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Vallée M. How Government Health Agencies Obscure the Impact of Environmental Pollution and Perpetuate Reductionist Framings of Disease: The Case of Leukemia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES 2024; 54:28-39. [PMID: 37099622 PMCID: PMC10797827 DOI: 10.1177/27551938231169119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, environmental health researchers have documented environmental pollution's impacts on human health, which includes the bioaccumulation of industrial chemicals and how these toxicants contribute to disease. However, the relationship between disease and pollution is often difficult to discern in the disease information provided by dominant institutions. Previous scholarship has identified that print media, television news, online medical publishers, and medical associations consistently obscure the environmental causation frame. However, less has been said about disease information provided by public health agencies. To address this gap, I analyzed the leukemia information provided by Cancer Australia, the United States' National Institutes of Health, and the United Kingdom's National Health Service. My analysis shows that the disease information offered by these health agencies also obscures the environmental causation frame by failing to identify most toxicants that environmental health researchers have linked to leukemia and by emphasizing a biomedical framing of the medical condition. Beyond documenting the problem, this article also discusses the social consequences and sources of the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vallée
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Criminology, The University of Auckland, 58 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Use of biomarker data and metabolite relative potencies to support derivation of noncancer reference values based on the reproductive and developmental toxicity effects of 1,3-butadiene. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 134:105239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chen WQ, Zhang XY. 1,3-Butadiene: a ubiquitous environmental mutagen and its associations with diseases. Genes Environ 2022; 44:3. [PMID: 35012685 PMCID: PMC8744311 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a petrochemical manufactured in high volumes. It is a human carcinogen and can induce lymphohematopoietic cancers, particularly leukemia, in occupationally-exposed workers. BD is an air pollutant with the major environmental sources being automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke. It is one of the major constituents and is considered the most carcinogenic compound in cigarette smoke. The BD concentrations in urban areas usually vary between 0.01 and 3.3 μg/m3 but can be significantly higher in some microenvironments. For BD exposure of the general population, microenvironments, particularly indoor microenvironments, are the primary determinant and environmental tobacco smoke is the main contributor. BD has high cancer risk and has been ranked the second or the third in the environmental pollutants monitored in most urban areas, with the cancer risks exceeding 10-5. Mutagenicity/carcinogenicity of BD is mediated by its genotoxic metabolites but the specific metabolite(s) responsible for the effects in humans have not been determined. BD can be bioactivated to yield three mutagenic epoxide metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes, or potentially be biotransformed into a mutagenic chlorohydrin by myeloperoxidase, a peroxidase almost specifically present in neutrophils and monocytes. Several urinary BD biomarkers have been developed, among which N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine is the most sensitive and is suitable for biomonitoring BD exposure in the general population. Exposure to BD has been associated with leukemia, cardiovascular disease, and possibly reproductive effects, and may be associated with several cancers, autism, and asthma in children. Collectively, BD is a ubiquitous pollutant that has been associated with a range of adverse health effects and diseases with children being a subpopulation with potentially greater susceptibility. Its adverse effects on human health may have been underestimated and more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qi Chen
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Sathiakumar N, Bolaji BE, Brill I, Chen L, Tipre M, Leader M, Arora T, Delzell E. 1,3-Butadiene, styrene and lymphohaematopoietic cancers among North American synthetic rubber polymer workers: exposure-response analyses. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78:859-868. [PMID: 34108254 PMCID: PMC8606437 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-107197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate exposure-response between 1,3-butadiene, styrene and lymphohaematopoietic cancers in an updated cohort of workers at six North American plants that made synthetic rubber polymers. METHODS Employees were followed from 1943 through 2009 to determine mortality outcomes. Cox regression analyses estimated rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs by quartile of cumulative exposure to butadiene or styrene, measured in parts per million-years (ppm-years), and exposure-response trends for all leukaemia, lymphoid leukaemia, myeloid leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma and all B-cell malignancies. RESULTS Among 21 087 workers, adjusted RRs for butadiene and all leukaemia (132 deaths) rose with increasing exposure, with an RR of 2.53 (95% CI 1.37 to 4.67) in the highest exposure quartile (≥363.64 ppm-years), and the exposure-response trend was statistically significant for all leukaemia (p=0.014) and for lymphoid leukaemia (52 deaths, p=0.007). Styrene exposure-response trends for all leukaemia and lymphoid leukaemia were less consistent than those for butadiene. Cumulative exposures to butadiene and styrene were not associated consistently with myeloid leukaemias or the B-cell malignancies, NHL and multiple myeloma. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed a positive exposure-response relationship between butadiene and all leukaemia among workers, most of whom had coexposure to styrene. Results supported an association between butadiene and lymphoid leukaemia, but not myeloid leukaemia, and provided little evidence of any association of butadiene or styrene exposures with major subtypes of B-cell malignancies other than lymphoid leukaemia, including NHL and multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Sathiakumar
- Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Bolanle E Bolaji
- Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ilene Brill
- Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ligong Chen
- Biostatistician, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Meghan Tipre
- Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mark Leader
- Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Tarun Arora
- Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Elizabeth Delzell
- Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Lin CY, Lee HL, Jung WT, Sung FC, Su TC. The association between urinary levels of 1,3-butadiene metabolites, cardiovascular risk factors, microparticles, and oxidative stress products in adolescents and young adults. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 396:122745. [PMID: 32361133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a synthetic colorless gas used in the production of synthetic rubber and polymers. Exposure to BD has been reported to increase oxidative stress and accelerate atherosclerosis in vitro and in animal studies. In occupational studies, BD exposure has been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, no previous research has been reported on whether BD exposure is associated with CVD risk factors and oxidative stress in the general population. We recruited 853 young participants to study the correlation between urinary levels of the BD metabolite, N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), CVD risk factors, serum levels of endothelial microparticles and platelet microparticles, and the urinary levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). The results showed the DHBMA levels were positively correlated with low-density lipoprotein-C, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), CD31+/CD42a - counts (endothelial apoptosis markers), and urinary 8-OHdG levels. Moreover, DHBMA levels were negatively correlated with CD62 P counts (platelet activation marker). The correlation between DHBMA, CIMT, and 8-OHdG was more evident when the levels of CD31+/CD42a - or CD62 P were above 50%. In conclusion, we reported that the urinary levels of DHBMA were associated with the lipid profile, CIMT, microparticles, and marker of oxidative stress in this young population. Future studies on BD exposure and atherosclerosis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chang Sung
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chen Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
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Jephcote C, Brown D, Verbeek T, Mah A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of haematological malignancies in residents living near petrochemical facilities. Environ Health 2020; 19:53. [PMID: 32430062 PMCID: PMC7236944 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The petrochemical industry is a major source of hazardous and toxic air pollutants that are recognised to have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. A wealth of occupational epidemiology literature exists around the petrochemical industry, with adverse haematological effects identified in employees exposed to 'low' concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene). Releases from the petrochemical industry are also thought to increase the risk of cancer incidence in fenceline communities. However, this emerging and at times inconclusive evidence base remains fragmented. The present study's aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies investigating the association between incidences of haematological malignancy and residential exposure to the petrochemical industry. METHODS Epidemiological studies reporting the risk of haematological malignancies (Leukaemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Multiple myeloma) were included where the following criteria were met: (i) Cancer incidence is diagnosed by a medical professional and coded in accordance to the International Classification of Diseases; (ii) A clear definition of fenceline communities is provided, indicating the proximity between exposed residents and petrochemical activities; and (iii) Exposure is representative of normal operating conditions, not emergency events. Two investigators independently extracted information on study characteristics and outcomes in accordance with PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. Relative risks and their 95% confidence intervals were pooled across studies for the four categories of haematological malignancy, using a random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS The systematic review identified 16 unique studies, which collectively record the incidence of haematological malignancies across 187,585 residents living close to a petrochemical operation. Residents from fenceline communities, less than 5 km from a petrochemical facility (refinery or manufacturer of commercial chemicals), had a 30% higher risk of developing Leukaemia than residents from communities with no petrochemical activity. Meanwhile, the association between exposure and rarer forms of haematological malignancy remains uncertain, with further research required. CONCLUSIONS The risk of developing Leukaemia appears higher in individuals living near a petrochemical facility. This highlights the need for further policy to regulate the release of carcinogens by industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Jephcote
- Department of Sociology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7HA UK
| | - David Brown
- Department of Sociology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Thomas Verbeek
- Department of Sociology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Alice Mah
- Department of Sociology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
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Mortality Among Men and Women in the North American Synthetic Rubber Industry, 1943 to 2009. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 61:887-897. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Banton MI, Bus JS, Collins JJ, Delzell E, Gelbke HP, Kester JE, Moore MM, Waites R, Sarang SS. Evaluation of potential health effects associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene - an update. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:1-130. [PMID: 31284836 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1633718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential chronic health risks of occupational and environmental exposure to styrene were evaluated to update health hazard and exposure information developed since the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis risk assessment for styrene was performed in 2002. The updated hazard assessment of styrene's health effects indicates human cancers and ototoxicity remain potential concerns. However, mechanistic research on mouse lung tumors demonstrates these tumors are mouse-specific and of low relevance to human cancer risk. The updated toxicity database supports toxicity reference levels of 20 ppm (equates to 400 mg urinary metabolites mandelic acid + phenylglyoxylic acid/g creatinine) for worker inhalation exposure and 3.7 ppm and 2.5 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, for general population inhalation and oral exposure. No cancer risk value estimates are proposed given the established lack of relevance of mouse lung tumors and inconsistent epidemiology evidence. The updated exposure assessment supports inhalation and ingestion routes as important. The updated risk assessment found estimated risks within acceptable ranges for all age groups of the general population and workers with occupational exposures in non-fiber-reinforced polymer composites industries and fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRP) workers using closed-mold operations or open-mold operations with respiratory protection. Only FRP workers using open-mold operations not using respiratory protection have risk exceedances for styrene and should be considered for risk management measures. In addition, given the reported interaction of styrene exposure with noise, noise reduction to sustain levels below 85 dB(A) needs be in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Banton
- a Gorge View Consulting LLC , Hood River , OR , USA
| | - J S Bus
- b Health Sciences , Exponent , Midland , MI , USA
| | - J J Collins
- c Health Sciences , Saginaw Valley State University , Saginaw , MI , USA
| | - E Delzell
- d Private consultant , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | | | - J E Kester
- f Kester Consulting LLC , Wentzville , MO , USA
| | | | - R Waites
- h Sabic , Innovative Plastics US LLC , Mount Vernon , IN , USA
| | - S S Sarang
- i Shell Health , Shell International , Houston , TX , USA
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Checkoway H, Lees PSJ, Dell LD, Gentry PR, Mundt KA. Peak Exposures in Epidemiologic Studies and Cancer Risks: Considerations for Regulatory Risk Assessment. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 39:1441-1464. [PMID: 30925210 PMCID: PMC6850123 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We review approaches for characterizing "peak" exposures in epidemiologic studies and methods for incorporating peak exposure metrics in dose-response assessments that contribute to risk assessment. The focus was on potential etiologic relations between environmental chemical exposures and cancer risks. We searched the epidemiologic literature on environmental chemicals classified as carcinogens in which cancer risks were described in relation to "peak" exposures. These articles were evaluated to identify some of the challenges associated with defining and describing cancer risks in relation to peak exposures. We found that definitions of peak exposure varied considerably across studies. Of nine chemical agents included in our review of peak exposure, six had epidemiologic data used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) in dose-response assessments to derive inhalation unit risk values. These were benzene, formaldehyde, styrene, trichloroethylene, acrylonitrile, and ethylene oxide. All derived unit risks relied on cumulative exposure for dose-response estimation and none, to our knowledge, considered peak exposure metrics. This is not surprising, given the historical linear no-threshold default model (generally based on cumulative exposure) used in regulatory risk assessments. With newly proposed US EPA rule language, fuller consideration of alternative exposure and dose-response metrics will be supported. "Peak" exposure has not been consistently defined and rarely has been evaluated in epidemiologic studies of cancer risks. We recommend developing uniform definitions of "peak" exposure to facilitate fuller evaluation of dose response for environmental chemicals and cancer risks, especially where mechanistic understanding indicates that the dose response is unlikely linear and that short-term high-intensity exposures increase risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Checkoway
- Department of Family Medicine & Public HealthSan Diego School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLa JollaCAUSA
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Rahim TNAT, Abdullah AM, Md Akil H. Recent Developments in Fused Deposition Modeling-Based 3D Printing of Polymers and Their Composites. POLYM REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2019.1597883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Noraihan Azila Tuan Rahim
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Manaf Abdullah
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hazizan Md Akil
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Marant Micallef C, Shield KD, Baldi I, Charbotel B, Fervers B, Gilg Soit Ilg A, Guénel P, Olsson A, Rushton L, Hutchings SJ, Straif K, Soerjomataram I. Occupational exposures and cancer: a review of agents and relative risk estimates. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:604-614. [PMID: 29735747 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2017-104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The contribution of occupational exposures to the cancer burden can be estimated using population-attributable fractions, which is of great importance for policy making. This paper reviews occupational carcinogens, and presents the most relevant risk relations to cancer in high-income countries using France as an example, to provide a framework for national estimation of cancer burden attributable to occupational exposure. METHODS Occupational exposures that should be included in cancer burden studies were evaluated using multiple criteria: classified as carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs volumes 1-114, being a primary occupational exposure, historical and current presence of the exposure in France and the availability of exposure and risk relation data. Relative risk estimates were obtained from published systematic reviews and from the IARC Monographs. RESULTS Of the 118 group 1 and 75 group 2A carcinogens, 37 exposures and 73 exposure-cancer site pairs were relevant. Lung cancer was associated with the most occupational carcinogenic exposures (namely, 18), followed by bladder cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ionising radiation was associated with the highest number of cancer sites (namely, 20), followed by asbestos and working in the rubber manufacturing industry. Asbestos, bis(chloromethyl)ether, nickel and wood dust had the strongest effect on cancer, with relative risks above 5. CONCLUSIONS A large number of occupational exposures continues to impact the burden of cancer in high-income countries such as France. Information on types of exposures, affected jobs, industries and cancer sites affected is key for prioritising policy and prevention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Marant Micallef
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kevin David Shield
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- Equipe Santé Environnement, Centre de recherche INSERM U 897, Bordeaux, France
| | - Barbara Charbotel
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, Service des maladies professionnelles, Hospices Civils de Lyon, UMRESTTE, UMR_T9405, Lyon, France
| | - Béatrice Fervers
- Département Cancer Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Pascal Guénel
- Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Cancer and Environment team, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Ann Olsson
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinksa Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lesley Rushton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sally J Hutchings
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kurt Straif
- Section of Evidence Synthesis and Classification, International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Soerjomataram
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Le PM, Silvestri VL, Redstone SC, Dunn JB, Millard JT. Cross-linking by epichlorohydrin and diepoxybutane correlates with cytotoxicity and leads to apoptosis in human leukemia (HL-60) cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 352:19-27. [PMID: 29792945 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The bifunctional alkylating agents epichlorohydrin (ECH) and diepoxybutane (DEB) have been linked to increased cancer risks in industrial workers. These compounds react with DNA and proteins, leading to genotoxic effects. We used the comet assay to monitor formation of cross-links in HL-60 cells treated with ECH, DEB, and the structurally related anti-cancer drug mechlorethamine (HN2). We report a time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity that correlated with cross-linking activity, following the order HN2 > DEB > ECH. The rate of cross-link repair also varied with drug, with ECH-induced lesions the fastest to repair. High drug doses led to the formation of saturating amounts of HN2 cross-links that were repaired inefficiently. DEB and ECH produced fewer overall cross-links, but some were also resistant to repair. These persistent cross-links may activate cell-cycle arrest to allow repair of damage, with prolonged arrest triggering apoptosis. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction experiments revealed that treatment of HL-60 cells with DEB and ECH results in up-regulation of several genes involved in the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptosis pathway, including BAX, BAK1, CASP-9, APAF-1, and BCL-2. These findings contribute to our understanding of the principles underlying the carcinogenic potentials of these xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong M Le
- Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, United States
| | - Vanesa L Silvestri
- Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, United States
| | - Samuel C Redstone
- Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, United States
| | - Jordanne B Dunn
- Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, United States
| | - Julie T Millard
- Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, United States.
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13
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Styrene Exposure and Risk of Lymphohematopoietic Malignancies in 73,036 Reinforced Plastics Workers. Epidemiology 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Collins JJ, Delzell E. A systematic review of epidemiologic studies of styrene and cancer. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:443-470. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1445700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James J. Collins
- Health and Human Services, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, Saginaw, MI, USA
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15
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Almerud P, Akerstrom M, Andersson EM, Strandberg B, Sallsten G. Low personal exposure to benzene and 1,3-butadiene in the Swedish petroleum refinery industry. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017; 90:713-724. [PMID: 28578463 PMCID: PMC5583277 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-017-1234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Petroleum refinery workers are exposed to the carcinogens benzene and 1,3-butadiene. Declining exposures have been reported internationally but information on current exposure in the Swedish refinery industry is limited. The aim was to examine refinery workers' personal exposure to benzene and 1,3-butadiene and increase awareness of exposure conditions by collaboration with involved refineries. METHODS Altogether 505 repeated personal exposure measurements were performed among workers at two refineries. Full-shift measurements were conducted in different exposure groups using Perkin Elmer diffusive samplers filled with Carbopack X. Mean levels were calculated using mixed-effects models. A large fraction of measurements below the limit of detection (LOD) required imputation of computer-generated data. RESULTS Mean benzene exposure among process technicians was 15.3 µg/m3 (95% CI 10.4-22.5 µg/m3) and 13.7 µg/m3 (95% CI 8.3-22.7 µg/m3) for Refinery 1 and 2, respectively. Process technicians working outdoors had higher exposure than maintenance workers (20.7 versus 5.9 µg/m3, p < 0.01). Working in the harbour and tank park (Refinery 1), compared with the process area, was associated with higher exposure. The 1,3-butadiene exposure was low, 5.4 and 1.8 µg/m3, respectively. The total variation was generally attributed to within-worker variability. CONCLUSIONS Low benzene and 1,3-butadiene levels were found among refinery workers. Mean benzene exposure was about 1% of the Swedish occupational limit (1500 µg/m3) and for 1,3-butadiene, exposure was even lower. A large fraction of values below the LOD can be managed by carefully modelled, computer-generated data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Almerud
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - M Akerstrom
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E M Andersson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Strandberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G Sallsten
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Zhang XY, Elfarra AA. Potential roles of myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid in metabolism and toxicity of alkene hydrocarbons and drug molecules containing olefinic moieties. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:513-524. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1271413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Adnan A. Elfarra
- Department of Comparative Biosciences and the Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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