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Yue Y, Zhou S, Cheng C, Teng L, Zhang J, Cui B, Han W, Dai Y, Feng N. Determination and Chemotaxonomic Analysis of Lanostane Triterpenoids in the Mycelia of Ganoderma spp. Using Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (I). PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:1505-1514. [PMID: 37579776 DOI: 10.1055/a-2143-8357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive and sensitive method combining ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the quantification of characteristic triterpenoids in Ganoderma mycelia. Eight ganoderic acids previously isolated from the mycelia of Ganoderma lingzhi were separated with a binary mobile phase on a reversed-phase C18 column. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source was used as the detector in the negative ion mode. Identification and quantitation of target ganoderic acids were accomplished using the dynamic multiple reaction monitoring mode. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, and recovery. The method was first applied to quantify the contents of eight ganoderic acids in the mycelia of G. lingzhi at different times to determine the optimum fermentation conditions. Subsequently, the distribution of triterpenoids and the contents of eight ganoderic acids in sixteen different Ganoderma species were investigated. The results indicated that UV chromatography combined with dynamic multiple reaction monitoring quantification was an effective chemotaxonomy method for Ganoderma species identification. This study also provided a helpful analytical methodology for both scientific and industrial applications in the quality control of Ganoderma triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Yue
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chilu Cheng
- College of Food Sciences & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liming Teng
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Baokai Cui
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Han
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Dai
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Na Feng
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Teng L, Wang C, Cui B, Zhang J, Zhou S, Pan X, Pan F, Dai Y, Feng N. Lanostane triterpenoids from mycelia-associated Ganoderma sinense and their anti-inflammatory activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 215:113870. [PMID: 37734511 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Seven previously undescribed lanostane triterpenoids, ganoderic acid M1 (1), M2 (2), M3 (3), M4 (4), M5 (5), M6 (6), and M7 (7), together with eight known compounds, were isolated from mycelia of the basidiomycete Ganoderma sinense (Ganodermataceae). The structures of all compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The possible biosynthetic pathway of these fifteen triterpenoids was proposed. Some of the compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-6 in RAW264.7 macrophage cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3β,15α,22β-triacetoxy-26-oic acid (14) exhibited the strongest inhibition of NO production with an IC50 of 0.6 ± 0.1 μM and completely inhibited the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 at 10 μM. The structure-activity relationship of the anti-inflammatory activity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Teng
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Wang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China; School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Baokai Cui
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Pan
- Jiangxi Xiankelai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jiujiang, 332000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Pan
- Jiangxi Xiankelai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jiujiang, 332000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Dai
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Feng
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
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Ye T, Ge Y, Jiang X, Song H, Peng C, Liu B. A review of anti-tumour effects of Ganoderma lucidum in gastrointestinal cancer. Chin Med 2023; 18:107. [PMID: 37641070 PMCID: PMC10463474 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is the most common cancer in the world and one of the main causes of cancer-related death. Clinically, surgical excision and chemotherapy are the main treatment methods for GI cancer, which is unfortunately accompanied with serious adverse reactions and drug toxicity, bringing irreversible damage to patients and seriously affecting the quality of life. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has a long history of medicinal and edible use in China. Its bioactive compounds mainly include polysaccharides, triterpenes, and proteins, which have potential anti-tumor activities by inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting metastasis, and regulating autophagy. Currently, there is no in-depth review on the anti-tumor effect of G. lucidum in GI cancer. Therefore, this review is an attempt to compile the basic characteristics, anti-GI caner mechanisms, and clinical application of G. lucidum, aiming to provide a reference for further research on the role of G. lucidum in the prevention and treatment of GI cancer from the perspective of traditional Chinese and western medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Yang Ge
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- Department of Technology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, China.
| | - Can Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Cancer Research Centre, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China.
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A Review of Ganoderma Triterpenoids and Their Bioactivities. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010024. [PMID: 36671409 PMCID: PMC9856212 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, Ganoderma has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Numerous publications are stating that Ganoderma species have a variety of beneficial medicinal properties, and investigations on different metabolic regulations of Ganoderma species, extracts or isolated compounds have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. However, it has frequently been questioned whether Ganoderma is simply a dietary supplement for health or just a useful "medication" for restorative purposes. More than 600 chemical compounds including alkaloids, meroterpenoids, nucleobases, nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids and triterpenes were extracted and identified from Ganoderma, with triterpenes serving as the primary components. In recent years, Ganoderma triterpenes and other small molecular constituents have aroused the interest of chemists and pharmacologists. Meanwhile, considering the significance of the triterpene constituents in the development of new drugs, this review describes 495 compounds from 25 Ganoderma species published between 1984 and 2022, commenting on their source, biosynthetic pathway, identification, biological activities and biosynthesis, together with applications of advanced analytical techniques to the characterization of Ganoderma triterpenoids.
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Han X, Wang Z, Shi L, Zhu J, Shi L, Ren A, Zhao M. Phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid mediate regulation in the biosynthesis of spermidine and ganoderic acids by activating
GlMyb
in
Ganoderma lucidum
under heat stress. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:5345-5361. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Zi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Lingyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu China
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Zhang X, Gao X, Long G, Yang Y, Chen G, Hou G, Huo X, Jia J, Wang A, Hu G. Lanostane-type triterpenoids from the mycelial mat of Ganoderma lucidum and their hepatoprotective activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 198:113131. [PMID: 35248578 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), a well-known Polyporaceae family fungus, is valued for its edibility and medicinal properties. It is a rich source of active polysaccharides and triterpenoids. However, obtaining material for medicinal purposes relies on artificial cultivation in a greenhouse, which requires large amounts of tree trunk due to the low biomass transformation rate. Therefore, an effective and environment-friendly culture method should be developed and the chemical compounds in the cultured material should be studied. Here we report the isolation and structural elucidation of 10 undescribed lanostane triterpenoids and 21 known compounds from statically cultured mycelial mat of G. lucidum. The hepatoprotective activity of these compounds in H2O2-induced HepG2 cells was evaluated. The structure-activity relationship is discussed. Our results demonstrated that twelve ganoderic acid derivatives possess significant hepatoprotective activities, as judged by suppressed activities of ALT, AST and LDH and increased GSH levels in H2O2-injured HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Long
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongcheng Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoli Hou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuting Huo
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingming Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Anhua Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gaosheng Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Lin W, Gu L, Zhu LY, Zhou S, Lian D, Xu Y, Zheng L, Liu X, Li L. Extract of Ganoderma sinensis spores induces cell cycle arrest of hepatoma cell via endoplasmic reticulum stress. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:704-714. [PMID: 34110966 PMCID: PMC8205061 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1931354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ganoderma sinensis Zhao, Xu et Zhang (Ganodermataceae) has been used for the prevention or treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer. OBJECTIVE We investigated the antitumor activity and mechanism of an extract from G. sinensis against hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A G. sinensis extract (GSE) was obtained from sporoderm-broken G. sinensis spores by supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction. Hepatoma cells, HepG2 cells, were treated with emulsified sample of GSE at 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 150 μg/mL for 24 h. The Alamar Blue assay was used to examine growth inhibitory effects. Changes in cell structure and morphology were assessed via transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscope. Cell cycle distribution was analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS GSE suppressed the proliferation of HepG2 cells (IC50=70.14 μg/mL). Extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation originating from dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was shown in GSE-treated HepG2 cells. GSE treatment also upregulated the expression of ER stress-related proteins in HepG2 cells. Cells tended to be arrested at the G2/M cell cycle stage after GSE treatment (30.8 ± 1.4% and 42.2 ± 2.6% at GSE with 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL vs. 21.03 ± 1.10%, control). Pre-treatment with salubrinal, an inhibitor of ER stress, effectively attenuated cell cycle arrest induced by GSE. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new evidence that GSE suppresses growth of cancer cells in vitro through activating the ER stress pathway. The GSE may be clinically applied in the prevention and/or treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Gu
- Academy of Food and Health Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Yan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- Academy of Food and Health Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danhong Lian
- Academy of Food and Health Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongquan Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Academy of Food and Health Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Dai R, Liu M, Nik Nabil WN, Xi Z, Xu H. Mycomedicine: A Unique Class of Natural Products with Potent Anti-tumour Bioactivities. Molecules 2021; 26:1113. [PMID: 33669877 PMCID: PMC7923288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycomedicine is a unique class of natural medicine that has been widely used in Asian countries for thousands of years. Modern mycomedicine consists of fruiting bodies, spores, or other tissues of medicinal fungi, as well as bioactive components extracted from them, including polysaccharides and, triterpenoids, etc. Since the discovery of the famous fungal extract, penicillin, by Alexander Fleming in the late 19th century, researchers have realised the significant antibiotic and other medicinal values of fungal extracts. As medicinal fungi and fungal metabolites can induce apoptosis or autophagy, enhance the immune response, and reduce metastatic potential, several types of mushrooms, such as Ganoderma lucidum and Grifola frondosa, have been extensively investigated, and anti-cancer drugs have been developed from their extracts. Although some studies have highlighted the anti-cancer properties of a single, specific mushroom, only limited reviews have summarised diverse medicinal fungi as mycomedicine. In this review, we not only list the structures and functions of pharmaceutically active components isolated from mycomedicine, but also summarise the mechanisms underlying the potent bioactivities of several representative mushrooms in the Kingdom Fungi against various types of tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (R.D.); (M.L.); (W.N.N.N.)
| | - Mengfan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (R.D.); (M.L.); (W.N.N.N.)
| | - Wan Najbah Nik Nabil
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (R.D.); (M.L.); (W.N.N.N.)
- Pharmaceutical Services Program, Ministry of Health, Selangor 46200, Malaysia
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (R.D.); (M.L.); (W.N.N.N.)
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Kang LH, Zhang GW, Zhang JF, Qin B, Guan HJ. Ganoderic acid A protects lens epithelial cells from UVB irradiation and delays lens opacity. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:934-940. [PMID: 33357724 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A contributory role of oxidative stress and protection by antioxidant nutrients have been suspected in cataract formation. Ganoderic acid A (GAA), an effective lanostane triterpene, is widely reported as an antioxidant. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential effects of GAA on cataract formation. After lens epithelial cells (LECs) were exposed to UVB radiation for different periods, cell viability, apoptosis-related protein levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were monitored. We found that cell viability, the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and SOD activity were increased, while Cleaved caspase-3 levels and MDA activity were decreased compared with those in UVB-impaired LECs after GAA treated. Furthermore, GAA activated PI3K/AKT in UVB-impaired LECs and effectively delayed the occurrence of lens opacity in vitro. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that GAA exhibited protective functions in SRA01/04 cells and rat lenses against UVB-evoked impairment through elevating cell viability and antioxidant activity, inhibiting cell apoptosis, activating the PI3K/AKT pathway and delaying lens opacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Kang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Guo-Wei Zhang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Jun-Fang Zhang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Bai Qin
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Huai-Jin Guan
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China.
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Wang L, Li JQ, Zhang J, Li ZM, Liu HG, Wang YZ. Traditional uses, chemical components and pharmacological activities of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst.: a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42084-42097. [PMID: 35516772 PMCID: PMC9057998 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07219b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, some natural products isolated from the fungi of the genus Ganoderma have been found to have anti-tumor, liver protection, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, anti-oxidation, anti-viral, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects. This review summarizes the research progress of some promising natural products and their pharmacological activities. The triterpenoids, meroterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids and polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma lucidum and other species of Ganoderma were reviewed, including their corresponding chemical structures and biological activities. In particular, the triterpenes, polysaccharides and meroterpenoids of Ganoderma show a wide range of biological activities. Among them, the hydroxyl groups on the C-3, C-24 and C-25 positions of the lanostane triterpenes compound were the necessary active groups for the anti-HIV-1 virus. Previous study showed that lanostane triterpenes can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease with an IC50 value of 20–40 μM, which has potential anti-HIV-1 activity. Polysaccharides can promote the production of TNF α and IFN-γ by macrophages and spleen cells in mice, and further inhibit or kill tumor cells. Some meroterpenoids contain oxygen-containing heterocycles, and they have significant antioxidant activity. In addition, Ganoderma has been used as a medicine to treat diseases for more than 2000 years, and we also reviewed its traditional uses. In recent years, some natural products isolated from the fungus of the genus Ganoderma have been found to have anti-tumor, liver protection, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, anti-oxidation, anti-viral, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology
- Yunnan Agricultural University
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | - Jie-qing Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology
- Yunnan Agricultural University
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Kunming 650200
- China
| | - Zhi-min Li
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Kunming 650200
- China
| | - Hong-gao Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology
- Yunnan Agricultural University
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | - Yuan-zhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Kunming 650200
- China
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Wang YQ, Wang NX, Luo Y, Yu CY, Xiao JH. Ganoderal A effectively induces osteogenic differentiation of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells via cross-talk between Wnt/β-catenin and BMP/SMAD signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 123:109807. [PMID: 31896066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteogenic inducers play central roles in effective stem cell-based treatment of bone defects/losses. However, the current routine osteogenic inducer is a cocktail comprising three components that must be improved due to low induction efficiency and side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop safer and more effective osteoinducers. Herein, we demonstrated the osteogenic effect of Ganoderal A (GD-A), a tetracyclic triterpenoid compound from Ganoderma lucidum. GD-A showed no cytotoxicity toward human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) at doses of 0.001-10 μM; furthermore, 0.01 μM GD-A significantly induced the generation of osteoblast-specific markers, such as alkaline phosphatase, and calcium deposition in hAMSCs. At molecular levels, GD-A promoted the expression of multiple osteoblast differentiation markers, such as RUNX2, OSX, OPN, ALP, OCN, and COL1α1. Both Wnt/β-catenin and BMP/SMAD signaling were shown as active during hAMSC osteodifferentiation. Furthermore, specific blocking of both signals by KYA1797K and SB431542 significantly inhibited alkaline phosphatase secretion and RUNX2 and ALP expression when used alone or in combination. Meanwhile, both signals were also blocked. These findings suggest that GD-A induces hAMSC differentiation into osteoblasts through signaling cross-talk between Wnt/β-catenin and BMP/SMAD. Taken together, GD-A is a safe, effective, and novel osteoinducer and might be used for stem cell-based therapy for bone defects/losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qing Wang
- Zunyi Municiptal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Nuo-Xin Wang
- Zunyi Municiptal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China; Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Zunyi Municiptal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China; Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Chang-Yin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Jian-Hui Xiao
- Zunyi Municiptal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China; Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
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Ganoderma Lucidum induces oxidative DNA damage and enhances the effect of 5-Fluorouracil in colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 845:403065. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Wong JH, Sze SCW, Ng TB, Cheung RCF, Tam C, Zhang KY, Dan X, Chan YS, Shing Cho WC, Ng CCW, Waye MMY, Liang W, Zhang J, Yang J, Ye X, Lin J, Ye X, Wang H, Liu F, Chan DW, Ngan HYS, Sha O, Li G, Tse R, Tse TF, Chan H. Apoptosis and Anti-cancer Drug Discovery: The Power of Medicinal Fungi and Plants. Curr Med Chem 2019; 25:5613-5630. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170720165005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this account is to review the compounds capable of eliciting
mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells produced by medicinal fungi and plants.
The medicinal fungi discussed encompass Cordyceps, Ganoderma species, Coriolus versicolor
and Hypsizygus marmoreus. The medicinal plants discussed comprise Astragalus
complanatus, Dendrobium spp, Dioscorea spp, Glycyrrhiza spp, Panax notoginseng,
Panax ginseng, and Momordica charantia. These compounds have the potential of development
into anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephen Cho Wing Sze
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chit Tam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kalin Yanbo Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiuli Dan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yau Sang Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - William Chi Shing Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Mary Miu Yee Waye
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weicheng Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Juan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Xiujuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - David Wai Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hextan Yuen Sheung Ngan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ou Sha
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Vita Green Pharmaceuticals (HK) Ltd, Vita Green Health Products (HK) Ltd Genning Partners Company Limited, and Hong Kong Institute of Medical Research, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ryan Tse
- Vita Green Pharmaceuticals (HK) Ltd, Vita Green Health Products (HK) Ltd Genning Partners Company Limited, and Hong Kong Institute of Medical Research, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tak Fu Tse
- Vita Green Pharmaceuticals (HK) Ltd, Vita Green Health Products (HK) Ltd Genning Partners Company Limited, and Hong Kong Institute of Medical Research, Hong Kong, China
| | - Helen Chan
- Vita Green Pharmaceuticals (HK) Ltd, Vita Green Health Products (HK) Ltd Genning Partners Company Limited, and Hong Kong Institute of Medical Research, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Sun Y, Sun L. Cellular and Molecular Mechanism of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) Against Tumor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1182:79-118. [PMID: 31777015 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9421-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer potential of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) and its extracts has been widely demonstrated, including antiproliferative and apoptosis inductive, antimetastatic, antiangiogenic, and multidrug resistance reversional activities, involving a variety of cellular and molecular mechanisms besides antitumor immunology. Intrinsic- and extrinsic-initiated apoptotic pathway in association with cell cycle arresting, telomerase inhibiting, autophagy, and oxidative stress is involved in the antiproliferative and apoptosis inductive activities of Ganoderma and its extracts. The inhibition of tumor cell adhesion, invasion, and migration by Ganoderma and its extracts involves molecular mechanisms such as AP-1, NF-κB, MMP, cadherin, β-integrin, c-Met, FAK, EMT, and so on. Targeting the major pro-angiogenic stimulus, VEGF, and its receptor contributes to the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by Ganoderma and its extracts. Inhibition against the ATP-dependent transmembrane drug transporter such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the surface of resistant tumor cells to prevent reduction of the intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs by pumping out the drugs plays an important role in the activities of Ganoderma and its extracts to reverse tumor cell multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China.
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15
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Su J, Su L, Li D, Shuai O, Zhang Y, Liang H, Jiao C, Xu Z, Lai Y, Xie Y. Antitumor Activity of Extract From the Sporoderm-Breaking Spore of Ganoderma lucidum: Restoration on Exhausted Cytotoxic T Cell With Gut Microbiota Remodeling. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1765. [PMID: 30108589 PMCID: PMC6079217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women population worldwide, ongoing endeavor has been made for alternative regimens with improved efficacy but fewer adverse effects. Recently, active components from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum have attracted much attention for their versatile biological activities owing to the advance in sporoderm-breaking technology. Here, anticancer potential of an extract derived from the sporoderm-breaking spores of G. lucidum (ESG) was explored in a 4T1-breast cancer xenograft mice model. Results showed that ESG was able to suppress 4T1 tumor growth in vivo rather than in vitro. Flowcytometry analysis revealed that ESG could significantly increase both cytotoxic T cell (Tc) population and the ratio of Tc to helper T cell (Th) in peripheral blood of the tumor-bearing mouse; similar promotion on Tc was also found in tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte. Moreover, ESG evidently downregulated the two immune checkpoints, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1, in the spleen) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4, in the tumor), suggesting that ESG could effectively restore the T cell paradigm by recovering the exhaustion status via suppressing the co-inhibitory checkpoints. By 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis on the fecal microbiota, it was found that ESG would remodeling the overall structure of the samples from tumor-bearing mice toward that of the normal counterparts, including 18 genera in 5 phyla, together with regulations on several genes that are responsible for signaling pathways involved in metabolism, cellular processes, and environmental information processing. Collectively, this study demonstrated that ESG would serve as a natural anticancer adjuvant via a restoration on the exhausted Tc, highlighting important clinical implications for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Su
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ou Shuai
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijia Liang
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunwei Jiao
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanchi Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Lai
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
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16
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Gurovic MSV, Viceconte FR, Pereyra MT, Bidegain MA, Cubitto MA. DNA damaging potential of Ganoderma lucidum extracts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 217:83-88. [PMID: 29421594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) is a medicinal mushroom historically used in Asian countries to treat a wide variety of diseases and prolong life. In the last years, G. lucidum has been internationally recognized as an effective adjuvant in cancer treatment. Among active components, the most recent research indicates that polysaccharides modulate the immune response favoring the recovery from toxicity of chemo and radiotherapy while triterpenes are cytotoxic to tumoral cells mainly by altering gene expression. Beyond this body of evidence on the efficacy of G. lucidum in cancer treatment, it is not yet understood whether these extracts exert the same mechanisms of action than current antitumoral drugs. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we tested the DNA damaging potential of G. lucidum extracts by the β-galactosidase biochemical prophage induction assay (BIA) using doxorubicin, a DNA intercalating agent, as a positive control. This assay was traditionally used to screen microbial metabolites towards antitumoral agents. Here, we used this bacterial assay for the first time to assess DNA damage of herbal drugs. RESULTS After a bioguided assay, only a purified fraction of G. lucidum containing a mixture of C16 and C18:1 fatty acids exerted weak activity which could not be attributed to direct interaction with DNA. At the same concentrations, the induction observed for doxorubicin was clearly contrasting. CONCLUSIONS The micro BIA assay could be successfully used to demonstrate differences in cellular effects between G. lucidum extracts and doxorubicin. These results showed that G. lucidum extracts display weak DNA damaging potential. Since DNA injury promotes aging and cancer, our results substantiate the traditional use of this mushroom to prolong life.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Vela Gurovic
- CERZOS UNS-CONICET CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga Km7, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Fátima R Viceconte
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo T Pereyra
- INQUISUR (UNS-CONICET), Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avda. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Maximiliano A Bidegain
- CERZOS UNS-CONICET CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga Km7, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - María Amelia Cubitto
- CERZOS UNS-CONICET CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga Km7, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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17
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Song M, Bao H, Bau T. FPOA induces the apoptosis of HepG2 cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2649-2654. [PMID: 29456668 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The triterpenoid 3-acetoxylanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (FPOA) is isolated from the fruiting body of Fomitopsis pinicola. The present study reports that FPOA exerts cytotoxic activity and describes the molecular mechanism of FPOA-induced apoptosis on human HepG2 hepatoma cells. FPOA exhibited significant cytotoxic effects against HepG2, MCF-7 and HeLa cells. However, FPOA was particularly cytotoxic towards HepG2 cells, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 42.10 µM, thus these cells were taken forward for further analysis. Flow cytometry results demonstrated that FPOA significantly increased the apoptotic rate of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, explaining its potent cytotoxicity. In addition, western blot analysis revealed that FPOA significantly increased the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X/Bcl-2 ratio, and cytochrome c, caspase-9 and caspase-3 release, in addition to significantly decreasing poly(ADP) ribose polymerase levels. These observations indicate that FPOA induces the apoptosis of HepG2 cells by activating members of the caspase protein family and triggering the mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway. Based on these results, FPOA is a potential agent for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Song
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Bao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, P.R. China
| | - Tolgor Bau
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, P.R. China
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18
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Wang J, Cao B, Zhao H, Feng J. Emerging Roles of Ganoderma Lucidum in Anti-Aging. Aging Dis 2017; 8:691-707. [PMID: 29344411 PMCID: PMC5758346 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a white-rot fungus that has been viewed as a traditional Chinese tonic for promoting health and longevity. It has been revealed that several extractions from Ganoderma lucidum, such as Ethanol extract, aqueous extract, mycelia extract, water soluble extract of the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia, Ganodermasides A, B, C, D, and some bioactive components of Ganoderma lucidum, including Reishi Polysaccharide Fraction 3, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides I, II, III, IV, Ganoderma lucidum peptide, Ganoderma polysaccharide peptide, total G. lucidum triterpenes and Ganoderic acid C1 could exert lifespan elongation or related activities. Although the use of Ganoderma lucidum as an elixir has been around for thousands of years, studies revealing its effect of lifespan extension are only the tip of the iceberg. Besides which, the kinds of extractions or components being comfrimed to be anti-aging are too few compared with the large amounts of Ganoderma lucidum extractions or constituients being discovered. This review aims to lay the ground for fully elucidating the potential mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum underlying anti-aging effect and its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
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19
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Veljović S, Veljović M, Nikićević N, Despotović S, Radulović S, Nikšić M, Filipović L. Chemical composition, antiproliferative and antioxidant activity of differently processed Ganoderma lucidum ethanol extracts. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 54:1312-1320. [PMID: 28416882 PMCID: PMC5380636 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The content of phenolic compounds (TPC) and glucans, as well as the effectiveness of antiproliferative and antioxidant activity of differently processed Ganoderma lucidum ethanol extracts were determined and compared. The content of glucans (total, α- and β-) strongly depended on the extraction time and particle size, but only interaction of these parameters influenced the TPC. Gallic acid, quercetin, trans-cinnamic acid, kaempferol, hesperetin and naringenin were detected in extracts by HPLC-DAD. The most abundant phenols were hesperetin (1.875-3.222 µg/g) and naringenin (1.235-2.856 µg/g). The ethanol extracts exhibited noteworthy antioxidant activity, but the significant amount of phenolic compounds was strongly linked to polysaccharides, and hence reduced their antioxidant capacity. The results of the antiproliferative activity in vitro showed that the analyzed extracts were the most effective against HeLa cells. Significant correlations were observed between the antiproliferative effect and the TPC/glucan content of extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Veljović
- Department for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
- Economics Institute, University of Belgrade, KraljaMilana 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mile Veljović
- Department for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ninoslav Nikićević
- Department for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Despotović
- Department for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Siniša Radulović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miomir Nikšić
- Department for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lana Filipović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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20
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Zhao Z, Xie J, Liu B, Ge X, Song C, Ren M, Zhou Q, Miao L, Zhang H, Shan F, Yang Z. The effects of emodin on cell viability, respiratory burst and gene expression of Nrf2-Keap1 signaling molecules in the peripheral blood leukocytes of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 62:75-85. [PMID: 28065629 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We determined the effects of emodin on the cell viability, respiratory burst activity, mRNA levels of antioxidative enzymes (Cu-Zn SOD, CAT and NOX2), and gene expressions of the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling molecules in the peripheral blood leukocytes of blunt snout bream. Triplicate groups of cultured cells were treated with different concentrations of emodin (0.04-25 μg/ml) for 24 h. Results showed that the emodin caused a dramatic loss in cell viability, and occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Emodin exposure (1-25 μg/ml) were significantly induced the ROS generation compared to the control. The respiratory burst and NADPH oxidase activities were significantly induced at a concentration of 0.20 μg/ml, and inhibited at 25 μg/ml. Besides, mRNA levels of antioxidant enzyme genes were dramatically regulated by emodin exposure for 24 h. During low concentrations of exposure, mRNA levels of Cu-Zn SOD in the cells treated with 0.04, 0.20 μg/ml, CAT, NOX2 and Nrf2 in the cells treated with 1 μg/ml were sharply increased, respectively. Whereas, high concentrations were dramatically down-regulated the gene expressions of CAT in the cells treated with 5, 25 μg/ml and NOX2 in the cells treated with 25 μg/ml. Furthermore, sharp increase in Keap1and Bach1 expression levels were observed a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that emodin could induce antioxidant defenses which were involved in cytotoxic activities, respiratory burst and the transcriptional regulation levels of antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2-Keap1 signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxin Zhao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Jun Xie
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Xianping Ge
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Changyou Song
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Mingchun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Qunlan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Linghong Miao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Fan Shan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Zhenfei Yang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
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21
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Making Use of Genomic Information to Explore the Biotechnological Potential of Medicinal Mushrooms. MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF THE WORLD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Chemical composition and anti-proliferative effect of Oman's Ganoderma applanatum on breast cancer and cervical cancer cells. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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23
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Zhang HR, Liu YC, Chen ZF, Meng T, Zou BQ, Liu YN, Liang H. Studies on the structures, cytotoxicity and apoptosis mechanism of 8-hydroxylquinoline rhodium(iii) complexes in T-24 cells. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00182c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two rhodium(iii) complexes showed good cytotoxicity. The underlying investigation of the apoptosis mechanism suggested that the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Rong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
| | - Yan-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- P. R. China
| | - Ting Meng
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- P. R. China
| | - Bi-Qun Zou
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- P. R. China
| | - You-Nian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
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