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Bhole RP, Chikhale RV, Rathi KM. Current biomarkers and treatment strategies in Alzheimer disease: An overview and future perspectives. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:8-42. [PMID: 38169888 PMCID: PMC10758887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive degenerative disorder first identified by Alois Alzheimer in 1907, poses a significant public health challenge. Despite its prevalence and impact, there is currently no definitive ante mortem diagnosis for AD pathogenesis. By 2050, the United States may face a staggering 13.8 million AD patients. This review provides a concise summary of current AD biomarkers, available treatments, and potential future therapeutic approaches. The review begins by outlining existing drug targets and mechanisms in AD, along with a discussion of current treatment options. We explore various approaches targeting Amyloid β (Aβ), Tau Protein aggregation, Tau Kinases, Glycogen Synthase kinase-3β, CDK-5 inhibitors, Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), oxidative stress, inflammation, metals, Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) modulators, and Notch signaling. Additionally, we examine the historical use of Estradiol (E2) as an AD therapy, as well as the outcomes of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that evaluated antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as alternative treatment options. Notably, positive effects of docosahexaenoic acid nutriment in older adults with cognitive impairment or AD are highlighted. Furthermore, this review offers insights into ongoing clinical trials and potential therapies, shedding light on the dynamic research landscape in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh P. Bhole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | | | - Karishma M. Rathi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
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de Sena Murteira Pinheiro P, Franco LS, Montagnoli TL, Fraga CAM. Molecular hybridization: a powerful tool for multitarget drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:451-470. [PMID: 38456452 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2322990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current drug discovery paradigm of 'one drug, multiple targets' has gained attention from both the academic medicinal chemistry community and the pharmaceutical industry. This is in response to the urgent need for effective agents to treat multifactorial chronic diseases. The molecular hybridization strategy is a useful tool that has been widely explored, particularly in the last two decades, for the design of multi-target drugs. AREAS COVERED This review examines the current state of molecular hybridization in guiding the discovery of multitarget small molecules. The article discusses the design strategies and target selection for a multitarget polypharmacology approach to treat various diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, cardiac arrhythmia, endometriosis, and inflammatory diseases. EXPERT OPINION Although the examples discussed highlight the importance of molecular hybridization for the discovery of multitarget bioactive compounds, it is notorious that the literature has focused on specific classes of targets. This may be due to a deep understanding of the pharmacophore features required for target binding, making targets such as histone deacetylases and cholinesterases frequent starting points. However, it is important to encourage the scientific community to explore diverse combinations of targets using the molecular hybridization strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro de Sena Murteira Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva Franco
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Lima Montagnoli
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Manssour Fraga
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Pathak C, Kabra UD. A comprehensive review of multi-target directed ligands in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107152. [PMID: 38290187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting specifically older population. AD is an irreversible neurodegenerative CNS disorder associated with complex pathophysiology. Presently, the USFDA has approved only four drugs viz. Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Memantine, and Galantamine for the treatment of AD. These drugs exhibit their neuroprotective effects either by inhibiting cholinesterase enzyme (ChE) or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. However, the conventional therapy "one target, one molecule" has failed to provide promising therapeutic effects due to the multifactorial nature of AD. This triggered the development of a novel strategy called Multi-Target Directed Ligand (MTDL) which involved designing one molecule that acts on multiple targets simultaneously. The present review discusses the detailed pathology involved in AD and the various MTDL design strategies bearing different heterocycles, in vitro and in vivo activities of the compounds, and their corresponding structure-activity relationships. This knowledge will allow us to identify and design more effective MTDLs for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Uma D Kabra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
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Fields M, Marcuzzi A, Gonelli A, Celeghini C, Maximova N, Rimondi E. Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants, an Innovative Class of Antioxidant Compounds for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Perspectives and Limitations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043739. [PMID: 36835150 PMCID: PMC9960436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases comprise a wide spectrum of pathologies characterized by progressive loss of neuronal functions and structures. Despite having different genetic backgrounds and etiology, in recent years, many studies have highlighted a point of convergence in the mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration: mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been observed in different pathologies, and their detrimental effects on neurons contribute to the exacerbation of the pathological phenotype at various degrees. In this context, increasing relevance has been acquired by antioxidant therapies, with the purpose of restoring mitochondrial functions in order to revert the neuronal damage. However, conventional antioxidants were not able to specifically accumulate in diseased mitochondria, often eliciting harmful effects on the whole body. In the last decades, novel, precise, mitochondria-targeted antioxidant (MTA) compounds have been developed and studied, both in vitro and in vivo, to address the need to counter the oxidative stress in mitochondria and restore the energy supply and membrane potentials in neurons. In this review, we focus on the activity and therapeutic perspectives of MitoQ, SkQ1, MitoVitE and MitoTEMPO, the most studied compounds belonging to the class of MTA conjugated to lipophilic cations, in order to reach the mitochondrial compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fields
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Celeghini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Natalia Maximova
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Cryptotanshinone Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Reduces the Level of Abnormally Aggregated Protein in Caenorhabditis elegans AD Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710030. [PMID: 36077432 PMCID: PMC9456502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the leading causes of dementia. As the first common neurodegenerative disease, there are no effective drugs that can reverse the progression. The present study is to report the anti-AD effect of cryptotanshinone (CTS), a natural product isolated from Salvia castanea. It is found that it can alleviate AD-like features associated with Aβ1-42 toxicity in muscle cells as well as neuronal cells of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Further studies showed that CTS reduced the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in nematodes, up-regulated the expression of sod-3, and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity. Cryptotanshinone reduced the level of Aβ monomers and highly toxic oligomers in C. elegans while inhibiting the abnormal aggregation of polyglutamine protein. In addition, CTS upregulated the expression of hsp-16.2 and downregulated the expression of ace-2. These results suggested that CTS could alleviate oxidative stress and reduce the level of abnormally aggregated proteins and has the potential to be developed as an anti-AD drug candidate.
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Dias Viegas FP, Gontijo VS, de Freitas Silva M, Cristancho Ortiz CJ, Franco GDRR, Ernesto JT, Damasio CM, Fernandes Silva IM, Campos TG, Viegas C. Curcumin, Resveratrol and Cannabidiol as Natural Key Prototypes in Drug Design for Neuroprotective Agents. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1297-1328. [PMID: 34825873 PMCID: PMC9881080 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210712152532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), represent a great challenge in different scientific fields, such as neuropharmacology, medicinal chemistry, molecular biology and medicine, as all these pathologies remain incurable, with high socioeconomic impacts and high costs for governmental health services. Due to their severity and multifactorial pathophysiological complexity, the available approved drugs for clinic have not yet shown adequate effectiveness and exhibited very restricted options in the therapeutic arsenal; this highlights the need for continued drug discovery efforts in the academia and industry. In this context, natural products, such as curcumin (1), resveratrol (2) and cannabidiol (CBD, 3) have been recognized as important sources, with promising chemical entities, prototype models and starting materials for medicinal organic chemistry, as their molecular architecture, multifunctional properties and single chemical diversity could facilitate the discovery, optimization and development of innovative drug candidates with improved pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics compared to the known drugs and, perhaps, provide a chance for discovering novel effective drugs to combat NDs. In this review, we report the most recent efforts of medicinal chemists worldwide devoted to the exploration of curcumin (1), resveratrol (2) and cannabidiol (CBD, 3) as starting materials or privileged scaffolds in the design of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) with potential therapeutic properties against NDs, which have been published in the scientific literature during the last 10 years of research and are available in PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia P. Dias Viegas
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Silva Gontijo
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil;
| | - Matheus de Freitas Silva
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Cindy Juliet Cristancho Ortiz
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Graziella dos Reis Rosa Franco
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Januário Tomás Ernesto
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil;
| | - Caio Miranda Damasio
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil;
| | - Isabela Marie Fernandes Silva
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil;
| | - Thâmara Gaspar Campos
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil;
| | - Claudio Viegas
- PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Alfenas, Brazil,Address correspondence to this author at the PeQuiM - Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil; Tel: +55 35 37011880; E-mail:
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Dysfunction of Mitochondria in Alzheimer’s Disease: ANT and VDAC Interact with Toxic Proteins and Aid to Determine the Fate of Brain Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147722. [PMID: 35887070 PMCID: PMC9316216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), certainly the most widespread proteinopathy, has as classical neuropathological hallmarks, two groups of protein aggregates: senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. However, the research interest is rapidly gaining ground in a better understanding of other pathological features, first, of all the mitochondrial dysfunctions. Several pieces of evidence support the hypothesis that abnormal mitochondrial function may trigger aberrant processing of amyloid progenitor protein or tau and thus neurodegeneration. Here, our aim is to emphasize the role played by two ‘bioenergetic’ proteins inserted in the mitochondrial membranes, inner and outer, respectively, that is, the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) and the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), in the progression of AD. To perform this, we will magnify the ANT and VDAC defects, which are measurable hallmarks of mitochondrial dysfunction, and collect all the existing information on their interaction with toxic Alzheimer’s proteins. The pathological convergence of tau and amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) on mitochondria may finally explain why the therapeutic strategies used against the toxic forms of Aβ or tau have not given promising results separately. Furthermore, the crucial role of ANT-1 and VDAC impairment in the onset/progression of AD opens a window for new therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving/improving mitochondrial function, which is suspected to be the driving force leading to plaque and tangle deposition in AD.
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Haghighijoo Z, Zamani L, Moosavi F, Emami S. Therapeutic potential of quinazoline derivatives for Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113949. [PMID: 34742016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quinazolines are considered as a promising class of bioactive heterocyclic compounds with broad properties. Particularly, the quinazoline scaffold has an impressive role in the design and synthesis of new CNS-active drugs. The drug-like properties and pharmacological characteristics of quinazoline could lead to different drugs with various targets. Among CNS disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with memory loss, cognitive decline and language dysfunction. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease therefore, the need for finding multi-target drugs against this devastative disease is urgent. A literature survey revealed that quinazoline derivatives have diverse therapeutic potential for AD as modulators/inhibitors of β-amyloid, tau protein, cholinesterases, monoamine oxidases, and phosphodiesterases as well as other protective effects. Thus, we describe here the most relevant and recent studies about anti-AD agents with quinazoline structure which can further aid the development and discovery of new anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Haghighijoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA
| | - Leila Zamani
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Anticholinesterase Activity of Eight Medicinal Plant Species: In Vitro and In Silico Studies in the Search for Therapeutic Agents against Alzheimer's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9995614. [PMID: 34257698 PMCID: PMC8260289 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9995614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Many Bangladeshi medicinal plants have been used to treat Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, the anticholinesterase effects of eight selected Bangladeshi medicinal plant species were investigated. Species were selected based on the traditional uses against CNS-related diseases. Extracts were prepared using a gentle cold extraction method. In vitro cholinesterase inhibitory effects were measured by Ellman's method in 96-well microplates. Blumea lacera (Compositae) and Cyclea barbata (Menispermaceae) were found to have the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (IC50, 150 ± 11 and 176 ± 14 µg/mL, respectively) and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effect (IC50, 297 ± 13 and 124 ± 2 µg/mL, respectively). Cyclea barbata demonstrated competitive inhibition, where Blumea lacera showed an uncompetitive inhibition mode for acetylcholinesterase. Smilax guianensis (Smilacaceae) and Byttneria pilosa (Malvaceae) were also found to show moderate AChE inhibition (IC50, 205 ± 31 and 221 ± 2 µg/mL, respectively), although no significant BChE inhibitory effect was observed for extracts from these plant species. Among others, Thunbergia grandiflora (Acanthaceae) and Mikania micrantha (Compositae) were found to display noticeable AChE (IC50, 252 ± 22 µg/mL) and BChE (IC50, 314 ± 15 µg/mL) inhibitory effects, respectively. Molecular docking experiment suggested that compounds 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone (BL4) and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1⟶6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (BL5) from Blumea lacera bound stably to the binding groove of the AChE and BChE by hydrogen-bond interactions, respectively. Therefore, these compounds could be candidates for cholinesterase inhibitors. The present findings demonstrated that Blumea lacera and Cyclea barbata are interesting objects for further studies aiming at future therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease.
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Ateş İO, Evren AE, Sağlik BN, Yurttaş L. New indane derivatives containing 2-hydrazinothiazole as potential acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors. Z NATURFORSCH C 2021; 76:417-424. [PMID: 34047146 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2021-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although radical treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease is not possible yet, it is aimed to slow the course of the disease and increase the life quality of individuals with the drugs used in the clinic at the present time. Successful results have been achieved in the use of cholinesterase inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors together in these neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, indane ring which are in the structure of anticholinesterase effective molecules and 2-hydrazinothiazole structure whose inhibitory activities reported on monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) were combined; 4-(substituted phenyl)-2-[2-(3-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene) hydrazinyl]thiazole derivatives (3a-3i) were synthesized as dual inhibitors. The structures of the compounds were verified by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS spectroscopy. When enzyme inhibition activities were evaluated, it was determined that the compounds 3a (42.33%) and 3d (42.39%) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme; compounds 3g (75.42%) and 3h (60.33%) showed inhibition on MAO-B enzyme at most, at 10-3 M concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Okan Ateş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Asaf Evrim Evren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Vocational School of Health Services, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Begüm Nurpelin Sağlik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Leyla Yurttaş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Zang Y, Liu K, Wang W, Li C, Ma J, Yang J, Chen X, Wang X, Zhang D. Claulansine F-Donepezil Hybrids as Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Agents with Cholinergic, Free-Radical Scavenging, and Neuroprotective Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:1303. [PMID: 33671020 PMCID: PMC7957565 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifactorial nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) calls for the development of multitarget agents addressing key pathogenic processes. A total of 26 Claulansine F-donepezil hybrids were designed and synthesized as multitarget drugs. Among these compounds, six compounds exhibited excellent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) 1.63-4.62 μM). Moreover, (E)-3-(8-(tert-Butyl)-3,3-dimethyl-3,11-dihydropyrano[3,2-a]carbazol-5-yl)-N-((1-(2-chlorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl)acrylamide (6bd) exhibited better neuroprotective effects against OGD/R (oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation) than lead compound Claulansine F. Furthermore, 6bd could cross the blood-brain barrier in vitro. More importantly, compared to edaravone, 6bd had stronger free-radical scavenging activity. Molecular docking studies revealed that 6bd could interact with the catalytic active site of AChE. All of these outstanding in vitro results indicate 6bd as a leading structure worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.Z.); (K.L.); (W.W.); (C.L.); (J.M.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (X.W.)
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Zhu H, Dronamraju V, Xie W, More SS. Sulfur-containing therapeutics in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:305-352. [PMID: 33613018 PMCID: PMC7889054 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur is widely existent in natural products and synthetic organic compounds as organosulfur, which are often associated with a multitude of biological activities. OBenzothiazole, in which benzene ring is fused to the 4,5-positions of the thiazolerganosulfur compounds continue to garner increasing amounts of attention in the field of medicinal chemistry, especially in the development of therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a fatal neurodegenerative disease and the primary cause of age-related dementia posing severe societal and economic burdens. Unfortunately, there is no cure for AD. A lot of research has been conducted on sulfur-containing compounds in the context of AD due to their innate antioxidant potential and some are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we have described emerging trends in the field, particularly the concept of multi-targeting and formulation of disease-modifying strategies. SAR, pharmacological targets, in vitro/vivo ADMET, efficacy in AD animal models, and applications in clinical trials of such sulfur compounds have also been discussed. This article provides a comprehensive review of organosulfur-based AD therapeutic agents and provides insights into their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Zhu
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Venkateshwara Dronamraju
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Swati S. More
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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13
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Gontijo VS, Viegas FPD, Ortiz CJC, de Freitas Silva M, Damasio CM, Rosa MC, Campos TG, Couto DS, Tranches Dias KS, Viegas C. Molecular Hybridization as a Tool in the Design of Multi-target Directed Drug Candidates for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:348-407. [PMID: 31631821 PMCID: PMC7457438 DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191021124443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDs) are progressive multifactorial neurological pathologies related to neuronal impairment and functional loss from different brain regions. Currently, no effective treatments are available for any NDs, and this lack of efficacy has been attributed to the multitude of interconnected factors involved in their pathophysiology. In the last two decades, a new approach for the rational design of new drug candidates, also called multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) strategy, has emerged and has been used in the design and for the development of a variety of hybrid compounds capable to act simultaneously in diverse biological targets. Based on the polypharmacology concept, this new paradigm has been thought as a more secure and effective way for modulating concomitantly two or more biochemical pathways responsible for the onset and progress of NDs, trying to overcome low therapeutical effectiveness. As a complement to our previous review article (Curr. Med. Chem. 2007, 14 (17), 1829-1852. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986707781058805), herein we aimed to cover the period from 2008 to 2019 and highlight the most recent advances of the exploitation of Molecular Hybridization (MH) as a tool in the rational design of innovative multifunctional drug candidate prototypes for the treatment of NDs, specially focused on AD, PD, HD and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva Gontijo
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Flávia P Dias Viegas
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Cindy Juliet Cristancho Ortiz
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Freitas Silva
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Caio Miranda Damasio
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Mayara Chagas Rosa
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Thâmara Gaspar Campos
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Dyecika Souza Couto
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | | | - Claudio Viegas
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
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14
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Yang T, Sui X, Yu B, Shen Y, Cong H. Recent Advances in the Rational Drug Design Based on Multi-target Ligands. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4720-4740. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200102120652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multi-target drugs have gained considerable attention in the last decade owing to their
advantages in the treatment of complex diseases and health conditions linked to drug resistance.
Single-target drugs, although highly selective, may not necessarily have better efficacy or fewer
side effects. Therefore, more attention is being paid to developing drugs that work on multiple
targets at the same time, but developing such drugs is a huge challenge for medicinal chemists.
Each target must have sufficient activity and have sufficiently characterized pharmacokinetic parameters.
Multi-target drugs, which have long been known and effectively used in clinical practice,
are briefly discussed in the present article. In addition, in this review, we will discuss the
possible applications of multi-target ligands to guide the repositioning of prospective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xin Sui
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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15
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Das B, Kar A, Matsabisa MG, Mukherjee PK. Anti-Cholinesterase Potential of Standardized Extract of PHELA a Traditional South African Medicine Formulation. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Shevtsova EF, Maltsev AV, Vinogradova DV, Shevtsov PN, Bachurin SO. Mitochondria as a promising target for developing novel agents for treating Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:803-827. [PMID: 32687230 DOI: 10.1002/med.21715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondria-targeting drugs can be conventionally divided into the following groups: those compensating for the energy deficit involved in neurodegeneration, including stimulants of mitochondrial bioenergetics and activators of mitochondrial biogenesis; and neuroprotectors, that are compounds increasing the resistance of mitochondria to opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pores. Although compensating for the energy deficit and inhibition of MPT are obvious targets for drugs used in the very early stages of Alzheimer-like pathology, but their use as the monotherapy for patients with severe symptoms is unlikely to be sufficiently effective. It would be optimal to combine targets that would provide the cognitive-stimulating, the neuroprotective effects and the ability to affect specific disease-forming mechanisms. In the design of such drugs, assessment of their potential mitochondrial-targeted effects is of particular importance. The possibility of targeted drug design for simultaneous action on mitochondrial and neurotransmitter's receptors targets is, in particularly, based on the known interplay of various cellular pathways and the presence of common structural components. Of particular interest is directed search for multitarget drugs that would act simultaneously on mitochondrial calcium-dependent functions, the targets (receptors, enzymes, etc.) facilitating neurotransmission, and the molecular targets related to the action of so-called disease-modifying factors, in particular, the formation and overcoming of the toxicity of β-amyloid or hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The examples of such approaches realized on the level of preclinical and clinical trials are presented below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Shevtsova
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrey V Maltsev
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Darya V Vinogradova
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Pavel N Shevtsov
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Sergey O Bachurin
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
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17
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Novel Class of Chalcone Oxime Ethers as Potent Monoamine Oxidase-B and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102356. [PMID: 32443652 PMCID: PMC7288026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously synthesized novel chalcone oxime ethers (COEs) were evaluated for inhibitory activities against monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Twenty-two of the 24 COEs synthesized, except COE-17 and COE-24, had potent and/or significant selective inhibitory effects on MAO-B. COE-6 potently inhibited MAO-B with an IC50 value of 0.018 µM, which was 105, 2.3, and 1.1 times more potent than clorgyline, lazabemide, and pargyline (reference drugs), respectively. COE-7, and COE-22 were also active against MAO-B, both had an IC50 value of 0.028 µM, which was 67 and 1.5 times lower than those of clorgyline and lazabemide, respectively. Most of the COEs exhibited weak inhibitory effects on MAO-A and AChE. COE-13 most potently inhibited MAO-A (IC50 = 0.88 µM) and also significantly inhibited MAO-B (IC50 = 0.13 µM), and it could be considered as a potential nonselective MAO inhibitor. COE-19 and COE-22 inhibited AChE with IC50 values of 5.35 and 4.39 µM, respectively. The selectivity index (SI) of COE-22 for MAO-B was higher than that of COE-6 (SI = 778.6 vs. 222.2), but the IC50 value (0.028 µM) was slightly lower than that of COE-6 (0.018 µM). In reversibility experiments, inhibitions of MAO-B by COE-6 and COE-22 were recovered to the levels of reference reversible inhibitors and both competitively inhibited MAO-B, with Ki values of 0.0075 and 0.010 µM, respectively. Our results show that COE-6 and COE-22 are potent, selective MAO-B inhibitors, and COE-22 is a candidate of dual-targeting molecule for MAO-B and AChE.
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18
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Abstract
Abstract
A new series of homobivalent Dimebon analogs, bis-γ-carbolines with alkylene, phenylenedialkylene, and triazole-containing spacers, was synthesized. Doubling the γ-carboline pharmacophore increased inhibitory potency against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) compared with Dimebon, while keeping Dimebon’s anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity; therefore, leading to inversion of selectivity. Molecular docking revealed the reasons for the increased anti-AChE activity and ability to block AChE-induced aggregation of β-amyloid for bis-γ-carbolines, which became double-site inhibitors of AChE. Conjugates with ditriazole-containing spacers were the most active antioxidants in both the ABTS-test and prevention of lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates without inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Conjugates with alkylene (4a–d), phenylenedialkylene (4e), and monotriazole (8) spacers were less active as antioxidants but prevented induction of the MPT and increased the calcium retention capacity of mitochondria. Lead compound 4e showed neuroprotective potential in a cellular calcium overload model of neurodegeneration. Computational studies showed that all the bis-γ-carbolines were expected to have high values for intestinal absorption and very good blood-brain barrier permeability along with good drug-likeness. Overall, the results showed that new homobivalent Dimebon analogs exhibit an expanded spectrum of biological activity and improved pharmacological properties, making them promising candidates for further research and optimization as multitarget agents for Alzheimer’s disease treatment.
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19
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Scotti L, Monteiro AFM, de Oliveira Viana J, Mendonça Junior FJB, Ishiki HM, Tchouboun EN, Santos R, Scotti MT. Multi-Target Drugs Against Metabolic Disorders. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:402-418. [PMID: 30556507 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666181217123357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic disorders are a major cause of illness and death worldwide. Metabolism is the process by which the body makes energy from proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; chemically breaking these down in the digestive system towards sugars and acids which constitute the human body's fuel for immediate use, or to store in body tissues, such as the liver, muscles, and body fat. OBJECTIVE The efficiency of treatments for multifactor diseases has not been proved. It is accepted that to manage multifactor diseases, simultaneous modulation of multiple targets is required leading to the development of new strategies for discovery and development of drugs against metabolic disorders. METHODS In silico studies are increasingly being applied by researchers due to reductions in time and costs for new prototype synthesis; obtaining substances that present better therapeutic profiles. DISCUSSION In the present work, in addition to discussing multi-target drug discovery and the contributions of in silico studies to rational bioactive planning against metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, we review various in silico study contributions to the fight against human metabolic pathologies. CONCLUSION In this review, we have presented various studies involved in the treatment of metabolic disorders; attempting to obtain hybrid molecules with pharmacological activity against various targets and expanding biological activity by using different mechanisms of action to treat a single pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Scotti
- Teaching and Research Management - University Hospital, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Alex France Messias Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Jéssika de Oliveira Viana
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil.,Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Department of Biological Science, State University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Hamilton M Ishiki
- University of Western Sao Paulo (Unoeste), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Santos
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Department of Biological Science, State University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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20
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Balkrishna A, Pokhrel S, Tomer M, Verma S, Kumar A, Nain P, Gupta A, Varshney A. Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activities of Mono-Herbal Extracts and Exhibited Synergistic Effects of the Phytoconstituents: A Biochemical and Computational Study. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224175. [PMID: 31752124 PMCID: PMC6891289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease, is the most common form of dementia. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a common strategy for the treatment of AD. In this study, aqueous, hydro-methanolic, and methanolic extracts of five potent herbal extracts were tested for their in vitro anti-AChE activity. Among all, the Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) methanolic fraction performed better with an IC50 of 202.64 µg/mL. Of the HPLC analyzed components of T. cordifolia (methanolic extract), palmatine and berberine performed better (IC50 0.66 and 0.94 µg/mL, respectively) as compared to gallic acid and the tool compound “galantamine hydrobromide” (IC50 7.89 and 1.45 µg/mL, respectively). Mode of inhibition of palmatine and berberine was non-competitive, while the mode was competitive for the tool compound. Combinations of individual alkaloids palmatine and berberine resulted in a synergistic effect for AChE inhibition. Therefore, the AChE inhibition by the methanolic extract of T. cordifolia was probably due to the synergism of the isoquinoline alkaloids. Upon molecular docking, it was observed that palmatine and berberine preferred the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE, with π-interactions to PAS residue Trp286, indicating that it may hinder the substrate binding by partially blocking the entrance of the gorge of the active site or the product release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, India; (A.B.); (M.T.); (S.V.); (A.K.); (P.N.); (A.G.)
- Department of Allied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, India
| | - Subarna Pokhrel
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, India; (A.B.); (M.T.); (S.V.); (A.K.); (P.N.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (A.V.); Tel.: +91-(0)-1334-244-107 (S.P. & A.V.)
| | - Meenu Tomer
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, India; (A.B.); (M.T.); (S.V.); (A.K.); (P.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Sudeep Verma
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, India; (A.B.); (M.T.); (S.V.); (A.K.); (P.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, India; (A.B.); (M.T.); (S.V.); (A.K.); (P.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Pradeep Nain
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, India; (A.B.); (M.T.); (S.V.); (A.K.); (P.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, India; (A.B.); (M.T.); (S.V.); (A.K.); (P.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, India; (A.B.); (M.T.); (S.V.); (A.K.); (P.N.); (A.G.)
- Department of Allied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, India
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (A.V.); Tel.: +91-(0)-1334-244-107 (S.P. & A.V.)
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21
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Ivasiv V, Albertini C, Gonçalves AE, Rossi M, Bolognesi ML. Molecular Hybridization as a Tool for Designing Multitarget Drug Candidates for Complex Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1694-1711. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190619115735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hybridization is a well-exploited medicinal chemistry strategy that aims to combine
two molecules (or parts of them) in a new, single chemical entity. Recently, it has been recognized
as an effective approach to design ligands able to modulate multiple targets of interest. Hybrid compounds
can be obtained by linking (presence of a linker) or framework integration (merging or fusing)
strategies. Although very promising to combat the multifactorial nature of complex diseases, the development
of molecular hybrids faces the critical issues of selecting the right target combination and the
achievement of a balanced activity towards them, while maintaining drug-like-properties. In this review,
we present recent case histories from our own research group that demonstrate why and how molecular
hybridization can be carried out to address the challenges of multitarget drug discovery in two therapeutic
areas that are Alzheimer’s and parasitic diseases. Selected examples spanning from linker- to fragment-
based hybrids will allow to discuss issues and consequences relevant to drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Ivasiv
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Albertini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ana E. Gonçalves
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria L. Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
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22
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Xu A, He F, Yu C, Qu Y, Zhang Q, Lv J, Zhang X, Ran Y, Wei C, Wu J. The Development of Small Molecule Inhibitors of Glutaminyl Cyclase and Isoglutaminyl Cyclase for Alzheimer's Disease. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Xu
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Feng He
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Chenggong Yu
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Ying Qu
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Qiuqiong Zhang
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Jiahui Lv
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Xiangna Zhang
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Yingying Ran
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Chao Wei
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Jingde Wu
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
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23
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Mathew B, Parambi DGT, Mathew GE, Uddin MS, Inasu ST, Kim H, Marathakam A, Unnikrishnan MK, Carradori S. Emerging therapeutic potentials of dual-acting MAO and AChE inhibitors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1900177. [PMID: 31478569 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
No drug has been approved to prevent neuronal cell loss in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD); despite increased comprehension of the underlying molecular causes, therapies target cognitive functional improvement and motor fluctuation control. Drug design strategies that adopt the "one protein, one target" philosophy fail to address the multifactorial aetiologies of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and PD optimally. On the contrary, restoring neurotransmitter levels by combined combinatorial inhibition of cholinesterases, monoamine oxidases, and adenosine A2A A receptors, in conjunction with strategies to counter oxidative stress and beta-amyloid plaque accumulation, would constitute a therapeutically robust, multitarget approach. This extensive review delineates the therapeutic advantages of combining dual-acting molecules that inhibit monoamine oxidases and cholinesterases and/or adenosine A2A A receptors, and describes the structure-activity relationships of compound classes that include, but are not limited to, alkaloids, coumarins, chalcones, donepezil-propargylamine conjugates, homoisoflavonoids, resveratrol analogs, hydrazones, and pyrazolines. In the wake of recent advances in network biology, in silico approaches, and omics, this review emphasizes the need to consider conceptually informed research strategies for drug discovery, in the context of the mounting burden posed by chronic neurodegenerative diseases with complex aetiologies and pathophysiologies involving multiple signalling pathways and numerous drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Della G T Parambi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Githa E Mathew
- Department of Pharmacology, Grace College of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sini T Inasu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Research, Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Akash Marathakam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National College of Pharmacy, Calicut, India
| | | | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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24
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Saxena M, Dubey R. Target Enzyme in Alzheimer’s Disease: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:264-275. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190128125912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), affecting a large population worldwide is characterized by the
loss of memory and learning ability in the old population. The enzyme Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme
(AChE) is the key enzyme in the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and is also the target
of most of the clinically used drugs for the treatment of AD but these drugs provide only symptomatic
treatment and have the limitation of loss of therapeutic efficacy with time. The development of different
strategies targeting the AChE enzyme along with other targets like Butyl Cholinesterase (BChE),
amyloid-β (Aβ), β-secretase-1 (BACE), metals antioxidant properties and free radical scavenging capacity
has been focused in recent years. Literature search was conducted for the molecules and their
rational design which have shown inhibition for AChE and the other abovementioned targets. Several
hybrid molecules incorporating the main sub-structures derived from diverse chemotypes like acridine,
quinoline, carbamates, and other heterocyclic analogs have shown desired pharmacological activity
with a good profile in a single molecule. It is followed by optimization of the activity through structural
modifications guided by structure-activity relationship studies. It has led to the discovery of novel
molecules 17b, 20, and 23 with desired AChE inhibition along with desirable activity against other
abovementioned targets for further pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Saxena
- Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Lucknow-226010, India
| | - Ragini Dubey
- Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Lucknow-226010, India
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25
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Sestito S, Daniele S, Pietrobono D, Citi V, Bellusci L, Chiellini G, Calderone V, Martini C, Rapposelli S. Memantine prodrug as a new agent for Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4612. [PMID: 30874573 PMCID: PMC6420495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide has recently drawn much attention due to its potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective roles in brain functions. The purpose of the current study was to exploit these beneficial properties of H2S to design a new agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To pursue our aims, we replaced the free amine group of memantine with an isothiocyanate functionality as a putative H2S-donor moiety. The new chemical entity, named memit, was then tested in vitro to determine whether it retains the pharmacological profile of the "native drug", while also providing a source of H2S in the CNS. Indeed, Memit showed the ability to release H2S through a cysteine-mediated mechanism, thus generating memantine. Moreover, the new hybrid molecule exerts protective effects against neuronal inflammation and induces a drastic fall in ROS production. In addition, memit was also able to reduce the Aβ(1-42) self-induced aggregation and exerted cytoprotective effect against Aβ oligomers-induced damage in both human neurons and rat microglia cells. Finally, similarly to memantine, the new compound promotes autophagy, a complex process required for cellular homeostasis in cell survival that results to be altered in neurodegenerative diseases. In conclusion, our study revealed that memit is a prodrug of memantine. Further in vivo studies will be necessary to fully investigate the synergic or cumulative effects due to the H2S-releasing moiety and the native drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sestito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Citi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Centre for Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy. .,Interdepartmental Research Centre for Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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26
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Dias Viegas FP, de Freitas Silva M, Divino da Rocha M, Castelli MR, Riquiel MM, Machado RP, Vaz SM, Simões de Lima LM, Mancini KC, Marques de Oliveira PC, Morais ÉP, Gontijo VS, da Silva FMR, D'Alincourt da Fonseca Peçanha D, Castro NG, Neves GA, Giusti-Paiva A, Vilela FC, Orlandi L, Camps I, Veloso MP, Leomil Coelho LF, Ionta M, Ferreira-Silva GÁ, Pereira RM, Dardenne LE, Guedes IA, de Oliveira Carneiro Junior W, Quaglio Bellozi PM, Pinheiro de Oliveira AC, Ferreira FF, Pruccoli L, Tarozzi A, Viegas C. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of N-benzyl-piperidinyl-aryl-acylhydrazone derivatives as donepezil hybrids: Discovery of novel multi-target anti-alzheimer prototype drug candidates. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:48-65. [PMID: 29421570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new series of sixteen multifunctional N-benzyl-piperidine-aryl-acylhydrazones hybrid derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for multi-target activities related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The molecular hybridization approach was based on the combination, in a single molecule, of the pharmacophoric N-benzyl-piperidine subunit of donepezil, the substituted hydroxy-piperidine fragment of the AChE inhibitor LASSBio-767, and an acylhydrazone linker, a privileged structure present in a number of synthetic aryl- and aryl-acylhydrazone derivatives with significant AChE and anti-inflammatory activities. Among them, compounds 4c, 4d, 4g and 4j presented the best AChE inhibitory activities, but only compounds 4c and 4g exhibited concurrent anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo, against amyloid beta oligomer (AβO) induced neuroinflammation. Compound 4c also showed the best in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effects against AβO-induced neurodegeneration. In addition, compound 4c showed a similar binding mode to donepezil in both acetylated and free forms of AChE enzyme in molecular docking studies and did not show relevant toxic effects on in vitro and in vivo assays, with good predicted ADME parameters in silico. Overall, all these results highlighted compound 4c as a promising and innovative multi-target drug prototype candidate for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Pereira Dias Viegas
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Freitas Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Miguel Divino da Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Maísa Rosa Castelli
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Mariana Máximo Riquiel
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira Machado
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Sarah Macedo Vaz
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Laís Medeiros Simões de Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Karla Cristine Mancini
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | | | - Élida Parreira Morais
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Silva Gontijo
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Motta R da Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | | | - Newton Gonçalves Castro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Gilda A Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Giusti-Paiva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Cardoso Vilela
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Orlandi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Ihosvany Camps
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Felipe Leomil Coelho
- Laboratory of Vaccines, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Marisa Ionta
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Laurent E Dardenne
- National Laboratory of Computational Sciences, Petrópolis, RJ 25651-075, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Fábio Furlan Ferreira
- Centre of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Letizia Pruccoli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini 47921, Italy
| | - Andrea Tarozzi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini 47921, Italy
| | - Claudio Viegas
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil.
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27
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Shanmuganathan B, Suryanarayanan V, Sathya S, Narenkumar M, Singh SK, Ruckmani K, Pandima Devi K. Anti-amyloidogenic and anti-apoptotic effect of α-bisabolol against Aβ induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:1196-1207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Zhou LY, Zhu Y, Jiang YR, Zhao XJ, Guo D. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of dual acetylcholinesterase and phosphodiesterase 5A inhibitors in treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4180-4184. [PMID: 28751142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the recent research advances in molecular biology and technology, multiple credible hypotheses about the progress of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been proposed; multi-target drugs have emerged as an innovative therapeutic approach for AD. Current clinical therapy for AD patients is mainly palliative treatment targeting acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5A) has recently been validated as a potentially novel therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this work, series of new compounds were designed, synthesized and evaluated as dual cholinesterase and PDE5A inhibitor. Biological results revealed that some of these compounds display good biological activities against AChE with IC50 values about 44.67-169.80nM (donepezil IC50 50.12nM). Notably, compound 12 presented potent activities against PDE5A with IC50 values about 50μM (sildenafil IC50 12.59μM), and some of these compounds showed low cell toxicity to A549 cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yu-Ren Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Xiong-Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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29
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Liu QH, Wu JJ, Li F, Cai P, Yang XL, Kong LY, Wang XB. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of multi-functional homoisoflavonoid derivatives as potent inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B and cholinesterase for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1459-1467. [PMID: 30108857 PMCID: PMC6071942 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of homoisoflavonoid derivatives was designed, synthesized and evaluated as potential multi-functional anti-Alzheimer's agents for their inhibitory activity on cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase. Among them, compound 16 showed moderate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity (eeAChE IC50 = 0.89 ± 0.02 μM; hAChE IC50 = 0.657 ± 0.002 μM) and significant monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitory activity (hMAO-B IC50 = 0.0372 ± 0.0002 μM). Kinetic analysis of AChE, MAO-B inhibition and molecular modeling studies revealed that compound 16 is a dual binding site inhibitor of AChE and noncompetitive inhibitor of MAO-B. Furthermore, 16 could penetrate through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro. Most importantly, oral administration of 16 demonstrated no marked signs of acute toxicity and it could significantly reverse scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. These results suggested that compound 16 is a promising multifunctional drug candidate with potential effect for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Hong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 25 83271405
| | - Jia-Jia Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 25 83271405
| | - Fan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 25 83271405
| | - Pei Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 25 83271405
| | - Xue-Lian Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 25 83271405
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 25 83271405
| | - Xiao-Bing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 25 83271405
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30
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De Simone A, Russo D, Ruda GF, Micoli A, Ferraro M, Di Martino RMC, Ottonello G, Summa M, Armirotti A, Bandiera T, Cavalli A, Bottegoni G. Design, Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationship Studies, and Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (3D-QSAR) Modeling of a Series of O-Biphenyl Carbamates as Dual Modulators of Dopamine D3 Receptor and Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2287-2304. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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Horton W, Sood A, Peerannawar S, Kugyela N, Kulkarni A, Tulsan R, Tran CD, Soule J, LeVine H, Török B, Török M. Synthesis and application of β-carbolines as novel multi-functional anti-Alzheimer's disease agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:232-236. [PMID: 27923619 PMCID: PMC5282889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and assessment of β-carboline core-based compounds as potential multifunctional agents against several processes that are believed to play a significant role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, are described. The activity of the compounds was determined in Aβ self-assembly (fibril and oligomer formation) and cholinesterase (AChE, BuChE) activity inhibition, and their antioxidant properties were also assessed. To obtain insight into the mode of action of the compounds, HR-MS studies were carried out on the inhibitor-Aβ complex formation and molecular docking was performed on inhibitor-BuChE interactions. While several compounds exhibited strong activities in individual assays, compound 14 emerged as a promising multi-target lead for the further structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Horton
- University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abha Sood
- University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nandor Kugyela
- University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aditya Kulkarni
- University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rekha Tulsan
- University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris D Tran
- University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Soule
- University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harry LeVine
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Chandler School of Medicine, and Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Béla Török
- University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marianna Török
- University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, USA.
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32
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33
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Long Z, Zeng Q, Wang K, Sharma A, He G. Gender difference in valproic acid-induced neuroprotective effects on APP/PS1 double transgenic mice modeling Alzheimer's disease. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:930-938. [PMID: 27614317 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive memory and cognitive impairment with gender difference in specific cognitive ability domains, pathology, and risk of AD. Since valproic acid (VPA) is a widely used mood stabilizer and an antiepileptic drug, which exhibits multiple neuroprotective activities on AD, this study intended to investigate the gender difference in the effect of VPA on APP/PS1 double transgenic mice modeling AD. Behavioral experiments showed that VPA reduced the autonomous behaviors, improved learning and memory, and exhibited gender differences in AD mice compared with the control mice. The decrease in senile plaque, amyloid β (Aβ) 40, and Aβ42 caused by VPA in the male AD mice was more notable than that in the female AD mice. Meanwhile, VPA protected brain cells from dying notably in the male AD mice but only slightly in the female AD mice, and VPA treatment thickened the postsynaptic density and markedly increased the number and density of presynaptic vesicles in both male and female AD mice. However, the effects of rescuing early synaptic structural and functional deficits by VPA were more obvious in the male mice. Overall, these results supported the hypothesis that gender difference significantly influences AD and indicated that VPA may be a promising remedy for AD if basic biological differences and gender specificity were prudently taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Long
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qinghua Zeng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Akhilesh Sharma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guiqiong He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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34
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Horvath P, Aulner N, Bickle M, Davies AM, Nery ED, Ebner D, Montoya MC, Östling P, Pietiäinen V, Price LS, Shorte SL, Turcatti G, von Schantz C, Carragher NO. Screening out irrelevant cell-based models of disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:751-769. [PMID: 27616293 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The common and persistent failures to translate promising preclinical drug candidates into clinical success highlight the limited effectiveness of disease models currently used in drug discovery. An apparent reluctance to explore and adopt alternative cell- and tissue-based model systems, coupled with a detachment from clinical practice during assay validation, contributes to ineffective translational research. To help address these issues and stimulate debate, here we propose a set of principles to facilitate the definition and development of disease-relevant assays, and we discuss new opportunities for exploiting the latest advances in cell-based assay technologies in drug discovery, including induced pluripotent stem cells, three-dimensional (3D) co-culture and organ-on-a-chip systems, complemented by advances in single-cell imaging and gene editing technologies. Funding to support precompetitive, multidisciplinary collaborations to develop novel preclinical models and cell-based screening technologies could have a key role in improving their clinical relevance, and ultimately increase clinical success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Horvath
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged H-6726, Hungary; and at the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Nathalie Aulner
- Imagopole-Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Marc Bickle
- Technology Development Studio, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Anthony M Davies
- Translational Cell Imaging Queensland (TCIQ), Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4102 QLD, Australia; and The Irish National Centre for High Content Screening and Analysis, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Phase 3 Trinity Health Sciences 1.20, St James Hospital, Dublin D8, Republic of Ireland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Elaine Del Nery
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Department of Translational Research, The Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), F-75005, Paris, France.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Maria C Montoya
- Cellomics Unit, Cell Biology &Physiology Program, Cell &Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Päivi Östling
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17165, Sweden.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Vilja Pietiäinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Leo S Price
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Universiteit Leiden, The Netherlands; and at OcellO, J.H Oortweg 21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Spencer L Shorte
- Imagopole-Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Carina von Schantz
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
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35
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Estrada M, Pérez C, Soriano E, Laurini E, Romano M, Pricl S, Morales-García JA, Pérez-Castillo A, Rodríguez-Franco MI. New neurogenic lipoic-based hybrids as innovative Alzheimer's drugs with σ-1 agonism and β-secretase inhibition. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1191-207. [PMID: 27402296 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenic agents emerge as innovative drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), whose pathological complexity suggests strengthening research in the multi-target directed ligands strategy. RESULTS By combining the lipoic acid structure with N-benzylpiperidine or N,N-dibenzyl(N-methyl)amine fragments, new multi-target directed ligands were obtained that act at three relevant targets in AD: σ-1 receptor (σ1R), β-secretase-1 (BACE1) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Moreover, they show potent neurogenic properties, good antioxidant capacity and favorable CNS permeability. Molecular modeling studies on AChE, σ1R and BACE1 highlight relevant drug-protein interactions that may contribute to the development of new disease-modifying drugs. CONCLUSION New lipoic-based σ1 agonists endowed with neurogenic, antioxidant, cholinergic and amyloid β-peptide-reducing properties have been discovered for the potential treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Estrada
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Soriano
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, DEA, Piazzale Europa 1, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Romano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 28, 34127 - Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, DEA, Piazzale Europa 1, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Material Science & Technology (INSTM), Research Unit MOSE-DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - José A Morales-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
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36
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Aso E, Ferrer I. CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor As Potential Target against Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:243. [PMID: 27303261 PMCID: PMC4885828 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The CB2 receptor is one of the components of the endogenous cannabinoid system, a complex network of signaling molecules and receptors involved in the homeostatic control of several physiological functions. Accumulated evidence suggests a role for CB2 receptors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and indicates their potential as a therapeutic target against this neurodegenerative disease. Levels of CB2 receptors are significantly increased in post-mortem AD brains, mainly in microglia surrounding senile plaques, and their expression levels correlate with the amounts of Aβ42 and β-amyloid plaque deposition. Moreover, several studies on animal models of AD have demonstrated that specific CB2 receptor agonists, which are devoid of psychoactive effects, reduce AD-like pathology, resulting in attenuation of the inflammation associated with the disease but also modulating Aβ and tau aberrant processing, among other effects. CB2 receptor activation also improves cognitive impairment in animal models of AD. This review discusses available data regarding the role of CB2 receptors in AD and the potential usefulness of specific agonists of these receptors against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Aso
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de BarcelonaL'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBERNED - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de BarcelonaL'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBERNED - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
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Estrada M, Herrera-Arozamena C, Pérez C, Viña D, Romero A, Morales-García JA, Pérez-Castillo A, Rodríguez-Franco MI. New cinnamic - N-benzylpiperidine and cinnamic - N,N-dibenzyl(N-methyl)amine hybrids as Alzheimer-directed multitarget drugs with antioxidant, cholinergic, neuroprotective and neurogenic properties. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:376-386. [PMID: 27267007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe new families of multi-target directed ligands obtained by linking antioxidant cinnamic-related structures with N-benzylpiperidine (NBP) or N,N-dibenzyl(N-methyl)amine (DBMA) fragments. Resulting hybrids, in addition to their antioxidant and neuroprotective properties against mitochondrial oxidative stress, are active at relevant molecular targets in Alzheimer's disease, such as cholinesterases (hAChE and hBuChE) and monoamine oxidases (hMAO-A and hMAO-B). Hybrids derived from umbellic - NBP (8), caffeic - NBP (9), and ferulic - DBMA (12) displayed balanced biological profiles, with IC50s in the low-micromolar and submicromolar range for hChEs and hMAOs, and an antioxidant potency comparable to vitamin E. Moreover, the caffeic - NBP hybrid 9 is able to improve the differentiation of adult SGZ-derived neural stem cells into a neuronal phenotype in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Estrada
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Herrera-Arozamena
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Morales-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Multitarget strategies in Alzheimer's disease: benefits and challenges on the road to therapeutics. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:697-711. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a multifactorial syndrome, for which effective cures are urgently needed. Seeking for enhanced therapeutic efficacy, multitarget drugs have been increasingly sought after over the last decades. They offer the attractive prospect of tackling intricate network effects, but with the benefits of a single-molecule therapy. Herein, we highlight relevant progress in the field, focusing on acetylcholinesterase inhibition and amyloid pathways as two pivotal features in multitarget design strategies. We also discuss the intertwined relationship between selected molecular targets and give a brief glimpse into the power of multitarget agents as pharmacological probes of Alzheimer's disease molecular mechanisms.
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39
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MH84: A Novel γ-Secretase Modulator/PPARγ Agonist—Improves Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Cellular Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:231-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Per-Residue Energy Footprints-Based Pharmacophore Modeling as an Enhanced In Silico Approach in Drug Discovery: A Case Study on the Identification of Novel β-Secretase1 (BACE1) Inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer Agents. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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41
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Zhang XZ, Qian SS, Zhang YJ, Wang RQ. Salvia miltiorrhiza: A source for anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:18-24. [PMID: 25857808 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1027408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of elderly people worldwide. However, no efficient therapeutic method for AD has yet been developed. Recently, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine which is widely used for treating cardio-cerebrovascular, exerts multiple neuroprotective effects and is attracting increased attention for the treatment of AD. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to discuss the neuroprotective effects and neurogenesis-inducing activities of S. miltiorrhiza components. METHODS A detailed search using major electronic search engines (such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) was undertaken with the search terms: Salvia miltiorrhiza, the components of S. miltiorrhiza such as salvianolic acid B, salvianolic acid A, danshensu, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, dihydrotanshinone, and neuroprotection. RESULTS Salvia miltiorrhiza components exert multiple neuroprotective potentials relevant to AD, such as anti-amyloid-β, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and anti-inflammation. Moreover, S. miltiorrhiza promotes neurogenesis of neural progenitor cells/stem cells in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The properties of S. miltiorrhiza indicate their therapeutic potential in AD via multiple mechanisms. In addition, S. miltiorrhiza provides lead compounds for developing new drugs against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhen Zhang
- a School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , PR China
| | - Shao-Song Qian
- a School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , PR China
| | - Yue-Jie Zhang
- a School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , PR China
| | - Rui-Qi Wang
- a School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , PR China
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42
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Fang J, Jiang F, Li J, Zhu Y. Rationale for the use of multifunctional drugs as neuroprotective agents for glaucoma. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:313-8. [PMID: 25806075 PMCID: PMC4353106 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the leading cause globally of irreversible blindness, is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death. To date, no drug has been shown to prevent the retinal ganglion cell loss associated with glaucoma. Multiple mechanisms lead to ganglion cell death in glaucoma, suggesting that a neuroprotectant that has a single mode of action, like memantine, would have a limited positive effect at slowing down ganglion cell death. Conversely, simultaneously targeting several factors may be the best therapeutic approach to improve outcomes. Multifunctional drugs are fast gaining acceptance as a strategy for the treatment of complex disorders of the central nervous system, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and other progressive neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we review the current literature on multifunctional drugs and propose a rationale for the use of multifunctional drugs in glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jingzhou First Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fagang Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jingbo Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jingzhou First Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanhua Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jingzhou First Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei Province, China
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43
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Multi-target tacrine-coumarin hybrids: cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B inhibition properties against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:153-65. [PMID: 25812965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel tacrine-coumarin hybrids were designed, synthesized and evaluated as multi-target agents against Alzheimer's disease. The biological assays indicated that most of compounds displayed potent inhibitory activity toward AChE and BuChE, and clearly selective inhibition for MAO-B. Among these compounds, 14c exhibited strong inhibitory activity for AChE (IC50 values of 33.63 nM for eeAChE and 16.11 nM for hAChE) and BuChE (IC50 values of 80.72 nM for eqBuChE and 112.72 nM for hBuChE), and the highest inhibitory activity against hMAO-B (IC50 value of 0.24 μM). Kinetic and molecular modeling studies revealed that 14c was a mixed-type inhibitor, binding simultaneously to catalytic, peripheral and mid-gorge sites of AChE. It was also a competitive inhibitor, which covered the substrate and entrance cavities of MAO-B. Moreover, 14c could penetrate the CNS and show low cell toxicity. Overall, these results suggested that 14c might be an excellent multi-target agent for AD treatment.
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44
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Bag S, Tulsan R, Sood A, Cho H, Redjeb H, Zhou W, LeVine H, Török B, Török M. Sulfonamides as multifunctional agents for Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:626-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Guzior N, Bajda M, Skrok M, Kurpiewska K, Lewiński K, Brus B, Pišlar A, Kos J, Gobec S, Malawska B. Development of multifunctional, heterodimeric isoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives as cholinesterase and β-amyloid aggregation inhibitors with neuroprotective properties. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 92:738-49. [PMID: 25621991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The presented study describes the synthesis, pharmacological evaluation (AChE and BuChE inhibition, beta amyloid anti-aggregation effect and neuroprotective effect), molecular modeling and crystallographic studies of a novel series of isoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives. The target compounds were designed as dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with an arylalkylamine moiety binding at the catalytic site of the enzyme and connected via an alkyl chain to a heterocyclic fragment, capable of binding at the peripheral anionic site of AChE. Among these molecules, compound 15b was found to be the most potent and selective AChE inhibitor (IC50EeAChE = 0.034 μM). Moreover, compound 13b in addition to AChE inhibition (IC50 EeAChE = 0.219 μM) possesses additional properties, such as the ability to inhibit Aβ aggregation (65.96% at 10 μM) and a neuroprotective effect against Aβ toxicity at 1 and 3 μM. Compound 13b emerges as a promising multi-target ligand for the further development of the therapy for age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Guzior
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mirosław Skrok
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kurpiewska
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewiński
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Boris Brus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
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Guzior N, Wieckowska A, Panek D, Malawska B. Recent development of multifunctional agents as potential drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Med Chem 2015; 22:373-404. [PMID: 25386820 PMCID: PMC4435057 DOI: 10.2174/0929867321666141106122628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The available therapy is limited to the symptomatic treatment and its efficacy remains unsatisfactory. In view of the prevalence and expected increase in the incidence of AD, the development of an effective therapy is crucial for public health. Due to the multifactorial aetiology of this disease, the multi-target-directed ligand (MTDL) approach is a promising method in search for new drugs for AD. This review updates information on the development of multifunctional potential anti-AD agents published within the last three years. The majority of the recently reported structures are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, often endowed with some additional properties. These properties enrich the pharmacological profile of the compounds giving hope for not only symptomatic but also causal treatment of the disease. Among these advantageous properties, the most often reported are an amyloid-β antiaggregation activity, inhibition of β-secretase and monoamine oxidase, an antioxidant and metal chelating activity, NOreleasing ability and interaction with cannabinoid, NMDA or histamine H3 receptors. The majority of novel molecules possess heterodimeric structures, able to interact with multiple targets by combining different pharmacophores, original or derived from natural products or existing therapeutics (tacrine, donepezil, galantamine, memantine). Among the described compounds, several seem to be promising drug candidates, while others may serve as a valuable inspiration in the search for new effective therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Barbara Malawska
- Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, 30-688 Krakow, Medyczna 9, Poland.
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47
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Chen Y, Xu X, Fu T, Li W, Liu Z, Sun H. Discovery of new scaffolds from approved drugs as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Six approved drugs show acetylcholinesterase inhibition and can be the starting point in designing new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing
- China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
| | - Tingming Fu
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing
- China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing
- China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization
| | | | - Haopeng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
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48
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Nepovimova E, Uliassi E, Korabecny J, Peña-Altamira LE, Samez S, Pesaresi A, Garcia GE, Bartolini M, Andrisano V, Bergamini C, Fato R, Lamba D, Roberti M, Kuca K, Monti B, Bolognesi ML. Multitarget Drug Design Strategy: Quinone–Tacrine Hybrids Designed To Block Amyloid-β Aggregation and To Exert Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Effects. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8576-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5010804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department
of Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Centre for Advanced Studies,
Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska
1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy
in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department
of Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Centre for Advanced Studies,
Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska
1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Luis Emiliano Peña-Altamira
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sarah Samez
- Istituto
di Crystallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area
Science Park-Basovizza, S.S. 14-Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri
1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pesaresi
- Istituto
di Crystallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area
Science Park-Basovizza, S.S. 14-Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gregory E. Garcia
- Research
Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts, Point Road, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Maryland 21010-5400, United States
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto
237, I-47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Romana Fato
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Doriano Lamba
- Istituto
di Crystallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area
Science Park-Basovizza, S.S. 14-Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marinella Roberti
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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49
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Romero A, Egea J, González-Muñoz GC, Martı́n de Saavedra MD, del Barrio L, Rodríguez-Franco MI, Conde S, López MG, Villarroya M, de los Ríos C. ITH12410/SC058: a new neuroprotective compound with potential in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:770-5. [PMID: 25008046 DOI: 10.1021/cn500131t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective profile of the dibenzothiadiazepine ITH12410/SC058 (2-chloro-5,6-dihydro-5,6-diacetyldibenzo[b,f][1,4,5]thiadiazepine) against several neurotoxicity models related to neurodegenerative diseases is herein described. ITH12410/SC058 protected SH-SY5Y cells against the loss of cell viability elicited by amyloid beta peptide and okadaic acid, a selective inhibitor of phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A that induces neurofibrillary tangle formation. Furthermore, ITH12410/SC058 is neuroprotective against several in vitro models of oxidative stress, that is, H2O2 exposure or incubation with rotenone plus oligomycin A in SH-SY5Y cells, and oxygen and glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation in rat hippocampal slices. By contrast, ITH12410/SC058 was unable to significantly protect SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells against the toxicity elicited by Ca(2+) overload. Our results confirm the hypothesis that the dibenzothiadiazepine ITH12410/SC058 features its neuroprotective actions in a multitarget fashion, and is a promising drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Dolores Martı́n de Saavedra
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura del Barrio
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Conde
- Instituto de Química
Médica (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de
la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G. López
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio
de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de
León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Villarroya
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristóbal de los Ríos
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio
de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de
León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Dias KST, Viegas C. Multi-Target Directed Drugs: A Modern Approach for Design of New Drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:239-55. [PMID: 24851088 PMCID: PMC4023454 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x1203140511153200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with a multi-faceted pathogenesis. So far, the therapeutic paradigm "one-compound-one-target" has failed and despite enormous efforts to elucidate the pathophysiology of AD, the disease is still incurable. The multiple factors involved in AD include amyloid aggregation to form insoluble neurotoxic plaques of Aβ, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, oxidative stress, calcium imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction and deterioration of synaptic transmission. These factors together, accentuate changes in the CNS homeostasis, starting a complex process of interconnected physiological damage, leading to cognitive and memory impairment and neuronal death. A recent approach for the rational design of new drug candidates, also called multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) approach, has gained increasing attention by many research groups, which have developed a variety of hybrid compounds acting simultaneously on diverse biological targets. This review aims to show some recent advances and examples of the exploitation of MTDL approach in the rational design of novel drug candidate prototypes for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Simone Tranches Dias
- LFQM - Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Química Medicinal, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Brazil; ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Claudio Viegas
- LFQM - Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Química Medicinal, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Brazil; ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Brazil
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