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Kumar R, Janbandhu SY, Sukhadeve GK, Gedam RS. Visible light assisted surface plasmon resonance triggered Ag/ZnO nanocomposites: synthesis and performance towards degradation of indigo carmine dye. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:98619-98631. [PMID: 36053425 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution caused by organic compounds, generated from different industries, has gained attention worldwide today. In this regard, significant efforts have been made for a suitable dye degradation technology. Zinc oxide (ZnO)-based photocatalysts are considered novel materials to degrade organic effluents in contaminated water. The facile synthesis of Ag/ZnO nanocomposites and its application for the enhanced degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye under visible light irradiation is reported in this paper. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized using various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, FTIR, Raman, impedance study, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence (PL). Prepared Ag/ZnO nanocomposites were tested for degradation of IC dye in visible light. The degradation efficiency of IC dye was found to be 95.71% in 120 min, with a rate constant of 0.02021 min-1. This improved photocatalytic activity of Ag/ZnO nanocomposites was mainly due to the absorption of visible light caused by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) derived from Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and electron-hole separation. Radical trapping experiments suggest that holes (h+) and superoxide radical (O2•-) are the key factors in photocatalytic IC dye degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Physics, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India
| | | | - Gaurav K Sukhadeve
- Department of Physics, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India
| | - Rupesh S Gedam
- Department of Physics, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India.
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Fiorenza R, Spitaleri L, Perricelli F, Nicotra G, Fragalà ME, Scirè S, Gulino A. Efficient photocatalytic oxidation of VOCs using ZnO@Au nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Güler AC, Antoš J, Masař M, Urbánek M, Machovský M, Kuřitka I. Boosting the Photoelectrochemical Performance of Au/ZnO Nanorods by Co-Occurring Gradient Doping and Surface Plasmon Modification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010443. [PMID: 36613884 PMCID: PMC9820687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Band bending modification of metal/semiconductor hybrid nanostructures requires low-cost and effective designs in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. To this end, it is evinced that gradient doping of Au nanoparticles (NPs) inwards the ZnO nanorods (NRs) through thermal treatment facilitated faster transport of the photo-induced charge carriers. Systematic PEC measurements show that the resulting gradient Au-doped ZnO NRs yielded a photocurrent density of 0.009 mA/cm2 at 1.1 V (vs. NHE), which is 2.5-fold and 8-fold improved compared to those of Au-sensitized ZnO and the as-prepared ZnO NRs, respectively. The IPCE and ABPE efficiency tests confirmed the boosted photoresponse of gradient Au-incorporated ZnO NRs, particularly in the visible spectrum due to the synergistic surface plasmonic effect of Au NPs. A gradient Au dopant profile promoted the separation and transfer of the photo-induced charge carriers at the electrolyte interface via more upward band bending according to the elaborated electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy analyses. Therefore, this research presents an economical and facile strategy for preparing gradient plasmonic noble NP-incorporated semiconductor NRs, which have excellent potential in energy conversion and storage technologies.
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Almaie S, Vatanpour V, Rasoulifard MH, Koyuncu I. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) removal by photocatalysts: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135655. [PMID: 35817187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amplified anthropogenic release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) gets worse air quality and human health. Photocatalytic degradation of VOCs is the practical strategy due to its low cost, simplicity, high efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Different types of photocatalyst activated by UV and visible lights are applied for VOC degradation. This review tries to investigate the state-of-art of recently published papers on this subject with a focus on the high-efficiency photocatalyst. The novel photocatalysts are introduced and enhancing photocatalytic activity strategies such as the hybrid of two/three photocatalyst, impurity doping, and heterojunctions with narrow bandgap semiconductors have been explained. The procedures of visible light activation of the photocatalysts are discussed with attention to current problems and future challenges. In addition, effective operational parameters in the photocatalytic degradation of VOCs have been reviewed with their advantages and drawbacks. A series of strategies are developed for the efficient utilization of visible light photocatalysts and improving new materials or design structures to degrade produced toxic intermediates/by-products during photocatalytic degradation of VOCs. This review shows that there are significant challenges in the applications of photocatalysts in the selective removal of VOCs. Several approaches should be combined to produce synergistic effects, which may lead to much higher photocatalytic performance than individual strategies. Another challenge is to develop efficient photocatalysts to meet real problems on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Almaie
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Vatanpour
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911, Iran; National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Rasoulifard
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
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Nano Metal-Containing Photocatalysts for the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds: Doping, Performance, and Mechanisms. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081335. [PMID: 35458043 PMCID: PMC9027785 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air are considered a major threat to human health and environmental safety. The development of applicable technologies for the removal of VOCs is urgently needed. Nowadays, photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) based on metal-containing photocatalysts has been regarded as a promising method. However, unmodified photocatalysts are generally limited in applications because of the narrow light response range and high recombination rate of photo-generated carriers. As a result, nano metal-containing photocatalysts doped with elements or other materials have attracted much attention from researchers and has developed over the past few decades. In addition, different doping types cause different levels of catalyst performance, and the mechanism for performance improving is also different. However, there are few reviews focusing on this aspect, which is really important for catalyst design and application. This work aims to give a comprehensive overview of nano metal-containing photocatalysts with different doping types for the removal of VOCs in an indoor environment. First, the undoped photocatalysts and the basic mechanism of PCO is introduced. Then, the application of metal doping, non-metal doping, co-doping, and other material doping in synthetic metal-containing photocatalysts are discussed and compared, respectively, and the synthesis methods, removal efficiency, and mechanisms are further investigated. Finally, a development trend for using nano metal-containing photocatalysts for the removal of VOCs in the future is proposed. This work provides a meaningful reference for selecting effective strategies to develop novel photocatalysts for the removal of VOCs in the future.
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Wy Y, Jung H, Hong JW, Han SW. Exploiting Plasmonic Hot Spots in Au-Based Nanostructures for Sensing and Photocatalysis. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:831-843. [PMID: 35213153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusLocalized surface plasmon resonance is a unique property appearing in certain metal nanostructures, which can generate hot carriers (electrons and holes) and bring about an intense electromagnetic field localized near the surface of nanostructures. Specific locations, such as the rough surfaces and gaps in nanostructures, where a strong electromagnetic field is formed are referred to as hot spots. Hot-spot-containing plasmonic nanostructures have shown great promise in molecular sensing and plasmon-induced catalytic applications by exploiting the unique optical properties of hot spots. In this Account, we will review our recent developments in the synthesis of Au nanostructures consisting of multiple hot spots and Au-based heteronanostructures combining secondary active metals or semiconductors with Au nanostructures as promising plasmonic platforms for hot-spot-induced sensing and photocatalysis. We first provide a brief introduction to Au nanocrystals and Au nanoparticle assemblies with multiple hot spots. High-index-faceted hexoctahedral Au nanocrystals having multiple high-curvature vertices and edges are beneficial for the generation of an intense and reproducible electromagnetic field, which can enhance the performance of surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based molecular sensing. In addition, the engineering of interparticle gaps in Au nanoparticle assemblies to have a controlled size and a certain number of gaps can lead to the enhancement of plasmonic properties due to the significant amplification of the electromagnetic field at interparticle gaps. We then discuss hot-spot-containing Au-based heteronanostructures prepared by growing secondary components on the aforementioned Au nanostructures. With a combination of merit from strong plasmon energy formed by hot spots and catalytically active secondary materials, Au-based heteronanostructures have emerged as an attractive and versatile catalyst platform for various photocatalytic reactions. Through the control of key factors governing the photocatalysis of Au-based heteronanostructures, such as the coupling manner, shell thickness of secondary materials, and intimacy of contact, the plasmon energy formation of heteronanostructures and its transfer to catalytically active materials can be optimized, leading to the promotion of photocatalysis, such as photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The rational design of Au nanostructures and Au-based heteronanostructures with multiple hot spots not only could realize enhanced sensing and photocatalysis but also could enable the understanding of the geometry-performance relationship. It is envisioned that the developed strategies can offer new opportunities for the design of various high-efficiency catalytic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghyun Wy
- Center for Nanotectonics, Department of Chemistry and KI for the NanoCentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hayoon Jung
- Center for Nanotectonics, Department of Chemistry and KI for the NanoCentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jong Wook Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea
| | - Sang Woo Han
- Center for Nanotectonics, Department of Chemistry and KI for the NanoCentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Shkir M, Palanivel B, Khan A, Kumar M, Chang JH, Mani A, AlFaify S. Enhanced photocatalytic activities of facile auto-combustion synthesized ZnO nanoparticles for wastewater treatment: An impact of Ni doping. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132687. [PMID: 34718012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the current work, we present the facile one-pot synthesis of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 wt% of Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles (Ni:ZnO NPs) through combustion route at 550 °C. Structural and vibrational studies approve the synthesis of monophasic hexagonal Ni:ZnO NPs. The crystallite size was calculated to be in the range of 36-60 nm for pure and doped samples. The composition of all elements in the final product along with their homogeneity, was approved through EDX/FESEM e-mapping analysis. The morphology and phase confirmation of the prepared samples was investigated through FESEM and TEM/HRTEM analyses. TEM/HRTEM study shows that the size of grains is within the range of 100 nm and grown along the c-axis as the lattice spacing is found ∼2.6005 Å. Diffused reflectance study was used to estimate the energy gap for all samples and found to reduce from 3.287 eV for pure to 3.258 eV for 3.0 wt% Ni doping. From an applications point of view, the photocatalytic performance of Ni:ZnO NPs was studied, and with 3.0 wt% of Ni doping in ZnO the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and tetracycline (TCN) pollutants were found to be remarkably improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shkir
- Advanced Functional Materials and Optoelectronics Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; School of Science and Technology, Glocal University, Saharanpur, 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Baskaran Palanivel
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kanchipuram, TamilNadu, 603203, India
| | - Aslam Khan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohanraj Kumar
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, 413310, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Hsing Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, 413310, Taiwan
| | - Alagiri Mani
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kanchipuram, TamilNadu, 603203, India
| | - S AlFaify
- Advanced Functional Materials and Optoelectronics Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
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Yang Z, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Fei T, Liu S, Zhang T. The synergistic effects of oxygen vacancy engineering and surface gold decoration on commercial SnO 2 for ppb-level DMMP sensing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:2703-2717. [PMID: 34774322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The metal oxides-based chemiresitive gas sensors have attracted enormous interest because of their exellent sensing perforamcnes, which have emerged as very promising candidates for gas monitoring. However, from the view of organophosphorus compounds detection, a unique combination of low detection limit and fast respons/recovery rate remainschallenging. Herein, the synersgitic effects of oxygen vacancy engineering and surface gold decoration enabling excellent sensing performances for detection of dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP, a typical organophosphorus) is reported. To demonstrate the proof of concept, Au nanoparticles (NPs) decorated oxygen vacancy-enriched SnO2 hybrids (designated as Au-O-SnO2) were designedas sensing materials, where the O-SnO2 samples were fabricated by introduction of oxygen vacancies onto commercial SnO2 through organometallic chemistry-assisted approach using (CH3)2SnCl2 as precursor, followed by deposition of Au NPs by an in-situ reduction routine. After optimizing Au NPs content in hybrids (1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt% and 7 wt%), O-SnO2 decorated with 5 wt% Au NPs (designated as Au-O-SnO2-5) exhibits excellent DMMP sensing performances, such as, an enhanced recoverable response of 1.67 to 680 ppb DMMP, low detection limit of 4.8 ppb, shortresponse time of 26 s and recoverytime of 32 s, as well as good selectivity, which are much better than that of commercial SnO2 (C-SnO2) and O-SnO2, and Au NPs decorated C-SnO2. Based on the detailed investigation, the enhanced DMMP sensing performances of Au-O-SnO2 hybrids can be mainly ascribed to the synergistic effect of increasing surface active sites induced by oxygen vacancies, the chemical and electronic sensitization of Au NPs. As a result, Au-O-SnO2-5 hybrids display relatively low activation energy of 24.11 kJ/mol for DMMP oxidization, which is lower than that of O-SnO2 (35.54 kJ/mol). Our results provide a feasible method for boosting sensing performances for DMMP detection, paving new way for fabrication of metal oxides-based gas sensors for rapid detection of trace organic compounds with complexed structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Teng Fei
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Sen Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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OUP accepted manuscript. Microscopy (Oxf) 2022; 71:i174-i199. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Preparation of g-C3N4/MoS2 Composite Material and Its Visible Light Catalytic Performance. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cao Y, Zhang H, Yin Y, Ge B, Ren G, Shao X. Fabrication of visible-light response cadmium sulfide modified superhydrophobic surface for water resource remediation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:435402. [PMID: 34280902 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac15c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Widespread concern has been attached to the frequent occurrence of pollution by oil slicks and water-soluble pollutants in recent years. The semiconductor photocatalysis is applied to sewage treatment owing to the advantages of energy-conserving and environmental protection. However, its application is limited by the defects of not solving oil slicks and the hard recyclability. In this paper, the high specific surface area and rod-shaped CdS were prepared using template and alkali-treated methods. Next, the alkylated SiO2and alkali-treated CdS were deposited on pure fabric by physical deposition to prepare the multifunctional superhydrophobic fabric. The specific surface area and morphology of alkali-treated CdS were tested by BET specific surface area test and field emission scanning electron microscope. Besides, oil/water separation, water contact angle, and stability test experiments were performed to determine the superhydrophobic performance. Photocatalysis degradation efficiency and cycle degradation stability of multifunctional fabric were characterized by photocatalysis degradation Rh B experiment. Consequently, the alkali-treated CdS displays a high specific surface up to 343 m2g-1. The multifunctional fabric presents excellent superhydrophobic performance with the water contact angle up to 155°. Meanwhile, the water contact angle of multifunctional fabric is always over 150° under various circumstances (acid-base corrosion, soaking time at 100 °C and frictional numbers), indicating that the multifunctional fabric has excellent superhydrophobic stability. Moreover, the fabric also exhibits outstanding photocatalysis performance (the degradation efficiency is 94% after 3 cycles). Our work provides a feasible method for addressing oil slicks on water surface and degrading water-soluble pollutants with extensive application prospects in water resource remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng Shandong, 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng Shandong, 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibin Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng Shandong, 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Ge
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng Shandong, 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Guina Ren
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264405, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Shao
- School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, People's Republic of China
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Recent Advances in the Design and Photocatalytic Enhanced Performance of Gold Plasmonic Nanostructures Decorated with Non-Titania Based Semiconductor Hetero-Nanoarchitectures. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic photocatalysts combining metallic nanoparticles and semiconductors have been aimed as versatile alternatives to drive light-assisted catalytic chemical reactions beyond the ultraviolet (UV) regions, and overcome one of the major drawbacks of the most exploited photocatalysts (TiO2 or ZnO). The strong size and morphology dependence of metallic nanostructures to tune their visible to near-infrared (vis-NIR) light harvesting capabilities has been combined with the design of a wide variety of architectures for the semiconductor supports to promote the selective activity of specific crystallographic facets. The search for efficient heterojunctions has been subjected to numerous studies, especially those involving gold nanostructures and titania semiconductors. In the present review, we paid special attention to the most recent advances in the design of gold-semiconductor hetero-nanostructures including emerging metal oxides such as cerium oxide or copper oxide (CeO2 or Cu2O) or metal chalcogenides such as copper sulfide or cadmium sulfides (CuS or CdS). These alternative hybrid materials were thoroughly built in past years to target research fields of strong impact, such as solar energy conversion, water splitting, environmental chemistry, or nanomedicine. Herein, we evaluate the influence of tuning the morphologies of the plasmonic gold nanostructures or the semiconductor interacting structures, and how these variations in geometry, either individual or combined, have a significant influence on the final photocatalytic performance.
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