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Maiuolo J, Oppedisano F, Carresi C, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Macrì R, Scarano F, Coppoletta A, Cardamone A, Bosco F, Mollace R, Muscoli C, Palma E, Mollace V. The Generation of Nitric Oxide from Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2: The Role of Dietary Nitrates and Their Implication in Cardiovascular Disease Management. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415454. [PMID: 36555095 PMCID: PMC9779284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced bioavailability of the nitric oxide (NO) signaling molecule has been associated with the onset of cardiovascular disease. One of the better-known and effective therapies for cardiovascular disorders is the use of organic nitrates, such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), which increases the concentration of NO. Unfortunately, chronic use of this therapy can induce a phenomenon known as "nitrate tolerance", which is defined as the loss of hemodynamic effects and a reduction in therapeutic effects. As such, a higher dosage of GTN is required in order to achieve the same vasodilatory and antiplatelet effects. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a cardioprotective enzyme that catalyzes the bio-activation of GTN to NO. Nitrate tolerance is accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and sympathetic activation, as well as a loss of the catalytic activity of ALDH2 itself. On the basis of current knowledge, nitrate intake in the diet would guarantee a concentration of NO such as to avoid (or at least reduce) treatment with GTN and the consequent onset of nitrate tolerance in the course of cardiovascular diseases, so as not to make necessary the increase in GTN concentrations and the possible inhibition/alteration of ALDH2, which aggravates the problem of a positive feedback mechanism. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize data relating to the introduction into the diet of some natural products that could assist pharmacological therapy in order to provide the NO necessary to reduce the intake of GTN and the phenomenon of nitrate tolerance and to ensure the correct catalytic activity of ALDH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maiuolo
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, in Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (F.O.)
| | - Francesca Oppedisano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (F.O.)
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, in Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annarita Coppoletta
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Cardamone
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rocco Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Renato Dulbecco Institute, Lamezia Terme, 88046 Catanzaro, Italy
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Li Z, Shan L, Yu P. Preventive effect of tetramethylpyrazine on nitroglycerin-tolerance in rats by improving oxidative stress and ribosome homeostasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 618:141-147. [PMID: 35724458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitroglycerin (NTG) is recommended as the first-line drug in angina pectoris though its prolonged use impacts nitroglycerin tolerance. In this study, we investigated the preventive effect of Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a famous Chinese medicine used for cardiovascular diseases, on NTG-induced tolerance and further explained the underlying mechanism of its action. The results revealed that pretreatment of TMP improved NTG-induced tolerance in vitro thoracic aorta rings and in rats. Proteomic analysis showed oxidative stress and ribosome proteins dyshomeostasis in NTG-tolerance vessels. TMP attenuated the oxidative stress by enhancing the protein expression of ALDH2, Nrf2 and HO-1. In addition, TMP recovered the down-regulated expression of RpL10a induced by nitroglycerin. Therefore, TMP could prevent nitroglycerin tolerance in rats, which may be mediated by up-regulation of ALDH2 and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and involved in the restoration of ribosome homeostasis. These findings indicate the potential of TMP as a promising medicine for preventing the development of nitroglycerin-induced tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Li
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Luchen Shan
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Pei Yu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Goodnough CL, Gross ER. Precision Medicine Considerations for the Management of Heart Disease and Stroke in East Asians. CARDIOLOGY PLUS 2020; 5:101-108. [PMID: 33954271 PMCID: PMC8095722 DOI: 10.4103/cp.cp_17_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in Asian Americans. Importantly, people of East Asian descent are more likely to carry a loss-of-function point mutation in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), ALDH2*2, which reduces ALDH2 enzymatic activity by at least 40% relative to wild type ALDH2. Given the role of ALDH2 in removing toxic aldehydes from the cell, ALDH2 is intimately involved in the cardioprotective mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning and the pathophysiology of ischemia reperfusion injury. The ALDH2*2 variant is associated with an increased incidence of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Furthermore, this variant is associated with insensitivity to nitroglycerin, which is commonly prescribed in patients with cardiovascular disease. In this review, we discuss the genetic susceptibility and pathophysiology associated with the ALDH2*2 variant in regards to cardiovascular disease. We also present the considerations for the management of heart disease and stroke specific to East Asians carrying the ALDH2*2 genetic variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida L Goodnough
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric R Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Daiber A, Chlopicki S. Revisiting pharmacology of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease: Evidence for redox-based therapies. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:15-37. [PMID: 32131026 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the latest Global Burden of Disease Study data, non-communicable diseases in general and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in particular are the leading cause of premature death and reduced quality of life. Demographic shifts, unhealthy lifestyles and a higher burden of adverse environmental factors provide an explanation for these findings. The expected growing prevalence of CVD requires enhanced research efforts for identification and characterisation of novel therapeutic targets and strategies. Cardiovascular risk factors including classical (e.g. hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia) and non-classical (e.g. environmental stress) factors induce the development of endothelial dysfunction, which is closely associated with oxidant stress and vascular inflammation and results in CVD, particularly in older adults. Most classically successful therapies for CVD display vasoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but were originally designed with other therapeutic aims. So far, only a few 'redox drugs' are in clinical use and many antioxidant strategies have not met expectations. With the present review, we summarise the actual knowledge on CVD pathomechanisms, with special emphasis on endothelial dysfunction, adverse redox signalling and oxidative stress, highlighting the preclinical and clinical evidence. In addition, we provide a brief overview of established CVD therapies and their relation to endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Finally, we discuss novel strategies for redox-based CVD therapies trying to explain why, despite a clear link between endothelial dysfunction and adverse redox signalling and oxidative stress, redox- and oxidative stress-based therapies have not yet provided a breakthrough in the treatment of endothelial dysfunction and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- The Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; The Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- The Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland.
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Xie X, Urabe G, Marcho L, Stratton M, Guo LW, Kent CK. ALDH1A3 Regulations of Matricellular Proteins Promote Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. iScience 2019; 19:872-882. [PMID: 31513972 PMCID: PMC6739626 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation promotes intimal hyperplasia (IH) in occluding vascular diseases. Here we identified a positive role of ALDH1A3 (an aldehyde dehydrogenase) in this pro-IH process. The expression of ALDH1A3, but not that of 18 other isoforms of the ALDH family, was substantially increased in cytokine-stimulated VSMCs. PDGF(BB) stimulated VSMC total ALDH activity and proliferation, whereas ALDH1A3 silencing abolished this effect. ALDH1A3 silencing also diminished the expression of two matricellular proteins (TNC1 and ESM1), revealing a previously unrecognized ALDH1A3 function. Loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that TNC1 and ESM1 mediated ALDH1A3's pro-proliferative function via activation of AKT/mTOR and/or MEK/ERK pathways. Furthermore, ALDH inhibition with disulfiram blocked VSMC proliferation/migration in vitro and decreased TNC1 and ESM1 and IH in angioplasty-injured rat carotid arteries. Thus, ALDH1A3 promotes VSMC proliferation at least partially through TNC1/ESM1 upregulation; dampening excessive ALDH1A3 activity represents a potential approach to IH mitigation. The ALDH1A3 isoform promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation ALDH1A3's function is mediated by its upregulation of TNC1 and ESM1 The pan-ALDH inhibitor drug disulfiram mitigates intimal hyperplasia
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Xie
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Go Urabe
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lynn Marcho
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Matthew Stratton
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Craig K Kent
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Münzel T, Daiber A. The potential of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:217-231. [PMID: 29431026 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1439922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) plays a major role in the ethanol detoxification pathway by removing acetaldehyde. Therefore, ALDH-2 inhibitors such as disulfiram represent the first therapeutic targeting of ALDH-2 for alcoholism therapy. Areas covered: Recently, ALDH-2 was identified as an essential bioactivating enzyme of the anti-ischemic organic nitrate nitroglycerin, bringing ALDH-2 again into the focus of clinical interest. Mechanistic studies on the nitroglycerin bioactivation process revealed that during bioconversion of nitroglycerin and in the presence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species the active site thiols of ALDH-2 are oxidized and the enzyme activity is lost. Thus, ALDH-2 activity represents a useful marker for cardiovascular oxidative stress, a concept, which has been meanwhile supported by a number of animal disease models. Mechanistic studies on the protective role of ALDH-2 in different disease processes identified the detoxification of 4-hydroxynonenal by ALDH-2 as a fundamental process of cardiovascular, cerebral and antioxidant protection. Expert opinion: The most recent therapeutic exploitation of ALDH-2 includes activators of the enzyme such as Alda-1 but also cell-based therapies (ALDH-bright cells) that deserve further clinical characterization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Münzel
- a Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1 , Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany.,b Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) , Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany.,c Partner Site Rhine-Main , German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) , Mainz , Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- a Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1 , Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany.,b Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) , Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany.,c Partner Site Rhine-Main , German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) , Mainz , Germany
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El-Gharabawy RM, Ahmed AS, Al-Najjar AH. Cataract induction by administration of nitroglycerin in cardiac patients through imbalance in redox status. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016; 12:1487-1496. [PMID: 27729797 PMCID: PMC5045900 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s114469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of nitroglycerin in the pathogenesis of cataract. Design Prospective study. Patient and methods This study was performed in adults from tertiary Saudi Arabian hospitals (34 males and 26 females in each group, aged from 40 to 60 years), who were divided into four groups with an equal number of subjects (control group, cardiac group, idiopathic cataract group, and a group of cardiac patients using nitroglycerin and with cataracts). Fasting glucose concentrations, blood glycated hemoglobin levels, lipid profiles, and levels of nitrite, conjugated dienes (CD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined. Results Treatment of cardiac patients with nitroglycerin produced an imbalance in their systemic redox status, leading to the development of cataracts, which was reflected by a significant increase in the levels of nitrite, CD, and TBARS and a significant decrease in SOD activity and GSH, compared with idiopathic cataract patients. The results of correlation studies and multiple regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between different biochemical parameters (GSH, SOD, TBARS, CD, and nitrite) in the blood and lens in both idiopathic cataract patients and cardiac patients treated with nitroglycerin. Conclusion The study points to the relative and predictive effects of nitric oxide derived from nitroglycerin in the development of cataract in the presence of the oxidative stress induced by nitroglycerin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab M El-Gharabawy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta
| | - Amira S Ahmed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Hormone Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amal H Al-Najjar
- Pharmacy Services Department, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Nanoliposomal Nitroglycerin Exerts Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16258. [PMID: 26584637 PMCID: PMC4653649 DOI: 10.1038/srep16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroglycerin (NTG) markedly enhances nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. However, its ability to mimic the anti-inflammatory properties of NO remains unknown. Here, we examined whether NTG can suppress endothelial cell (EC) activation during inflammation and developed NTG nanoformulation to simultaneously amplify its anti-inflammatory effects and ameliorate adverse effects associated with high-dose NTG administration. Our findings reveal that NTG significantly inhibits human U937 cell adhesion to NO-deficient human microvascular ECs in vitro through an increase in endothelial NO and decrease in endothelial ICAM-1 clustering, as determined by NO analyzer, microfluorimetry, and immunofluorescence staining. Nanoliposomal NTG (NTG-NL) was formulated by encapsulating NTG within unilamellar lipid vesicles (DPhPC, POPC, Cholesterol, DHPE-Texas Red at molar ratio of 6:2:2:0.2) that were ~155 nm in diameter and readily uptaken by ECs, as determined by dynamic light scattering and quantitative fluorescence microscopy, respectively. More importantly, NTG-NL produced a 70-fold increase in NTG therapeutic efficacy when compared with free NTG while preventing excessive mitochondrial superoxide production associated with high NTG doses. Thus, these findings, which are the first to reveal the superior therapeutic effects of an NTG nanoformulation, provide the rationale for their detailed investigation for potentially superior vascular normalization therapies.
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Daiber A, Münzel T. Organic Nitrate Therapy, Nitrate Tolerance, and Nitrate-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: Emphasis on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:899-942. [PMID: 26261901 PMCID: PMC4752190 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrates, such as nitroglycerin (GTN), isosorbide-5-mononitrate and isosorbide dinitrate, and pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN), when given acutely, have potent vasodilator effects improving symptoms in patients with acute and chronic congestive heart failure, stable coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndromes, or arterial hypertension. The mechanisms underlying vasodilation include the release of •NO or a related compound in response to intracellular bioactivation (for GTN, the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase [ALDH-2]) and activation of the enzyme, soluble guanylyl cyclase. Increasing cyclic guanosine-3',-5'-monophosphate (cGMP) levels lead to an activation of the cGMP-dependent kinase I, thereby causing the relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle by decreasing intracellular calcium concentrations. The hemodynamic and anti-ischemic effects of organic nitrates are rapidly lost upon long-term (low-dose) administration due to the rapid development of tolerance and endothelial dysfunction, which is in most cases linked to increased intracellular oxidative stress. Enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species under nitrate therapy include mitochondria, NADPH oxidases, and an uncoupled •NO synthase. Acute high-dose challenges with organic nitrates cause a similar loss of potency (tachyphylaxis), but with distinct pathomechanism. The differences among organic nitrates are highlighted regarding their potency to induce oxidative stress and subsequent tolerance and endothelial dysfunction. We also address pleiotropic effects of organic nitrates, for example, their capacity to stimulate antioxidant pathways like those demonstrated for PETN, all of which may prevent adverse effects in response to long-term therapy. Based on these considerations, we will discuss and present some preclinical data on how the nitrate of the future should be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- The 2nd Medical Clinic, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- The 2nd Medical Clinic, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, Germany
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Human ALDH1B1 polymorphisms may affect the metabolism of acetaldehyde and all-trans retinaldehyde--in vitro studies and computational modeling. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1648-62. [PMID: 25413692 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate additional substrate specificities of ALDH1B1 and determine the effect that human ALDH1B1 polymorphisms will have on substrate specificity. METHODS Computational-based molecular modeling was used to predict the binding of the substrates propionaldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, nitroglycerin, and all-trans retinaldehyde to ALDH1B1. Based on positive in silico results, the capacity of purified human recombinant ALDH1B1 to metabolize nitroglycerin and all-trans retinaldehyde was explored. Additionally, metabolism of 4-HNE by ALDH1B1 was revisited. Databases queried to find human polymorphisms of ALDH1B1 identified three major variants: ALDH1B1*2 (A86V), ALDH1B1*3 (L107R), and ALDH1B1*5 (M253V). Computational modeling was used to predict the binding of substrates and of cofactor (NAD(+)) to the variants. These human polymorphisms were created and expressed in a bacterial system and specific activity was determined. RESULTS ALDH1B1 metabolizes (and appears to be inhibited by) nitroglycerin and has favorable kinetics for the metabolism of all-trans retinaldehyde. ALDH1B1 metabolizes 4-HNE with higher apparent affinity than previously described, but with low throughput. Recombinant ALDH1B1*2 is catalytically inactive, whereas both ALDH1B1*3 and ALDH1B1*5 are catalytically active. Modeling indicated that the lack of activity in ALDH1B1*2 is likely due to poor NAD(+) binding. Modeling also suggests that ALDH1B1*3 may be less able to metabolize all-trans retinaldehyde and that ALDH1B1*5 may bind NAD(+) poorly. CONCLUSIONS ALDH1B1 metabolizes nitroglycerin and all-trans-retinaldehyde. One of the three human polymorphisms, ALDH1B1*2, is catalytically inactive, likely due to poor NAD(+) binding. Expression of this variant may affect ALDH1B1-dependent metabolic functions in stem cells and ethanol metabolism.
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Involvement of Anandamide Transporter in Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Expression Stimulated by Nitroglycerin and Influence of ALDH2 Glu504Lys Polymorphism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 64:460-4. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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D'Souza Y, Kawamoto T, Bennett BM. Role of the lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxynonenal, in the development of nitrate tolerance. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:663-73. [PMID: 24555687 DOI: 10.1021/tx4004787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance to nitrates such as nitroglycerin (GTN) is associated with oxidative stress, inactivation of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), and decreased GTN-induced cGMP accumulation and vasodilation. We hypothesized that GTN-induced inactivation of ALDH2 results in increased 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) adduct formation of key proteins involved in GTN bioactivation, and, consequently, an attenuated vasodilator response to GTN (i.e., tolerance). We used an in vivo GTN tolerance model, a cell culture model of nitrate action, and Aldh2(-/-) mice to assess whether GTN exposure resulted in HNE adduct formation, and whether exogenous HNE affected GTN-induced relaxation and cGMP accumulation. Immunoblot analysis indicated a marked increase in HNE adduct formation in GTN-tolerant porcine kidney epithelial cells (PK1) and in aortae from GTN-tolerant rats and untreated Aldh2(-/-) mice. Preincubation of PK1 cells with HNE resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in GTN-induced cGMP accumulation, and pretreatment of isolated rat aorta with HNE resulted in dose-dependent decreases in the vasodilator response to GTN, thus mimicking GTN-tolerance. Pretreatment of aortae from Aldh2(-/-) mice with 10 μM HNE resulted in a desensitized vasodilator response to GTN. In the in vivo rat tolerance model, changes in HNE adduct formation correlated well with the onset of GTN tolerance and tolerance reversal. Furthermore, coadministration of an HNE scavenger during the tolerance induction protocol completely prevented HNE adduct formation and GTN tolerance but did not prevent the inactivation of ALDH2. The data are consistent with a novel mechanism of GTN tolerance suggesting a primary role of HNE adduct formation in the development of GTN tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan D'Souza
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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Lin S, Page NA, Fung SM, Fung HL. In vitro organic nitrate bioactivation to nitric oxide by recombinant aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1. Nitric Oxide 2013; 35:137-43. [PMID: 24126018 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organic nitrates (ORNs) are commonly used anti-ischemic and anti-anginal agents, which serve as an exogenous source of the potent vasodilator nitric oxide (NO). Recently, both mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) and cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase-1a1 (ALDH1A1) have been shown to exhibit the ability to selectively bioactivate various ORNs in vitro. The objective of the present research was to examine the potential role of ALDH3A1, another major cytosolic isoform of ALDH, in the in vitro bioactivation of various ORNs, and to estimate the enzyme kinetic parameters toward ORNs through mechanistic modeling. The extent of bioactivation was assayed by exposing recombinant ALDH3A1 to various concentrations of ORNs, and measuring the concentration-time profiles of released NO via a NO-specific electrode. Metabolite formation kinetics was monitored for nitroglycerin (NTG) using LC/MS/MS. Our results showed that ALDH3A1 mRNA and protein were highly expressed in C57BL/6 mouse aortic, cardiac, and hepatic tissues, and it was able to release NO from several ORNs, including NTG, isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), isosorbide-2-mononitrate (IS-2-MN), and nicorandil with similar Vmax (0.175-0.503nmol/min/mg of ALDH3A1), and Km values of 4.01, 46.5, 818 and 5.75×10(3)μM, respectively. However, activation of isosorbide-5-mononitrate (IS-5-MN) by ALDH3A1 was undetectable in vitro. ALDH3A1 was also shown to denitrate NTG, producing primarily glyceryl 1,2-dinitrate (1,2-GDN) in preference to glyceryl 1,3-dinitrate (1,3-GDN). Therefore, ALDH3A1 may contribute to the bioactivation of ORNs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxin Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
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Govoni M, Tocchetti P, Lundberg JO. Metabolism and pathways for denitration of organic nitrates in the human liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:96-104. [PMID: 23596058 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver first-pass metabolism differs considerably among organic nitrates, but little information exists on the mechanism of denitration of these compounds in hepatic tissue. The metabolism of nitrooxybutyl-esters of flurbiprofen and ferulic-acid, a class of organic nitrates with potential therapeutic implication in variety of different conditions, was investigated in comparison with glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) in human liver by a multiple approach, using a spontaneous metabolism-independent nitric oxide (NO) donor [3-(aminopropyl)-1-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-2-oxo-1-triazene (NOC-5)] as a reference tool. Nitrooxybutyl-esters were rapidly and quantitatively metabolized to their respective parent compounds and the organic nitrate moiety nitrooxybutyl-alcohol (NOBA). Differently from GTN, which was rapidly and completely metabolized to nitrite, NOBA was slowly metabolized to nitrate. In contrast to the spontaneous NO donor NOC-5, NOBA and GTN did not generate detectable NO and failed to suppress the activity of cytochrome P450, an enzyme known to be inhibited by NO. The direct identification of NOBA after liver metabolism targets this compound as the functional organic nitrate metabolite of nitrooxybutyl-esters. Moreover, the investigation of the pathways for denitration of NOBA and GTN suggests that organic nitrates are not primarily metabolized to NO in the liver but to different extents of nitrite or nitrate depending in their different chemical structure. Therefore, cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of concomitant drugs is not likely to be affected by oral coadministration of organic nitrates. However, the first pass may differently affect the pharmacological profile of organic nitrates in connection with the different extent of denitration and the distinct bioactive species generated and exported from the liver (nitrate or nitrite).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Govoni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Nanna Svartz väg 2, S-177 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Identification of proteins containing redox-sensitive thiols after PRDX1, PRDX3 and GCLC silencing and/or glucose oxidase treatment in Hepa 1–6 cells. J Proteomics 2012; 77:262-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is recognized as one of the most important cardiovascular signaling molecules, with multiple regulatory effects on myocardial and vascular tissue as well as on other tissues and organ systems. With the growth in understanding of the range and mechanisms of NO effects on the cardiovascular system, it is now possible to consider pharmaceutical interventions that directly target NO or key steps in NO effector pathways. This article reviews aspects of the cardiovascular effects of NO, abnormalities in NO regulation in heart failure, and clinical trials of drugs that target specific aspects of NO signaling pathways.
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17
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Karbach S, Jansen T, Horke S, Heeren T, Scholz A, Coldewey M, Karpi A, Hausding M, Kröller-Schön S, Oelze M, Münzel T, Daiber A. Hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in cultured endothelial cells--a comparison of primary endothelial cells with an immortalized endothelial cell line. J Diabetes Complications 2012; 26:155-62. [PMID: 22521318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and oxidative stress plays an important role in this process. Therefore, we investigated the effects of hyperglycemia on the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide/cGMP signaling in two different endothelial cell cultures. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and EA.hy 926 cells showed increased oxidative stress and impaired NO-cGMP signaling in response to hyperglycemia. The major difference between the two different cell types was the dramatic decrease in viability in HUVEC whereas EA.hy cells showed rather increased growth under hyperglycemic conditions. Starvation led to an additional substantial decrease in viability and increased superoxide formation in HUVEC. Both endothelial cell types, HUVEC and EA.hy 926, may be used as models for vascular hyperglycemia. However, high growth medium should be used to avoid starvation-induced oxidative stress and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Karbach
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Mao M, Sudhahar V, Ansenberger-Fricano K, Fernandes DC, Tanaka LY, Fukai T, Laurindo FR, Mason RP, Vasquez-Vivar J, Minshall RD, Stadler K, Bonini MG. Nitroglycerin drives endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:427-35. [PMID: 22037515 PMCID: PMC3432314 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitroglycerin (GTN) has been clinically used to treat angina pectoris and acute heart episodes for over 100 years. The effects of GTN have long been recognized and active research has contributed to the unraveling of numerous metabolic routes capable of converting GTN to the potent vasoactive messenger nitric oxide. Recently, the mechanism by which minute doses of GTN elicit robust pharmacological responses was revisited and eNOS activation was implicated as an important route mediating vasodilation induced by low GTN doses (1-50nM). Here, we demonstrate that at such concentrations the pharmacologic effects of nitroglycerin are largely dependent on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt/PKB, and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) signal transduction axis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that nitroglycerin-dependent accumulation of 3,4,5-InsP(3), probably because of inhibition of PTEN, is important for eNOS activation, conferring a mechanistic basis for GTN pharmacological action at pharmacologically relevant doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Mao
- Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Varadarajan Sudhahar
- Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kristine Ansenberger-Fricano
- Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Denise C. Fernandes
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Y. Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tohru Fukai
- Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Francisco R.M. Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronald P. Mason
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Richard D. Minshall
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, 60612 USA
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Marcelo G. Bonini
- Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Corresponding author at: Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. (M.G. Bonini)
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Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) and its sequelae are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate [GTN]) remains a first-line treatment for angina pectoris and acute MI. Nitroglycerin achieves its benefit by giving rise to nitric oxide (NO), which causes vasodilation and increases blood flow to the myocardium. However, continuous delivery of GTN results in tolerance, limiting the use of this drug. Nitroglycerin tolerance is caused, at least in part, by inactivation of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), an enzyme that converts GTN to the vasodilator, NO. We recently found that in a MI model in animals, in addition to GTN's effect on the vasculature, sustained treatment negatively affected cardiomyocyte viability following ischemia, thus resulting in increased infarct size. Coadministration of Alda-1, an activator of ALDH2, with GTN improves metabolism of reactive aldehyde adducts and prevents the GTN-induced increase in cardiac dysfunction following MI. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms associated with the benefits and risks of GTN administration in MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C B Ferreira
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
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20
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Song BJ, Abdelmegeed MA, Yoo SH, Kim BJ, Jo SA, Jo I, Moon KH. Post-translational modifications of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and biomedical implications. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2691-702. [PMID: 21609791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) represent large family members of NAD(P)+-dependent dehydrogenases responsible for the irreversible metabolism of many endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to the corresponding acids. Among 19 ALDH isozymes, mitochondrial ALDH2 is a low Km enzyme responsible for the metabolism of acetaldehyde and lipid peroxides such as malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal, both of which are highly reactive and toxic. Consequently, inhibition of ALDH2 would lead to elevated levels of acetaldehyde and other reactive lipid peroxides following ethanol intake and/or exposure to toxic chemicals. In addition, many East Asian people with a dominant negative mutation in ALDH2 gene possess a decreased ALDH2 activity with increased risks for various types of cancer, myocardial infarct, alcoholic liver disease, and other pathological conditions. The aim of this review is to briefly describe the multiple post-translational modifications of mitochondrial ALDH2, as an example, after exposure to toxic chemicals or under different disease states and their pathophysiological roles in promoting alcohol/drug-mediated tissue damage. We also briefly mention exciting preclinical translational research opportunities to identify small molecule activators of ALDH2 and its isozymes as potentially therapeutic/preventive agents against various disease states where the expression or activity of ALDH enzymes is altered or inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA.
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21
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Chen G, Palmer AF. Hemoglobin regulates the metabolic, synthetic, detoxification, and biotransformation functions of hepatoma cells cultured in a hollow fiber bioreactor. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 16:3231-40. [PMID: 20528678 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic hollow fiber (HF) bioreactors constitute one type of extracorporeal bioartificial liver assist device (BLAD). Ideally, cultured hepatocytes in a BLAD should closely mimic the in vivo oxygenation environment of the liver sinusoid to yield a device with optimal performance. However, most BLADs, including hepatic HF bioreactors, suffer from O2 limited transport toward cultured hepatocytes, which reduces their performance. We hypothesize that supplementation of hemoglobin-based O2 carriers into the circulating cell culture medium of hepatic HF bioreactors is a feasible and effective strategy to improve bioreactor oxygenation and performance. We examined the effect of bovine hemoglobin (BvHb) supplementation (15g/L) in the circulating cell culture medium of hepatic HF bioreactors on hepatocyte proliferation, metabolism, and varied liver functions, including biosynthesis, detoxification, and biotransformation. It was observed that BvHb supplementation supported the maintenance of a higher cell mass in the extracapillary space, improved hepatocyte metabolic efficiency (i.e., hepatocytes consumed much less glucose), improved hepatocyte capacity for drug metabolism, and conserved both albumin synthesis and ammonia detoxification functions compared to controls (no BvHb supplementation) under the same experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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22
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Organic nitrates and nitrate resistance in diabetes: the role of vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress with emphasis on antioxidant properties of pentaerithrityl tetranitrate. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2010; 2010:213176. [PMID: 21234399 PMCID: PMC3014692 DOI: 10.1155/2010/213176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic nitrates represent a class of drugs which are clinically used for treatment of ischemic symptoms of angina as well as for congestive heart failure based on the idea to overcome the impaired NO bioavailability by “NO” replacement therapy. The present paper is focused on parallels between diabetes mellitus and nitrate tolerance, and aims to discuss the mechanisms underlying nitrate resistance in the setting of diabetes. Since oxidative stress was identified as an important factor in the development of tolerance to organic nitrates, but also represents a hallmark of diabetic complications, this may represent a common principle for both disorders where therapeutic intervention should start. This paper examines the evidence supporting the hypothesis that pentaerithrityl tetranitrate may represent a nitrate for treatment of ischemia in diabetic patients. This evidence is based on the considerations of parallels between diabetes mellitus and nitrate tolerance as well as on preliminary data from experimental diabetes studies.
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Daiber A, Gori T, Münzel T. Mechanismen und klinischer Stellenwert der Nitrattoleranz. Diversität und Nebenwirkungen organischer Nitrate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 39:375-84. [DOI: 10.1002/pauz.201000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Daiber A. Redox signaling (cross-talk) from and to mitochondria involves mitochondrial pores and reactive oxygen species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:897-906. [PMID: 20122895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the important role of redox signaling between mitochondria and NADPH oxidases. Besides the definition and general importance of redox signaling, the cross-talk between mitochondrial and Nox-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) is discussed on the basis of 4 different examples. In the first model, angiotensin-II is discussed as a trigger for NADPH oxidase activation with subsequent ROS-dependent opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels leading to depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential followed by mitochondrial ROS formation and respiratory dysfunction. This concept was supported by observations that ethidium bromide-induced mitochondrial damage suppressed angiotensin-II-dependent increase in Nox1 and oxidative stress. In another example hypoxia was used as a stimulator of mitochondrial ROS formation and by using pharmacological and genetic inhibitors, a role of mitochondrial ROS for the induction of NADPH oxidase via PKCvarepsilon was demonstrated. The third model was based on cell death by serum withdrawal that promotes the production of ROS in human 293T cells by stimulating both the mitochondria and Nox1. By superior molecular biological methods the authors showed that mitochondria were responsible for the fast onset of ROS formation followed by a slower but long-lasting oxidative stress condition based on the activation of an NADPH oxidase (Nox1) in response to the fast mitochondrial ROS formation. Finally, a cross-talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidases (Nox2) was shown in nitroglycerin-induced tolerance involving the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and ATP-sensitive potassium channels. The use of these redox signaling pathways as pharmacological targets is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, II. Med. Klinik u. Poliklinik-Labor für Molekulare Kardiologie, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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25
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Yu HS, Oyama T, Isse T, Kitakawa K, Ogawa M, Pham TTP, Kawamoto T. Characteristics of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh2) knockout mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 19:535-40. [PMID: 19874182 DOI: 10.3109/15376510903401708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde is an intermediate of ethanol oxidation. It covalently binds to DNA, and is known as a carcinogen. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an important enzyme that oxidizes acetaldehyde. Approximately 45% of Chinese and Japanese individuals have the inactive ALDH2 genotypes (ALDH2*2/*2 and ALDH2*1/*2), and Aldh2 knockout mice appear to be a valid animal model for humans with inactive ALDH2. This review gives an overview of published studies on Aldh2 knockout mice, which were treated with ethanol or acetaldehyde. According to these studies, it was found that Aldh2 -/- mice (Aldh2 knockout mice) are more susceptible to ethanol and acetaldehyde-induced toxicity than Aldh2 +/+ mice (wild type mice). When mice were fed with ethanol, the mortality was increased. When they were exposed to atmospheres containing acetaldehyde, the Aldh2 -/- mice showed more severe toxic symptoms, like weight loss and higher blood acetaldehyde levels, as compared with the Aldh2 +/+ mice. Thus, ethanol and acetaldehyde treatment affects Aldh2 knockout mice more than wild type mice. Based on these findings, it is suggested that ethanol consumption and acetaldehyde inhalation are inferred to pose a higher risk to ALDH2-inactive humans. These results also support that ALDH2-deficient humans who habitually consume alcohol have a higher rate of cancer than humans with functional ALDH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Sheng Yu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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26
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Daiber A, Münzel T, Gori T. Organic nitrates and nitrate tolerance--state of the art and future developments. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2010; 60:177-227. [PMID: 21081219 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385061-4.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hemodynamic and antiischemic effects of nitroglycerin (GTN) are lost upon chronic administration due to the rapid development of nitrate tolerance. The mechanism of this phenomenon has puzzled several generations of scientists, but recent findings have led to novel hypotheses. The formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the mitochondria and the subsequent inhibition of the nitrate-bioactivating enzyme mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) appear to play a central role, at least for GTN, that is, bioactivated by ALDH-2. Importantly, these findings provide the opportunity to reconcile the two "traditional" hypotheses of nitrate tolerance, that is, the one postulating a decreased bioactivation and the concurrent one suggesting a role of oxidative stress. Furthermore, recent animal and human experimental studies suggest that the organic nitrates are not a homogeneous group but demonstrate a broad diversity with regard to induction of vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and other side effects. In the past, attempts to avoid nitrate-induced side effects have focused on administration schedules that would allow a "nitrate-free interval"; in the future, the role of co-therapies with antioxidant compounds and of activation of endogeneous protective pathways such as the heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) will need to be explored. However, the development of new nitrates, for example, tolerance-free aminoalkyl nitrates or combination of nitrate groups with established cardiovascular drugs like ACE inhibitors or AT(1)-receptor blockers (hybrid molecules) may be of great clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Labor für Molekulare Kardiologie und Abteilung für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Antioxidant Properties of an Endogenous Thiol: Alpha-lipoic Acid, Useful in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 54:391-8. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181be7554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Abstract
The organic nitrate drugs, such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN; nitroglycerin), are clinically effective in angina because of their dilator profile in veins and arteries. The exact mechanism of intracellular delivery of nitric oxide (NO), or another NO-containing species, from these compounds is not understood. However, mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (mtALDH) has recently been identified as an organic nitrate bioactivation enzyme. Nitrate tolerance, the loss of effect of organic nitrates over time, is caused by reduced bioactivation and/or generation of NO-scavenging oxygen-free radicals. In a recent issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Wenzl et al. show that guinea-pigs, deficient in ascorbate, also have impaired responsiveness to GTN, but nitrate tolerance was not due to ascorbate deficiency that exhibited divergent changes in mtALDH activity. Thus, the complex function of mtALDH appears to be the key to activation of GTN, the active NO species formed and the induction of tolerance that can limit clinical effectiveness of organic nitrate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Miller
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Di Lisa F, Kaludercic N, Carpi A, Menabò R, Giorgio M. Mitochondria and vascular pathology. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:123-30. [PMID: 19307700 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Functional and structural changes in mitochondria are caused by the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) and by the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These two processes are linked in a vicious cycle that has been extensively documented in ischemia/reperfusion injuries of the heart, and the same processes likely contribute to vascular pathology. For instance, the opening of the PTP causes cell death in isolated endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Indeed, atherosclerosis is exacerbated when mitochondrial antioxidant defenses are hampered, but a decrease in mitochondrial ROS formation reduces atherogenesis. Determining the exact location of ROS generation in mitochondria is a relevant and still unanswered question. The respiratory chain is generally believed to be a main site of ROS formation. However, several other mitochondrial components likely contribute to ROS generation. Recent reports highlight the relevance of monoamine oxidases (MAO) and p66(Shc). For example, the absence of p66(Shc) in hypercholesterolemic mice has been reported to reduce the occurrence of foam cells and early atherogenic lesions. On the other hand, MAO inhibition has been shown to reduce oxidative stress in many cell types eliciting significant protection from myocardial ischemia. In conclusion, evidence will be presented to demonstrate that (i) mitochondria are major sites of ROS formation; (ii) an increase in mitochondrial ROS formation and/or a decrease in mitochondrial antioxidant defenses exacerbate atherosclerosis; and (iii) mitochondrial dysfunction is likely a relevant mechanism underlying several risk factors (i.e., diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension) associated with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Lisa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Mitochondrial pathways for ROS formation and myocardial injury: the relevance of p66(Shc) and monoamine oxidase. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 104:131-9. [PMID: 19242637 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although mitochondria are considered the most relevant site for the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiac myocytes, a major and unsolved issue is where ROS are generated in mitochondria. Respiratory chain is generally indicated as a main site for ROS formation. However, other mitochondrial components are likely to contribute to ROS generation. Recent reports highlight the relevance of monoamine oxidases (MAO) and p66(Shc). The importance of these systems in the irreversibility of ischemic heart injury will be discussed along with the cardioprotective effects elicited by both MAO inhibition and p66(Shc) knockout. Finally, recent evidence will be reviewed that highlight the relevance of mitochondrial ROS formation also in myocardial failure and atherosclerosis.
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