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Watson WH, Jenks K, Whitworth C. A Circadian Rhythm of Visual Sensitivity in the American Lobster, Homarus americanus. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 243:353-358. [PMID: 36716484 DOI: 10.1086/721753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTo determine whether eyes of American lobsters (Homarus americanus) are more sensitive to light at night than during the day, electroretinograms were continuously recorded from 23 adult lobsters for at least 3 days (range: 3 to 9 days) in constant darkness. A green light-emitting diode, mounted 10 cm away from the eyes, was briefly flashed every 2 minutes to evoke the electroretinogram. The average increase in the response to a light flash, between the minimum during the subjective day and the maximum during the subjective night, was 105.6% ± 38.8%; and there was a statistically significant difference between day and night responses. This change in visual sensitivity took place while lobsters were held in constant darkness, suggesting that it was due to the influence of a circadian clock. The average period (tau) for the 10 animals that expressed significant circadian rhythms was 23.4 ± 0.8 hours. Previous studies have demonstrated that lobsters have circadian clocks that influence their locomotor activity; and the present data suggest that this is also true for their eyes, leading to an increase in their visual sensitivity at night, when they are typically most active.
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Gao X, Lin S, Zhang M, Lyu M, Liu Y, Luo X, You W, Ke C. Review: Use of Electrophysiological Techniques to Study Visual Functions of Aquatic Organisms. Front Physiol 2022; 13:798382. [PMID: 35153830 PMCID: PMC8829447 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.798382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The light environments of natural water sources have specific characteristics. For the majority of aquatic organisms, vision is crucial for predation, hiding from predators, communicating information, and reproduction. Electroretinography (ERG) is a diagnostic method used for assessing visual function. An electroretinogram records the comprehensive potential response of retinal cells under light stimuli and divides it into several components. Unique wave components are derived from different retinal cells, thus retinal function can be determined by analyzing these components. This review provides an overview of the milestones of ERG technology, describing how ERG is used to study visual sensitivity (e.g., spectral sensitivity, luminous sensitivity, and temporal resolution) of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and other aquatic organisms (seals, sea lions, sea turtles, horseshoe crabs, and jellyfish). In addition, it describes the correlations between visual sensitivity and habitat, the variation of visual sensitivity as a function of individual growth, and the diel cycle changes of visual sensitivity. Efforts to identify the visual sensitivity of different aquatic organisms are vital to understanding the environmental plasticity of biological evolution and for directing aquaculture, marine fishery, and ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shihui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingxin Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yafeng Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weiwei You
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Caihuan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Wei LL, Chen TT, Luo BY, Qiu GF. Evidences for Red Pigment Concentrating Hormone ( RPCH) and Beta-Pigment Dispersing Hormone ( β-PDH) Inducing Oocyte Meiotic Maturation in the Chinese Mitten Crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:802768. [PMID: 34975771 PMCID: PMC8716682 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.802768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Red pigment concentrating hormone (RPCH) and pigment dispersing hormone (PDH) are crustacean neuropeptides involved in broad physiological processes including body color changes, circadian rhythm, and ovarian growth. In this study, the full-length cDNA of RPCH and PDH were identified from the brain of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. The deduced RPCH and PDH mature peptides shared identical sequence to the adipokinetic hormone/RPCH peptides family and the β-PDH isoforms and were designated as Es-RPCH and Es-β-PDH, respectively. Es-RPCH and Es-β-PDH transcripts were distributed in the brain and eyestalks. The positive signals of Es-RPCH and Es-β-PDH were localized in the neuronal clusters 6, 8, 9, 10, and 17 of the brain as revealed by in situ hybridization. The expression level of Es-RPCH and Es-β-PDH mRNA in nervous tissues were all significantly increased at vitellogenic stage, and then decreased at the final meiotic maturation stage. The administrated with synthesized Es-RPCH peptide results in germinal vesicles shift toward the plasma membrane in vitellogenic oocyte, and significant decrease of the gonad-somatic index (GSI) and mean oocyte diameter as well as the expression of vitellogenin mRNA at 30 days post injection in vivo. Similar results were also found when injection of the Es-β-PDH peptide. In vitro culture demonstrated that Es-RPCH and Es-β-PDH induced germinal vesicle breakdown of the late vitellogenic oocytes. Comparative ovarian transcriptome analysis indicated that some reproduction/meiosis-related genes such as cdc2 kinase, cyclin B, 5-HT-R and retinoid-X receptor were significantly upregulated in response to Es-RPCH and Es-β-PDH treatments. Taken together, these results provided the evidence for the inductive effect of Es-RPCH and Es-β-PDH on the oocyte meiotic maturation in E. sinensis.
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Alexander JL, Oliphant A, Wilcockson DC, Brendler-Spaeth T, Dircksen H, Webster SG. Pigment Dispersing Factors and Their Cognate Receptors in a Crustacean Model, With New Insights Into Distinct Neurons and Their Functions. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:595648. [PMID: 33192283 PMCID: PMC7658428 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.595648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment dispersing factors (PDFs, or PDHs in crustaceans) form a structurally related group of neuropeptides found throughout the Ecdysozoa and were first discovered as pigmentary effector hormones in crustaceans. In insects PDFs fulfill crucial neuromodulatory roles, most notably as output regulators of the circadian system, underscoring their central position in physiological and behavioral organization of arthropods. Intriguingly, decapod crustaceans express multiple isoforms of PDH originating from separate genes, yet their differential functions are still to be determined. Here, we functionally define two PDH receptors in the crab Carcinus maenas and show them to be selectively activated by four PDH isoforms: PDHR 43673 was activated by PDH-1 and PDH-2 at low nanomolar doses whilst PDHR 41189 was activated by PDH-3 and an extended 20 residue e-PDH. Detailed examination of the anatomical distribution of all four peptides and their cognate receptors indicate that they likely perform different functions as secreted hormones and/or neuromodulators, with PDH-1 and its receptor 43,673 implicated in an authentic hormonal axis. PDH-2, PDH-3, and e-PDH were limited to non-neurohemal interneuronal sites in the CNS; PDHR 41189 was largely restricted to the nervous system suggesting a neuromodulatory function. Notably PDH-3 and e-PDH were without chromatophore dispersing activity. This is the first report which functionally defines a PDHR in an endocrine system in a crustacean and to indicate this and other putative roles of this physiologically pivotal peptide group in these organisms. Thus, our findings present opportunities to further examine the endocrine and circadian machinery in this important arthropod phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L. Alexander
- School of Natural Sciences, Brambell Laboratories, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Oliphant
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David C. Wilcockson
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Brendler-Spaeth
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon G. Webster
- School of Natural Sciences, Brambell Laboratories, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
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Martin C, Hering L, Metzendorf N, Hormann S, Kasten S, Fuhrmann S, Werckenthin A, Herberg FW, Stengl M, Mayer G. Analysis of Pigment-Dispersing Factor Neuropeptides and Their Receptor in a Velvet Worm. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:273. [PMID: 32477266 PMCID: PMC7235175 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides (PDFs) occur in a wide range of protostomes including ecdysozoans (= molting animals) and lophotrochozoans (mollusks, annelids, flatworms, and allies). Studies in insects revealed that PDFs play a role as coupling factors of circadian pacemaker cells, thereby controlling rest-activity rhythms. While the last common ancestor of protostomes most likely possessed only one pdf gene, two pdf homologs, pdf-I and pdf-II, might have been present in the last common ancestors of Ecdysozoa and Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda). One of these homologs, however, was subsequently lost in the tardigrade and arthropod lineages followed by independent duplications of pdf-I in tardigrades and decapod crustaceans. Due to the ancestral set of two pdf genes, the study of PDFs and their receptor (PDFR) in Onychophora might reveal the ancient organization and function of the PDF/PDFR system in panarthropods. Therefore, we deorphanized the PDF receptor and generated specific antibodies to localize the two PDF peptides and their receptor in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. We further conducted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments on cultured human cells (HEK293T) using an Epac-based sensor (Epac-L) to examine cAMP responses in transfected cells and to reveal potential differences in the interaction of PDF-I and PDF-II with PDFR from E. rowelli. These data show that PDF-II has a tenfold higher potency than PDF-I as an activating ligand. Double immunolabeling revealed that both peptides are co-expressed in E. rowelli but their respective levels of expression differ between specific cells: some neurons express the same amount of both peptides, while others exhibit higher levels of either PDF-I or PDF-II. The detection of the onychophoran PDF receptor in cells that additionally express the two PDF peptides suggests autoreception, whereas spatial separation of PDFR- and PDF-expressing cells supports hormonal release of PDF into the hemolymph. This suggests a dual role of PDF peptides-as hormones and as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators-in Onychophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Martin
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lars Hering
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Niklas Metzendorf
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sarah Hormann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sonja Kasten
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sonja Fuhrmann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Achim Werckenthin
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Monika Stengl
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Georg Mayer
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Treffkorn S, Mayer G. Expression of NK genes that are not part of the NK cluster in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli (Peripatopsidae). BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:7. [PMID: 30987579 PMCID: PMC6466738 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-019-0185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background NK genes are a group of homeobox transcription factors that are involved in various molecular pathways across bilaterians. They are typically divided into two subgroups, the NK cluster (NKC) and NK-linked genes (NKL). While the NKC genes have been studied in various bilaterians, corresponding data of many NKL genes are missing to date. To further investigate the ancestral roles of NK family genes, we analyzed the expression patterns of NKL genes in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. Results The NKL gene complement of E. rowelli comprises eight genes, including BarH, Bari, Emx, Hhex, Nedx, NK2.1, vax and NK2.2, of which only NK2.2 was studied previously. Our data for the remaining seven NKL genes revealed expression in different structures associated with the developing nervous system in embryos of E. rowelli. While NK2.1 and vax are expressed in distinct medial regions of the developing protocerebrum early in development, BarH, Bari, Emx, Hhex and Nedx are expressed in late developmental stages, after all major structures of the nervous system have been established. Furthermore, BarH and Nedx are expressed in distinct mesodermal domains in the developing limbs. Conclusions Comparison of our expression data to those of other bilaterians revealed similar patterns of NK2.1, vax, BarH and Emx in various aspects of neural development, such as the formation of anterior neurosecretory cells mediated by a conserved molecular mechanism including NK2.1 and vax, and the development of the central and peripheral nervous system involving BarH and Emx. A conserved role in neural development has also been reported from NK2.2, suggesting that the NKL genes might have been primarily involved in neural development in the last common ancestor of bilaterians or at least nephrozoans (all bilaterians excluding xenacoelomorphs). The lack of comparative data for many of the remaining NKL genes, including Bari, Hhex and Nedx currently hampers further evolutionary conclusions. Hence, future studies should focus on the expression of these genes in other bilaterians, which would provide a basis for comparative studies and might help to better understand the role of NK genes in the diversification of bilaterians. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-019-0185-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Treffkorn
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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Mendoza-Vargas L, Guarneros-Bañuelos E, Báez-Saldaña A, Galicia-Mendoza F, Flores-Soto E, Fuentes-Pardo B, Alvarado R, Valdés-Tovar M, Sommer B, Benítez-King G, Solís-Chagoyán H. Involvement of Melatonin in the Regulation of the Circadian System in Crayfish. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072147. [PMID: 30041485 PMCID: PMC6073447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL) is an ancient molecule, broadly distributed in nature from unicellular to multicellular species. MEL is an indoleamine that acts on a wide variety of cellular targets regulating different physiological functions. This review is focused on the role played by this molecule in the regulation of the circadian rhythms in crayfish. In these species, information about internal and external time progression might be transmitted by the periodical release of MEL and other endocrine signals acting through the pacemaker. We describe documented and original evidence in support of this hypothesis that also suggests that the rhythmic release of MEL contributes to the reinforcement of the temporal organization of nocturnal or diurnal circadian oscillators. Finally, we discuss how MEL might coordinate functions that converge in the performance of complex behaviors, such as the agonistic responses to establish social dominance status in Procambarus clarkii and the burrowing behavior in the secondary digging crayfish P. acanthophorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Mendoza-Vargas
- Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco (UAM-Xochimilco), 04960 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Guarneros-Bañuelos
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Armida Báez-Saldaña
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Fabiola Galicia-Mendoza
- Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco (UAM-Xochimilco), 04960 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Edgar Flores-Soto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Fuentes-Pardo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ramón Alvarado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Valdés-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, 14370 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Bettina Sommer
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, 14080 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Gloria Benítez-King
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, 14370 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Héctor Solís-Chagoyán
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, 14370 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Hernández OH. Circadian rhythms of omitted stimulus potentials in the crayfish brain. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1336885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernando Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, México
- Hospital General de Especialidades “Dr. Javier Buenfil Osorio”, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, México
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9
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Desensitization and recovery of crayfish photoreceptors. Dependency on circadian time, and pigment-dispersing hormone. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:297-303. [PMID: 27783925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we studied the characteristics of recovery from desensitization of the light-elicited current of crayfish. Applying a two-flash protocol, we found that the first flash triggers a current that activates with a noticeable latency, reaches a peak value, and thereafter decays along a single exponential time course. In comparison with the first-elicited current, the current elicited by the second flash not only presents an expected smaller peak current, depending on the time between flashes, but it also displays a different latency and decay time constant. Recovery of the first flash values of these current parameters depends on the circadian time at which the experiments are conducted, and on the presence of pigment-dispersing hormone. Our data also suggest the existence of distinctive desensitized states, whose induction depends on circadian time and the presence of pigment-dispersing hormone.
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10
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Buckley SJ, Fitzgibbon QP, Smith GG, Ventura T. In silico prediction of the G-protein coupled receptors expressed during the metamorphic molt of Sagmariasus verreauxi (Crustacea: Decapoda) by mining transcriptomic data: RNA-seq to repertoire. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 228:111-127. [PMID: 26850661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Against a backdrop of food insecurity, the farming of decapod crustaceans is a rapidly expanding and globally significant source of food protein. Sagmariasus verreauxi spiny lobster, the subject of this study, are decapods of underdeveloped aquaculture potential. Crustacean neuropeptide G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate endocrine pathways that are integral to animal fecundity, growth and survival. The potential use of novel biotechnologies to enhance GPCR-mediated physiology may assist in improving the health and productivity of farmed decapod populations. This study catalogues the GPCRs expressed in the early developmental stages, as well as adult tissues, with a view to illuminating key neuropeptide receptors. De novo assembled contiguous sequences generated from transcriptomic reads of metamorphic and post metamorphic S. verreauxi were filtered for seven transmembrane domains, and used as a reference for iterative re-mapping. Subsequent putative GPCR open reading frames (ORFs) were BLAST annotated, categorised, and compared to published orthologues based on phylogenetic analysis. A total of 85 GPCRs were digitally predicted, that represented each of the four arthropod subfamilies. They generally displayed low-level and non-differential metamorphic expression with few exceptions that we examined using RT-PCR and qPCR. Two putative CHH-like neuropeptide receptors were annotated. Three dimensional structural modelling suggests that these receptors exhibit a conserved extracellular ligand binding pocket, providing support to the notion that these receptors co-evolved with their ligands across Decapoda. This perhaps narrows the search for means to increase productivity of farmed decapod populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Buckley
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Fisheries and Aquaculture, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory G Smith
- Fisheries and Aquaculture, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland 4558, Australia.
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Mayer G, Hering L, Stosch JM, Stevenson PA, Dircksen H. Evolution of pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides in panarthropoda: Insights from onychophora (velvet worms) and tardigrada (water bears). J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1865-85. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Mayer
- Animal Evolution and Development; Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig; D-04103 Leipzig Germany
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Biology, University of Kassel; D-34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Lars Hering
- Animal Evolution and Development; Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig; D-04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Juliane M. Stosch
- Animal Evolution and Development; Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig; D-04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Paul A. Stevenson
- Physiology of Animals and Behavior; Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig; D-04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Heinrich Dircksen
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; S-10691 Stockholm Sweden
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12
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Huang X, Ye H, Huang H, Yu K, Huang Y. Two beta-pigment-dispersing hormone (β-PDH) isoforms in the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain: implication for regulation of ovarian maturation and a photoperiod-related daily rhythmicity. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 150:139-47. [PMID: 25262380 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In crustaceans, the neuropeptide pigment dispersing hormone (PDH), including α- and β-PDH, is mainly involved in color changes related to the dispersion of integumental pigments and shielding pigments in the compound eye. In this study, we cloned two β-PDH isoforms in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain (termed Sp-β-PDH-I and II, respectively). The tissue distribution analysis in the females showed that Sp-β-PDH-I was mainly expressed in the eyestalk and to a much lesser extent in the brain, thoracic ganglion and ovary; however, Sp-β-PDH-II was exclusively distributed in the eyestalk. From there, we detected Sp-β-PDHs expression levels in the eyestalks (for Sp-β-PDH-I and II) and ovaries (for Sp-β-PDH-I) at different stages of ovarian development. The expression of Sp-β-PDH-I was consistent between the eyestalk and ovary; it maintained high levels from the pre-vitellogenic stage to the vitellogenic stage and then decreased significantly during the mature stage. By contrast, Sp-β-PDH-II expression levels were high only during the vitellogenic stage and significantly lower during the pre-vitellogenic and mature stages. Additionally daily expression analysis of the first stage crabs during the 24-h period showed that the expression level of Sp-β-PDH-II had an obvious daily rhythmicity and bright light could inhibit Sp-β-PDHs expressions. Moreover, photoresponses of Sp-β-PDHs further indicated that the daily rhythmicity was closely regulated by photoperiods. The combined results suggested for the first time that PDH is involved in regulating ovarian maturation in crustaceans and that a photoperiod-related daily rhythmicity of PDH exists in the juvenile crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuai Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haihui Ye
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Huiyang Huang
- Center for Marine Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kun Yu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yiyue Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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13
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Toullec JY, Corre E, Bernay B, Thorne MAS, Cascella K, Ollivaux C, Henry J, Clark MS. Transcriptome and peptidome characterisation of the main neuropeptides and peptidic hormones of a euphausiid: the Ice Krill, Euphausia crystallorophias. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71609. [PMID: 23990964 PMCID: PMC3749230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ice krill, Euphausia crystallorophias is one of the species at the base of the Southern Ocean food chain. Given their significant contribution to the biomass of the Southern Ocean, it is vitally important to gain a better understanding of their physiology and, in particular, anticipate their responses to climate change effects in the warming seas around Antarctica. Methodology/Principal Findings Illumina sequencing was used to produce a transcriptome of the ice krill. Analysis of the assembled contigs via two different methods, produced 36 new pre-pro-peptides, coding for 61 neuropeptides or peptide hormones belonging to the following families: Allatostatins (A, B et C), Bursicon (α and β), Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormones (CHH and MIH/VIHs), Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide (CCAP), Corazonin, Diuretic Hormones (DH), the Eclosion Hormone (EH), Neuroparsin, Neuropeptide F (NPF), small Neuropeptide F (sNPF), Pigment Dispersing Hormone (PDH), Red Pigment Concentrating Hormone (RPCH) and finally Tachykinin. LC/MS/MS proteomics was also carried out on eyestalk extracts, which are the major site of neuropeptide synthesis in decapod crustaceans. Results confirmed the presence of six neuropeptides and six precursor-related peptides previously identified in the transcriptome analyses. Conclusions This study represents the first comprehensive analysis of neuropeptide hormones in a Eucarida non-decapod Malacostraca, several of which are described for the first time in a non-decapod crustacean. Additionally, there is a potential expansion of PDH and Neuropeptide F family members, which may reflect certain life history traits such as circadian rhythms associated with diurnal migrations and also the confirmation via mass spectrometry of several novel pre-pro-peptides, of unknown function. Knowledge of these essential hormones provides a vital framework for understanding the physiological response of this key Southern Ocean species to climate change and provides a valuable resource for studies into the molecular phylogeny of these organisms and the evolution of neuropeptide hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Toullec
- UPMC University of Paris 06, UMR 7144 CNRS, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Erwan Corre
- UPMC University of Paris 06, FR 2424 CNRS, ABiMS, Analysis and Bioinformatics for Marine Science, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Benoît Bernay
- University of Caen Basse Normandie, FRE 3484 CNRS, Biologie des Mollusques Marins et des Ecosystèmes Associés, Caen, France
- University of Caen Basse Normandie, Plateforme PROTEOGEN, Caen, France, SF ICORE 4206
| | - Michael A. S. Thorne
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kévin Cascella
- UPMC University of Paris 06, UMR 7144 CNRS, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Céline Ollivaux
- UPMC University of Paris 06, UMR 7150 CNRS, Mer et Santé, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7150, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, UEB, France
| | - Joël Henry
- University of Caen Basse Normandie, FRE 3484 CNRS, Biologie des Mollusques Marins et des Ecosystèmes Associés, Caen, France
- University of Caen Basse Normandie, Plateforme PROTEOGEN, Caen, France, SF ICORE 4206
| | - Melody S. Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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14
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Tomina Y, Kibayashi A, Yoshii T, Takahata M. Chronic electromyographic analysis of circadian locomotor activity in crayfish. Behav Brain Res 2013; 249:90-103. [PMID: 23631885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Animals generally exhibit circadian rhythms of locomotor activity. They initiate locomotor behavior not only reflexively in response to external stimuli but also spontaneously in the absence of any specific stimulus. The neuronal mechanisms underlying circadian locomotor activity can, therefore, be based on the rhythmic changes in either reflexive efficacy or endogenous activity. In crayfish Procambarus clarkii, it can be determined by analyzing electromyographic (EMG) patterns of walking legs whether the walking behavior is initiated reflexively or spontaneously. In this study, we examined quantitatively the leg muscle activity that underlies the locomotor behavior showing circadian rhythms in crayfish. We newly developed a chronic EMG recording system that allowed the animal to freely behave under a tethered condition for more than 10 days. In the LD condition in which the animals exhibited LD entrainment, the rhythmic burst activity of leg muscles for stepping behavior was preceded by non-rhythmic tonic activation that lasted for 1323±488ms when the animal initiated walking. In DD and LL free-running conditions, the pre-burst activation lasted for 1779±31 and 1517±39ms respectively. In the mechanical stimulus-evoked walking, the pre-burst activation ended within 79±6ms. These data suggest that periodic changes in the crayfish locomotor activity under the condition of LD entrainment or free-running are based on activity changes in the spontaneous initiation mechanism of walking behavior rather than those in the sensori-motor pathway connecting mechanoreceptors with leg movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tomina
- Animal Behavior and Intelligence, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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15
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Watthanasurorot A, Saelee N, Phongdara A, Roytrakul S, Jiravanichpaisal P, Söderhäll K, Söderhäll I. Astakine 2--the dark knight linking melatonin to circadian regulation in crustaceans. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003361. [PMID: 23555281 PMCID: PMC3605217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily, circadian rhythms influence essentially all living organisms and affect many physiological processes from sleep and nutrition to immunity. This ability to respond to environmental daily rhythms has been conserved along evolution, and it is found among species from bacteria to mammals. The hematopoietic process of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus is under circadian control and is tightly regulated by astakines, a new family of cytokines sharing a prokineticin (PROK) domain. The expression of AST1 and AST2 are light-dependent, and this suggests an evolutionarily conserved function for PROK domain proteins in mediating circadian rhythms. Vertebrate PROKs are transmitters of circadian rhythms of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain of mammals, but the mechanism by which they function is unknown. Here we demonstrate that high AST2 expression is induced by melatonin in the brain. We identify RACK1 as a binding protein of AST2 and further provide evidence that a complex between AST2 and RACK1 functions as a negative-feedback regulator of the circadian clock. By DNA mobility shift assay, we showed that the AST2-RACK1 complex will interfere with the binding between BMAL1 and CLK and inhibit the E-box binding activity of the complex BMAL1-CLK. Finally, we demonstrate by gene knockdown that AST2 is necessary for melatonin-induced inhibition of the complex formation between BMAL1 and CLK during the dark period. In summary, we provide evidence that melatonin regulates AST2 expression and thereby affects the core clock of the crustacean brain. This process may be very important in all animals that have AST2 molecules, i.e. spiders, ticks, crustaceans, scorpions, several insect groups such as Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, and Blattodea, but not Diptera and Coleoptera. Our findings further reveal an ancient evolutionary role for the prokineticin superfamily protein that links melatonin to direct regulation of the core clock gene feedback loops. Most living organisms are able to sense the time and in particular time of day by their internal clocks. So-called clock proteins control these internal clockworks. BMAL1 and CLK are two important clock proteins, which together form a complex that serves as a transcription factor and controls the production of diurnal proteins. These diurnal proteins, in turn, inhibit the formation of clock proteins so that the concentration of the different proteins in the cell oscillates back and forth throughout the day. External factors may affect the balance of clock proteins, and one such important factor is light. Melatonin is a darkness hormone produced in the brain of most animals during the night, and here we show that melatonin controls the formation of a protein named AST2 in crayfish. AST2 belongs to a group of proteins found in many arthropods, such as spiders, scorpions, crustaceans, and some insects, whose function has been unknown until now. Now we demonstrate that AST2 is induced by melatonin at night and then functions in the internal biological clock by preventing BMAL1 and CLK to form a complex. In this way, AST2 acts as a link between melatonin and the internal biological clock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Netnapa Saelee
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amornrat Phongdara
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), NSTDA, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Pikul Jiravanichpaisal
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), NSTDA, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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16
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Pigment dispersing hormone modulates spontaneous electrical activity of the cerebroid ganglion and synchronizes electroretinogram circadian rhythm in crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 161:450-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Grabek KR, Chabot CC. Daily Rhythms of PERIOD protein in the eyestalk of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. MARINE AND FRESHWATER BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 45:269-279. [PMID: 23487569 PMCID: PMC3593242 DOI: 10.1080/10236244.2012.730209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The daily rhythm of PERIOD protein (PER) expression is an integral component of the circadian clock, which is found among a broad range of animal species including fruit flies, marine mollusks and even humans. The use of antibodies directed against PER has provided a helpful tool in the discovery of PER homologues and the labeling of putative pacemaker cells, especially in animals for which an annotated genome is not readily available. In this study, DrosophilaPER antibodies were used to probe for PER in the American lobster, Homarus americanus. This species exhibits robust endogenous circadian rhythms but the circadian clock has yet to be located or characterized. PER was detected in the eyestalks of the lobster but not in the brain. Furthermore, a significant effect of the LD cycle on daily PER abundance was identified, and PER was significantly more abundant at mid dark than in early light or mid light hours. Our results suggest that PER is a part of the molecular machinery of the circadian clock located in the eyestalk of the lobster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine R Grabek
- Human Medical Genetics Program, Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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18
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Danilenko KV, Plisov IL, Cooper HM, Wirz-Justice A, Hébert M. Human Cone Light Sensitivity and Melatonin Rhythms Following 24-hour Continuous Illumination. Chronobiol Int 2011; 28:407-14. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2011.567425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Wilcockson DC, Zhang L, Hastings MH, Kyriacou CP, Webster SG. A novel form of pigment-dispersing hormone in the central nervous system of the intertidal marine isopod, Eurydice pulchra (leach). J Comp Neurol 2010; 519:562-75. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Effect of pigment dispersing hormone on the electrical activity of crayfish visual photoreceptors during the 24-h cycle. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 157:338-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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21
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Christie AE, Stemmler EA, Dickinson PS. Crustacean neuropeptides. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:4135-69. [PMID: 20725764 PMCID: PMC11115526 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Crustaceans have long been used for peptide research. For example, the process of neurosecretion was first formally demonstrated in the crustacean X-organ-sinus gland system, and the first fully characterized invertebrate neuropeptide was from a shrimp. Moreover, the crustacean stomatogastric and cardiac nervous systems have long served as models for understanding the general principles governing neural circuit functioning, including modulation by peptides. Here, we review the basic biology of crustacean neuropeptides, discuss methodologies currently driving their discovery, provide an overview of the known families, and summarize recent data on their control of physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Christie
- Program in Neuroscience, John W. and Jean C. Boylan Center for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Old Bar Harbor Road, P.O. Box 35, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA.
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22
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Meelkop E, Temmerman L, Schoofs L, Janssen T. Signalling through pigment dispersing hormone-like peptides in invertebrates. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 93:125-47. [PMID: 21040756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During recent decades, several research teams engaged in unraveling the molecular structure and the physiological significance of pigment dispersing hormone-like peptides, particularly with respect to colour change and biological rhythms. In this review, we first summarise the entire history of pigment dispersing hormone-like peptide research, thus providing a stepping stone for those who are curious about this growing area of interest. Next, we try to bring order in the plethora of experimental data on the molecular structure of the various peptides and receptors and also discuss immunolocalization, time-related expression and suggested functions in crustaceans, insects and nematodes. In addition, a brief comparison with the vertebrate system is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meelkop
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Zoological Institute, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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23
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MT2-like melatonin receptor modulates amplitude receptor potential in visual cells of crayfish during a 24-hour cycle. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 154:486-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Sullivan JM, Genco MC, Marlow ED, Benton JL, Beltz BS, Sandeman DC. Brain photoreceptor pathways contributing to circadian rhythmicity in crayfish. Chronobiol Int 2009; 26:1136-68. [PMID: 19731110 DOI: 10.3109/07420520903217960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater crayfish have three known photoreceptive systems: the compound eyes, extraretinal brain photoreceptors, and caudal photoreceptors. The primary goal of the work described here was to explore the contribution of the brain photoreceptors to circadian locomotory activity and define some of the underlying neural pathways. Immunocytochemical studies of the brain photoreceptors in the parastacid (southern hemisphere) crayfish Cherax destructor reveal their expression of the blue light-sensitive photopigment cryptochrome and the neurotransmitter histamine. The brain photoreceptors project to two small protocerebral neuropils, the brain photoreceptor neuropils (BPNs), where they terminate among fibers expressing the neuropeptide pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH), a signaling molecule in arthropod circadian systems. Comparable pathways are also described in the astacid (northern hemisphere) crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Despite exhibiting markedly different diurnal locomotor activity rhythms, removal of the compound eyes and caudal photoreceptors in both C. destructor and P. clarkii (leaving the brain photoreceptors intact) does not abolish the normal light/dark activity cycle in either species, nor prevent the entrainment of their activity cycles to phase shifts of the light/dark period. These results suggest, therefore, that crayfish brain photoreceptors are sufficient for the entrainment of locomotor activity rhythms to photic stimuli, and that they can act in the absence of the compound eyes and caudal photoreceptors. We also demonstrate that the intensity of PDH expression in the BPNs varies in phase with the locomotor activity rhythm of both crayfish species. Together, these findings suggest that the brain photoreceptor cells can function as extraretinal circadian photoreceptors and that the BPN represents part of an entrainment pathway synchronizing locomotor activity to environmental light/dark cycles, and implicating the neuropeptide PDH in these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Sullivan
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, USA
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25
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HELFRICH-FÖRSTER C. Neuropeptide PDF plays multiple roles in the circadian clock ofDrosophila melanogaster. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2009.00408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Harzsch S, Dircksen H, Beltz BS. Development of pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons in the American lobster: homology to the insect circadian pacemaker system? Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:417-29. [PMID: 19034522 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the development of pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH)-immunoreactive neurons in embryos of the American lobster Homarus americanus Milne Edwards, 1837 (Decapoda, Reptantia, Homarida) by using an antiserum against beta-PDH. This peptide is detectable in the terminal medulla of the eyestalks and the protocerebrum where PDH immunoreactivity is present as early as 20% of embryonic development. During ontogenesis, an elaborate system of PDH-immunoreactive neurons and fibres develops in the eyestalks and the protocerebrum, whereas less labelling is present in the deuto- and tritocerebrum and the ventral nerve cord. The sinus gland is innervated by PDH neurites at hatching. This pattern of PDH immunoreactivity has been compared with that found in various insect species. Neurons immunoreactive to pigment-dispersing factor in the medulla have been shown to be a central component of the system that generates the circadian rhythm in insects. Our results indicate that, in view of the position of the neuronal somata and projection patterns of their neurites, the immunolabelled medulla neurons in insects have homologous counterparts in the crustacean eyestalk. Since locomotory and other activities in crustaceans follow distinct circadian rhythms comparable with those observed in insects, we suggest that PDH-immunoreactive medulla neurons in crustaceans are involved in the generation of these rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Harzsch
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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27
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Solís-Chagoyán H, Mendoza-Vargas L, Fuentes-Pardo B. Melatonin modulates the ERG circadian rhythm in crayfish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 149:373-9. [PMID: 18313959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important functions modulated by melatonin is the synchronization of circadian rhythms. In crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), we have obtained evidence that the amplitude of the electrical response to light of the retinal photoreceptors the receptor potential, is modified by the action of melatonin and that the magnitude of this action depends on the circadian time of melatonin application. In contrast, the electroretinogram (ERG) circadian rhythm can be synchronized by either single or periodic melatonin application. In this work we hypothesized that, in crayfish, melatonin acts on effectors and on pacemaker of ERG circadian rhythm as a non-photic synchronizer. Melatonin could be a hormone that sends a signal of darkness to the ERG circadian system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Solís-Chagoyán
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
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