1
|
El-Banna AA, Ibrahim RS. Metabolic profiling of milk thistle different organs using UPLC-TQD-MS/MS coupled to multivariate analysis in relation to their selective antiviral potential. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:115. [PMID: 38454377 PMCID: PMC10921647 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Silybum marianum commonly known as milk thistle is one of the most imperative medicinal plants due to its remarkable pharmacological activities. Lately, the antiviral activities of S. marianum extract have been studied and it showed effectiveness against many viruses. OBJECTIVE Although most previous studies were concerned mainly with silymarin content of the fruit, the present study provides comprehensive comparative evaluation of S. marianum different organs' chemical profiles using UPLC-MS/MS coupled to chemometrics to unravel potentially selective antiviral compounds against human coronavirus (HCoV-229E). METHODOLOGY UPLC-ESI-TQD-MS/MS analysis was utilized to establish metabolic fingerprints for S. marianum organs namely fruits, roots, stems and seeds. Multivariate analysis, using OPLS-DA and HCA-heat map was applied to explore the main discriminatory phytoconstituents between organs. Selective virucidal activity of organs extracts against coronavirus (HCoV-229E) was evaluated for the first time using cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay. Correlation coefficient analysis was implemented for detection of potential constituents having virucidal activity. RESULTS UPLC-MS/MS analysis resulted in 87 identified metabolites belonging to different classes. OPLS-DA revealed in-between class discrimination between milk thistle organs proving their significantly different metabolic profiles. The results of CPE assay showed that all tested organ samples exhibited dose dependent inhibitory activity in nanomolar range. Correlation analysis disclosed that caffeic acid-O-hexoside, gadoleic and linolenic acids were the most potentially selective antiviral phytoconstituents. CONCLUSION This study valorizes the importance of different S. marianum organs as wealthy sources of selective and effective antiviral candidates. This approach can be extended to unravel potentially active constituents from complex plant matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A El-Banna
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Reham S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu L, Zhang H. Milk Thistle Oil Extracted by Enzyme-Mediated Assisted Solvent Extraction Compared with n-Hexane and Cold-Pressed Extraction. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062591. [PMID: 36985564 PMCID: PMC10057341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin and milk thistle oil have unique biological benefits; however, applying silymarin to milk thistle oil remains a challenge. In this research, the content of silymarin in milk thistle oil conditions using enzyme-mediated solvent extraction was investigated and optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions using enzyme-mediated solvent extraction were as follows: the enzyme-added content was 3.06 mg/mL, the enzymatic hydrolysis temperature was 55.09 °C, and the enzymatic hydrolysis time was 66.28 min. Oil extracted by the enzyme-mediated assisted solvent was further compared with those extracted with n-hexane and cold pressing. Results indicated that the oil extraction using the enzyme-mediated assisted solvent had a lower acid value (2.20 ± 0.01 mg/g) and the highest α-tocopherol content (0.62 ± 0.00 mg/g), total phenols (7.67 ± 0.01 mg/g), and flavonoids (1.06 ± 0.13 mg/g). Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of milk thistle oils was further investigated. The results showed that the enzyme-mediated assisted solvent-extracted oil had the strongest antioxidant capacity with lower lipid oxide content. Therefore, enzyme-mediated solvent extraction is an excellent method for extracting milk thistle oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hua Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-433-15567600103; Fax: +86-433-243-5510
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zuo HL, Huang HY, Lin YCD, Cai XX, Kong XJ, Luo DL, Zhou YH, Huang HD. Enzyme Activity of Natural Products on Cytochrome P450. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020515. [PMID: 35056827 PMCID: PMC8779343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug-metabolizing enzymes, particularly the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases, play a pivotal role in pharmacokinetics. CYP450 enzymes can be affected by various xenobiotic substrates, which will eventually be responsible for most metabolism-based herb–herb or herb–drug interactions, usually involving competition with another drug for the same enzyme binding site. Compounds from herbal or natural products are involved in many scenarios in the context of such interactions. These interactions are decisive both in drug discovery regarding the synergistic effects, and drug application regarding unwanted side effects. Herein, this review was conducted as a comprehensive compilation of the effects of herbal ingredients on CYP450 enzymes. Nearly 500 publications reporting botanicals’ effects on CYP450s were collected and analyzed. The countries focusing on this topic were summarized, the identified herbal ingredients affecting enzyme activity of CYP450s, as well as methods identifying the inhibitory/inducing effects were reviewed. Inhibitory effects of botanicals on CYP450 enzymes may contribute to synergistic effects, such as herbal formulae/prescriptions, or lead to therapeutic failure, or even increase concentrations of conventional medicines causing serious adverse events. Conducting this review may help in metabolism-based drug combination discovery, and in the evaluation of the safety profile of natural products used therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Li Zuo
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China; (H.-L.Z.); (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-C.-D.L.); (X.-X.C.); (D.-L.L.); (Y.-H.Z.)
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Hsi-Yuan Huang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China; (H.-L.Z.); (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-C.-D.L.); (X.-X.C.); (D.-L.L.); (Y.-H.Z.)
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yang-Chi-Dung Lin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China; (H.-L.Z.); (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-C.-D.L.); (X.-X.C.); (D.-L.L.); (Y.-H.Z.)
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Cai
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China; (H.-L.Z.); (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-C.-D.L.); (X.-X.C.); (D.-L.L.); (Y.-H.Z.)
| | - Xiang-Jun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China;
| | - Dai-Lin Luo
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China; (H.-L.Z.); (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-C.-D.L.); (X.-X.C.); (D.-L.L.); (Y.-H.Z.)
| | - Yu-Heng Zhou
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China; (H.-L.Z.); (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-C.-D.L.); (X.-X.C.); (D.-L.L.); (Y.-H.Z.)
| | - Hsien-Da Huang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China; (H.-L.Z.); (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-C.-D.L.); (X.-X.C.); (D.-L.L.); (Y.-H.Z.)
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0755-2351-9601
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mayr S, Strasser S, Kirchler CG, Meischl F, Stuppner S, Beć KB, Grabska J, Sturm S, Stuppner H, Popp MA, Bonn GK, Huck CW. Quantification of Silymarin in Silybi mariani fructus: Challenging the Analytical Performance of Benchtop vs. Handheld NIR Spectrometers on Whole Seeds. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:20-32. [PMID: 33434938 DOI: 10.1055/a-1326-2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The content of the flavonolignan mixture silymarin and its individual components (silichristin, silidianin, silibinin A, silibinin B, isosilibinin A, and isosilibinin B) in whole and milled milk thistle seeds (Silybi mariani fructus) was analyzed with near-infrared spectroscopy. The analytical performance of one benchtop and two handheld near-infrared spectrometers was compared. Reference analysis was performed with HPLC following a Soxhlet extraction (European Pharmacopoeia) and a more resource-efficient ultrasonic extraction. The reliability of near-infrared spectral analysis determined through partial least squares regression models constructed independently for the spectral datasets obtained by the three spectrometers was as follows. The benchtop device NIRFlex N-500 performed the best both for milled and whole seeds with a root mean square error of CV between 0.01 and 0.17%. The handheld spectrometer MicroNIR 2200 as well as the microPHAZIR provided a similar performance (root mean square error of CV between 0.01 and 0.18% and between 0.01 and 0.23%, respectively). We carried out quantum chemical simulation of near-infrared spectra of silichristin, silidianin, silibinin, and isosilibinin for interpretation of the results of spectral analysis. This provided understanding of the absorption regions meaningful for the calibration. Further, it helped to better separate how the chemical and physical properties of the samples affect the analysis. While the study demonstrated that milling of samples slightly improves the performance, it was deemed to be critical only for the analysis carried out with the microPHAZIR. This study evidenced that rapid and nondestructive quantification of silymarin and individual flavonolignans is possible with miniaturized near-infrared spectroscopy in whole milk thistle seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Strasser
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian G Kirchler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Meischl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Stuppner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- ADSI - Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Krzysztof B Beć
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Justyna Grabska
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sonja Sturm
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael A Popp
- Michael Popp Research Institute of New Phyto Entities, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther K Bonn
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- ADSI - Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song K, Li M, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Zhu Q, Liu J, Wang A. Natural flavonolignans as potential therapeutic agents against common diseases. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 74:337-350. [PMID: 34923582 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plant-derived flavonolignans had been demonstrated to have various biological functions. They are an important class of natural products combined by a flavonoid unit and a phenylpropanoid unit. KEY FINDINGS From the literature survey, 88 constituents from natural resources were identified. Different derivatives of flavonolignans were listed, fused phenylpropanoid unit with dioxane ring, or cyclic ether, or simple ether side chain, or lactone, and so on. Besides, the pharmacological effects of flavonolignans were summarized as well. It has a wide range of anti-tumour, antioxidant, anti-microorganic and anti-inflammatory effects. SUMMARY This review had provided a full-scale profile of flavonolignans on its plant sources, phytochemistry and pharmacology, and also proposed some issues and perspectives which may be of concern in the future. It was greatly anticipated that the commercialization of the flavonolignans would lead to uplift the financial abilities of communities attending the growing of the flavonolignans and the relevant and potential production becoming an international herbal and pharmaceutical commodity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kainan Song
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Meichen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Yuqian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Andong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gougis P, Hilmi M, Geraud A, Mir O, Funck-Brentano C. Potential Cytochrome P450-mediated pharmacokinetic interactions between herbs, food, and dietary supplements and cancer treatments. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 166:103342. [PMID: 33930533 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbs, food and dietary supplements (HFDS), can interact significantly with anticancer drug treatments via cytochrome p450 isoforms (CYP) CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and CYP2C8. The objective of this review was to assess the influence of HFDS compounds on these cytochromes. Interactions with CYP activities were searched for 189 herbs and food products, 72 dietary supplements in Web of Knowledge® databases. Analyses were made from 140 of 3,125 clinical trials and 236 of 3,374 in vitro, animal model studies or case reports. 18 trials were found to report direct interactions between 9 HFDS with 8 anticancer drugs. 21 HFDS were found to interact with CYP3A4, a major metabolic pathway for many anticancer drugs. All 261 HFDS were classified for their interaction with the main cytochromes P450 involved in the metabolism of anticancer drugs. We provided an easy-to-use colour-coded table to easily match potential interactions between 261 HFDS and 117 anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gougis
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM CIC Paris-Est, AP-HP, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, F-75013, Paris, France; CLIP² Galilée, Department of Medical Oncology Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Marc Hilmi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM CIC Paris-Est, AP-HP, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Arthur Geraud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM CIC Paris-Est, AP-HP, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, F-75013, Paris, France; Early Drug Development Department (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Mir
- Department of Ambulatory Care, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Christian Funck-Brentano
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM CIC Paris-Est, AP-HP, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, F-75013, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Faisal Z, Mohos V, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Valentová K, Káňová K, Lemli B, Kunsági-Máté S, Poór M. Interaction of silymarin components and their sulfate metabolites with human serum albumin and cytochrome P450 (2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) enzymes. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111459. [PMID: 33706132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is a mixture of flavonolignans isolated from the fruit of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner). Milk thistle extract is the active ingredient of several medications and dietary supplements to treat liver injury/diseases. After the oral administration, flavonolignans are extensively biotransformed, resulting in the formation of sulfate and/or glucuronide metabolites. Previous studies demonstrated that silymarin components form stable complexes with serum albumin and can inhibit certain cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Nevertheless, in most of these investigations, silybin was tested; while no or only limited information is available regarding other silymarin components and metabolites. In this study, the interactions of five silymarin components (silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, silychristin, and 2,3-dehydrosilychristin) and their sulfate metabolites were examined with human serum albumin and CYP (2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) enzymes. Our results demonstrate that each compound tested forms stable complexes with albumin, and certain silymarin components/metabolites can inhibit CYP enzymes. Most of the sulfate conjugates were less potent inhibitors of CYP enzymes, but 2,3-dehydrosilychristin-19-O-sulfate showed the strongest inhibitory effect on CYP3A4. Based on these observations, the simultaneous administration of high dose silymarin with medications should be carefully considered, because milk thistle flavonolignans and/or their sulfate metabolites may interfere with drug therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zelma Faisal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Violetta Mohos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristýna Káňová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Beáta Lemli
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Application of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) in functional biscuits formulation. ACTA CHIMICA SLOVACA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/acs-2019-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Due to the substantial protective effects of milk thistle to liver against various chemical compounds, a new healthy cereal product replacing wheat flour with milk thistle seed flour in the range of 5; 10; 15; 20; 25 and 30 % has been studied. As it has been found, milk thistle seed flour is a good source of total dietary fibre, proteins, mineral compounds and fats. During the experiments, effects of wheat flour replacement on technological properties of the dough were studied using Mixolab characteristics. From the results it can be stated that milk thistle seed flour replacement led to a decrease in water absorption and stability of dough. After baking, physical, mechanical, colour and sensorial properties of the biscuits were studied. The results have shown that even a 10 % replacement results in a significant difference at p < 0.05 in measured parameters compared to ones. However, it has been calculated that statistically insignificant replacement of wheat flour with milk thistle seed flour is up to 9.3 % with quality and sensorial parameters of the biscuits equal to those prepared from 100 % wheat flour. Thus, production of functional biscuits at these conditions is fully possible.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abenavoli L, Izzo AA, Milić N, Cicala C, Santini A, Capasso R. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases. Phytother Res 2018; 32:2202-2213. [PMID: 30080294 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Milk thistle (MT; Silybum marianum), a member of the Asteraceae family, is a therapeutic herb with a 2,000-year history of use. MT fruits contain a mixture of flavonolignans collectively known as silymarin, being silybin (also named silibinin) the main component. This article reviews the chemistry of MT, the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, the pharmacologically relevant actions for liver diseases (e.g., anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, antifibrotic, antioxidant, and liver-regenerating properties) as well as the clinical potential in patients with alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, drug-induced liver injury, and mushroom poisoning. Overall, literature data suggest that, despite encouraging preclinical data, further well-designed randomized clinical trials are needed to fully substantiate the real value of MT preparations in liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Natasa Milić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Carla Cicala
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vrba J, Papoušková B, Roubalová L, Zatloukalová M, Biedermann D, Křen V, Valentová K, Ulrichová J, Vacek J. Metabolism of flavonolignans in human hepatocytes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:94-101. [PMID: 29414024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the in vitro biotransformation of eight structurally related flavonolignans, namely silybin, 2,3-dehydrosilybin, silychristin, 2,3-dehydrosilychristin, silydianin, 2,3-dehydrosilydianin, isosilybin A and isosilybin B. The metabolic transformations were performed using primary cultures of human hepatocytes and recombinant human cytochromes P450 (CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4). The metabolites produced were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We found that each of the tested compounds was metabolized in vitro by one or more CYP enzymes, which catalyzed O-demethylation, hydroxylation, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. In human hepatocytes, silybin, 2,3-dehydrosilybin, silychristin, 2,3-dehydrosilychristin, and isosilybins A and B were directly conjugated by sulfation or glucuronidation. Moreover, isosilybin A was also converted to a methyl derivative, while isosilybin B was hydroxylated and methylated. Silydianin and 2,3-dehydrosilydianin were found to undergo hydrogenation and/or glucuronidation. In addition, 2,3-dehydrosilydianin was found to be metabolically the least stable flavonolignan in human hepatocytes, and its main metabolite was a cleavage product corresponding to a loss of CO. We conclude that the hepatic biotransformation of flavonolignans primarily involves the phase II conjugation reactions, however in some cases the phase I reactions may also occur. These results are highly relevant for research focused on flavonolignan metabolism and pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Vrba
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Papoušková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Roubalová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Zatloukalová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - David Biedermann
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Ulrichová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Assessment of the Antioxidant Activity and Quality Attributes of Yogurt Enhanced with Wild Herbs Extracts. J FOOD QUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/5329386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The milk and yogurt products assortment has expanded by their enhancement with herb extracts, fibres extracted from by-products of the fruit processing industry and also fresh spices. The aim of the present study was to test to what extent the addition of different herb extracts in yogurt will improve its qualitative characteristics and antioxidant activity. The aqueous extracts obtained from the four plants are considered in this study, respectively, thistle (Silybum marianum L.), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and marjoram (Origanum vulgare L.). It was examined the effect of aqueous extracts prepared from four herbs (0.25/1%) (w/w) on yogurt’s qualitative characteristics (pH, titratable acidity, syneresis, water holding capacity, antioxidant activity, colour parameters, and rheological parameters) on both one day and 28 days after preparation. The final results show that the physicochemical and rheological properties of the yoghurt with herb extracts addition were improved compared to the control sample after 28 days of storage. The best results in terms of antioxidant properties were obtained when marjoram extract (Origanum vulgare L.) was incorporated. According to the data obtained, the best quality in terms of the physicochemical and rheological properties were in the case of the sample with 0.5% thistle extract (Silybum marianum L.) addition, while from point of view of the nutritional value, the best quality was in the case of the sample with 1% marjoram extract (Origanum vulgare L.) addition. The present study leads to the conclusion that yogurts enhanced with natural extracts may serve as functional food products, with significant health benefits.
Collapse
|