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Gaikwad SB, Mapari SV, Sutar RR, Syed M, Khare R, Behera BC. In Vitro and in Silico Studies of Lichen Compounds Atranorin and Salazinic Acid as Potential Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301229. [PMID: 37888876 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic organisms made up of alga/cyanobacterium and fungus. We investigated antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer properties of two lichen compounds, atranorin and salazinic acid, and five lichen species: Heterodermia boryi, Heterodermia diademata, Heterodermia hypocaesia, Parmotrema reticulatum, and Stereocaulon foliolosum. Free radical scavenging, Ferric reducing potential, Nitric oxide scavenging, and Trolox equivalent capacity were used to measure antioxidant activity. Strong radical scavenging action was demonstrated by atranorin and salazinic acid, with IC50 values of 39.31 μM and 12.14 μM, respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay based on resazurin, was used to measure antibacterial activity. Parmotrema reticulatum demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Raoultella planticola with MIC of 7.8 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity assay on breast cancer cell line was used to assess anticancer activity. To further understand the binding locations on the target proteins Er (Estrogen Receptor alpha), EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor), mTOR (Mammalian Target of Rapamycin), and PgR (Progesterone Receptor), molecular docking experiments were conducted. Docking study showed that the binding energies of atranorin and salazinic acid with mTOR were -5.31 kcal/mol and -3.43 kcal/mol, respectively. The results suggest that atranorin has the potential to be a multitargeted molecule with natural antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash B Gaikwad
- Biodiversity-Lichens, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, 411004, Maharashtra, India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin V Mapari
- Biodiversity-Lichens, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, 411004, Maharashtra, India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruchira R Sutar
- Biodiversity-Lichens, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, 411004, Maharashtra, India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Muntjeeb Syed
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Roshni Khare
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhaskar C Behera
- Biodiversity-Lichens, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, 411004, Maharashtra, India
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Lichen Depsides and Tridepsides: Progress in Pharmacological Approaches. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010116. [PMID: 36675938 PMCID: PMC9866793 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Depsides and tridepsides are secondary metabolites found in lichens. In the last 10 years, there has been a growing interest in the pharmacological activity of these compounds. This review aims to discuss the research findings related to the biological effects and mechanisms of action of lichen depsides and tridepsides. The most studied compound is atranorin, followed by gyrophoric acid, diffractaic acid, and lecanoric acid. Antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities are among the most investigated activities, mainly in in vitro studies, with occasional in silico and in vivo studies. Clinical trials have not been conducted using depsides and tridepsides. Therefore, future research should focus on conducting more in vivo work and clinical trials, as well as on evaluating the other activities. Moreover, despite the significant increase in research work on the pharmacology of depsides and tridepsides, there are many of these compounds which have yet to be investigated (e.g., hiascic acid, lassalic acid, ovoic acid, crustinic acid, and hypothamnolic acid).
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Simko P, Leskanicova A, Suvakova M, Blicharova A, Karasova M, Goga M, Kolesarova M, Bojkova B, Majerova P, Zidekova N, Barvik I, Kovac A, Kiskova T. Biochemical Properties of Atranorin-Induced Behavioral and Systematic Changes of Laboratory Rats. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12071090. [PMID: 35888178 PMCID: PMC9316313 DOI: 10.3390/life12071090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atranorin (ATR) is a secondary metabolite of lichens. While previous studies investigated the effects of this substance predominantly in an in vitro environment, in our study we investigated the basic physicochemical properties, the binding affinity to human serum albumin (HSA), basic pharmacokinetics, and, mainly, on the systematic effects of ATR in vivo. Sporadic studies describe its effects during, predominantly, cancer. This project is original in terms of testing the efficacy of ATR on a healthy organism, where we can possibly attribute negative effects directly to ATR and not to the disease. For the experiment, 24 Sprague Dawley rats (Velaz, Únetice, Czech Republic) were used. The animals were divided into four groups. The first group (n = 6) included healthy males as control intact rats (♂INT) and the second group (n = 6) included healthy females as control intact rats (♀INT). Groups three and four (♂ATR/n = 6 and ♀ATR/n = 6) consisted of animals with daily administered ATR (10mg/kg body weight) in an ethanol-water solution per os for a one-month period. Our results demonstrate that ATR binds to HSA near the binding site TRP214 and acts on a systemic level. ATR caused mild anemia during the treatment. However, based on the levels of hepatic enzymes in the blood (ALT, ALP, or bilirubin levels), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), or liver histology, no impact on liver was recorded. Significantly increased creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase levels together with increased defecation activity during behavioral testing may indicate the anabolic effect of ATR in skeletal muscles. Interestingly, ATR changed some forms of behavior. ATR at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight is non-toxic and, therefore, could be used in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Simko
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.S.); (A.L.); (M.G.); (M.K.); (B.B.)
| | - Andrea Leskanicova
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.S.); (A.L.); (M.G.); (M.K.); (B.B.)
| | - Maria Suvakova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Alzbeta Blicharova
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Martina Karasova
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Michal Goga
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.S.); (A.L.); (M.G.); (M.K.); (B.B.)
| | - Mariana Kolesarova
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.S.); (A.L.); (M.G.); (M.K.); (B.B.)
| | - Bianka Bojkova
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.S.); (A.L.); (M.G.); (M.K.); (B.B.)
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 831 01 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Nela Zidekova
- Biomedical Center Martin (BioMed), Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, 814 99 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Ivan Barvik
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 831 01 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Terezia Kiskova
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.S.); (A.L.); (M.G.); (M.K.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-55-234-1216
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5-Fluorouracil Treatment of CT26 Colon Cancer Is Compromised by Combined Therapy with IMMODIN. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126374. [PMID: 35742825 PMCID: PMC9223647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the physiological complexity of the tumour, a single drug therapeutic strategy may not be sufficient for effective treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that combination strategies may be important to achieve more efficient tumour responses. Different immunomodulators are frequently tested to reverse the situation for the purpose of improving immune response and minimizing chemotherapy side effects. Immodin (IM) represents an attractive alternative to complement chemotherapy, which can be used to enhance the immune system after disturbances resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy. In the presented study, a model of CT26 tumor-bearing mice was used to investigate the effect of single IM or its combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on colon cancer cells. Our results highlight that the beneficial role of IM claimed in previous studies cannot be generalised to all chemotherapeutic drugs, as 5-FU toxicity was not increased. On the contrary, the chemotherapeutic anti-cancer efficacy of 5-FU was greatly compromised when combined with IM. Indeed, the combined treatment was significantly less effective regarding the tumour growth and animal survival, most probably due to the increased number of tumour-associated macrophages, and increased 5-FU cytotoxic effect related to kidneys and the liver.
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Popovici V, Bucur L, Gîrd CE, Rambu D, Calcan SI, Cucolea EI, Costache T, Ungureanu-Iuga M, Oroian M, Mironeasa S, Schröder V, Ozon EA, Lupuliasa D, Caraiane A, Badea V. Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Rheological Properties of Canola Oil Extract of Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg from Călimani Mountains, Romania. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070854. [PMID: 35406834 PMCID: PMC9002375 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Usnea genus (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycetes) is a potent phytomedicine, due to phenolic secondary metabolites, with various pharmacological effects. Therefore, our study aimed to explore the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and rheological properties of Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg (U. barbata) extract in canola oil (UBO) compared to cold-pressed canola seed oil (CNO), as a green solvent used for lichen extraction, which has phytoconstituents. The antiradical activity (AA) of UBO and CNO was investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Their cytotoxicity was examined in vivo through a brine shrimp lethality (BSL) test after Artemia salina (A. salina) larvae exposure for 6 h to previously emulsified UBO and CNO. The rheological properties of both oil samples (flow behavior, thixotropy, and temperature-dependent viscosity variation) were comparatively analyzed. The obtained results showed that UBO (IC50 = 0.942 ± 0.004 mg/mL) had a higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than CNO (IC50 = 1.361 ± 0.008 mg/mL). Both UBO and CNO emulsions induced different and progressive morphological changes to A. salina larvae, incompatible with their survival; UBO cytotoxicity was higher than that of CNO. Finally, in the temperature range of 32-37 °C, the UBO and CNO viscosity and viscoelastic behavior indicated a clear weakening of the intermolecular bond when temperature increases, leading to a more liquid state, appropriate for possible pharmaceutical formulations. All quantified parameters were highly intercorrelated. Moreover, their significant correlation with trace/heavy minerals and phenolic compounds can be observed. All data obtained also suggest a possible synergism between lichen secondary metabolites, minerals, and canola oil phytoconstituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Popovici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania; (V.P.); (V.B.)
| | - Laura Bucur
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Al. Serbanescu Street, 900001 Constanta, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.E.G.); (M.U.-I.); (M.O.); (V.S.); (E.-A.O.)
| | - Cerasela Elena Gîrd
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.E.G.); (M.U.-I.); (M.O.); (V.S.); (E.-A.O.)
| | - Dan Rambu
- Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Tâncăbești, Romania; (D.R.); (S.I.C.); (E.I.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Suzana Ioana Calcan
- Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Tâncăbești, Romania; (D.R.); (S.I.C.); (E.I.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Elena Iulia Cucolea
- Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Tâncăbești, Romania; (D.R.); (S.I.C.); (E.I.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Teodor Costache
- Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Tâncăbești, Romania; (D.R.); (S.I.C.); (E.I.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Mădălina Ungureanu-Iuga
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 13th University Street, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
- Integrated Center for Research, Development, and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 13th University Street, 720229 Suceava, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.E.G.); (M.U.-I.); (M.O.); (V.S.); (E.-A.O.)
| | - Mircea Oroian
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 13th University Street, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.E.G.); (M.U.-I.); (M.O.); (V.S.); (E.-A.O.)
| | - Silvia Mironeasa
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 13th University Street, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Verginica Schröder
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Al. Serbanescu Street, 900001 Constanta, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.E.G.); (M.U.-I.); (M.O.); (V.S.); (E.-A.O.)
| | - Emma-Adriana Ozon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (C.E.G.); (M.U.-I.); (M.O.); (V.S.); (E.-A.O.)
| | - Dumitru Lupuliasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aureliana Caraiane
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Victoria Badea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania; (V.P.); (V.B.)
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Mohammadi M, Bagheri L, Badreldin A, Fatehi P, Pakzad L, Suntres Z, van Wijnen AJ. Biological Effects of Gyrophoric Acid and Other Lichen Derived Metabolites, on Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis and Cell Signaling pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109768. [PMID: 34864007 PMCID: PMC8808380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites from fungi, algae and lichens have remarkable biological activities as antibiotics, fungicides, antiviral drugs, and cancer therapeutics. This review focuses on the lichen-derived metabolite gyrophoric acid and other select secondary metabolites (e.g., usnic acid, salazinic acid, physodic acid, vulpinic acid ceratinalone, flavicansone, ramalin, physciosporin, tumidulin, atranorin, parmosidone) that modulate a number of cellular pathways relevant to several biomedical diseases and disorders, including cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We discuss the chemical structure and biochemical activities of gyrophoric acid and other compounds relative to the molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that these metabolites target in a distinct human and rodent cell types. The therapeutic promise of gyrophoric acid and similar lichen derived metabolites is associated with the chemical versatility of these compounds as polyaromatic depsides with functional carboxyl and hydroxyl side-groups that may permit selective interactions with distinct enzymatic active sites. Gyrophoric acid has been examined in a series of studies as an effective anticancer drug because it impinges on topoisomerase 1 activity, as well as causes cell cycle arrest, comprises cell survival, and promotes apoptosis. Because gyrophoric acid has cytostatic properties, its biological roles and possible medicinal utility may extend beyond effects on cancer cells and be relevant to any process that is controlled by cell growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Mohammadi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Biorefining Research Institute (BRI), Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada.
| | - Leila Bagheri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Amr Badreldin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Biorefining Research Institute (BRI), Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada.
| | - Leila Pakzad
- Biorefining Research Institute (BRI), Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada.
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In Vitro Anticancer Activity and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Status Determined by Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. Dry Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071141. [PMID: 34356377 PMCID: PMC8301184 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichens represent an important resource for common traditional medicines due to their numerous metabolites that can exert diverse pharmacological activities including anticancer effects. To find new anticancer compounds with fewer side effects and low tumor resistance, a bioprospective study of Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. (U. barbata), a lichen from the Călimani Mountains (Suceava county, Romania) was performed. The aim of this research was to investigate the anticancer potential, morphologic changes, wound healing property, clonogenesis, and oxidative stress biomarker status of four extracts of U. barbata in different solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate), and also of usnic acid (UA) as a positive control on the CAL-27 (ATCC® CRL-2095™) oral squamous carcinoma (OSCC) cell line and V79 (ATCC® CCL-93™) lung fibroblasts as normal cells. Using the MTT assay and according to IC50 values, it was found that the most potent anticancer property was displayed by acetone and ethyl acetate extracts. All U. barbata extracts determined morphological modifications (losing adhesion capacity, membrane shrinkage, formation of abnormal cellular wrinkles, and vacuolization) with higher intensity in tumor cells than in normal ones. The most intense anti-migration effect was established in the acetone extract treatment. The clonogenic assay showed that some U. barbata extracts decreased the ability of cancer cells to form colonies compared to untreated cells, suggesting a potential anti-tumorigenic property of the tested extracts. Therefore, all the U. barbata extracts manifest anticancer activity of different intensity, based, at least partially, on an imbalance in antioxidant defense mechanisms, causing oxidative stress.
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Dar TUH, Dar SA, Islam SU, Mangral ZA, Dar R, Singh BP, Verma P, Haque S. Lichens as a repository of bioactive compounds: an open window for green therapy against diverse cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:1120-1137. [PMID: 34052413 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lichens, algae and fungi-based symbiotic associations, are sources of many important secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, and anticancer agents. Wide range of experiments based on in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that lichens are a rich treasure of anti-cancer compounds. Lichen extracts and isolated lichen compounds can interact with all biological entities currently identified to be responsible for tumor development. The critical ways to control the cancer development include induction of cell cycle arrests, blocking communication of growth factors, activation of anti-tumor immunity, inhibition of tumor-friendly inflammation, inhibition of tumor metastasis, and suppressing chromosome dysfunction. Also, lichen-based compounds induce the killing of cells by the process of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis, that inturn positively modulates metabolic networks of cells against uncontrolled cell division. Many lichen-based compounds have proven to possess potential anti-cancer activity against a wide range of cancer cells, either alone or in conjunction with other anti-cancer compounds. This review primarily emphasizes on an updated account of the repository of secondary metabolites reported in lichens. Besides, we discuss the anti-cancer potential and possible mechanism of the most frequently reported secondary metabolites derived from lichens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Ul Hassan Dar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Sajad Ahmad Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Ul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zahid Ahmed Mangral
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rubiya Dar
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bhim Pratap Singh
- Department of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship & Management (NIFTEM), Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Verma
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
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Shendge AK, Panja S, Basu T, Mandal N. A Tropical Lichen, Dirinaria consimilis Selectively Induces Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells through the Regulation of p53 and Caspase-Cascade Pathway. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:1173-1187. [PMID: 32188391 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200318095410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most leading cause of death, with 49.9% of crude incidence rate and 12.9% of crude mortality rate. Natural resources have been extensively used throughout history for better and safer treatment against various diseases. OBJECTIVES The present study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anticancer potential of a tropical lichen Dirinaria consimilis (DCME) and its phytochemical analysis. METHODS The DCME was preliminarily evaluated for ROS, and RNS scavenging potential. Furthermore, DCME was evaluated for in vitro anticancer activity through cell proliferation assay, cell cycle analysis, annexin V/PI staining, morphological analysis, and western blotting study. Finally, the HPLC and LC-MS analyses were done to identify probable bioactive compounds. RESULTS The in vitro antioxidant studies showed promising ROS, and RNS scavenging potential of DCME. Moreover, the in vitro antiproliferative study bared the cytotoxic nature of DCME towards MCF-7 (IC50 - 98.58 ± 6.82μg/mL) and non-toxic towards WI-38 (IC50 - 685.85 ± 19.51μg/mL). Furthermore, the flow-cytometric analysis revealed the increase in sub G1 population as well as early apoptotic populations dose-dependently. The results from confocal microscopy showed the DNA fragmentation in MCF-7 upon DCME treatment. Finally, the western blotting study revealed the induction of tumor suppressor protein, p53, which results in increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activation of caspase-cascade pathways. CONCLUSION The activation of caspase-3, -8, -9 and PARP degradation led us to conclude that DCME induces apoptosis in MCF-7 through both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. The LC-MS analysis showed the presence of various bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Shendge
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kolkata-700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Panja
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kolkata-700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapasree Basu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kolkata-700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Nripendranath Mandal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kolkata-700054, West Bengal, India
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Mohammadi M, Zambare V, Malek L, Gottardo C, Suntres Z, Christopher L. Lichenochemicals: extraction, purification, characterization, and application as potential anticancer agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:575-601. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1730325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Mohammadi
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vasudeo Zambare
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- School of Sciences, Sandip University, Nashik, India
| | - Ladislav Malek
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Gottardo
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zacharias Suntres
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lew Christopher
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Biorefinery World, LLC, Rapid City, SD, USA
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Anticancer Potential of Lichens' Secondary Metabolites. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010087. [PMID: 31948092 PMCID: PMC7022966 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens produce different classes of phenolic compounds, including anthraquinones, xanthones, dibenzofuranes, depsides and depsidones. Many of them have revealed effective biological activities such as antioxidant, antiviral, antibiotics, antifungal, and anticancer. Although no clinical study has been conducted yet, there are number of in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating anticancer effects of lichen metabolites. The main goal of our work was to review most recent published papers dealing with anticancer activities of secondary metabolites of lichens and point out to their perspective clinical use in cancer management.
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Demečková V, Solár P, Hrčková G, Mudroňová D, Bojková B, Kassayová M, Gancarčiková S. Immodin and its immune system supportive role in paclitaxel therapy of 4T1 mouse breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:245-256. [PMID: 28235687 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is evident that standard chemotherapy agents may have an impact on both tumor and host immune system. Paclitaxel (PTX), a very potent anticancer drug from a taxane family, has achieved prominence in clinical oncology for its efficacy against a wide range of tumors including breast cancer. However, significant toxicity, such as myelosuppression, limit the effectiveness of Paclitaxel-based treatment regimens. Immodin (IM) is low molecular dialysate fraction of homogenate made from human leukocytes. It contains a mixture of substances from which so far have been described e.g. Imreg 1 and Imreg 2 formed by the dipeptide tyrosine-glycine and the tripeptide tyrosine-glycine-glycine, respectively. The aim of this study was to explore immunopharmacological activities of IM, using the strongly immunogenic 4T1 mouse breast cancer model, and evaluate its effect on the reactivity and the efficiency of PTX cancer therapy. The results highlight a potentially beneficial role for IM in alleviating PTX-induced toxicity, especially on the nonspecific immunity, during breast cancer therapy. Co-treatment exhibited an antitumor effect including reduced tumor growth, prolonged survival of tumor bearing mice, increased number of monocytes and lymphocytes in peripheral blood. In spleens, IM+PTX therapy elevated proportion of whole lymphocytes in the account of myelo-monocytic cells characteristic with low expression of CD11c+ and bearing Fc receptor (CD16/32) as well as T-lymphocytes, NK cells and dendritic cells. Accumulation of tumor-associated granulocytes in stroma of PTX-treated group and intensive 4T1-necrosis/apoptosis in tumors after co-treatment were also recorded. These findings suggest the possibility of using IM alongside PTX treatment for maintaining the immune system functions and increasing patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Demečková
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Solár
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Gabriela Hrčková
- Parasitological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Dagmar Mudroňová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Bianka Bojková
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Kassayová
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Soňa Gancarčiková
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81, Košice, Slovak Republic
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