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Li T, Qin W, Wu B, Jin X, Zhang R, Zhang J, Du L. Effects of glycyrrhiza polysaccharides on growth performance, meat quality, serum parameters and growth/meat quality-related gene expression in broilers. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1357491. [PMID: 38435364 PMCID: PMC10904541 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1357491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
With growing restrictions on the use of antibiotics in animal feed, plant extracts are increasingly favored as natural feed additive sources. Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GP), known for its multifaceted biological benefits including growth promotion, immune enhancement, and antioxidative properties, has been the focus of recent studies. Yet, the effects and mechanisms of GP on broiler growth and meat quality remain to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of GP on growth, serum biochemistry, meat quality, and gene expression in broilers. The broilers were divided into five groups, each consisting of five replicates with six birds. These groups were supplemented with 0, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 mg/kg of GP in their basal diets, respectively, for a period of 42 days. The results indicated that from day 22 to day 42, and throughout the entire experimental period from day 1 to day 42, the groups receiving 1,000 and 1,500 mg/kg of GP showed a significant reduction in the feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) compared to the control group. On day 42, an increase in serum growth hormone (GH) levels was shown in groups supplemented with 1,000 mg/kg GP or higher, along with a significant linear increase in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration. Additionally, significant upregulation of GH and IGF-1 mRNA expression levels was noted in the 1,000 and 1,500 mg/kg GP groups. Furthermore, GP significantly elevated serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and globulin (GLB) while reducing blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. In terms of meat quality, the 1,500 and 2,000 mg/kg GP groups significantly increased fiber density in pectoral muscles and reduced thiobarbituric acid (TBA) content. GP also significantly decreased cooking loss rate in both pectoral and leg muscles and the drip loss rate in leg muscles. It increased levels of linoleic acid and oleic acid, while decreasing concentrations of stearic acid, myristic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Finally, the study demonstrated that the 1,500 mg/kg GP group significantly enhanced the expression of myogenin (MyoG) and myogenic differentiation (MyoD) mRNA in leg muscles. Overall, the study determined that the optimal dosage of GP in broiler feed is 1,500 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Weize Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Baiyila Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Xiao Jin
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Liyin Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
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Zeng N, Bao J, Shu T, Shi C, Zhai G, Jin X, He J, Lou Q, Yin Z. Sexual dimorphic effects of igf1 deficiency on metabolism in zebrafish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:879962. [PMID: 35966057 PMCID: PMC9372914 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.879962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is an essential effector of the growth hormone (GH)/IGF1 axis for somatic growth regulation in mammals. However, its functions have not been thoroughly investigated in zebrafish in vivo. In this study, the igf1-deficient zebrafish model was developed using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. In this study all the results were performed on both male and female animals. The growth of both male and female igf1-deficient zebrafish were reduced. The igf1 deficiency leads to significant complementary up-regulation of transcriptional expression levels of insulin, igf2 and igf3. This suggested that igf2 and igf3 may act with redundant functions. While the upregulation of gh1 expression can only be detected in igf1-deficient females. At the same time, significant growth retardation, fatty liver, reduced activated levels of ribosomal S6 (S6) are seen only in igf1-deficient males. On the other hand, significant hyperglycemia, elevated transcriptional expression levels of phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) and levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), with additional reduced hepatic lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratios can only observed in igf1-deficient females. Impaired glucose uptake has been recorded in the primary cultured hepatocytes from igf1-deficient females, but not males. Intriguingly, exposure to 17beta-estroadiol (E2) can partially ameliorated the defects of fatty liver and activation of AKT/mTOR signaling in igf1-deficient males. Our studies demonstrate the significant functions of IGF1 on somatic regulation in zebrafish, with asymmetric gender-related consequences. Our data thus suggest that the zebrafish IGF1 is preferentially required for the activation of AKT/mTOR signaling in male zebrafish, but glucose uptake in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningmei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiankang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - TingTing Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, China
| | - Chuang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangyan He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiyong Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qiyong Lou,
| | - Zhan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lieke T, Steinberg CEW, Bittmann S, Behrens S, Hoseinifar SH, Meinelt T, Knopf K, Kloas W. Fulvic acid accelerates hatching and stimulates antioxidative protection and the innate immune response in zebrafish larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148780. [PMID: 34280625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture plays a pivotal role in covering dietary animal protein demands and restocking endangered fish populations. However, high mortality takes place at the earliest life stages: prior and immediately after hatching. Improving growth and health parameters by immunostimulants is widely used in older fish, but rarely studied in larvae. Fulvic acids (FAs) are natural substances found in soil and water. Using zebrafish as a model organism, we evaluated the effects of exposure to a FA at concentrations ranging from 1 to 500 mg C/L (mg dissolved organic carbon per liter) on embryonic development. Furthermore, the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the larvae as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in growth, immune response, and antioxidative protection were determined at 5, 50, and 500 mg C/L. 20 to 200 mg C/L accelerated the hatching, which was mediated by increased expression of ifg-1, gh, and he1-α. Furthermore, lyz and mpx were significantly increased at 5 and 50 mg C/L. A concentration of 500 mg C/L induced genes involved in the protection against ROS (nrf-2, keap-1, cat, sod-1), increased the concentration of ROS inside the larvae and caused tissue damage and mortality. Interestingly, 50 mg C/L activated ROS protection as well (nrf-2, sod-2), while no increase of ROS was found in the larvae. Our results show, that FA at low to medium concentrations can increase the health of larvae, but becomes detrimental at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thora Lieke
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Humboldt University of Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian E W Steinberg
- Humboldt University of Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500 Kunming, China
| | - Sandra Bittmann
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Behrens
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Seyed H Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 49138-115739 Gorgan, Iran
| | - Thomas Meinelt
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Knopf
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Humboldt University of Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Kloas
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Humboldt University of Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Domingues WB, Silveira TLR, Nunes LS, Blodorn EB, Schneider A, Corcine CD, Varela Junior AS, Acosta IB, Kütter MT, Greif G, Robello C, Pinhal D, Marins LF, Campos VF. GH Overexpression Alters Spermatic Cells MicroRNAome Profile in Transgenic Zebrafish. Front Genet 2021; 12:704778. [PMID: 34567067 PMCID: PMC8455951 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.704778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of growth hormone (GH) in gh-transgenic zebrafish of a highly studied lineage F0104 has earlier been reported to cause increased muscle growth. In addition to this, GH affects a broad range of cellular processes in transgenic fish, such as morphology, physiology, and behavior. Reports show changes such as decreased sperm quality and reduced reproductive performance in transgenic males. It is hypothesized that microRNAs are directly involved in the regulation of fertility potential during spermatogenesis. The primary aim of our study was to verify whether gh overexpression disturbs the sperm miRNA profile and influences the sperm quality in transgenic zebrafish. We report a significant increase in body weight of gh-transgenic males along with associated reduced sperm motility and other kinetic parameters in comparison to the non-transgenic group. MicroRNA transcriptome sequencing of gh-transgenic zebrafish sperms revealed expressions of 186 miRNAs, among which six miRNA were up-regulated (miR-146b, miR-200a-5p, miR-146a, miR-726, miR-184, and miR-738) and sixteen were down-regulated (miR-19d-3p, miR-126a-5p, miR-126b-5p, miR-22a-5p, miR-16c-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-126b-3p, miR-107a-3p, miR-93, miR-2189, miR-202–5p, miR-221–3p, miR-125a, miR-125b-5p, miR-126a-3p, and miR-30c-5p) in comparison to non-transgenic zebrafish. Some of the dysregulated miRNAs were previously reported to be related to abnormalities in sperm quality and reduced reproduction ability in other species. In this study, an average of 134 differentially expressed miRNAs-targeted genes were predicted using the in silico approach. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that the genes of affected pathways were primarily related to spermatogenesis, sperm motility, and cell apoptosis. Our results suggested that excess GH caused a detrimental effect on sperm microRNAome, consequently reducing the sperm quality and reproductive potential of zebrafish males.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Domingues
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Tony L R Silveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Nunes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Blodorn
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Carine D Corcine
- ReproPel, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Antônio S Varela Junior
- ReproPel, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Izani B Acosta
- ReproPel, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Mateus T Kütter
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Greif
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Robello
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Danillo Pinhal
- Laboratório Genômica e Evolução Molecular Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luís F Marins
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Vinicius F Campos
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Ma P, Hu Z, Li L, Li D, Tang R. Dietary selenium promotes the growth performance through growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axes in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1313-1327. [PMID: 34241763 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se), an essential component of deiodinases (DIOs), regulates the contents of thyroid hormones and thus improves animal growth. To explore the influences of selenium supplementation on fish growth metabolism, a total of 270 healthy grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were divided into three groups and feed three graded dietary selenium (0.141, 0.562, and 1.044 mg Se/kg) levels. The results showed that after 60-day feeding, dietary selenium improved the final body weight and specific growth rate (SGR) of grass carp. The hepatic DIO activities in selenium-supplemented groups were higher than those in control group. A significant increase in triiodothyronine (T3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels was accompanied by a decrease in the contents of thyroxine (T4) and free thyroxine (FT4) in selenium-supplemented groups. The histopathological observation of thyroid suggested that selenium deficiency resulted in hypertrophy of follicular epithelial cells. Moreover, the gene relative expression levels of dio1, dio2, and dio3 showed an increasing trend with the rising concentration of dietary selenium. The transcription levels of HPT axis-related genes (crh, tsh-β, ttr, tr-s, tpo, nis) and GH/IGF1-related genes (gh, ghr, igf1, igf1r) were significantly upregulated in selenium-supplemented groups. No significant differences in the above indicators were observed between 0.562 and 1.044 mg Se/kg diet group except T3 content and dio1 relative expression ratio. These results indicate that dietary selenium supplementation improves the hepatic DIO activities and thyroid hormone metabolism and regulates the transcription levels of HPT and GH/IGF axis-related genes, which may be responsible for the growth promotion in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Ma
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhenyi Hu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rong Tang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Evaluation of qPCR reference genes in GH-overexpressing transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sci Rep 2020; 10:12692. [PMID: 32728128 PMCID: PMC7391647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference genes (RGs) must have a stable expression in tissues in all experimental conditions to normalize real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) data. F0104 is a highly studied lineage of zebrafish developed to overexpress the growth hormone (GH). It is assumed that the transgenic process may influence the expression levels of commonly used RGs. The objective of the present study was to make a comprehensive analysis of stability of canditade RGs actb1, actb2, b2m, eif2s2, eef1a1, gapdh, rplp2, rpl7, rpl13α, tuba1, and rps18, in gh-transgenic and non-transgenic zebrafish. Liver, brain, intestine and muscle samples from both groups had qRT-PCR results analyzed by dCt, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder softwares. Consensus analyses among software concluded that rpl13α, rpl7, and eef1a1 are the most stable genes for zebrafish, considering the studied groups and tissues. Gapdh, rps18, and tuba1 suffered variations in stability among different tissues of both groups, and so, they were listed as the genes with lowest stability. Results from an average pairwise variations test indicated that the use of two RGs would generate reliable results for gene expression analysis in the studied tissues. We conclude that genes that are commonly used in mammals for qRT-PCR assays have low stability in both non-transgenic and gh-transgenic zebrafish reinforcing the importance of using species-specific RGs.
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McClelland EK, Chan MTT, Lin X, Sakhrani D, Vincelli F, Kim JH, Heath DD, Devlin RH. Loci associated with variation in gene expression and growth in juvenile salmon are influenced by the presence of a growth hormone transgene. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:185. [PMID: 32106818 PMCID: PMC7045383 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth regulation is a complex process influenced by genetic and environmental factors. We examined differences between growth hormone (GH) transgenic (T) and non-transgenic (NT) coho salmon to elucidate whether the same loci were involved in controlling body size and gene expression phenotypes, and to assess whether physiological transformations occurring from GH transgenesis were under the influence of alternative pathways. The following genomic techniques were used to explore differences between size classes within and between transgenotypes (T vs. NT): RNA-Seq/Differentially Expressed Gene (DEG) analysis, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and OpenArray analysis, Genotyping-by-Sequencing, and Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). RESULTS DEGs identified in comparisons between the large and small tails of the size distributions of T and NT salmon (NTLarge, NTSmall, TLarge and TSmall) spanned a broad range of biological processes, indicating wide-spread influence of the transgene on gene expression. Overexpression of growth hormone led to differences in regulatory loci between transgenotypes and size classes. Expression levels were significantly greater in T fish at 16 of 31 loci and in NT fish for 10 loci. Eleven genes exhibited different mRNA levels when the interaction of size and transgenotype was considered (IGF1, IGFBP1, GH, C3-4, FAS, FAD6, GLUT1, G6PASE1, GOGAT, MID1IP1). In the GWAS, 649 unique SNPs were significantly associated with at least one study trait, with most SNPs associated with one of the following traits: C3_4, ELA1, GLK, IGF1, IGFBP1, IGFII, or LEPTIN. Only 1 phenotype-associated SNP was found in common between T and NT fish, and there were no SNPs in common between transgenotypes when size was considered. CONCLUSIONS Multiple regulatory loci affecting gene expression were shared between fast-growing and slow-growing fish within T or NT groups, but no such regulatory loci were found to be shared between NT and T groups. These data reveal how GH overexpression affects the regulatory responses of the genome resulting in differences in growth, physiological pathways, and gene expression in T fish compared with the wild type. Understanding the complexity of regulatory gene interactions to generate phenotypes has importance in multiple fields ranging from applications in selective breeding to quantifying influences on evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Kathleen McClelland
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada. .,, EKM Consulting 730 Drake St, Nanaimo, BC, V9S 2T1, Canada.
| | - Michelle T T Chan
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - Xiang Lin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - Dionne Sakhrani
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - Felicia Vincelli
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kim
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada.,Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Daniel D Heath
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Robert H Devlin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li W, Yang L, Guo B. Distribution, metabolism and hepatotoxicity of neonicotinoids in small farmland lizard and their effects on GH/IGF axis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:834-841. [PMID: 30795479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential endocrine disruption of neonicotinoids poses a significant threat to the survival of small farmland lizards. We systematically evaluated the distribution, metabolism, and toxicity of three neonicotinoids (dinotefuran, thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid) in the Eremias argus during a 35-day oral administration exposure. Lizards could quickly transfer and store neonicotinoids into the scale and eliminated through molting. Dinotefuran was most prone to accumulation in lizard tissues, followed by thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid was generally present in the form of its terminal metabolite 6-chloropyridinyl acid. Exposure to dinotefuran resulted in hepatic oxidative stress damage, decreased plasma growth hormone concentration, and down-regulation of ghr, igf1 and igfbp2 gene expression. These indicated that dinotefuran might have potential growth inhibition toxicity to lizards. Although imidacloprid caused severe liver oxidative stress damage, the effect of imidacloprid on GH/IGF axis was not obvious. Compared to dinotefuran and imidacloprid, thiamethoxam had the least damage to liver and minimal impact on GH/IGF axis. This study verified the possible damage of neonicotinoids to lizard liver and the interference of GH/IGF axis for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghuan Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- Benxi Institute for Drug Control, No.31 Shengli Road, Mingshan District, Benxi 117000, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Lu Yang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Baoyuan Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China
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Zeng X, Sun H, Huang Y, Liu J, Yu L, Liu C, Wang J. Effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate on growth and transcription of genes involved in the GH/IGF and HPT axes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:376-384. [PMID: 30149310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), as one of the most widely used organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), is applied in nearly all manufactured items and materials. It has been reported that TBOEP could cause developmental impairments and disrupt the endocrine regulation of fish growth during acute toxic experiments. However, concentrations to which fish were exposed in these studies were greater than environmentally relevant concentrations ever reported. This study examined effects on growth associated with exposure of zebrafish to 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 μg/L TBOEP during 20-90 days post fertilization (dpf). The changes in growth indicators and bioaccumulation of TBOEP were examined along with the transcription of related genes in the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. The average body contents of TBOEP were higher in females than in males in all the exposure groups. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TBOEP significantly decreased body length and body mass and down-regulated expression of several genes involved in the GH/IGF and HPT axes. Exposure to TBOEP decreased plasma thyroxine (T4) content accompanied by decreased mRNA level of thyrotropin β-subunit (tshβ) in females at 60 dpf, but no effects were observed at 90 dpf. These results suggested that bioaccumulation of TBOEP and down-regulation of genes involved in the GH/IGF axis might be responsible for the observed growth inhibition in zebrafish exposed to TBOEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zeng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yangyang Huang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Liqin Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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10
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Cruz BP, Brongar LF, Popiolek P, Gonçalvez BSB, Figueiredo MA, Amaral IPG, Da Rosa VS, Nery LEM, Marins LF. Clock genes expression and locomotor activity are altered along the light-dark cycle in transgenic zebrafish overexpressing growth hormone. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:739-752. [PMID: 28795260 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-017-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work it was demonstrated that transgenic Danio rerio overexpressing growth hormone (GH-transgenic) present either altered gene expression at a determined time point, or different expression pattern along the LD cycle, when compared with non-transgenic (NT) animals, in the positive and negative loops of the circadian system. Gene expression of clock paralogs was reduced in GH fish at the beginning of the dark phase, leading to diminished expression amplitude along the LD cycle. Furthermore, although no differences were observed between NT and GH animals for bmal1a and cry2b expression at each time point, only GH fish presented amplitude along the LD cycle. Also, the locomotor activity behavior was evaluated for both groups. GH-transgenic animals presented higher locomotor activity along the whole LD cycle when compared with NT animals. These data suggest that alterations in the gene expression patterns along the LD cycle of the positive and negative loops of the circadian system, could lead to altered locomotor activity behavior in GH-transgenic fish, and GH overexpression could be responsible for these alterations, either affecting the pathways involved in the expression of genes from the circadian system or altering the metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Cruz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - L F Brongar
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - P Popiolek
- Centro de Ciências Computacionais (C3), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - B S B Gonçalvez
- Instituto Federal Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Campus Barbacena, Barbacena, Brazil
| | - M A Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - I P G Amaral
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - V S Da Rosa
- Centro de Ciências Computacionais (C3), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - L E M Nery
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil.
| | - L F Marins
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil
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11
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GH indirectly enhances the regeneration of transgenic zebrafish fins through IGF2a and IGF2b. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:743-9. [PMID: 27126069 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The somatotropic axis, composed essentially of the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), is the main regulator of somatic growth in vertebrates. However, these protein hormones are also involved in various other major physiological processes. Although the importance of IGFs in mechanisms involving tissue regeneration has already been established, little is known regarding the direct effects of GH in these processes. In this study, we used a transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) model, which overexpresses GH from the beta-actin constitutive promoter. The regenerative ability of the caudal fin was assessed after repeated amputations, as well as the expression of genes related to the GH/IGF axis. The results revealed that GH overexpression increased the regenerated area of the caudal fin in transgenic fish after the second amputation. Transgenic fish also presented a decrease in gene expression of the GH receptor (ghrb), in opposition to the increased expression of the IGF1 receptors (igf1ra and igf1rb). These results suggest that transgenic fish have a higher sensitivity to IGFs than to GH during fin regeneration. With respect to the different IGFs produced locally, a decrease in igf1a expression and a significant increase in both igf2a and igf2b expression was observed, suggesting that igf1a is not directly involved in fin regeneration. Overall, the results revealed that excess GH enhances fin regeneration in zebrafish through igf2a and igf2b expression, acting indirectly on this major physiological process.
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12
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Nornberg BF, Figueiredo MA, Marins LF. Expression profile of IGF paralog genes in liver and muscle of a GH-transgenic zebrafish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 226:36-41. [PMID: 26718079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between IGFs produced in the liver and skeletal muscle with muscle hypertrophy previously observed in a line of GH-transgenic zebrafish. In this sense, we evaluated the expression of genes related to the IGF system in liver and muscle of transgenics, as well as the main intracellular signaling pathways used by GH/IGF axis. Our results showed an increase in expression of igf1a, igf2a, and igf2b genes in the liver. Moreover, there was a decrease in the expression of igf1ra and an increase in muscle igf2r of transgenics, indicating a negative response of muscle tissue with respect to excess circulating IGFs. Muscle IGFs expression analyses revealed a significant increase only for igf2b, accompanied by a parallel induction of igfbp5a gene. The presence of IGFBP5a may potentiate the IGF2 action in muscle cells differentiation. Regarding JAK/STAT-related genes, we observed an alteration in the expression profile of both stat3 and stat5a in transgenic fish liver. No changes were observed in the muscle, suggesting that both tissues respond differently to GH-transgenesis. Western blotting analyses indicated an imbalance between the phosphorylation levels of the proliferative (MEK/ERK) and hypertrophic (PI3K/Akt) pathways, in favor of the latter. In summary, the results of this study suggest that the hypertrophy caused by GH-transgenesis in zebrafish may be due to circulating IGFs produced by the liver, with an important participation of muscle IGF2b. This group of IGFs appears to be favoring the hypertrophic intracellular pathway in muscle tissue of transgenic zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Felix Nornberg
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcio Azevedo Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Marins
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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13
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Batista CR, Figueiredo MA, Almeida DV, Romano LA, Marins LF. Effects of somatotrophic axis (GH/GHR) double transgenesis on structural and molecular aspects of the zebrafish immune system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:725-732. [PMID: 26052013 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of growth hormone (GH) transgenic fish has been shown to be a promising method to improve growth rates. However, the role of GH is not restricted only to processes involved in growth. Several others physiological processes, including immune function, are impaired due to GH imbalances. Given the importance of generating GH transgenic organisms for aquaculture purposes, it is necessary to develop strategies to reduce or compensate for the collateral effects of GH. We hypothesized that the generation of double transgenic fish that overexpress GH and growth hormone receptor (GHR) in the skeletal muscle could be a possible alternative to compensate for the deleterious effects of GH on the immune system. Specifically, we hypothesized that increased GHR amounts in the skeletal muscle would be able to reduce the level of circulating GH, attenuating the GH signaling on the immune cells while still increasing the growth rate. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the size of the immune organs, T cell content in the thymus and head kidney, and expression of immune-related genes in double-transgenic fish. Contrary to our expectations, we found that the overexpression of GHR does not decrease the deleterious effect of GH excess on the size of the thymus and head kidney, and in the content of CD3(+) and CD4(+) cells in the thymus and head kidney. Unexpectedly, the control GHR transgenic group showed similar impairments in immune system parameters. These results indicate that GHR overexpression does not reverse the impairments caused by GH and, in addition, could reinforce the damage to the immune functions in GH transgenic zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Reyes Batista
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Brazil
| | - Marcio Azevedo Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Brazil
| | - Daniela Volcan Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Romano
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Marins
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Brazil.
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14
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Figueiredo MA, Fernandes RV, Studzinski AL, Rosa CE, Corcini CD, Junior ASV, Marins LF. GH overexpression decreases spermatic parameters and reproductive success in two-years-old transgenic zebrafish males. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 139:162-7. [PMID: 23618946 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) transgenesis has been postulated as a biotechnological tool for improving growth performance in fish aquaculture. However, GH is implied in several other physiological processes, and transgenesis-induced GH excess could lead to unpredictable collateral effects, especially on reproductive traits. Here, we have used two-years-old transgenic zebrafish males to evaluate the effects of GH-transgenesis on spermatic parameters and reproductive success. Transgenic spermatozoa were analyzed in terms of motility, motility period, membrane integrity, mitochondrial functionality, DNA integrity, fertility and hatching rate. We have also performed histological analyses in gonad, in order to verify the presence of characteristic cell types from mature testes. The results obtained have shown that, even in transgenic testes present in all cells in normal mature gonads, a significant general decrease was observed in all spermatic and reproductive parameters analyzed. These outcomes raise concerns about the viability of GH-transgenesis appliance to aquaculture and the environmental risks at the light of Trojan gene hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio A Figueiredo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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15
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Zhong H, Zhou Y, Liu S, Tao M, Long Y, Liu Z, Zhang C, Duan W, Hu J, Song C, Liu Y. Elevated expressions of GH/IGF axis genes in triploid crucian carp. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 178:291-300. [PMID: 22713693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH), growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are pivotal signaling factors of the GH/IGF axis, which plays a crucial role in regulating growth in vertebrates. In this study, GH, GHR and IGF-1 cDNAs were cloned from triploid and tetraploid crucian carp. In addition, mRNA expression levels were characterized in diploid red crucian carp, triploids and tetraploids. Reverse transcriptase PCR indicated that GH genes were only expressed in the pituitary, while GHR and IGF-1 were widely expressed in all tested tissues. Real-time PCR study of different seasonal profiles showed that triploids had significantly higher expression of the studied genes during both the prespawning and the spawning season. Although different temperatures (22, 26 and 30°C) showed no significant effects on GH, GHR and IGF-1 mRNA expression in either diploids or triploids, triploids had higher expression levels than diploids at each temperature. After 1 week of fasting, the expression of all studied genes was reduced in both diploids and triploids, while the expressions levels were higher in triploids than in diploids. These results suggest that the elevated expression of GH/IGF axis genes in triploids plays a crucial role in the faster growth rate of triploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Fish Developmental Biology of the Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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16
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Growth hormone transgenesis affects osmoregulation and energy metabolism in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Transgenic Res 2012; 22:75-88. [PMID: 22706793 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) transgenic fish are at a critical step for possible approval for commercialization. Since this hormone is related to salinity tolerance in fish, our main goal was to verify whether the osmoregulatory capacity of the stenohaline zebrafish (Danio rerio) would be modified by GH-transgenesis. For this, we transferred GH-transgenic zebrafish (T) from freshwater to 11 ppt salinity and analyzed survival as well as relative changes in gene expression. Results show an increased mortality in T versus non-transgenic (NT) fish, suggesting an impaired mechanism of osmotic acclimation in T. The salinity effect on expression of genes related to osmoregulation, the somatotropic axis and energy metabolism was evaluated in gills and liver of T and NT. Genes coding for Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, H(+)-ATPase, plasma carbonic anhydrase and cytosolic carbonic anhydrase were up-regulated in gills of transgenics in freshwater. The growth hormone receptor gene was down-regulated in gills and liver of both NT and T exposed to 11 ppt salinity, while insulin-like growth factor-1 was down-regulated in liver of NT and in gills of T exposed to 11 ppt salinity. In transgenics, all osmoregulation-related genes and the citrate synthase gene were down-regulated in gills of fish exposed to 11 ppt salinity, while lactate dehydrogenase expression was up-regulated in liver. Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity was higher in gills of T exposed to 11 ppt salinity as well as the whole body content of Na(+). Increased ATP content was observed in gills of both NT and T exposed to 11 ppt salinity, being statistically higher in T than NT. Taking altogether, these findings support the hypothesis that GH-transgenesis increases Na(+) import capacity and energetic demand, promoting an unfavorable osmotic and energetic physiological status and making this transgenic fish intolerant of hyperosmotic environments.
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17
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Figueiredo MA, Mareco EA, Silva MDP, Marins LF. Muscle-specific growth hormone receptor (GHR) overexpression induces hyperplasia but not hypertrophy in transgenic zebrafish. Transgenic Res 2012; 21:457-69. [PMID: 21863247 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Even though growth hormone (GH) transgenesis has demonstrated potential for improved growth of commercially important species, the hormone excess may result in undesired collateral effects. In this context, the aim of this work was to develop a new model of transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) characterized by a muscle-specific overexpression of the GH receptor (GHR) gene, evaluating the effect of transgenesis on growth, muscle structure and expression of growth-related genes. In on line of transgenic zebrafish overexpressing GHR in skeletal muscle, no significant difference in total weight in comparison to non-transgenics was observed. This can be explained by a significant reduction in expression of somatotrophic axis-related genes, in special insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). In the same sense, a significant increase in expression of the suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 and 3 (SOCS) was encountered in transgenics. Surprisingly, expression of genes coding for the main myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) was higher in transgenic than non-transgenic zebrafish. Genes coding for muscle proteins did not follow the MRFs profile, showing a significant decrease in their expression. These results were corroborated by the histological analysis, where a hyperplasic muscle growth was observed in transgenics. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that GHR overexpression does not induce hypertrophic muscle growth in transgenic zebrafish probably because of SOCS impairment of the GHR/IGF-I pathway, culminating in IGF-I and muscle proteins decrease. Therefore, it seems that hypertrophy and hyperplasia follow two different routes for entire muscle growth, both of them triggered by GHR activation, but regulated by different mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Animals, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Body Weight
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Hyperplasia/genetics
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Hypertrophy/genetics
- Hypertrophy/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Animal
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Myogenic Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Myogenic Regulatory Factors/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatotropin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/genetics
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/metabolism
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/growth & development
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Azevedo Figueiredo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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