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Bamodu OA, Chung CC, Pisanic TR, Wu ATH. The intricate interplay between cancer stem cells and cell-of-origin of cancer: implications for therapeutic strategies. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1404628. [PMID: 38800385 PMCID: PMC11116576 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1404628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as pivotal players in tumorigenesis, disease progression, and resistance to therapies. Objective This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between CSCs and the cell-of-origin in diverse cancer types. Design Comprehensive review of thematically-relevant literature. Methods We explore the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive the conversion of normal cells into CSCs and the impact of the cell-of-origin on CSC properties, tumor initiation, and therapeutic responses. Moreover, we discuss potential therapeutic interventions targeting CSCs based on their distinct cell-of-origin characteristics. Results Accruing evidence suggest that the cell-of-origin, the cell type from which the tumor originates, plays a crucial role in determining the properties of CSCs and their contribution to tumor heterogeneity. Conclusion By providing critical insights into the complex interplay between CSCs and their cellular origins, this article aims to enhance our understanding of cancer biology and pave the way for more effective and personalized cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Adebayo Bamodu
- Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, School of Clinical Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Chen-Chih Chung
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Thomas R. Pisanic
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology - Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexander T. H. Wu
- The Program for Translational Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Skočková V, Raptová P, Pospíchalová K, Sovadinová I, Sychrová E, Smutná M, Hilscherová K, Babica P, Šindlerová L. Cyanobacterial harmful bloom lipopolysaccharides: pro-inflammatory effects on epithelial and immune cells in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:481-491. [PMID: 38063875 PMCID: PMC10794361 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful blooms (CyanoHABs) pose a global ecological problem, and their lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are among the bioactive compounds they release. Previous studies on CyanoHAB-LPS from single cyanobacterial species have shown varying bioactivities in different in vitro cell models. In this study, we isolated LPS from 19 CyanoHAB samples collected at 18 water bodies in the Czech Republic over two consecutive seasons. The proportions of cyanobacteria, Gram-negative bacteria (G-), and other bacteria in the biomass were determined by qPCR, while the cyanobacterial genera were identified using light microscopy. In vitro models of keratinocytes (HaCaT), the intestinal epithelium (co-culture of differentiated Caco-2 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells - PBMC), and PBMC alone were treated with isolated LPS at concentrations of 50, 100, and 1 µg/ml, respectively. The endotoxin activities of these concentrations were within the range measured in the aquatic environment. Approximately 85-90% of the samples displayed biological activity. However, the potency of individual LPS effects and response patterns varied across the different in vitro models. Furthermore, the observed activities did not exhibit a clear correlation with the taxonomic composition of the phytoplankton community, the relative share of microbial groups in the biomass, endotoxin activity of the LPS, or LPS migration and staining pattern in SDS-PAGE. These findings suggest that the effects of CyanoHAB-LPS depend on the specific composition and abundance of various LPS structures within the complex environmental sample and their interactions with cellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Skočková
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - P Raptová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - K Pospíchalová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - I Sovadinová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - E Sychrová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - M Smutná
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - K Hilscherová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - P Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60200, Czech Republic
| | - L Šindlerová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic.
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Raptová P, Skočková V, Babica P, Sovadinová I, Sychrová E, Vídeňská P, Šplíchalová P, Vašíček O, Šindlerová L. Cyanobacterial bloom-associated lipopolysaccharides induce pro-inflammatory processes in keratinocytes in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 105:104342. [PMID: 38092246 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that CyanoHAB LPS (lipopolysaccharides) and LPS from cyanobacterial cultures induce pro-inflammatory effects on intestinal epithelial and immune cells in vitro. To expand our understanding, we investigated their impact on human keratinocytes, which are targeted during water recreational activities. LPS samples were isolated from CyanoHAB biomasses dominated by Microcystis, Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix, and Dolichospermum, or from axenic cultures of these genera. We identified two CyanoHAB biomasses containing a high proportion of Gram-negative bacteria, including potentially pathogenic genera. These biomasses showed the highest induction of interleukin (IL) 8, IL-6, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2 (also known as MCP-1), and CCL20 production by HaCaT cells. Interestingly, all CyanoHAB-derived LPS and LPS from axenic cultures (except for Microcystis) accelerated cell proliferation and migration. Our findings highlight the role of G- bacteria composition and LPS structural disparities in influencing these effects, with implications for skin health during recreational activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Raptová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61200, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.
| | - V Skočková
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61200, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.
| | - P Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 60200, Czech Republic.
| | - I Sovadinová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.
| | - E Sychrová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.
| | - P Vídeňská
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.
| | - P Šplíchalová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.
| | - O Vašíček
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61200, Czech Republic.
| | - L Šindlerová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61200, Czech Republic.
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Cyanobacterial Harmful Bloom Lipopolysaccharides Induce Pro-Inflammatory Effects in Immune and Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030169. [PMID: 36977060 PMCID: PMC10058507 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacterial harmful blooms (CyanoHABs) produce a variety of toxic and bioactive compounds including lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). The gastrointestinal tract can be exposed to them via contaminated water even during recreational activities. However, there is no evidence of an effect of CyanoHAB LPSs on intestinal cells. We isolated LPSs of four CyanoHABs dominated by different cyanobacterial species and LPSs of four laboratory cultures representing the respective dominant cyanobacterial genera. Two intestinal and one macrophage cell lines were used to detect in vitro pro-inflammatory activity of the LPS. All LPSs isolated from CyanoHABs and laboratory cultures induced cytokines production in at least one in vitro model, except for LPSs from the Microcystis PCC7806 culture. LPSs isolated from cyanobacteria showed unique migration patterns in SDS-PAGE that were qualitatively distinct from those of endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria. There was no clear relationship between the biological activity of the LPS and the share of genomic DNA of Gram-negative bacteria in the respective biomass. Thus, the total share of Gram-negative bacteria, or the presence of Escherichia coli-like LPSs, did not explain the observed pro-inflammatory activities. The pro-inflammatory properties of environmental mixtures of LPSs from CyanoHABs indicate their human health hazards, and further attention should be given to their assessment and monitoring.
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Guo J, Shoji T, Ge Y, Zheng X, Li Y, Zhao S, Ikezoe T, Liu S, Huang J, Wang W, Xu B, Dalman RL. Treatment with the Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor JNJ Promotes Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Progression in Diabetic Mice. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2021; 63:484-494. [PMID: 34872812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prolyl hydroxylase domain containing proteins (PHD) rigorously regulate intracellular hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) protein expression and activity. Diabetes impairs PHD activity and attenuates abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression. The extent to which dysregulated PHD activity contributes to diabetes mediated AAA suppression remains undetermined. METHODS AAAs were induced in diabetic and non-diabetic male C57BL/6J mice via intra-aortic elastase infusion. A PHD inhibitor (JNJ-42041935, aka "JNJ", 150 mmol/kg) or vehicle alone was administered daily starting one day prior to AAA induction for 14 days. Influences on AAA progression was assessed via ultrasonography and histopathology. Expression of aortic HIF-1α, three of its target genes and macrophage derived mediators were assayed via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Aneurysmal sections from AAA patients with and without diabetes (two patients in each group) were immunostained for HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. RESULTS Expression of HIF-1α target genes (erythropoietin, VEGF-A, and glucose transporter-1) was reduced by 45% - 95% in experimental diabetic aortas. Diameter enlargement was similarly limited, as were mural elastin degradation, leukocyte infiltration, and neo-angiogenesis (reduced capillary density and length) on histopathology. Pre-treatment with JNJ prior to AAA initiation augmented aortic HIF-1α target gene expression and aneurysm progression in diabetic mice, along with macrophage VEGF-A and matrix metalloproteinase 2 mRNA expression. No differences were noted in HIF-1α or VEGF-A expression on aortic immunohistochemical staining of human aortic tissue as a function of diabetes status. CONCLUSION Small molecule PHD inhibitor treatment reduces or offsets impairment of experimental AAA progression in hyperglycemic mice, highlighting the potential contribution of dysregulated PHD activity to diabetes mediated aneurysm suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Centre for Hypertension Care, Shanxi Medical University First Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Tahakiro Shoji
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Saiseikai Central Hospital, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yingbin Ge
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yankui Li
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sihai Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Toru Ikezoe
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Central South University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Central South University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Central South University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Baohui Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Ronald L Dalman
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Mosejová E, Bosnjakovic R, Kubala L, Vašíček O. Pseurotin D Induces Apoptosis through Targeting Redox Sensitive Pathways in Human Lymphoid Leukemia Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101576. [PMID: 34679711 PMCID: PMC8533295 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most prevalent lymphoid malignancy in many geographical regions of the world. Pseurotin D, a secondary metabolite of fungi, represents a group of bioactive natural products with a newly ascribed range of interesting biological activities. The purpose of this study was to bring new insights into the mechanism behind the effects of pseurotin D on MEC-1 cells as a representative CLL cell line, with a particular focus on selected signaling pathways important in the proliferation of cells and targeting mitochondrial metabolism. Our results showed that pseurotin D was able to significantly inhibit the proliferation of MEC-1 cells and arrested them in the G2/M cell cycle phase. In addition, pseurotin D was able to induce apoptosis. We found that all of these effects were associated with a change in mitochondrial membrane potential and the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). We showed for the first time that pseurotin D suppresses MEC-1 cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death via induction of the collapse of the mitochondria respiratory chain and the ROS-related caspase pathway. Our results show the pseurotins family as promising compounds which could serve as a basis for the development of new compounds in the treatment of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mosejová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (R.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Rebeka Bosnjakovic
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (R.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (R.B.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vašíček
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (R.B.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-541-517-207
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Di Mattia M, Mauro A, Citeroni MR, Dufrusine B, Peserico A, Russo V, Berardinelli P, Dainese E, Cimini A, Barboni B. Insight into Hypoxia Stemness Control. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082161. [PMID: 34440930 PMCID: PMC8394199 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the research on stemness and multilineage differentiation mechanisms has greatly increased its value due to the potential therapeutic impact of stem cell-based approaches. Stem cells modulate their self-renewing and differentiation capacities in response to endogenous and/or extrinsic factors that can control stem cell fate. One key factor controlling stem cell phenotype is oxygen (O2). Several pieces of evidence demonstrated that the complexity of reproducing O2 physiological tensions and gradients in culture is responsible for defective stem cell behavior in vitro and after transplantation. This evidence is still worsened by considering that stem cells are conventionally incubated under non-physiological air O2 tension (21%). Therefore, the study of mechanisms and signaling activated at lower O2 tension, such as those existing under native microenvironments (referred to as hypoxia), represent an effective strategy to define if O2 is essential in preserving naïve stemness potential as well as in modulating their differentiation. Starting from this premise, the goal of the present review is to report the status of the art about the link existing between hypoxia and stemness providing insight into the factors/molecules involved, to design targeted strategies that, recapitulating naïve O2 signals, enable towards the therapeutic use of stem cell for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Di Mattia
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.R.C.); (A.P.); (V.R.); (P.B.); (E.D.); (B.B.)
| | - Annunziata Mauro
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.R.C.); (A.P.); (V.R.); (P.B.); (E.D.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-086-1426-6888; Fax: +39-08-6126-6860
| | - Maria Rita Citeroni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.R.C.); (A.P.); (V.R.); (P.B.); (E.D.); (B.B.)
| | - Beatrice Dufrusine
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessia Peserico
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.R.C.); (A.P.); (V.R.); (P.B.); (E.D.); (B.B.)
| | - Valentina Russo
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.R.C.); (A.P.); (V.R.); (P.B.); (E.D.); (B.B.)
| | - Paolo Berardinelli
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.R.C.); (A.P.); (V.R.); (P.B.); (E.D.); (B.B.)
| | - Enrico Dainese
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.R.C.); (A.P.); (V.R.); (P.B.); (E.D.); (B.B.)
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Barbara Barboni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.R.C.); (A.P.); (V.R.); (P.B.); (E.D.); (B.B.)
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Yi L, Ju Y, He Y, Yin X, Xu Y, Weng T. Intraperitoneal injection of Desferal® alleviated the age-related bone loss and senescence of bone marrow stromal cells in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:45. [PMID: 33413663 PMCID: PMC7791659 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related bone loss plays a vital role in the development of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. Bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) senescence is highly associated with osteoporosis and limits the application of BMSCs in regenerative medicine. Hypoxia is an essential component for maintaining the normal physiology of BMSCs. We have reported that activation of hypoxia-induced factor by deletion of von Hippel-Lindau gene in osteochondral progenitor cells protected mice from aging-induced bone loss. However, whether pharmacologically manipulation of hypoxic niche would attenuate age-related bone loss and dysfunction of BMSCs is not well understood. Methods Twelve-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used as an aged model and were intraperitoneally injected with Desferal® (20, 60 mg/kg weight or vehicle), three times a week for a continuous 8-week period. Two-month-old young rats were set as a reference. After 8 weeks, micro-CT and HE staining were performed to determine the effect of Desferal® on bone loss. In order to investigate the effects of Desferal® on BMSC senescence, 12-month-old rats were treated with high-dose Desferal® (60 mg/kg weight) daily for 10 days. BMSCs were isolated and evaluated using CCK-8 assay, colony-forming cell assay, cell differentiation assay, laser confocal for reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, and molecular expression test for stemness/senescence-associated genes. Results Micro-CT and HE staining showed that high-dose Desferal® significantly prevented bone loss in aged rats. Compared with vehicle group, the ex vivo experiments showed that short-term Desferal® administration could promote the potential of BMSC growth (proliferation and colony formation ability) and improve the rebalance of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, as well as rejuvenate senescent BMSCs (ROS level and SA-β-gal staining) and revise the expression of stemness/senescence-associated genes. The potential of BMSCs from 12M-H-Desferal® group at least partly revised to the level close to 2-month-old group. Conclusions The current study suggested that Desferal®, an iron-chelating agent, could alleviate age-related bone loss in middle-aged rats. Meanwhile, we found that short-term intraperitoneal injection of Desferal® partly rejuvenate BMSCs from aged rats. Overall, we demonstrated a novel role of Desferal® in rejuvenating aged BMSCs and preventing age-related bone loss. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-020-02112-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxian Yi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fourth medical center of PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 10048, People's Republic of China.,Critical Care Medicine Department, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yue Ju
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fourth medical center of PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 10048, People's Republic of China.,Applied Biology Laboratory, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fourth medical center of PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 10048, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiushan Yin
- Applied Biology Laboratory, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tujun Weng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fourth medical center of PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 10048, People's Republic of China.
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Arifuzzaman S, Khatun MR, Khatun R. Emerging of lysine demethylases (KDMs): From pathophysiological insights to novel therapeutic opportunities. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110392. [PMID: 32574968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there have been remarkable scientific advancements in the understanding of lysine demethylases (KDMs) because of their demethylation of diverse substrates, including nucleic acids and proteins. Novel structural architectures, physiological roles in the gene expression regulation, and ability to modify protein functions made KDMs the topic of interest in biomedical research. These structural diversities allow them to exert their function either alone or in complex with numerous other bio-macromolecules. Impressive number of studies have demonstrated that KDMs are localized dynamically across the cellular and tissue microenvironment. Their dysregulation is often associated with human diseases, such as cancer, immune disorders, neurological disorders, and developmental abnormalities. Advancements in the knowledge of the underlying biochemistry and disease associations have led to the development of a series of modulators and technical compounds. Given the distinct biophysical and biochemical properties of KDMs, in this review we have focused on advances related to the structure, function, disease association, and therapeutic targeting of KDMs highlighting improvements in both the specificity and efficacy of KDM modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarder Arifuzzaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh; Everest Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Dhaka-1208, Bangladesh.
| | - Mst Reshma Khatun
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Rabeya Khatun
- Department of Pediatrics, TMSS Medical College and Rafatullah Community Hospital, Gokul, Bogura, 5800, Bangladesh
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Vašíček O, Hájek J, Bláhová L, Hrouzek P, Babica P, Kubala L, Šindlerová L. Cyanobacterial lipopeptides puwainaphycins and minutissamides induce disruptive and pro-inflammatory processes in Caco-2 human intestinal barrier model. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 96:101849. [PMID: 32560836 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Puwainaphycins (PUW) and minutissamides (MIN) are cyanobacterial lipopeptides found in various cyanobacterial species. The first possible target of human exposure to them is intestinal epithelium but effect of PUW/MIN on enterocytes is not known at all. Using differentiated Caco-2 cells, PUW F was found to be cytotoxic from 5 µM concentration based on lactate dehydrogenase release assay and total protein concentration. However, it is also able to induce production of interleukin 8 in non-cytotoxic concentrations 1 and 2.5 µM detected by ELISA. Effects of MIN A and C were similar but less pronounced compared to PUW F. On the other hand, MIN D was the least toxic compound with no significant pro-inflammatory effects. Surprisingly, pro-inflammatory activation of the cells by PUW F and MIN C resulted in an increase in tight junction (TJ) protein claudin 4 expression determined by western blot analysis and confirmed by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, decrease in expression of zonula occludens 3, another TJ protein, was observed after the exposure to PUW F. Taken together, these cytotoxic lipopeptides, especially PUW F, are to be studied more deeply due to their capability to activate and/or deregulate human enterocytes in low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Vašíček
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Hájek
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre Algatech, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novohradska 237, Trebon 379 80, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Bláhová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Hrouzek
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre Algatech, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novohradska 237, Trebon 379 80, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic; Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Šindlerová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic.
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11
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Binó L, Veselá I, Papežíková I, Procházková J, Vašíček O, Štefková K, Kučera J, Hanáčková M, Kubala L, Pacherník J. The depletion of p38alpha kinase upregulates NADPH oxidase 2/NOX2/gp91 expression and the production of superoxide in mouse embryonic stem cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 671:18-26. [PMID: 31176685 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
P38alpha kinase plays an important role in the regulation of both cell stress response and cell fate. In this study, we report that p38alpha kinase-deficient embryonic stem cells exhibit a higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in contrast to their wild-type counterpart. Analysis of the expressions of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and dual oxidases, crucial enzymes involved in intracellular ROS formation, shows NOX2/gp91phox is over-expressed in p38alpha deficient cells. The particular increase in superoxide formation was confirmed by the specific detection of hydroethidine derivate 2-hydroxyethidium. ROS formation decreased when the level of NOX2 was silenced by siRNA in p38alpha deficient cells. These data suggest the importance of p38alpha kinase in the regulation of ROS metabolism in embryonic stem cells and the significance of the observed phenomena of cancer cell-like phenotypes, which is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Binó
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Veselá
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Papežíková
- Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiřina Procházková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Vašíček
- Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Štefková
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Kučera
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Hanáčková
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Pacherník
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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12
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Li X, Liu J, Hoh J, Liu J. Müller cells in pathological retinal angiogenesis. Transl Res 2019; 207:96-106. [PMID: 30639368 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Müller cells are the major glial cells spanning the entire layer of the retina and maintaining retinal structure. Under pathological conditions, Müller cells are involved in retinal angiogenesis, a process of growing new blood vessels from pre-existing capillaries. In response to hypoxia, high glucose, and inflammation conditions, multiple signaling pathways are activated in Müller cells, followed by the increased production of proangiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases, Netrin-4, and angiopoietin-like 4. Expression of antiangiogenic factors is also downregulated in Müller cells. Besides, proliferation and dedifferentiation of Müller cells facilitates retinal angiogenesis. In this review, we summarized molecular mechanisms of Müller cells-related retinal angiogenesis. The potential of Müller cells as a therapeutic target for retinal angiogenesis was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Li
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Taishan Medical College, Taian, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Josephine Hoh
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ju Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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13
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Šínová R, Kudová J, Nešporová K, Karel S, Šuláková R, Velebný V, Kubala L. Opioid receptors and opioid peptides in the cardiomyogenesis of mouse embryonic stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:13209-13219. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romana Šínová
- Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
- Contipro a. s. Dolni Dobrouc Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kudová
- Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | - Lukáš Kubala
- Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne' University Hospital Brno Czech Republic
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14
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Tran KA, Dillingham CM, Sridharan R. The role of α-ketoglutarate-dependent proteins in pluripotency acquisition and maintenance. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:5408-5419. [PMID: 30181211 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.tm118.000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Ketoglutarate is an important metabolic intermediate that acts as a cofactor for several chromatin-modifying enzymes, including histone demethylases and the Tet family of enzymes that are involved in DNA demethylation. In this review, we focus on the function and genomic localization of these α-ketoglutarate-dependent enzymes in the maintenance of pluripotency during cellular reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells and in disruption of pluripotency during in vitro differentiation. The enzymatic function of many of these α-ketoglutarate-dependent proteins is required for pluripotency acquisition and maintenance. A better understanding of their specific function will be essential in furthering our knowledge of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa A Tran
- From the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery.,Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, and
| | - Caleb M Dillingham
- From the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Rupa Sridharan
- From the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, .,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology
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15
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Chemical Activation of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Reversibly Reduces Tendon Stem Cell Proliferation, Inhibits Their Differentiation, and Maintains Cell Undifferentiation. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:9468085. [PMID: 29713352 PMCID: PMC5866868 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9468085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cell-based therapeutic approaches for tissue regeneration have been proposed for several years. However, adult stem cells are usually limited in number and difficult to be expanded in vitro, and they usually tend to quickly lose their potency with passages, as they differentiate and become senescent. Culturing stem cells under reduced oxygen tensions (below 21%) has been proposed as a tool to increase cell proliferation, but many studies reported opposite effects. In particular, cell response to hypoxia seems to be very stem cell type specific. Nonetheless, it is clear that a major role in this process is played by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), the master regulator of cell response to oxygen deprivation, which affects cell metabolism and differentiation. Herein, we report that a chemical activation of HIF in human tendon stem cells reduces their proliferation and inhibits their differentiation in a reversible and dose-dependent manner. These results support the notion that hypoxia, by activating HIF, plays a crucial role in preserving stem cells in an undifferentiated state in the “hypoxic niches” present in the tissue in which they reside before migrating in more oxygenated areas to heal a damaged tissue.
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16
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Šafránková B, Hermannová M, Nešporová K, Velebný V, Kubala L. Absence of differences among low, middle, and high molecular weight hyaluronan in activating murine immune cells in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:1-8. [PMID: 28860059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) effects on immune response are suggested to be dependent on HA molecular weight (MW), as low MW HA should activate immune cells in contrast to high MW HA. However, some current studies do not support this conception and emphasize the importance of the form of preparation of HA, particularly with respect to its purity and origin. We compared the activation of mouse immune cells by HA samples (100kDa, 500kDa, and 997kDa) prepared from HA originating from rooster comb, and HA samples (71kDa, 500kDa, and 1000kDa) prepared from pharmacological grade HA originating from Streptococcus equi. Interestingly, in contrast to established theory, only middle and high MW HA originating from rooster comb induced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α by macrophages and in whole blood. Further, all tested preparations of HA failed to induce the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, the production of nitric oxide, or the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 in macrophages and splenocytes. Importantly, all HA samples originating from rooster comb were found to be contaminated by endotoxin (up to 1.23EU/ml). Hence, low MW HA did not reveal itself to have significantly higher immunostimulatory activity compared to HA of higher MW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Šafránková
- Contipro a.s. 401, 561 02 Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic; Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Kristina Nešporová
- Contipro a.s. 401, 561 02 Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lukáš Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center - Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
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17
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Hypoxia Downregulates MAPK/ERK but Not STAT3 Signaling in ROS-Dependent and HIF-1-Independent Manners in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4386947. [PMID: 28819544 PMCID: PMC5551543 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4386947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is involved in the regulation of stem cell fate, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is the master regulator of hypoxic response. Here, we focus on the effect of hypoxia on intracellular signaling pathways responsible for mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell maintenance. We employed wild-type and HIF-1α-deficient ES cells to investigate hypoxic response in the ERK, Akt, and STAT3 pathways. Cultivation in 1% O2 for 24 h resulted in the strong dephosphorylation of ERK and its upstream kinases and to a lesser extent of Akt in an HIF-1-independent manner, while STAT3 phosphorylation remained unaffected. Downregulation of ERK could not be mimicked either by pharmacologically induced hypoxia or by the overexpression. Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSP) 1, 5, and 6 are hypoxia-sensitive MAPK-specific phosphatases involved in ERK downregulation, and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulates both ERK and Akt. However, combining multiple approaches, we revealed the limited significance of DUSPs and PP2A in the hypoxia-mediated attenuation of ERK signaling. Interestingly, we observed a decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in hypoxia and a similar phosphorylation pattern for ERK when the cells were supplemented with glutathione. Therefore, we suggest a potential role for the ROS-dependent attenuation of ERK signaling in hypoxia, without the involvement of HIF-1.
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18
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Binó L, Procházková J, Radaszkiewicz KA, Kučera J, Kudová J, Pacherník J, Kubala L. Hypoxia favors myosin heavy chain beta gene expression in an Hif-1alpha-dependent manner. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83684-83697. [PMID: 29137374 PMCID: PMC5663546 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The potentiation of the naturally limited regenerative capacity of the heart is dependent on an understanding of the mechanisms that are activated in response to pathological conditions such as hypoxia. Under these conditions, the expression of genes suggested to support cardiomyocyte survival and heart adaptation is triggered. Particularly important are changes in the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. We propose here that alterations in the expression profiles of MHC genes are induced in response to hypoxia and are primarily mediated by hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). In in vitro models of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, we showed that hypoxia (1% O2) or the pharmacological stabilization of HIFs significantly increased MHCbeta (Myh7) gene expression. The key role of HIF-1alpha is supported by the absence of these effects in HIF-1alpha-deficient cells, even in the presence of HIF-2alpha. Interestingly, ChIP analysis did not confirm the direct interaction of HIF-1alpha with putative HIF response elements predicted in the MHCalpha and beta encoding DNA region. Further analyses showed the significant effect of the mTOR signaling inhibitor rapamycin in inducing Myh7 expression and a hypoxia-triggered reduction in the levels of antisense RNA transcripts associated with the Myh7 gene locus. Overall, the recognized and important role of HIF in the regulation of heart regenerative processes could be highly significant for the development of novel therapeutic interventions in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Binó
- Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Physiology and Immunology of Animals, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Procházková
- Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Anna Radaszkiewicz
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Physiology and Immunology of Animals, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kučera
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Physiology and Immunology of Animals, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kudová
- Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Physiology and Immunology of Animals, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pacherník
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Physiology and Immunology of Animals, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Physiology and Immunology of Animals, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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