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Monterisi S, Garcia-Perez P, Buffagni V, Zuluaga MYA, Ciriello M, Formisano L, El-Nakhel C, Cardarelli M, Colla G, Rouphael Y, Cristofano F, Cesco S, Lucini L, Pii Y. Unravelling the biostimulant activity of a protein hydrolysate in lettuce plants under optimal and low N availability: a multi-omics approach. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14357. [PMID: 38775128 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The application of protein hydrolysates (PH) biostimulants is considered a promising approach to promote crop growth and resilience against abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, PHs bioactivity depends on both the raw material used for their preparation and the molecular fraction applied. The present research aimed at investigating the molecular mechanisms triggered by applying a PH and its fractions on plants subjected to nitrogen limitations. To this objective, an integrated transcriptomic-metabolomic approach was used to assess lettuce plants grown under different nitrogen levels and treated with either the commercial PH Vegamin® or its molecular fractions PH1(>10 kDa), PH2 (1-10 kDa) and PH3 (<1 kDa). Regardless of nitrogen provision, biostimulant application enhanced lettuce biomass, likely through a hormone-like activity. This was confirmed by the modulation of genes involved in auxin and cytokinin synthesis, mirrored by an increase in the metabolic levels of these hormones. Consistently, PH and PH3 upregulated genes involved in cell wall growth and plasticity. Furthermore, the accumulation of specific metabolites suggested the activation of a multifaceted antioxidant machinery. Notwithstanding, the modulation of stress-response transcription factors and genes involved in detoxification processes was observed. The coordinated action of these molecular entities might underpin the increased resilience of lettuce plants against nitrogen-limiting conditions. In conclusion, integrating omics techniques allowed the elucidation of mechanistic aspects underlying PH bioactivity in crops. Most importantly, the comparison of PH with its fraction PH3 showed that, except for a few peculiarities, the effects induced were equivalent, suggesting that the highest bioactivity was ascribable to the lightest molecular fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Monterisi
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Pascual Garcia-Perez
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Valentina Buffagni
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Michele Ciriello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Christophe El-Nakhel
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Cristofano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Youry Pii
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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2
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Munzone A, Eijsink VGH, Berrin JG, Bissaro B. Expanding the catalytic landscape of metalloenzymes with lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:106-119. [PMID: 38200220 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have an essential role in global carbon cycle, industrial biomass processing and microbial pathogenicity by catalysing the oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides. Despite initially being considered monooxygenases, experimental and theoretical studies show that LPMOs are essentially peroxygenases, using a single copper ion and H2O2 for C-H bond oxygenation. Here, we examine LPMO catalysis, emphasizing key studies that have shaped our comprehension of their function, and address side and competing reactions that have partially obscured our understanding. Then, we compare this novel copper-peroxygenase reaction with reactions catalysed by haem iron enzymes, highlighting the different chemistries at play. We conclude by addressing some open questions surrounding LPMO catalysis, including the importance of peroxygenase and monooxygenase reactions in biological contexts, how LPMOs modulate copper site reactivity and potential protective mechanisms against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Munzone
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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3
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Liaqat M, Kankanamage RNT, Duan H, Shimogawa R, Sun J, Nielsen M, Shaaban E, Zhu Y, Gao P, Rusling JF, Frenkel AI, He J. Single-Atom Cobalt Catalysts Coupled with Peroxidase Biocatalysis for C-H Bond Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:40343-40354. [PMID: 37590263 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a robust strategy to catalyze in situ C-H oxidation by combining cobalt (Co) single-atom catalysts (SACs) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Co SACs were synthesized using the complex of Co phthalocyanine with 3-propanol pyridine at the two axial positions as the Co source to tune the coordination environment of Co by the stepwise removal of axial pyridine moieties under thermal annealing. These structural features of Co sites, as confirmed by infrared and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, were strongly correlated to their reactivity. All Co catalysts synthesized below 300 °C were inactive due to the full coordination of Co sites in octahedral geometry. Increasing the calcination temperature led to an improvement in catalytic activity for reducing O2, although molecular Co species with square planar coordination obtained below 600 °C were less selective to reduce O2 to H2O2 through the two-electron pathway. Co SACs obtained at 800 °C showed superior activity in producing H2O2 with a selectivity of 82-85% in a broad potential range. In situ production of H2O2 was further coupled with HRP to drive the selective C-H bond oxidation in 2-naphthol. Our strategy provides new insights into the design of highly effective, stable SACs for selective C-H bond activation when coupled with natural enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maham Liaqat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | | | - Hanyi Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Ryuichi Shimogawa
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Jiyu Sun
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Monia Nielsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Ehab Shaaban
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Puxian Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Anatoly I Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
- Division of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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4
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Ge R, Zhang P, Dong X, Li Y, Sun Z, Zeng Y, Chen B, Zhang W. Photobiocatalytic Decarboxylation for the Synthesis of Fatty Epoxides from Renewable Fatty Acids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201275. [PMID: 36036214 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fatty epoxides are unique building blocks in organic transformations and materials production; however, their synthetic methodologies are currently not accessible from renewable fatty acids. Herein, a photoenzymatic decarboxylation of epoxy fatty acids into fatty epoxides was demonstrated using fatty acid photodecarboxylase (FAP) from Chlorella variabilis NC64A (CvFAP). Various fatty epoxides were synthesized in excellent selectivity by wild-type CvFAP. The decarboxylation reaction was also achieved with four new FAP homologues, potentially suggesting a broad availability of the biocatalysts for this challenging decarboxylation reaction. By combining CvFAP with lipase and peroxygenase, a multienzymatic cascade to transform oleic acid and its triglyceride into the corresponding fatty epoxides was established. The obtained fatty epoxides were further converted into rather unusual fatty compounds including diol, alcohol, ether, and chain-shortened carboxylic acids. The present photobiocatalytic synthesis of fatty epoxides from natural starting materials excels by its intrinsic selectivity, mild conditions, and independence of nicotinamide cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ge
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Xuetian Dong
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Yuanying Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Yongyi Zeng
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519080, P. R. China
| | - Bishuang Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519080, P. R. China
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
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5
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Nanoformulation of Tetrapyrroles Derivatives in Photodynamic Therapy: A Focus on Bacteriochlorin. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3011918. [PMID: 36212948 PMCID: PMC9546677 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3011918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-known remedial treatment for cancer, infections, and various other diseases. PDT uses nontoxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS) that are activated in visible light at the proper wavelength to generate ROS (reactive oxygen species) that aid in killing tumor cells and destroying pathogenic microbes. Deciding a suitable photosensitizer is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy. It is challenging to choose the photosensitizer that is appropriate for specific pathological circumstances, such as different cancer species. Porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin are tetrapyrroles used with proper functionalization in PDT, among which some compound has been clinically approved. Most photosensitizers are hydrophobic, have minimum solubility, and exhibit cytotoxicity due to the dispersion in biological fluid. This paper reviewed some nanotechnology-based strategies to overcome these drawbacks. In PDT, metal nanoparticles are widely used due to their enhanced surface plasmon resonance. The self-assembled nano-drug carriers like polymeric micelles, liposomes, and metal-based nanoparticles play a significant role in solubilizing the photosensitizer to make them biocompatible.
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6
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Sakalli T, Surmeli NB. Functional characterization of a novel CYP119 variant to explore its biocatalytic potential. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1741-1756. [PMID: 34431570 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysts are increasingly applied in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are valuable biocatalysts due to their ability to hydroxylate unactivated carbon atoms using molecular oxygen. P450s catalyze reactions using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) cofactor and electron transfer proteins. Alternatively, P450s can utilize hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) as an oxidant, but this pathway is inefficient. P450s that show higher efficiency with peroxides are sought after in industrial applications. P450s from thermophilic organisms have more potential applications as they are stable toward high temperature, high and low pH, and organic solvents. CYP119 is an acidothermophilic P450 from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. In our previous study, a novel T213R/T214I (double mutant [DM]) variant of CYP119 was obtained by screening a mutant library for higher peroxidation activity utilizing H2 O2 . Here, we characterized the substrate scope; stability toward peroxides; and temperature and organic solvent tolerance of DM CYP119 to identify its potential as an industrial biocatalyst. DM CYP119 displayed higher stability than wild-type (WT) CYP119 toward organic peroxides. It shows higher peroxidation activity for non-natural substrates and higher affinity for progesterone and other bioactive potential substrates compared to WT CYP119. DM CYP119 emerges as a new biocatalyst with a wide range of potential applications in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Sakalli
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nur Basak Surmeli
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
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7
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Substrate promiscuity of a de novo designed peroxidase. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 217:111370. [PMID: 33621939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The design and construction of de novo enzymes offer potentially facile routes to exploiting powerful chemistries in robust, expressible and customisable protein frameworks, while providing insight into natural enzyme function. To this end, we have recently demonstrated extensive catalytic promiscuity in a heme-containing de novo protein, C45. The diverse transformations that C45 catalyses include substrate oxidation, dehalogenation and carbon‑carbon bond formation. Here we explore the substrate promiscuity of C45's peroxidase activity, screening the de novo enzyme against a panel of peroxidase and dehaloperoxidase substrates. Consistent with the function of natural peroxidases, C45 exhibits a broad spectrum of substrate activities with selectivity dictated primarily by the redox potential of the substrate, and by extension, the active oxidising species in peroxidase chemistry, compounds I and II. Though the comparison of these redox potentials provides a threshold for determining activity for a given substrate, substrate:protein interactions are also likely to play a significant role in determining electron transfer rates from substrate to heme, affecting the kinetic parameters of the enzyme. We also used biomolecular simulation to screen substrates against a computational model of C45 to identify potential interactions and binding sites. Several sites of interest in close proximity to the heme cofactor were discovered, providing insight into the catalytic workings of C45.
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8
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Current state and future perspectives of engineered and artificial peroxygenases for the oxyfunctionalization of organic molecules. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-00507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Watanabe Y, Aiba Y, Ariyasu S, Abe S. Molecular Design and Regulation of Metalloenzyme Activities through Two Novel Approaches: Ferritin and P450s. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Watanabe
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Aiba
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shinya Ariyasu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuda-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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10
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Bialas C, Barnard DT, Auman DB, McBride RA, Jarocha LE, Hore PJ, Dutton PL, Stanley RJ, Moser CC. Ultrafast flavin/tryptophan radical pair kinetics in a magnetically sensitive artificial protein. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:13453-13461. [PMID: 31187821 PMCID: PMC7301759 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01916b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Radical pair formation and decay are implicated in a wide range of biological processes including avian magnetoreception. However, studying such biological radical pairs is complicated by both the complexity and relative fragility of natural systems. To resolve open questions about how natural flavin-amino acid radical pair systems are engineered, and to create new systems with novel properties, we developed a stable and highly adaptable de novo artificial protein system. These protein maquettes are designed with intentional simplicity and transparency to tolerate aggressive manipulations that are impractical or impossible in natural proteins. Here we characterize the ultrafast dynamics of a series of maquettes with differing electron-transfer distance between a covalently ligated flavin and a tryptophan in an environment free of other potential radical centers. We resolve the spectral signatures of the cysteine-ligated flavin singlet and triplet states and reveal the picosecond formation and recombination of singlet-born radical pairs. Magnetic field-sensitive triplet-born radical pair formation and recombination occurs at longer timescales. These results suggest that both triplet- and singlet-born radical pairs could be exploited as biological magnetic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bialas
- Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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11
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Moosavi-Movahedi Z, Kalejahi ES, Nourisefat M, Maghami P, Poursasan N, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Mixed SDS-Hemin-Imidazole at low ionic strength being efficient peroxidase-like as a nanozyme. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Monooxygenation of Nonnative Substrates Catalyzed by Bacterial Cytochrome P450s Facilitated by Decoy Molecules. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Ortmayer M, Lafite P, Menon BRK, Tralau T, Fisher K, Denkhaus L, Scrutton NS, Rigby SEJ, Munro AW, Hay S, Leys D. An oxidative N-demethylase reveals PAS transition from ubiquitous sensor to enzyme. Nature 2016; 539:593-597. [PMID: 27851736 DOI: 10.1038/nature20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The universal Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) domain functions as a signal transduction module involved in sensing diverse stimuli such as small molecules, light, redox state and gases. The highly evolvable PAS scaffold can bind a broad range of ligands, including haem, flavins and metal ions. However, although these ligands can support catalytic activity, to our knowledge no enzymatic PAS domain has been found. Here we report characterization of the first PAS enzyme: a haem-dependent oxidative N-demethylase. Unrelated to other amine oxidases, this enzyme contains haem, flavin mononucleotide, 2Fe-2S and tetrahydrofolic acid cofactors, and specifically catalyses the NADPH-dependent oxidation of dimethylamine. The structure of the α subunit reveals that it is a haem-binding PAS domain, similar in structure to PAS gas sensors. The dimethylamine substrate forms part of a highly polarized oxygen-binding site, and directly assists oxygen activation by acting as both an electron and proton donor. Our data reveal that the ubiquitous PAS domain can make the transition from sensor to enzyme, suggesting that the PAS scaffold can support the development of artificial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ortmayer
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Pierre Lafite
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Binuraj R K Menon
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Karl Fisher
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Lukas Denkhaus
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Stephen E J Rigby
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Andrew W Munro
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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14
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Heterolytic OO bond cleavage: Functional role of Glu113 during bis-Fe(IV) formation in MauG. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 167:60-67. [PMID: 27907864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The diheme enzyme MauG utilizes H2O2 to perform oxidative posttranslational modification on a protein substrate. A bis-Fe(IV) species of MauG was previously identified as a key intermediate in this reaction. Heterolytic cleavage of the OO bond of H2O2 drives the formation of the bis-Fe(IV) intermediate. In this work, we tested a hypothesis that a glutamate residue, Glu113 in the distal pocket of the pentacoordinate heme of MauG, facilitates heterolytic OO bond cleavage, thereby leading to bis-Fe(IV) formation. This hypothesis was proposed based on sequence alignment and structural comparison with other H2O2-utilizing hemoenzymes, especially those from the diheme enzyme superfamily that MauG belongs to. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) characterization of the reaction between MauG and H2O2 revealed that mutation of Glu113 inhibited heterolytic OO bond cleavage, in agreement with our hypothesis. This result was further confirmed by the HPLC study in which an analog of H2O2, cumene hydroperoxide, was used to probe the pattern of OO bond cleavage. Together, our data suggest that Glu113 functions as an acid-base catalyst to assist heterolytic OO bond cleavage during the early stage of the catalytic reaction. This work advances our mechanistic understanding of the H2O2-activation process during bis-Fe(IV) formation in MauG.
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15
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Engineering tyrosine electron transfer pathways decreases oxidative toxicity in hemoglobin: implications for blood substitute design. Biochem J 2016; 473:3371-83. [PMID: 27470146 PMCID: PMC5095908 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) have been engineered to replace or augment the oxygen-carrying capacity of erythrocytes. However, clinical results have generally been disappointing due to adverse side effects linked to intrinsic heme-mediated oxidative toxicity and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging. Redox-active tyrosine residues can facilitate electron transfer between endogenous antioxidants and oxidative ferryl heme species. A suitable residue is present in the α-subunit (Y42) of Hb, but absent from the homologous position in the β-subunit (F41). We therefore replaced this residue with a tyrosine (βF41Y, Hb Mequon). The βF41Y mutation had no effect on the intrinsic rate of lipid peroxidation as measured by conjugated diene and singlet oxygen formation following the addition of ferric(met) Hb to liposomes. However, βF41Y significantly decreased these rates in the presence of physiological levels of ascorbate. Additionally, heme damage in the β-subunit following the addition of the lipid peroxide hydroperoxyoctadecadieoic acid was five-fold slower in βF41Y. NO bioavailability was enhanced in βF41Y by a combination of a 20% decrease in NO dioxygenase activity and a doubling of the rate of nitrite reductase activity. The intrinsic rate of heme loss from methemoglobin was doubled in the β-subunit, but unchanged in the α-subunit. We conclude that the addition of a redox-active tyrosine mutation in Hb able to transfer electrons from plasma antioxidants decreases heme-mediated oxidative reactivity and enhances NO bioavailability. This class of mutations has the potential to decrease adverse side effects as one component of a HBOC product.
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16
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Campomanes P, Rothlisberger U, Alfonso-Prieto M, Rovira C. The Molecular Mechanism of the Catalase-like Activity in Horseradish Peroxidase. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11170-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Campomanes
- Laboratory
of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory
of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Departament de Química Orgànica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08208 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Orgànica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08208 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Directed evolution of cytochrome P450 enzymes for biocatalysis: exploiting the catalytic versatility of enzymes with relaxed substrate specificity. Biochem J 2015; 467:1-15. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20141493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are renowned for their ability to insert oxygen into an enormous variety of compounds with a high degree of chemo- and regio-selectivity under mild conditions. This property has been exploited in Nature for an enormous variety of physiological functions, and representatives of this ancient enzyme family have been identified in all kingdoms of life. The catalytic versatility of P450s makes them well suited for repurposing for the synthesis of fine chemicals such as drugs. Although these enzymes have not evolved in Nature to perform the reactions required for modern chemical industries, many P450s show relaxed substrate specificity and exhibit some degree of activity towards non-natural substrates of relevance to applications such as drug development. Directed evolution and other protein engineering methods can be used to improve upon this low level of activity and convert these promiscuous generalist enzymes into specialists capable of mediating reactions of interest with exquisite regio- and stereo-selectivity. Although there are some notable successes in exploiting P450s from natural sources in metabolic engineering, and P450s have been proven repeatedly to be excellent material for engineering, there are few examples to date of practical application of engineered P450s. The purpose of the present review is to illustrate the progress that has been made in altering properties of P450s such as substrate range, cofactor preference and stability, and outline some of the remaining challenges that must be overcome for industrial application of these powerful biocatalysts.
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18
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Bringing out the Potential of Wild-type Cytochrome P450s using Decoy Molecules: Oxygenation of Nonnative Substrates by Bacterial Cytochrome P450s. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Lončar N, Fraaije MW. Not so monofunctional--a case of thermostable Thermobifida fusca catalase with peroxidase activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:2225-32. [PMID: 25227535 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thermobifida fusca is a mesothermophilic organism known for its ability to degrade plant biomass and other organics, and it was demonstrated that it represents a rich resource of genes encoding for potent enzymes for biocatalysis. The thermostable catalase from T. fusca has been cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli with a yield of 400 mg/L. Heat treatment of disrupted cells at 60 °C for 1 h resulted in enzyme preparation of high purity; hence, no chromatography steps are needed for large-scale production. Except for catalyzing the dismutation of hydrogen peroxide, TfuCat was also found to catalyze oxidations of phenolic compounds. The catalase activity was comparable to other described catalases while peroxidase activity was quite remarkable with a k obs of nearly 1000 s(-1) for catechol. Site directed mutagenesis was used to alter the ratio of peroxidase/catalase activity. Resistance to inhibition by classic catalase inhibitors and an apparent melting temperature of 74 °C classifies this enzyme as a robust biocatalyst. As such, it could compete with other commercially available catalases while the relatively high peroxidase activity also offers new biocatalytic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Lončar
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Peroxygenase reactions catalyzed by cytochromes P450. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:529-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Kendziora DM, Ahmed I, Fruk L. Multifunctional linker for orthogonal decoration of gold nanoparticles with DNA and protein. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01773k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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22
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Sen D, Poon LCH. RNA and DNA complexes with hemin [Fe(III) heme] are efficient peroxidases and peroxygenases: how do they do it and what does it mean? Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 46:478-92. [PMID: 21958168 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2011.618220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Guanine-rich RNAs and DNAs from chromosomal telomeres and elsewhere that fold into guanine quadruplexes (G-quadruplexes), are found to complex tightly with porphyrins such as N-methylmesoporphyrin IX (NMM) and hemin [Fe(III) heme]. By themselves, these DNAs and RNAs are found to be efficient catalysts for porphyrin metallation. When complexed with hemin, under physiological conditions, these nucleic acids display robust peroxidase (one-electron oxidation), as well as peroxygenase (two-electron oxidation, or oxygen transfer) activity. These surprising catalytic properties, that frequently match the catalytic performance of natural peroxidase and P450 monooxygenase enzymes, have been the subject of significant mechanistic analysis, as well as having found utility in a wide range of biosensing and other applications. This review summarizes recent insights into a surprising yet fundamental property of many RNAs and DNAs, a property with undoubted ramifications for cellular oxidative disease, de novo hemoenzyme design, and our understanding of the evolution of early biocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Sen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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23
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Meesapyodsuk D, Qiu X. A peroxygenase pathway involved in the biosynthesis of epoxy fatty acids in oat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:454-63. [PMID: 21784965 PMCID: PMC3165891 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.178822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While oat (Avena sativa) has long been known to produce epoxy fatty acids in seeds, synthesized by a peroxygenase pathway, the gene encoding the peroxygenase remains to be determined. Here we report identification of a peroxygenase cDNA AsPXG1 from developing seeds of oat. AsPXG1 is a small protein with 249 amino acids in length and contains conserved heme-binding residues and a calcium-binding motif. When expressed in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli, AsPXG1 catalyzes the strictly hydroperoxide-dependent epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. It prefers hydroperoxy-trienoic acids over hydroperoxy-dienoic acids as oxygen donors to oxidize a wide range of unsaturated fatty acids with cis double bonds. Oleic acid is the most preferred substrate. The acyl carrier substrate specificity assay showed phospholipid and acyl-CoA were not effective substrate forms for AsPXG1 and it could only use free fatty acid or fatty acid methyl esters as substrates. A second gene, AsLOX2, cloned from oat codes for a 9-lipoxygenase catalyzing the synthesis of 9-hydroperoxy-dienoic and 9-hydroperoxy-trienoic acids, respectively, when linoleic (18:2-9c,12c) and linolenic (18:3-9c,12c,15c) acids were used as substrates. The peroxygenase pathway was reconstituted in vitro using a mixture of AsPXG1 and AsLOX2 extracts from E. coli. Incubation of methyl oleate and linoleic acid or linolenic acid with the enzyme mixture produced methyl 9,10-epoxy stearate. Incubation of linoleic acid alone with a mixture of AsPXG1 and AsLOX2 produced two major epoxy fatty acids, 9,10-epoxy-12-cis-octadecenoic acid and 12,13-epoxy-9-cis-octadecenoic acid, and a minor epoxy fatty acid, probably 12,13-epoxy-9-hydroxy-10-transoctadecenoic acid. AsPXG1 predominately catalyzes intermolecular peroxygenation.
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24
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Gharibi H, Moosavi-Movahedi Z, Javadian S, Nazari K, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Vesicular Mixed Gemini−SDS−Hemin−Imidazole Complex as a Peroxidase-Like Nano Artificial Enzyme. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:4671-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp112051t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Gharibi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zainab Moosavi-Movahedi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sohaeila Javadian
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khodadad Nazari
- Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, N.I.O.C., Tehran, Iran
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25
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Abstract
The development of new catalytic methods to functionalize carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds continues to progress at a rapid pace due to the significant economic and environmental benefits of these transformations over traditional synthetic methods. In nature, enzymes catalyze regio- and stereoselective C-H bond functionalization using transformations ranging from hydroxylation to hydroalkylation under ambient reaction conditions. The efficiency of these enzymes relative to analogous chemical processes has led to their increased use as biocatalysts in preparative and industrial applications. Furthermore, unlike small molecule catalysts, enzymes can be systematically optimized via directed evolution for a particular application and can be expressed in vivo to augment the biosynthetic capability of living organisms. While a variety of technical challenges must still be overcome for practical application of many enzymes for C-H bond functionalization, continued research on natural enzymes and on novel artificial metalloenzymes will lead to improved synthetic processes for efficient synthesis of complex molecules. In this critical review, we discuss the most prevalent mechanistic strategies used by enzymes to functionalize non-acidic C-H bonds, the application and evolution of these enzymes for chemical synthesis, and a number of potential biosynthetic capabilities uniquely enabled by these powerful catalysts (110 references).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro S. Coelho
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125-4100, USA
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125-4100, USA
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26
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Actinobacterial peroxidases: an unexplored resource for biocatalysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 164:681-713. [PMID: 21279698 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidases are redox enzymes that can be found in all forms of life where they play diverse roles. It is therefore not surprising that they can also be applied in a wide range of industrial applications. Peroxidases have been extensively studied with particular emphasis on those isolated from fungi and plants. In general, peroxidases can be grouped into haem-containing and non-haem-containing peroxidases, each containing protein families that share sequence similarity. The order Actinomycetales comprises a large group of bacteria that are often exploited for their diverse metabolic capabilities, and with recent increases in the number of sequenced genomes, it has become clear that this metabolically diverse group of organisms also represents a large resource for redox enzymes. It is therefore surprising that, to date, no review article has been written on the wide range of peroxidases found within the actinobacteria. In this review article, we focus on the different types of peroxidases found in actinobacteria, their natural role in these organisms and how they compare with the more well-described peroxidases. Finally, we also focus on work remaining to be done in this research field in order for peroxidases from actinobacteria to be applied in industrial processes.
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27
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Van Bogaert INA, Groeneboer S, Saerens K, Soetaert W. The role of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in microbial fatty acid metabolism. FEBS J 2010; 278:206-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Behera RK, Goyal S, Mazumdar S. Modification of the heme active site to increase the peroxidase activity of thermophilic cytochrome P450: A rational approach. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:1185-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Hull JF, Balcells D, Sauer ELO, Raynaud C, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH, Eisenstein O. Manganese catalysts for C-H activation: an experimental/theoretical study identifies the stereoelectronic factor that controls the switch between hydroxylation and desaturation pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7605-16. [PMID: 20481432 DOI: 10.1021/ja908744w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe competitive C-H bond activation chemistry of two types, desaturation and hydroxylation, using synthetic manganese catalysts with several substrates. 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene (DHP) gives the highest desaturation activity, the final products being phenanthrene (P1) and phenanthrene 9,10-oxide (P3), the latter being thought to arise from epoxidation of some of the phenanthrene. The hydroxylase pathway also occurs as suggested by the presence of the dione product, phenanthrene-9,10-dione (P2), thought to arise from further oxidation of hydroxylation intermediate 9-hydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene. The experimental work together with the density functional theory (DFT) calculations shows that the postulated Mn oxo active species, [Mn(O)(tpp)(Cl)] (tpp = tetraphenylporphyrin), can promote the oxidation of dihydrophenanthrene by either desaturation or hydroxylation pathways. The calculations show that these two competing reactions have a common initial step, radical H abstraction from one of the DHP sp(3) C-H bonds. The resulting Mn hydroxo intermediate is capable of promoting not only OH rebound (hydroxylation) but also a second H abstraction adjacent to the first (desaturation). Like the active Mn(V)=O species, this Mn(IV)-OH species also has radical character on oxygen and can thus give H abstraction. Both steps have very low and therefore very similar energy barriers, leading to a product mixture. Since the radical character of the catalyst is located on the oxygen p orbital perpendicular to the Mn(IV)-OH plane, the orientation of the organic radical with respect to this plane determines which reaction, desaturation or hydroxylation, will occur. Stereoelectronic factors such as the rotational orientation of the OH group in the enzyme active site are thus likely to constitute the switch between hydroxylase and desaturase behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Hull
- Chemistry Department, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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30
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Sugawara M, Okamoto K, Kadowaki T, Kusano K, Fukamizu A, Yoshimura T. Expressions of cytochrome P450, UDP-glucuronosyltranferase, and transporter genes in monolayer carcinoma cells change in subcutaneous tumors grown as xenografts in immunodeficient nude mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 38:526-33. [PMID: 20007293 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.030668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tumors grown as xenografts in immunodeficient nude mice are widely used to investigate the pharmacological activities of anticancer drugs. Drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters are expressed in tumor cell lines and changes in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK)-related gene expression after inoculation of the tumor cell may affect the pharmacological activity of the drug under consideration. The aims of the current study were to characterize DMPK-related gene expression profiles and responses to typical cytochrome P450 inducers in monolayer carcinoma cells grown in tissue culture versus those inoculated into a xenograft model. We used the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line PLC/PRF/5 for this study and comprehensively assessed changes in DMPK-related gene expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction quantitation. CYP3A4 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A protein amounts were also analyzed by immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting. We found that the expression of many DMPK-related genes was elevated in the inoculated tumor compared with the monolayer carcinoma cells, indicating changes in their gene regulation pathways, presumably due to modulation of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. In addition, monolayer carcinoma versus inoculated tumor cells showed different responses to rifampicin, but similar responses to dexamethasone or 3-methylcholanthrene. These results suggest that inoculation of tumor cells results in the activation of drug metabolism and transport function, leading to changes in the responses to pregnane X receptor ligands and consequent discrepancies in the pharmacological activities between in vitro monolayer carcinoma cells and in vivo xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Sugawara
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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31
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Balcells D, Raynaud C, Crabtree RH, Eisenstein O. A rational basis for the axial ligand effect in C-H oxidation by [MnO(porphyrin)(X)]+ (X = H2O, OH-, O2-) from a DFT study. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:10090-9. [PMID: 18788735 DOI: 10.1021/ic8013706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxyl radical character in the MnO group of the title system is shown from a density functional theory study to be essential for efficient C-H cleavage, which is a key step in C-H oxidation. Since oxyl species have elongated Mn-O bonds relative to the more usual oxo species of type MnO, the normal expectation would be that high trans-influence ligands X should facilitate oxyl character by elongating the Mn-O bond and thus enhance both oxyl character and reactivity. Contrary to this expectation, but in line with the experimental data (Jin, N.; Ibrahim, M.; Spiro, T. G.; Groves, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12416), we find that reactivity increases along the series X = O(2-) < OH(-) < H2O for the following reasons. The ground-state singlet (S) is unreactive for all X, and only the higher-energy triplet (T) and quintet (Q) states have the oxyl character needed for reactivity, but the higher trans-influence X ligands are also shown to increase the S/T and S/Q gaps, thus making attainment of the needed T and Q states harder. The latter effect is dominant, and high trans-influence X ligands thus disfavor reaction. The higher reactivity in the presence of acid noted by Groves and co-workers is thus rationalized by the preference for having X = H2O over OH(-) or O(2-).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Balcells
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1, Universite Montpellier 2, cc-1501 Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
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Hay DC, Zhao D, Fletcher J, Hewitt ZA, McLean D, Urruticoechea-Uriguen A, Black JR, Elcombe C, Ross JA, Wolf R, Cui W. Efficient differentiation of hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells exhibiting markers recapitulating liver development in vivo. Stem Cells 2008; 26:894-902. [PMID: 18238852 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The potential to differentiate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in vitro to provide an unlimited source of human hepatocytes for use in biomedical research, drug discovery, and the treatment of liver diseases holds great promise. Here we describe a three-stage process for the efficient and reproducible differentiation of hESCs to hepatocytes by priming hESCs towards definitive endoderm with activin A and sodium butyrate prior to further differentiation to hepatocytes with dimethyl sulfoxide, followed by maturation with hepatocyte growth factor and oncostatin M. We have demonstrated that differentiation of hESCs in this process recapitulates liver development in vivo: following initial differentiation, hESCs transiently express characteristic markers of the primitive streak mesendoderm before turning to the markers of the definitive endoderm; with further differentiation, expression of hepatocyte progenitor cell markers and mature hepatocyte markers emerged sequentially. Furthermore, we have provided evidence that the hESC-derived hepatocytes are able to carry out a range of hepatocyte functions: storage of glycogen, and generation and secretion of plasma proteins. More importantly, the hESC-derived hepatocytes express several members of cytochrome P450 isozymes, and these P450 isozymes are capable of converting the substrates to metabolites and respond to the chemical stimulation. Our results have provided evidence that hESCs can be differentiated efficiently in vitro to functional hepatocytes, which may be useful as an in vitro system for toxicity screening in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Hay
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Du Cane Rd, London W12ONN, UK
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Marques HM. Insights into porphyrin chemistry provided by the microperoxidases, the haempeptides derived from cytochrome c. Dalton Trans 2007:4371-85. [PMID: 17909648 DOI: 10.1039/b710940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The water-soluble haem-containing peptides obtained by proteolytic digestion of cytochrome c, the microperoxidases, have been used to explore aspects of the chemistry of iron porphyrins, and as mimics for some reactions catalysed by the haemoproteins, including the reactions catalysed by the peroxidases and the cytochromes P450. The preparation of the microperoxidases, their physical and chemical properties including their electronic structure, the kinetics and thermodynamics of their reactions with ligands, electrochemical studies and examples of their uses as haemoproteins mimics, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder M Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
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Kühnel K, Derat E, Terner J, Shaik S, Schlichting I. Structure and quantum chemical characterization of chloroperoxidase compound 0, a common reaction intermediate of diverse heme enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 104:99-104. [PMID: 17190816 PMCID: PMC1765485 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606285103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the crystal structure of the chloroperoxidase (CPO) hydroperoxo reaction intermediate (CPO compound 0) at 1.75-A resolution. The intermediate was generated through controlled photoreduction of the CPO oxygen complex during x-ray data collection, which was monitored by recording of the crystal absorption spectra. Initially, the peroxo-anion species was formed and then protonated to yield compound 0. Quantum chemical calculations indicate that the peroxo-anion species is not stable and collapses instantaneously to compound 0. Compound 0 is present in the ferric low-spin doublet ground state and is characterized by a long O O bond length of 1.5 A and a Fe O bond distance of 1.8 A, which is also observed in the crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kühnel
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Etienne Derat
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - James Terner
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006
| | - Sason Shaik
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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35
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Feng H, An F, Zhang S, Ji Z, Ling HQ, Zuo J. Light-regulated, tissue-specific, and cell differentiation-specific expression of the Arabidopsis Fe(III)-chelate reductase gene AtFRO6. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:1345-54. [PMID: 16489134 PMCID: PMC1435798 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.074138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for almost all living organisms, actively involved in a variety of cellular activities. To acquire iron from soil, strategy I plants such as Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) must first reduce ferric to ferrous iron by Fe(III)-chelate reductases (FROs). FRO genes display distinctive expression patterns in several plant species. However, regulation of FRO genes is not well understood. Here, we report a systematic characterization of the AtFRO6 expression during plant growth and development. AtFRO6, encoding a putative FRO, is specifically expressed in green-aerial tissues in a light-dependent manner. Analysis of mutant promoter-beta-glucuronidase reporter genes in transgenic Arabidopsis plants revealed the presence of multiple light-responsive elements in the AtFRO6 promoter. These light-responsive elements may act synergistically to confer light responsiveness to the AtFRO6 promoter. Moreover, no AtFRO6 expression was detected in dedifferentiated green calli of the korrigan1-2 (kor1-2) mutant or undifferentiated calli derived from wild-type explants. Conversely, AtFRO6 is expressed in redifferentiated kor1-2 shoot-like structures and differentiating calli of wild-type explants. In addition, AtFRO7, but not AtFRO5 and AtFRO8, also shows a reduced expression level in kor1-2 green calli. These results suggest that whereas photosynthesis is necessary but not sufficient, both light and cell differentiation are necessary for AtFRO6 expression. We propose that AtFRO6 expression is light regulated in a tissue- or cell differentiation-specific manner to facilitate the acquisition of iron in response to distinctive developmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101
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De Sanctis G, Fasciglione GF, Marini S, Sinibaldi F, Santucci R, Monzani E, Dallacosta C, Casella L, Coletta M. pH-dependent redox and CO binding properties of chelated protoheme-l-histidine and protoheme-glycyl-l-histidine complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2005; 11:153-67. [PMID: 16341900 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-005-0060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pH dependence of redox properties, spectroscopic features and CO binding kinetics for the chelated protohemin-6(7)-L-histidine methyl ester (heme-H) and the chelated protohemin-6(7)-glycyl-L-histidine methyl ester (heme-GH) systems has been investigated between pH 2.0 and 12.0. The two heme systems appear to be modulated by four protonating groups, tentatively identified as coordinated H(2)O, one of heme's propionates, N(epsilon) of the coordinating imidazole, and the carboxylate of the histidine residue upon hydrolysis of the methyl ester group (in acid medium). The pK (a) values are different for the two hemes, thus reflecting structural differences. In particular, the different strain at the Fe-N(epsilon) bond, related to the different length of the coordinating arm, results in a dramatic alteration of the bond strength, which is much smaller in heme-H than in heme-GH. It leads to a variation in the variation of the pKa for the protonation of the N(epsilon) of the axial imidazole as well as in the proton-linked behavior of the other protonating groups, envisaging a cross-talk communication mechanism among different groups of the heme, which can be operative and relevant also in the presence of the protein matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero De Sanctis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Via F. Camerini 2, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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Arai T, Ishibashi K, Tomizaki KY, Kato T, Nishino N. Slipping of a histidine improved the peroxidase activity of a de novo designed polypeptide packing an iron porphyrin. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nilsson K, Hersleth HP, Rod TH, Andersson KK, Ryde U. The protonation status of compound II in myoglobin, studied by a combination of experimental data and quantum chemical calculations: quantum refinement. Biophys J 2004; 87:3437-47. [PMID: 15339813 PMCID: PMC1304810 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.041590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of met-myoglobin (FeIII) with H2O2 gives rise to ferryl myoglobin, which is closely related to compound II in peroxidases. Experimental studies have given conflicting results for this species. In particular, crystallographic and extended x-ray absorption fine-structure data have shown either a short (approximately 170 pm) or a longer (approximately 190 pm) Fe-O bond, indicating either a double or a single bond. We here present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of this species. In particular, we use quantum refinement to re-refine a crystal structure with a long bond, using 12 possible states of the active site. The states differ in the formal oxidation state of the iron ion and in the protonation of the oxygen ligand (O2-, OH-, or H2O) and the distal histidine residue (with a proton on Ndelta1, Nepsilon2, or on both atoms). Quantum refinement is essentially standard crystallographic refinement, where the molecular-mechanics potential, normally used to supplement the experimental data, is replaced by a quantum chemical calculation. Thereby, we obtain an accurate description of the active site in all the different protonation and oxidation states, and we can determine which of the 12 structures fit the experimental data best by comparing the crystallographic R-factors, electron-density maps, strain energies, and deviation from the ideal structure. The results indicate that FeIII OH- and FeIV OH- fit the experimental data almost equally well. These two states are appreciably better than the standard model of compound II, FeIV O2-. Combined with the available spectroscopic data, this indicates that compound II in myoglobin is protonated and is best described as FeIV OH-. It accepts a hydrogen bond from the distal His, which may be protonated at low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Nilsson
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Matsuura K, Tosha T, Yoshioka S, Takahashi S, Ishimori K, Morishima I. Structural and functional characterization of “laboratory evolved” cytochrome P450cam mutants showing enhanced naphthalene oxygenation activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 323:1209-15. [PMID: 15451425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate molecular mechanisms for the enhanced oxygenation activity in the three mutants of cytochrome P450cam screened by 'laboratory evolution' [Nature 399 (1999) 670], we purified the mutants and characterized their functional and structural properties. The electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectra revealed that the structures of heme binding site of all purified mutants were quite similar to that of the wild-type enzyme, although the fraction of the inactivated form, called "P420," was increased. In the reaction with H(2)O(2), only trace amounts of the naphthalene hydroxylation product were detected by gas chromatography. We, therefore, conclude that the three mutants do not exhibit significant changes in the structural and functional properties from those of wild-type P450cam except for the stability of the axial ligand in the reduced form. The enhanced fluorescence in the whole-cell assay would reflect enhancement in the oxygenation activity below the detectable limit of the gas chromatography and/or contributions of other reactions catalyzed by the heme iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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