (an alternative solar photo Fenton like process (SPF), sunlight/H2O2 (SHP) and sunlight/chlorine (SCL)) and respective dark conditions, were compared for the first time to conventional (chlorination and UV-C radiation) disinfection processes, in the inactivation of E. coli and Entero strains inoculated in real roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW), to evaluate their possible safe use for crop irrigation. In this regard, bacterial regrowth was also evaluated 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after disinfection treatment. The SPF, using iminodisuccinic acid (IDS)-Cu complex as catalyst, was optimized (H2O2/IDS-Cu 55/1 best molar ratio) under mild conditions (spontaneous pH) and sunlight. The faster inactivation kinetics were observed for the SCL process (k = 1.473 min-1, t1/2 = 0.47 min for E. coli and k = 1.193 min-1, t1/2 = 0.57 min for Entero), while the most effective processes in controlling bacterial regrowth were SPF and SCL. Although UV-C radiation (0-1.3 × 104 μW s cm-2 dose range) was the second faster disinfection process (k = 1.242 min-1, t1/2 = 0.55 min for E. coli and k = 1.150 min-1, t1/2 = 0.60 min for Entero), it was the less effective process in controlling bacterial regrowth (>10 CFU 100 mL-1 already after 6 h post-treatment incubation). According to the bacterial inactivation and regrowth tests carried out in this work, SPF and SCL are interesting options for RHRW disinfection, in case of effluent use for crop irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fiorentino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - G Lofrano
- Centro Servizi Metereologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - R Cucciniello
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - M Carotenuto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - O Motta
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - A Proto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - L Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Cabrera-Reina A, Miralles-Cuevas S, Sánchez Pérez JA, Salazar R. Application of solar photo-Fenton in raceway pond reactors: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149653. [PMID: 34426350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work critically reviews the present knowledge about the use of Raceway Pond Reactors (RPR) to treat municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP) secondary effluents by solar photo-Fenton process. The possibility of using RPR to treat industrial wastewater, which has been barely explored, is also reviewed. Initially, the general concepts and operation principles of RPR are described as well as their origin for photo-Fenton applications. Then, the main results and advances related to contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) removal, inactivation of microorganisms, industrial wastewater treatment and kinetic modelling are presented. Key aspects such as the impact of liquid depth, the continuous flow operation feasibility, the increase in treatment capacity, and the kinetic modelling are addressed along the review. At the end, main challenges and research gaps are identified, which should be the focuses of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cabrera-Reina
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Avda. Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, Santiago, Chile.
| | - S Miralles-Cuevas
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Avda. Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, Santiago, Chile
| | - J A Sánchez Pérez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Almería, Ctra de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - R Salazar
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica del Medio Ambiente, LEQMA, Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Casilla 40, C.P. 33, Av. Libertador Bernardo ÓHiggins, 3363 Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
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Herraiz-Carboné M, Cotillas S, Lacasa E, Sainz de Baranda C, Riquelme E, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA, Sáez C. A review on disinfection technologies for controlling the antibiotic resistance spread. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149150. [PMID: 34303979 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in water bodies poses a sanitary and environmental risk. These ARB and other mobile genetic elements can be easily spread from hospital facilities, the point in which, for sure, they are more concentrated. For this reason, novel clean and efficient technologies are being developed for allowing to remove these ARB and other mobile genetic elements before their uncontrolled spread. In this paper, a review on the recent knowledge about the state of the art of the main disinfection technologies to control the antibiotic resistance spread from natural water, wastewater, and hospital wastewater (including urine matrices) is reported. These technologies involve not only conventional processes, but also the recent advances on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs). This review summarizes the state of the art on the applicability of these technologies and also focuses on the description of the disinfection mechanisms by each technology, highlighting the promising impact of EAOPs on the remediation of this important environmental and health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Herraiz-Carboné
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Infante Don Juan Manuel, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Salvador Cotillas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Infante Don Juan Manuel, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Engracia Lacasa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Infante Don Juan Manuel, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Caridad Sainz de Baranda
- Clinical Parasitology and Microbiology Area, University Hospital Complex of Albacete, C/Hermanos Falcó 37, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Eva Riquelme
- Clinical Parasitology and Microbiology Area, University Hospital Complex of Albacete, C/Hermanos Falcó 37, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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10
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Miralles-Cuevas S, Soriano-Molina P, de la Obra I, Gualda-Alonso E, Pérez JAS. Simultaneous bacterial inactivation and microcontaminant removal by solar photo-Fenton mediated by Fe 3+-NTA in WWTP secondary effluents. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117686. [PMID: 34600227 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous microorganism inactivation and organic microcontaminant removal in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) secondary effluents by the solar photo-Fenton process mediated by Fe3+-NTA is studied in depth. To achieve this objective, different key aspects were addressed: (i) the effect of initial Fe3+-NTA concentration at 1:1 molar ratio (0.10-0.30 mM) and H2O2 concentration (1.47-5.88 mM), (ii) the effect of initial microorganism load (103 and 106 CFU/mL) and (iii) the impact of the disinfection target on treatment cost. The first stage of this work was carried out in simulated WWTP effluent spiked with 100 µg/L of imidacloprid (IMD) as model microcontaminant and inoculated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) K-12 as reference strain, in a pilot scale raceway pond reactor with 5-cm of liquid-depth. Secondly, the most cost-effective conditions were validated in actual WWTP effluent. The kinetic analysis revealed that increasing Fe3+-NTA concentration over 0.20 mM does not significantly reduce treatment time due to the limited effect caused on the volumetric rate photon absorption. Treatment cost is determined by the disinfection process, since IMD removal was always faster than E. coli inactivation. The most cost-effective strategy to achieve 10 CFU/100 mL of E. coli (Regulation EU 2020/741) was 0.20/4.41 mM Fe3+-NTA/H2O2, with a cost of 0.32 €/m3. A less restrictive disinfection target, 100 CFU/100 mL, allowed reducing reactant concentration and cost, 0.10/1.47 mM Fe3+-NTA/H2O2 and 0.15 €/m3, respectively. In both cases, no regrowth at 24 h and more than 90% of IMD removal were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miralles-Cuevas
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la I+D+i, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Av. Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Soriano-Molina
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería, ES04120, Spain; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Almería, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - I de la Obra
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería, ES04120, Spain; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Almería, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - E Gualda-Alonso
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería, ES04120, Spain; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Almería, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - J A Sánchez Pérez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería, ES04120, Spain; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Almería, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain.
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López-Vinent N, Cruz-Alcalde A, Giménez J, Esplugas S. Mixtures of chelating agents to enhance photo-Fenton process at natural pH: Influence of wastewater matrix on micropollutant removal and bacterial inactivation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147416. [PMID: 33964782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three organic fertilizers (EDTA (Ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid), EDDS (Ethylenediamine-N, N'-disuccinic acid) and DTPA (Diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid)) were tested as Fe-complexes in photo-Fenton process at natural pH for micropollutants (MPs) abatement and simultaneous E.coli inactivation. Less stable Fe-complexes show high iron precipitation, stopping MPs degradation. On the contrary, stable Fe-complexes imply low kinetic rates for MPs removal. To solve these inconveniences, three mixtures of organic fertilizers were also tested, trying to improve the kinetic rates of micropollutants oxidation and overcome iron precipitation. Three different pollutants (propranolol (PROP), acetamiprid (ACMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)) were used as the target compounds. As the iron release is, in part, linked to the hardness of water, two water matrices from two different secondary wastewaters (Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) and Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS)) were tested. The best performance in micropollutant degradation and E.coli inactivation was achieved with the combination of EDDS + EDTA, accomplishing a good equilibrium between iron precipitation and rate of MPs removal. For instance, total removal of propranolol was achieved at 45 min in MBR, while it was only 85.7% in CAS, being an improvement of the process comparing with that obtained using single organic fertilizers. At the end of the treatment, 2.1 log-inactivation for E.coli was reached in CAS. The differences observed between both wastewaters were related to CAS' higher DOC, turbidity, and hardness. Finally, from the physicochemical characterization conducted, including Biochemical Oxygen Demand at 5 days and phytotoxicity, it is possible to highlight the suitability of these treated effluents for its reuse in irrigation, as long as in CAS matrix the final values of E. coli are within the legal limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- N López-Vinent
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Cruz-Alcalde
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Giménez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Esplugas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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V M Starling MC, Mendonça Neto RPD, Pires GFF, Vilela PB, Amorim CC. Combat of antimicrobial resistance in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent via solar advanced oxidation processes: Achievements and perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147448. [PMID: 33965817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to gather main achievements and limitations associated to the application of solar photocatalytic processes with regard to the removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent (MWWTPE). Solar photocatalytic processes were chosen considering the context of developing tropical countries. Among these processes, solar photo-Fenton has been proved effective for the elimination of ARB from MWWTPE at neutral pH in bench and pilot scale and also under continuous flow. Yet, ARG removal varies as according to the gene. Irradiation intensity and matrix composition play a key role on treatment efficiency for this purpose. The use of sulfate radical in modified solar photo-Fenton is still incipient for ARB and ARG removal. Also, investigations related to ARB resistance profile and horizontal gene transfer rates after solar photo-Fenton treatment must be further analyzed. Regarding solar heterogeneous photocatalysis, TiO2 and TiO2-composites applied in suspension are the most commonly investigated for the removal of ARB and ARGs. Irradiation intensity, temperature and catalyst dosage affect treatment efficiency. However, most studies were performed in synthetic solutions using reduced sample volumes. Extended exposition times and addition of H2O2 to the system (solar/TiO2/H2O2) are required to prevent bacteria regrowth and ensure ARG abatement. In addition, enhancement of TiO2 with graphene or (semi)metals improved ARB elimination. Differences concerning irradiation intensity, matrix composition, catalyst dosage, and model ARB and ARGs used in studies analyzed in this review hinder the comparison of photocatalysts synthesized by various research groups. Finally, future research should aim at evaluating the efficiency of solar photocatalytic processes in real matrices originated from sewage treatment systems applied in developing countries; determining indicators of antimicrobial resistance in MWWTPE; and investigating ARB mutation rate as well as the removal of cell-free ARGs present in suspension in MWWTPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara V M Starling
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rondon P de Mendonça Neto
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Giovanna F F Pires
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Beccalli Vilela
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila C Amorim
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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13
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Emerging Contaminants: An Overview of Recent Trends for Their Treatment and Management Using Light-Driven Processes. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13172340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The management of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in water bodies is particularly challenging due to the difficulty in detection and their recalcitrant degradation by conventional means. In this review, CECs are characterized to give insights into the potential degradation performance of similar compounds. A two-pronged approach was then proposed for the overall management of CECs. Light-driven oxidation processes, namely photo/Fenton, photocatalysis, photolysis, UV/Ozone were discussed. Advances to overcome current limitations in these light-driven processes were proposed, focusing on recent trends and innovations. Light-based detection methodology was also discussed for the management of CECs. Lastly, a cost–benefit analysis on various light-based processes was conducted to access the suitability for CECs degradation. It was found that the UV/Ozone process might not be suitable due to the complication with pH adjustments and limited light wavelength. It was found that EEO values were in this sequence: UV only > UV/combination > photocatalyst > UV/O3 > UV/Fenton > solar/Fenton. The solar/Fenton process has the least computed EEO < 5 kWh m−3 and great potential for further development. Newer innovations such as solar/catalyst can also be explored with potentially lower EEO values.
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Qin L, Wang Z, Fu Y, Lai C, Liu X, Li B, Liu S, Yi H, Li L, Zhang M, Li Z, Cao W, Niu Q. Gold nanoparticles-modified MnFe 2O 4 with synergistic catalysis for photo-Fenton degradation of tetracycline under neutral pH. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125448. [PMID: 33640728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To decrease the adverse environmental and health-related effects of antibiotics, a series of MnFe2O4-Au (MFO-Au) composites were prepared by simple co-precipitation and photoreduction methods for efficient photo-Fenton degradation of tetracycline (TC). The synergistic effect of MFO and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with high absorption of visible light and strong photogenerated carrier separation efficiency endowed MFO-Au3 an outstanding photo-Fenton catalytic performance for TC degradation in neutral condition. The surface hydroxyl of MFO profited to generation of •OH, and negative charged or partially polarized AuNPs benefited to adsorption of H2O2, which had a synergistic effect on enhancing the photo-Fenton catalytic performance of MFO-Au. 88.3% of TC was efficiently removed and about 51.9% of TOC decreased within 90 min. The electron spin resonance and quenching tests suggested that h+ and e- were responsible for the high catalytic degradation and •OH and •O2- participated in the photo-Fenton reaction. The toxicity assessment by seed germination experiments showed efficient toxicity reduction of this system. Besides, MFO-Au exhibited high stability, good cycle, relatively economical and practical application performance, which is expected to provide potential guidance for the design and combination of noble nanoparticles with high stability and spinel bimetallic oxides with high catalytic activity in photo-Fenton reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082 Hunan, PR China.
| | - Zhihong Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082 Hunan, PR China
| | - Yukui Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082 Hunan, PR China
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082 Hunan, PR China
| | - Xigui Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082 Hunan, PR China
| | - Bisheng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082 Hunan, PR China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082 Hunan, PR China
| | - Huan Yi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082 Hunan, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082 Hunan, PR China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082 Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410082 Hunan, PR China
| | - Weicheng Cao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082 Hunan, PR China
| | - Qiuya Niu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082 Hunan, PR China
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15
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Nippes RP, Macruz PD, Neves Olsen Scaliante MH. Toxicity reduction of persistent pollutants through the photo-fenton process and radiation/H 2O 2 using different sources of radiation and neutral pH. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 289:112500. [PMID: 33813300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of toxic compounds in aquatic bodies is of great concern, and the Fenton, photo-Fenton and radiation/H2O2 processes can be applied in the remediation of these compounds due to their efficiency and advantages. However, these processes need to be investigated to make them more viable and environmentally friendly. Thus, the reduction of toxicity was evaluated, through ecotoxicological tests with Artemia salina and Lactuca sativa, of the compounds 2,4-D, diazepam, nicotine and paracetamol (acetaminophen) by the Fenton, photo-Fenton and radiation/H2O2 process with UVC, UVA and natural solar radiation at neutral pH with low concentrations of Fe2+ and H2O2. The UVC/H2O2 process was efficient in the degradation of nicotine (74%), the photo-Fenton process was more efficient in the degradation of 2,4-D (82%), diazepam (27%) and paracetamol (85%) using solar radiation, UVA and UVC respectively. The toxicity and total organic carbon (TOC) tests showed a reduction in the toxicity of the compounds after treatment, except for diazepam, which was more resistant to the process, leading to a higher mortality of Artemia salinas (92%) and less relative seed germination of Lactuca sativa (40%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Picoli Nippes
- State University of Maringa, Department of Chemical Engineering, Maringa, 87020-900, Parana, Brazil.
| | - Paula Derksen Macruz
- State University of Maringa, Department of Chemical Engineering, Maringa, 87020-900, Parana, Brazil
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Sánchez Pérez JA, Arzate S, Soriano-Molina P, García Sánchez JL, Casas López JL, Plaza-Bolaños P. Neutral or acidic pH for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern in wastewater by solar photo-Fenton? A techno-economic assessment of continuous raceway pond reactors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139681. [PMID: 32479960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As far as the authors know, no in-depth comparison has been made between the different performances of the solar photo-Fenton process for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) as a function of pH. To this end, real WWTP secondary effluents were treated in continuous flow mode at pilot plant scale. The effect of hydraulic residence time (HRT), liquid depth and percentage of CEC removal on treatment capacity was studied. At acidic pH (2.8), the iron source was FeSO4 and at neutral pH (7.0), it was Fe(III)-EDDS. At both pH values, 2250 L m-2 d-1 can be treated in 15-cm deep raceway pond reactors at 30 min HRT with 0.1 mM iron and 0.88 mM H2O2 in order to achieve 80% CEC removal. Treatment costs were 0.25 € m-3 and 0.56 € m-3 at acidic and neutral pH, respectively. This study paves the way for the solar photo-Fenton process to be employed on a commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sánchez Pérez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, Spain.
| | - S Arzate
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, Spain
| | - P Soriano-Molina
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, Spain
| | - J L García Sánchez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, Spain
| | - J L Casas López
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, Spain
| | - P Plaza-Bolaños
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Spain
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