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Žunec S, Karačonji IB, Čatalinac M, Jurič A, Katić A, Kozina G, Micek V, Neuberg M, Vrdoljak AL. Effects of concomitant use of THC and irinotecan on tumour growth and biochemical markers in a syngeneic mouse model of colon cancer. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2023; 74:198-206. [PMID: 37791673 PMCID: PMC10549892 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2023-74-3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical treatment with the antineoplastic drug irinotecan (IRI) is often hindered by side effects that significantly reduce the quality of life of treated patients. Due to the growing public support for products with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), even though relevant scientific literature does not provide clear evidence of their high antitumour potential, some cancer patients take unregistered preparations containing up to 80 % THC. This study was conducted on a syngeneic colorectal cancer mouse model to test the efficiency and safety of concomitant treatment with IRI and THC. Male BALB/c mice subcutaneously injected with CT26 cells were receiving 60 mg/kg of IRI intraperitoneally on day 1 and 5 of treatment and/or 7 mg/kg of THC by gavage a day for 7 days. Treatment responses were evaluated based on changes in body, brain, and liver weight, tumour growth, blood cholinesterase activity, and oxidative stress parameters. Irinotecan's systemic toxicity was evidenced by weight loss and high oxidative stress. The important finding of this study is that combining THC with IRI diminishes IRI efficiency in inhibiting tumour growth. However, further studies, focused on more subtle molecular methods in tumour tissue and analytical analysis of IRI and THC distribution in tumour-bearing mice, are needed to prove our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Žunec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Andreja Jurič
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Katić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Kozina
- University North, University Centre Varaždin, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Vedran Micek
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Xi HJ, Wu RP, Liu JJ, Zhang LJ, Li ZS. Role of acetylcholinesterase in lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:390-8. [PMID: 26273392 PMCID: PMC4511315 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a key role in catalytic hydrolysis of cholinergic neurotransmitters. Intensive research has proven the involvement of this protein in novel functions, such as cell adhesion, differentiation, and proliferation. In addition, several recent studies have indicated that acetylcholinesterase is potentially a marker and regulator of apoptosis. Importantly, AChE is also a promising tumor suppressor. In this review, we briefly summarize the involvement of AChE in apoptosis and cancer, focusing on the role of AChE in lung cancer, as well as the therapeutic consideration of AChE for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Xi
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Ren-Pei Wu
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- School of Nursing, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Juan Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China ; Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
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Xu H, Shen Z, Xiao J, Yang Y, Huang W, Zhou Z, Shen J, Zhu Y, Liu XY, Chu L. Acetylcholinesterase overexpression mediated by oncolytic adenovirus exhibited potent anti-tumor effect. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:668. [PMID: 25220382 PMCID: PMC4169801 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) mainly functions as an efficient terminator for acetylcholine signaling transmission. Here, we reported the effect of AChE on gastric cancer therapy. Methods The expression of AChE in gastric cancerous tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry. Gastric cancer cells were treated with AChE delivered by replication-deficient adenoviral vector (Ad.AChE) or oncolytic adenoviral vector (ZD55-AChE), respectively, followed by measurement of cell viability and apoptosis by MTT assay and apoptosis detection assays. In vivo, the tumor growth of gastric cancer xenografts in mice treated with Ad.AChE or ZD55-AChE (1 × 109 PFU) were measured. In addition, the cell viability of gastric cancer stem cells treated with Ad.AChE or ZD55-AChE were evaluated by MTT assay. Results A positive correlation was found between higher level of AChE expression in gastric cancer patient samples and longer survival time of the patients. Ad.AChE and ZD55-AChE inhibited gastric cancer cell growth, and low dose of ZD55-AChE induced mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in cells. ZD55-AChE repressed tumor growth in vivo, and the anti-tumor efficacy is greater than Ad.AChE. Moreover, ZD55-AChE suppressed the growth of gastric cancer stem cells. Conclusion ZD55-AChE represented potential therapeutic effect for human gastric cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-668) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yizhun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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(60)Co-γ irradiation affects the enzymatic antioxidant system of the citrus red mite Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae). Molecules 2014; 19:6382-92. [PMID: 24853454 PMCID: PMC6271183 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radio-(60Co), which emits γ rays, has been used worldwide in pest control. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of effective-low-power 60Co-γ irradiation on the enzymatic antioxidant system of the citrus red mite Panonychus citri. One day old female adults were exposed to 0.4 kGy 60Co-γ irradiation and on the, 6th h, 1st day, 2nd day, and 5th day post treatment, the mites were euthanized for biochemical analysis. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), phenoloxidase (PO) and acetylocholinesterase (AchE) were investigated. POD and CAT activities, as well as SOD were higher in the irradiated mites. We found that exposure to 60Co-γ radiation resulted in increased activities of SOD, CAT, POD and decreased AchE activity. When the recovery time lasted till the 5th day, the activities of POD and PO were significantly lower than the control, whereas the SOD, CAT and AchE activities returned to control levels. Cells possess protein repair pathways to rescue oxidized proteins and restore their functions, but if these repair processes fail, oxidized proteins may become cytotoxic. Our results confirm the hypothesis that low dosages of 60Co-γ irradiation increase the level of oxidative stress in P. citri adults in a short time, causing meanwhile damage and sterility. The results of this study also indicate that stress caused by exposure to irradiation could inhibit the cholinergic system in P. citri.
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Cholinesterase activities and biochemical determinations in patients with prostate cancer: Influence of Gleason score, treatment and bone metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:249-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
Many epithelial and endothelial cells express a cholinergic autocrine loop in which acetylcholine acts as a growth factor to stimulate cell growth. Cancers derived from these tissues similarly express a cholinergic autocrine loop and ACh secreted by the cancer or neighboring cells interacts with M3 muscarinic receptors expressed on the cancer cells to stimulate tumor growth. Primary proliferative pathways involve MAPK and Akt activation. The ability of muscarinic agonists to stimulate, and M3 antagonists to inhibit tumor growth has clearly been demonstrated for lung and colon cancer. The ability of muscarinic agonists to stimulate growth has been shown for melanoma, pancreatic, breast, ovarian, prostate and brain cancers, suggesting that M3 antagonists will also inhibit growth of these tumors as well. As yet no clinical trials have proven the efficacy of M3 antagonists as cancer therapeutics, though the widespread clinical use and low toxicity of M3 antagonists support the potential role of these drugs as adjuvants to current cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot R Spindel
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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Bernardi CC, Ribeiro EDSF, Cavalli IJ, Chautard-Freire-Maia EA, Souza RLR. Amplification and deletion of the ACHE and BCHE cholinesterase genes in sporadic breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 197:158-65. [PMID: 20193849 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the involvement of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in cell proliferation control and differentiation, reinforcing the hypothesis that these enzymes might have an influence in tumorigenesis. It has already been shown that the cholinesterase genes are structurally altered or aberrantly expressed in a variety of tumor types. In this study, amplifications and deletions in the ACHE and BCHE genes were investigated in sporadic breast tumors using real-time polymerase chain reaction and the relative quantification method. The majority of the tumor tissues showed a notable number of both deletions and amplifications: 65.7% and 22.9%, respectively, in BCHE and 45.7% and 31.4%, respectively, in ACHE. Deletion of the ACHE gene was significantly correlated with amplification of the protooncogene ERBB2. Tumor size was significantly higher when the ACHE gene was amplified, and the total number of alterations (amplifications plus deletions) of the BCHE gene was positively correlated with tumor malignancy grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Bernardi
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19071, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Nezhinskaya GI, Sapronov NS, Vladykin AL, Shepeleva VV. Effects of Cholinotropic and Cytostatic Drugs on the Development of Arthus Reaction. Bull Exp Biol Med 2009; 146:747-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-009-0381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cheng K, Samimi R, Xie G, Shant J, Drachenberg C, Wade M, Davis RJ, Nomikos G, Raufman JP. Acetylcholine release by human colon cancer cells mediates autocrine stimulation of cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G591-7. [PMID: 18653726 PMCID: PMC2536781 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00055.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Most colon cancers overexpress M3 muscarinic receptors (M3R), and post-M3R signaling stimulates human colon cancer cell proliferation. Acetylcholine (ACh), a muscarinic receptor ligand traditionally regarded as a neurotransmitter, may be produced by nonneuronal cells. We hypothesized that ACh release by human colon cancer cells results in autocrine stimulation of proliferation. H508 human colon cancer cells, which have robust M3R expression, were used to examine effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and choline transport inhibitors on cell proliferation. A nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist (atropine), a selective M3R antagonist (p-fluorohexahydro-sila-difenidol hydrochloride), and a choline transport inhibitor (hemicholinum-3) all inhibited unstimulated H508 colon cancer cell proliferation by approximately 40% (P<0.005). In contrast, two acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (eserine-hemisulfate and bis-9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine) increased proliferation by 2.5- and 2-fold, respectively (P<0.005). By using quantitative real-time PCR, expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), a critical enzyme for ACh synthesis, was identified in H508, WiDr, and Caco-2 colon cancer cells. By using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection, released ACh was detected in H508 and Caco-2 cell culture media. Immunohistochemistry in surgical specimens revealed weak or no cytoplasmic staining for ChAT in normal colon enterocytes (n=25) whereas half of colon cancer specimens (n=24) exhibited moderate to strong staining (P<0.005). We conclude that ACh is an autocrine growth factor in colon cancer. Mechanisms that regulate colon epithelial cell production and release of ACh warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunrong Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Amgen, Neuroscience, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Roxana Samimi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Amgen, Neuroscience, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Guofeng Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Amgen, Neuroscience, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jasleen Shant
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Amgen, Neuroscience, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Cinthia Drachenberg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Amgen, Neuroscience, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Wade
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Amgen, Neuroscience, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Richard J. Davis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Amgen, Neuroscience, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - George Nomikos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Amgen, Neuroscience, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Amgen, Neuroscience, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Morera Ocón FJ, Ripoll Orts F, García-Granero Ximénez M, Pastor MJ, Bernal Sprekelsen JC. [Decrease of serum cholinesterase in colorectal cancer]. Med Clin (Barc) 2008; 129:729-30. [PMID: 18053484 DOI: 10.1157/13113287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cholinesterase is an enzyme with an unknown physiologic function. Some situations are related to a decreased serum cholinesterase activity but those situations are not well defined and the responsible mechanisms are unknown. Malignancy is one of these situations. The aim of the study was to compare the cholinesterase activity between patients with and without colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHOD Case-control study of patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgery in our hospital from March 05 to January 07. RESULTS Patients from the cancer group had a significant decreased serum cholinesterase activity. CONCLUSIONS Investigation of cholinesterase function in humans may result in new research lines in oncology treatment.
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Neuro-bioenergetic concepts in cancer prevention and treatment. Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:832-43. [PMID: 17069985 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most difficult and elusive disorders to prevent and treat, despite great efforts in research and treatment over the last 30 years. Researchers have tried to understand the pathogenesis of cancer by discovering the single cellular mechanism or pathway derived from a genetic mutation. There are limited efforts made toward discovering a unified concept of cancer. We propose a neuro-bioenergetic concept of cancer pathogenesis based on the central mechanism of cellular hyperexcitability via inducible overexpression of voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated channels and neurotransmitters. Exploration of this concept could lead to a better understanding of the cause of cancer as well as developing more effective and specific strategies toward cancer prevention and treatment.
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