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Ma Z, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Jiang M, Shen X, Wu H, Chen X, Di G. Morphologic, cytometric, quantitative transcriptomic and functional characterisation provide insights into the haemocyte immune responses of Pacific abalone ( Haliotis discus hannai). Front Immunol 2024; 15:1376911. [PMID: 39015569 PMCID: PMC11250055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1376911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the abalone aquaculture industry has been threatened by the bacterial pathogens. The immune responses mechanisms underlying the phagocytosis of haemocytes remain unclear in Haliotis discus hannai. It is necessary to investigate the immune mechanism in response to these bacterial pathogens challenges. In this study, the phagocytic activities of haemocytes in H. discus hannai were examined by flow cytometry combined with electron microscopy and transcriptomic analyses. The results of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Staphylococcus aureu challenge using electron microscopy showed a process during phagosome formation in haemocytes. The phagocytic rate (PP) of S. aureus was higher than the other five foreign particles, which was about 63%. The PP of Vibrio harveyi was about 43%, the PP peak of V. alginolyticus in haemocyte was 63.7% at 1.5 h. After V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus challenge, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, total superoxide dismutase, lysozyme, total antioxidant capacity, catalase, nitric oxide synthase and glutathione peroxidase activities in haemocytes were measured at different times, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by quantitative transcriptomic analysis. The identified DEGs after V. parahaemolyticus challenge included haemagglutinin/amebocyte aggregation factor-like, supervillin-like isoform X4, calmodulin-like and kyphoscoliosis peptidase-like; the identified DEGs after V. alginolyticus challenge included interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta-like, protein turtle homolog B-like, rho GTPase-activating protein 6-like isoform X2, leukocyte surface antigen CD53-like, calponin-1-like, calmodulin-like, troponin C, troponin I-like isoform X4, troponin T-like isoform X18, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10-like, rho-related protein racA-like and haemagglutinin/amebocyte aggregation factor-like. Some immune-related KEGG pathways were significantly up-regulated or down-regulated after challenge, including thyroid hormone synthesis, Th17 cell differentiation signalling pathway, focal adhesion, melanogenesis, leukocyte transendothelial migration, inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, ras signalling pathway, rap1 signalling pathway. This study is the first step towards understanding the H. discus hannai immune system by adapting several tools to gastropods and providing a first detailed morpho-functional study of their haemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weini Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingmei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hailian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Guilan Di
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Laudicella VA, Carboni S, Whitfield PD, Doherty MK, Hughes AD. Sexual dimorphism in the gonad lipidome of blue mussels (Mytilus sp.): New insights from a global lipidomics approach. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 48:101150. [PMID: 37913700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Blue mussels (Mytilus sp.) are an economically important species for European aquaculture. Their importance as a food source is expected to increase in the coming net-zero society due to their low environmental footprint; however, their production is affected by anthropogenic stressors and climate change. During reproduction, lipids are key molecules for mussels as they are the main source of energy on which newly hatched embryos depend in the first days of their development. In this work, blue mussels of different origins are analysed, focusing on the differences in lipid composition between the ovary (BMO) and the testis (BMT). The lipidome of blue mussel gonads (BMG) is studied here by combining traditional lipid profiling methods, such as fatty acid and lipid class analysis, with untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) lipidomics. The approach used here enabled the identification of 770 lipid molecules from 23 different lipid classes in BMG. BMT, which consists of billions of spermatocytes, had greater amounts of cell membrane and membrane lipid components such as FA18:0, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), free sterols (ST), ceramide phosphoethanolamines (CerPE), ceramide aminoethylphosphonates (CAEP), cardiolipins (CL), glycerophosphocholines (PC), glycerophosphoethanolamines (PE) and glycerophosphoserines (PS). In BMO, saturated fatty acids (FA14:0 and FA16:0), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and other storage components such as C18-PUFA accumulated in triradylglycerolipids (TG) and alkyldiacylglycerols (neutral plasmalogens, TG O-), which, together with terpenes, wax esters and cholesterol esters, make up most of oocytes yolk reserves. BMO also had higher levels of ceramides (Cer) and generally alkyl/alkenyl glycerophospholipids (mainly plasmanyl/plasmenyl PC), suggesting a role for these lipids in vitellogenesis. Non-methylene interrupted dienoic fatty acids (NMID FA), typically found in plasmalogens, were the only membrane-forming PUFA predominantly detected in BMO. The results of this study are of great importance for clarifying the lipid composition of BMG and provide an important basis for future studies on the reproductive physiology of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Alessandro Laudicella
- Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, PA34 1QA Oban, United Kingdom; National Institute for Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, via Auguste Piccard 54, 34151 Trieste (TS), Italy.
| | - Stefano Carboni
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA Stirling, United Kingdom; International Marine Center Foundation, Località Sa Mardini 09170, Oristano (Or), Italy
| | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Sciences, IV2 3JH Inverness, United Kingdom; Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Sciences, IV2 3JH Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Adam D Hughes
- Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, PA34 1QA Oban, United Kingdom. https://twitter.com/@aquacultureadam
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Beauclercq S, Grenier O, Arnold AA, Warschawski DE, Wikfors GH, Genard B, Tremblay R, Marcotte I. Metabolomics and lipidomics reveal the effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella on immune cells of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102529. [PMID: 37951624 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of harmful algal blooms, mostly of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella in Canada, profoundly disrupts mussel aquaculture. These filter-feeding shellfish feed on A. catenella and accumulate paralytic shellfish toxins, such as saxitoxin, in tissues, making them unsafe for human consumption. Algal toxins also have detrimental effects upon several physiological functions in mussels, but particularly on the activity of hemocytes - the mussel immune cells. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of experimental exposure to A. catenella upon hemocyte metabolism and activity in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. To do so, mussels were exposed to cultures of the toxic dinoflagellate A. catenella for 120 h. The resulting mussel saxitoxin load had measurable effects upon survival of hemocytes and induced a stress response measured as increased ROS production. The neutral lipid fraction of mussel hemocytes decreased two-fold, suggesting a differential use of lipids. Metabolomic 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis showed that A. catenella modified the energy metabolism of hemocytes as well as hemocyte osmolyte composition. The modified energy metabolism was reenforced by contrasting plasma metabolomes between control and exposed mussels, suggesting that the blue mussel may reduce feed assimilation when exposed to A. catenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Beauclercq
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Grenier
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dror E Warschawski
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, CNRS UMR 7203, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Gary H Wikfors
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC), NOAA Fisheries, Milford, CT, USA
| | - Bertrand Genard
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada; Les laboratoires Iso-BioKem Inc., 367 rue Gratien-Gélinas, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - Réjean Tremblay
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Marcotte
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Waller D, Putnam J, Steiner JN, Fisher B, Burcham GN, Oliver J, Smith SB, Erickson R, Remek A, Bodoeker N. Targeted metabolomics characterizes metabolite occurrence and variability in stable freshwater mussel populations. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad040. [PMID: 37701372 PMCID: PMC10494281 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater mussels (order Unionida) play a key role in freshwater systems as ecosystem engineers and indicators of aquatic ecosystem health. The fauna is globally imperilled due to a diversity of suspected factors; however, causes for many population declines and mortality events remain unconfirmed due partly to limited health assessment tools. Mussel-monitoring activities often rely on population-level measurements, such as abundance and age structure, which reflect delayed responses to environmental conditions. Measures of organismal health would enable preemptive detection of declining condition before population-level effects manifest. Metabolomic analysis can identify shifts in biochemical pathways in response to stressors and changing environmental conditions; however, interpretation of the results requires information on inherent variability of metabolite concentrations in mussel populations. We targeted metabolites in the haemolymph of two common mussels, Lampsilis cardium and Lampsilis siliquoidea, from three Indiana streams (USA) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. The influence of species, stream and sex on metabolite variability was examined with distance-based redundancy analysis. Metabolite variability was most influenced by species, followed by site and sex. Inter- and intraspecies metabolite variability among sexes was less distinct than differences among locations. We further categorized metabolites by occurrence and variability in mussel populations. Metabolites with high occurrence (Categories 1 and 2) included those indicative of energy status (catabolism versus anabolism; arginine, proline, carnitine, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid), oxidative stress (proline, glutamine, glutamate) and protein metabolism (thymidine, cytidine, inosine). Metabolites with lower occurrence (Category 3) are constituents of assorted metabolic pathways and can be important biomarkers with additional temporal sampling to characterize their variability. These data provide a reference for future temporal (before/after) monitoring and for studies of stressor-metabolite linkages in freshwater mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Waller
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA
| | - Joel Putnam
- Conagen, Inc., 15 Deangelo Dr, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - J Nolan Steiner
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA
| | - Brant Fisher
- Indiana Department of Natural Resources – Division of Fish & Wildlife, Atterbury Fish & Wildlife Area, 7970 South Rowe Street, Edinburgh, IN 46124, USA
| | - Grant N Burcham
- Heeke Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, 11367 East Purdue Farm Road, Dubois, IN 47527 and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John Oliver
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA
| | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Richard Erickson
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA
| | - Anne Remek
- 200 W Washington St, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
| | - Nancy Bodoeker
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison St. West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Leroux N, Hosseinzadeh M, Katsumiti A, Porte C, Cajaraville MP. Lipidomic analysis of mussel hemocytes exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113763. [PMID: 35779621 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastics production and usage has exponentially increased in the last decades around the world. Due to the insufficient waste management, a significant amount of plastic ends up in the environment, where they tend to fragment into micro- and nano-plastics (NPs), and accumulate in aquatic organisms with still unknown effects. Although studies have indicated that lipid metabolism is a main target of NPs, this mechanism has not been extensively explored. In this study, we evaluated changes in the lipidome of mussel hemocytes after exposure to polystyrene (PS) NPs of 50 and 500 nm, at two different concentrations (106 and 109 particles/mL) for 24 h. The lipidome of hemocytes, analyzed by FIA-ESI (±) Orbitrap, was characterized by a relatively high abundance of cholesteryl esters (CEs) and phosphatidylcholine-plasmalogens (PC-Os/PC-Ps), involved in cell's defense against oxidative stress and membrane reorganization. In hemocytes exposed to PS NPs, a number of highly unsaturated membrane lipids were down-regulated, indicating a reorganization of the cell membranes after exposure to the particles and an oxidation of lipids with a high number of double bonds. This reduction was more evident after exposure to 50 nm NPs -both concentrations- and 500 nm NPs -high concentration-. The analysis of culture medium suggested increased release of vesicles enriched in triglycerides (TGs). The relevance of these responses to NP exposure on the immune function of hemocytes remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Leroux
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC-, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mahboubeh Hosseinzadeh
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC-, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Katsumiti
- CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology; Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Sarriena z/g, E-48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Biotechnology Division, GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Zamudio, Spain
| | - Cinta Porte
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC-, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miren P Cajaraville
- CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology; Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Sarriena z/g, E-48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
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Li N, Cui X, Ma C, Yu Y, Li Z, Zhao L, Xiong H. Uncovering the effects and mechanism of Danggui Shaoyao San intervention on primary dysmenorrhea by serum metabolomics approach. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1209:123434. [PMID: 36027705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS) is a well-known prescription for relieving primary dysmenorrhea (PD) of women in China. However, its pharmacological mechanism has not been thoroughly uncovered. Here, an integrative UPLC-Q-TOF-MS-based serum metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate data analysis has been proposed to investigate the effects and mechanism of DSS on estradiol benzoate and oxytocin-induced PD rats. 31 potential biomarkers of PD were screened and identified, mainly involving phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and the occurrence of PD could destroy biological homeostasis in vivo by monitoring these pathways. After DSS treatment, 18 identified different metabolites were restored to the nomal state in varying degrees and could be potential biomarkers contributing to the treatment of DSS. These findings implyed that DSS exhibited a therapeutic effect on PD rats through regulating multiple abnormal pathways. Of note, this study discovered some potential biomarkers related to PD for the first time, such as L-tyrosine, glycocholic acid, citric acid, palmitoylcarnitine, cholesterol. It preliminarily proved the pathophysiology of PD and action mechanisms of DSS on PD, and provided a novel insight into the effectiveness of DSS on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Repair, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China; Institute of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Hebei Institute for Drug and Medical Device Control, Shijiazhuang 050299, Hebei, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Hebei Institute for Drug and Medical Device Control, Shijiazhuang 050299, Hebei, China
| | - Yongzhou Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Repair, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China; Institute of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Study and Exploitation of Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Lanqingqing Zhao
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Study and Exploitation of Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Study and Exploitation of Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China.
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Bertrand M, Brosset P, Soudant P, Lebigre C. Spatial and ontogenetic variations in sardine feeding conditions in the Bay of Biscay through fatty acid composition. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 173:105514. [PMID: 34753048 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Food characteristics are amongst the most influential factors determining the fish life history traits as quantitative and qualitative changes in individuals' diet can lead to a decline in the energy allocated to their growth, and hence influence natural populations' characteristics. The size-at-age and weight of European sardines (Sardina pilchardus) in the Bay of Biscay (BoB) have decreased substantially over the last decade, especially for the youngest age classes, and the factors underlying such changes have not yet been identified. We therefore analysed the fatty acid (FA) composition in the neutral (NL) and polar (PL) lipids in samples collected across the BoB to determine whether the diet of sardines changes with their ages. We found that the total FA contents in both lipid fractions varied mainly with the sampling locations and age. Indeed, sardines aged 1 and 2 years living in South BoB had particularly high contents in FA specific to non-diatom phytoplankton, while older sardines living in the Northern part had higher total FA content and more FA specific to copepods. These differences probably resulted from differences in prey availability and to a lesser extend a change in feeding behaviour with age. The strong dependence of younger sardines' diet to phytoplankton in spring suggests that changes in primary production may explain their decline in size-at-age. Finally, NL clearly reflect finest feeding variations in comparison to PL imprinted by diet variations at longer time scale. Future studies should consider separately NL and PL fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bertrand
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Biologie Halieutique, ZI Pointe du Diable - CS 10070, 29 280, Plouzané, France; Université de Brest - UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin, IUEM, Rue Dumont D'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - Pablo Brosset
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Biologie Halieutique, ZI Pointe du Diable - CS 10070, 29 280, Plouzané, France; Université de Brest - UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin, IUEM, Rue Dumont D'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France; ESE Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Université de Brest - UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin, IUEM, Rue Dumont D'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lebigre
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Biologie Halieutique, ZI Pointe du Diable - CS 10070, 29 280, Plouzané, France.
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Bianchi VA, Bickmeyer U, Tillmann U, Krock B, Müller A, Abele D. In Vitro Effects of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Lytic Extracellular Compounds Produced by Alexandrium Strains on Hemocyte Integrity and Function in Mytilus edulis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:544. [PMID: 34437415 PMCID: PMC8402557 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful effects caused by the exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and bioactive extracellular compounds (BECs) on bivalves are frequently difficult to attribute to one or the other compound group. We evaluate and compare the distinct effects of PSTs extracted from Alexandrium catenella (Alex5) cells and extracellular lytic compounds (LCs) produced by A. tamarense (NX-57-08) on Mytilus edulis hemocytes. We used a 4 h dose-response in vitro approach and analyzed how these effects correlate with those observed in a previous in vivo feeding assay. Both bioactive compounds caused moderated cell death (10-15%), being dose-dependent for PST-exposed hemocytes. PSTs stimulated phagocytic activity at low doses, with a moderate incidence in lysosomal damage (30-50%) at all tested doses. LCs caused a dose-dependent impairment of phagocytic activity (up to 80%) and damage to lysosomal membranes (up to 90%). PSTs and LCs suppressed cellular ROS production and scavenged H2O2 in in vitro assays. Neither PSTs nor LCs affected the mitochondrial membrane potential in hemocytes. In vitro effects of PST extracts on M. edulis hemocytes were consistent with our previous study on in vivo exposure to PST-producing algae, while for LCs, in vivo and in vitro results were not as consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Angélica Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo)—CEAN, Ruta Provincial N° 61, Km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén 8371, Argentina
| | - Ulf Bickmeyer
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; (U.B.); (U.T.); (B.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; (U.B.); (U.T.); (B.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; (U.B.); (U.T.); (B.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Annegret Müller
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; (U.B.); (U.T.); (B.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Doris Abele
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; (U.B.); (U.T.); (B.K.); (A.M.)
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Thi Le TT, Tran QT, Velansky P, Dam TD, Bach LG, Pham LQ. Lipid composition and molecular species of phospholipid in oyster Crassostrea lugubris (Sowerby, 1871) from Lang Co Beach, Hue Province, Vietnam. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4199-4210. [PMID: 34401071 PMCID: PMC8358366 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oysters are widely distributed worldwide, but are mainly concentrated in tropics and subtropics. Total lipid (TL), fatty acid (FA) composition of TL and polar lipid (PoL) fractions, phospholipid (PL) class, and molecular species composition in soft tissues of Crassostrea lugubris were investigated for the first time from Vietnam. Phosphatidylglycolic acid (PGA) is the new phospholipid class first identified in marine species in general and Crassostrea lugubris in particular. Main eight classes of PL were determined in PoL fraction: diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP), CAEP with hydroxylated FAs (CAEP-OH), and lysophosphatidylcholine. PE and PC accounted for approximately 63% of total known PL. Polyunsaturated FAs accounted for more than 30% of TL. Ninety molecular species of glycerophospholipids, including PGA, PE, PC, PS, PI, DPG, and PG, and sphingophosphonolipids (CAEP) were identified in PoL. Alkenyl-acyl forms of glycerophospholipids were predominated in the molecular species of PGA, PE, and PS. PGA 38:1 (p18:0/20:1), PE 40:6 (p18:0/22:6 and p18:1/22:5), PC 30:0 (14:0/16:0), PS 38:1 (p18:0/20:1), PI 40:5 (20:1/20:4), PG 32:0 (16:0/16:0), DPG 88:24 (22:6/22:6/22:6/22:6), and CAEP 34:2 (d18:2/16:0) were major molecular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tra Thi Le
- Institute of Natural Products ChemistryVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHanoi CityVietnam
- Graduate University of Science and TechnologyVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHanoi CityVietnam
- Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of Chemistry and EnvironmentThuyloi UniversityHanoi CityVietnam
| | - Quoc Toan Tran
- Institute of Natural Products ChemistryVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHanoi CityVietnam
- Graduate University of Science and TechnologyVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHanoi CityVietnam
| | - PeteVladimirovich Velansky
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesVladivostokRussia
| | - Tien Duc Dam
- Institute of Marine Environment and ResourcesVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHanoi cityVietnam
| | - Long Giang Bach
- NTT Hi‐Tech InstituteNguyen Tat Thanh UniversityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Center of Excellence for Biochemistry and Natural ProductsNguyen Tat Thanh UniversityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Long Quoc Pham
- Institute of Natural Products ChemistryVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHanoi CityVietnam
- Graduate University of Science and TechnologyVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHanoi CityVietnam
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10
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Lu W, Zhang M, Zhang T, Wang Q, Wang J, Song G, Wang H, Feng J, Shen Q. Impact of air-frying on the plasmalogens deterioration and oxidation in oyster revealed by mild acid hydrolysis and HILIC-MS-based lipidomics analysis. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1552-1559. [PMID: 34128241 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oyster is rich in plasmalogens that are ether phospholipids with biological functions to human body. Air-frying is a popular technique for preparing delicious oyster but makes the plasmalogens vulnerable to oxidation. In this study, the effect of air-frying processing on plasmalogens oxidation was studied by lipidomic approach. Plasmalogens were always mixed with normal phospholipids, thus the lipid extract was treated with mild acid hydrolysis to rapidly degrade plasmalogens owing to the acid lability of vinyl ether linkage at sn-1 position. After hydrophilic interaction chromatography MS/MS analysis, there were three plasmalogen classes, plasmanylcholine, plasmanylethanolamine, and plasmanylinositol, completely separated, and each plasmalogen molecular species was identified and quantified. It indicated that the content of plasmalogens underwent an obvious decrease during the air-frying process. To weaken such effect, the influence of air-frying temperature was further inspected by multivariate statistical analyses. The main variables, including the ions of m/z 756.4927, 784.5486, 828.5812, etc., were revealed by unsupervised principle component analysis, supervised orthogonal partial least-square analysis, and variable importance in projection plot. As a conclusion, air-frying has health benefits in reducing fat content but destructive to plasmalogens, thus interventions are recommended to prevent the degradation of plasmalogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Consumer Testing Technology, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Qingchen Wang
- Consumer Testing Technology, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou Yuhang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yuhang, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gongshuai Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Honghai Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junli Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qing Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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11
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Cheng P, Zhou C, Chu R, Chang T, Xu J, Ruan R, Chen P, Yan X. Effect of microalgae diet and culture system on the rearing of bivalve mollusks: Nutritional properties and potential cost improvements. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Mathieu-Resuge M, Le Grand F, Schaal G, Lluch-Cota SE, Racotta IS, Kraffe E. Specific regulations of gill membrane fatty acids in response to environmental variability reveal fitness differences between two suspension-feeding bivalves ( Nodipecten subnodosus and Spondylus crassisquama). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa079. [PMID: 32864137 PMCID: PMC7447844 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves' physiological functions (i.e. growth, reproduction) are influenced by environmental variability that can be concomitant with trophic resource variations in terms of quality and quantity. Among the essential molecules that bivalves need to acquire from their diet to maintain physiological functions, fatty acids (FAs) such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid), 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid)) have been described to play a critical role. The present study examined the FA composition of gill membrane lipids of two bivalve species, Nodipecten subnodosus and Spondylus crassisquama, sampled in a coastal lagoon of the Northeastern Pacific (Ojo de Liebre, Mexico), at two contrasting locations (inner versus outer part of the lagoon) and at two different periods (February and August 2016). Spatiotemporal variations showed that FA composition of gill membrane lipids was highly correlated to FA composition of reserve lipids from digestive gland. This highlights the marked impact of the diet on FA composition of gill membranes. Interestingly, both species presented differences in the seasonal accumulations of plasmalogens and of particular FA that are not found in their diet (e.g. non-methylene interrupted FA, 22:4n-9trans, 20:1n-11), suggesting specific regulations of FA incorporation and lipid class composition in gill membranes to maintain optimal membrane function in their specific and changing environment. This study highlights the importance to characterize the spatial and temporal variability of food resources in order to apprehend the physiological consequences of environmental variability, as well as species differential regulation capacities in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Mathieu-Resuge
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, IUEM, F-29280, Plouzane, France
- WasserCluster Lunz—Inter-University Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, A-3293, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Fabienne Le Grand
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, IUEM, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Gauthier Schaal
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, IUEM, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | | | - Ilie S Racotta
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, BCS, Mexico
| | - Edouard Kraffe
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, IUEM, F-29280, Plouzane, France
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13
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Liu YF, Wu ZX, Zhang J, Liu YX, Liu ZY, Xie HK, Rakariyatham K, Zhou DY. Seasonal Variation of Lipid Profile of Oyster Crassostrea talienwhanensis from the Yellow Sea Area. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2020.1737998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Zi-Xuan Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yu-Xin Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, PR China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Hong-Kai Xie
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, PR China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kanyasiri Rakariyatham
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, PR China
| | - Da-Yong Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, PR China
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14
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Identification of ceramide 2-aminoethylphosphonate molecular species from different aquatic products by NPLC/Q-Exactive-MS. Food Chem 2020; 304:125425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Ahmmed MK, Ahmmed F, Tian HS, Carne A, Bekhit AED. Marine omega-3 (n-3) phospholipids: A comprehensive review of their properties, sources, bioavailability, and relation to brain health. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 19:64-123. [PMID: 33319514 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, there has been considerable interest in marine-derived long chain n-3 fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) due to their outstanding health benefits. n-3 LCPUFAs can be found in nature either in triglycerides (TAGs) or in phospholipid (PL) form. From brain health point of view, PL n-3 is more bioavailable and potent compared to n-3 in TAG form, as only PL n-3 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and can be involved in brain biochemical reactions. However, PL n-3 has been ignored in the fish oil industry and frequently removed as an impurity during degumming processes. As a result, PL products derived from marine sources are very limited compared to TAG products. Commercially, PLs are being used in pharmaceutical industries as drug carriers, in food manufacturing as emulsifiers and in cosmetic industries as skin care agents, but most of the PLs used in these applications are produced from vegetable sources that contain less (without EPA, DPA, and DHA) or sometimes no n-3 LCPUFAs. This review provides a comprehensive account of the properties, structures, and major sources of marine PLs, and provides focussed discussion of their relationship to brain health. Epidemiological, laboratory, and clinical studies on n-3 LCPUFAs enriched PLs using different model systems in relation to brain and mental health that have been published over the past few years are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Fishing and Post-Harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Ahmmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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16
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Liu Z, Zhou D, Rakariyatham K, Xie H, Li D, Zhu B, Shahidi F. Impact of Frying on Changes in Clam (
Ruditapes philippinarum
) Lipids and Frying Oils: Compositional Changes and Oxidative Deterioration. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong‐Yuan Liu
- School of Food Science and TechnologyDalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan No. 1, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 PR China
| | - Da‐Yong Zhou
- School of Food Science and TechnologyDalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan No. 1, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 PR China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Qinggongyuan No. 1, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 PR China
| | - Kanyasiri Rakariyatham
- School of Food Science and TechnologyDalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan No. 1, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 PR China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Qinggongyuan No. 1, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 PR China
| | - Hong‐Kai Xie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human HealthChina Agricultural University, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District Beijing 100083 China
| | - De‐Yang Li
- School of Food Science and TechnologyDalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan No. 1, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 PR China
| | - Bei‐Wei Zhu
- School of Food Science and TechnologyDalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan No. 1, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 PR China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Qinggongyuan No. 1, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 PR China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human HealthChina Agricultural University, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District Beijing 100083 China
- Tianjin Food Safety & Low Carbon Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Dagu South Road, Hexi District Tianjin 300457 PR China
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of BiochemistryMemorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Ave. St. John's NL A1B3X9 Canada
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17
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Sato M, Arita M, Kawashima T. Uncovering Ecdysozoa-specific Sphingomyelin Synthase by Phylogenetic Analysis of Metazoan Sequences. Zoolog Sci 2019; 36:316-321. [PMID: 34664902 DOI: 10.2108/zs180168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is a membrane phospholipid that is widely distributed in Metazoa; it is the major constituent of myelin sheaths in vertebrates. In mammals, two genes (SMS1 and SMS2) are responsible for its synthesis. No SM-producing genes have been clearly identified in insects and crustaceans (Ecdysozoa) despite the presence of a myelin sheath-like structure in shrimps. Since the rapid transmission of electrical signals requires the use of an insulating material in the nerve, it is possible that the convergent evolution of enzymes to synthesize the insulating compounds for the nervous system also occurred in animals other than vertebrates. Our exhaustive phylogenetic search for metazoan SM synthase identified an Ecdysozoa-specific SM synthase candidate, SMSe, which is absent in Drosophila and Lophotrochozoa. All Ecdysozoa lack the homolog of myelin basic- and proteolipid proteins present in mammals. We propose an evolutionary path of SM synthase and discuss the origin of the myelin structure in Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Sato
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan,
| | - Masanori Arita
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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18
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Liu ZY, Zhou DY, Wu ZX, Yin FW, Zhao Q, Xie HK, Zhang JR, Qin L, Shahidi F. Extraction and detailed characterization of phospholipid-enriched oils from six species of edible clams. Food Chem 2018; 239:1175-1181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Chen Q, Wang X, Cong P, Liu Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Xue C. Mechanism of Phospholipid Hydrolysis for Oyster Crassostrea plicatula
Phospholipids During Storage Using Shotgun Lipidomics. Lipids 2017; 52:1045-1058. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinsheng Chen
- ; College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; No. 5, Yu Shan Road Qingdao Shandong Province 266003 China
| | - Xincen Wang
- ; College of Tea and Food Science; Wuyi University; No. 16, Wu Yi Avenue Wuyishan Fujian Province 354300 China
| | - Peixu Cong
- ; College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; No. 5, Yu Shan Road Qingdao Shandong Province 266003 China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- ; College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; No. 5, Yu Shan Road Qingdao Shandong Province 266003 China
| | - Yuming Wang
- ; College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; No. 5, Yu Shan Road Qingdao Shandong Province 266003 China
| | - Jie Xu
- ; College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; No. 5, Yu Shan Road Qingdao Shandong Province 266003 China
| | - Changhu Xue
- ; College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; No. 5, Yu Shan Road Qingdao Shandong Province 266003 China
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20
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Jiang S, Jia Z, Zhang T, Wang L, Qiu L, Sun J, Song L. Functional characterisation of phagocytes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2590. [PMID: 27994957 PMCID: PMC5160923 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates lack canonical adaptive immunity and mainly rely on innate immune system to fight against pathogens. The phagocytes, which could engulf and kill microbial pathogens, are likely to be of great importance and have to undertake significant roles in invertebrate immune defense. In the present study, flow cytometry combined with histological and lectin staining was employed to characterise functional features of phagocytes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Based on the cell size and cellular contents, haemocytes were categorised into three cell types, i.e., granulocytes, semigranulocytes and agranulocytes. Agranulocytes with smaller cell volume and lower cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio did not show phagocytic activity, while semigranulocytes and agranulocytes exhibited larger cell volume, higher cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio and phagocytic activity. In addition, granulocytes with higher side scatter (SSC) exhibited higher phagocytic activity than that of semigranulocytes. When β-integrin and lectin-like receptors were blocked by RGD tripeptide and carbohydrates, respectively, the phagocytic activity of both granulocytes and semigranulocytes was significantly inhibited, indicating that β-integrin and certain lectin-like receptors were involved in phagocytosis towards microbes. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide but not peptidylglycan could enhance phagocytic activity of granulocytes and semigranulocytes towards Vibrio splendidus and Staphylococcus aureus. Lectin staining analysis revealed that Lycopersicon esculentum lectin (LEL), binding the epitope polylactosamine, was highly distributed on the extracellular cell surface of phagocytes, and could be utilized as a potential molecular marker to differentiate phagocytes from non-phagocytic haemocytes. The results, collectively, provide knowledge on the functional characters of oyster phagocytes, which would contribute to deep investigation of cell typing and cellular immunity in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , Shandong , China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , Shandong , China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , Shandong , China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , Shandong , China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin , China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University , Dalian , Liaoning , China
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21
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Dagorn F, Couzinet-Mossion A, Kendel M, Beninger PG, Rabesaotra V, Barnathan G, Wielgosz-Collin G. Exploitable Lipids and Fatty Acids in the Invasive Oyster Crassostrea gigas on the French Atlantic Coast. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14060104. [PMID: 27231919 PMCID: PMC4926063 DOI: 10.3390/md14060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Economic exploitation is one means to offset the cost of controlling invasive species, such as the introduced Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) on the French Atlantic coast. Total lipid and phospholipid (PL) fatty acids (FAs) and sterols were examined in an invasive population of C. gigas in Bourgneuf Bay, France, over four successive seasons, with a view to identify possible sources of exploitable substances. The total lipid level (% dry weight) varied from 7.1% (winter) to 8.6% (spring). Of this, PLs accounted for 28.1% (spring) to 50.4% (winter). Phosphatidylcholine was the dominant PL throughout the year (up to 74% of total PLs in winter). Plasmalogens were identified throughout the year as a series of eleven dimethylacetals (DMAs) with chain lengths between C16 and C20 (up to 14.5% of PL FAs + DMAs in winter). Thirty-seven FAs were identified in the PL FAs. Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3 EPA/7.53% to 14.5%) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3 DHA/5.51% to 9.5%) were the dominant polyunsaturated FAs in all seasons. Two non-methylene-interrupted dienoic (NMID) FAs were identified in all seasons: 7,13-docosadienoic and 7,15-docosadienoic acids, the latter being present at relatively high levels (up to 9.6% in winter). Twenty free sterols were identified, including cholesterol at 29.9% of the sterol mixture and about 33% of phytosterols. C. gigas tissues thus contained exploitable lipids for health benefits or as a potential source of high-quality commercial lecithin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Dagorn
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR3473 CNRS, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Aurélie Couzinet-Mossion
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR3473 CNRS, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Melha Kendel
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR3473 CNRS, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Peter G Beninger
- Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR34473 CNRS, 2 rue de La Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| | - Vony Rabesaotra
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR3473 CNRS, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Gilles Barnathan
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR3473 CNRS, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Gaëtane Wielgosz-Collin
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR3473 CNRS, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
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Multiple beneficial lipids including lecithin detected in the edible invasive mollusk Crepidula fornicata from the French Northeastern Atlantic coast. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:6254-68. [PMID: 25532566 PMCID: PMC4278228 DOI: 10.3390/md12126254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive mollusk Crepidula fornicata, occurring in large amounts in bays along the French Northeastern Atlantic coasts, may have huge environmental effects in highly productive ecosystems where shellfish are exploited. The present study aims at determining the potential economic value of this marine species in terms of exploitable substances with high added value. Lipid content and phospholipid (PL) composition of this mollusk collected on the Bourgneuf Bay were studied through four seasons. Winter specimens contained the highest lipid levels (5.3% dry weight), including 69% of PLs. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) was the major PL class all year, accounting for 63.9% to 88.9% of total PLs. Consequently, the winter specimens were then investigated for PL fatty acids (FAs), and free sterols. Dimethylacetals (DMAs) were present (10.7% of PL FA + DMA mixture) revealing the occurrence of plasmalogens. More than forty FAs were identified, including 20:5n-3 (9.4%) and 22:6n-3 (7.3%) acids. Fourteen free sterols were present, including cholesterol at 31.3% of the sterol mixture and about 40% of phytosterols. These data on lipids of C. fornicata demonstrate their positive attributes for human nutrition and health. The PL mixture, rich in PC and polyunsaturated FAs, offers an interesting alternative source of high value-added marine lecithin.
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Le Grand F, Soudant P, Siah A, Tremblay R, Marty Y, Kraffe E. Disseminated Neoplasia in the Soft-Shell Clam Mya arenaria: Membrane Lipid Composition and Functional Parameters of Circulating Cells. Lipids 2014; 49:807-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mitochondrial activity, hemocyte parameters and lipid composition modulation by dietary conditioning in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 184:303-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-013-0800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vacaru AM, van den Dikkenberg J, Ternes P, Holthuis JCM. Ceramide phosphoethanolamine biosynthesis in Drosophila is mediated by a unique ethanolamine phosphotransferase in the Golgi lumen. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11520-30. [PMID: 23449981 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.460972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is a vital component of mammalian membranes, providing mechanical stability and a structural framework for plasma membrane organization. Its production involves the transfer of phosphocholine from phosphatidylcholine onto ceramide, a reaction catalyzed by SM synthase in the Golgi lumen. Drosophila lacks SM and instead synthesizes the SM analogue ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) as the principal membrane sphingolipid. The corresponding CPE synthase shares mechanistic features with enzymes mediating phospholipid biosynthesis via the Kennedy pathway. Using a functional cloning strategy, we here identified a CDP-ethanolamine:ceramide ethanolamine phosphotransferase as the enzyme responsible for CPE production in Drosophila. CPE synthase constitutes a new branch within the CDP-alcohol phosphotransferase superfamily with homologues in Arthropoda (insects, spiders, mites, scorpions), Cnidaria (Hydra, sea anemones), and Mollusca (oysters) but not in most other animal phyla. The enzyme resides in the Golgi complex with its active site facing the lumen, contrary to the membrane topology of other CDP-alcohol phosphotransferases. Our findings open up an important new avenue to address the biological role of CPE, an enigmatic membrane constituent of a wide variety of invertebrate and marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Vacaru
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Altered membrane lipid composition and functional parameters of circulating cells in cockles (Cerastoderma edule) affected by disseminated neoplasia. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 167-168:9-20. [PMID: 23333874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipid composition and morpho-functional parameters were investigated in circulating cells of the edible cockle (Cerastoderma edule) affected by disseminated neoplasia (neoplastic cells) and compared to those from healthy cockles (hemocytes). Membrane sterol levels, phospholipid (PL) class and subclass proportions and their respective fatty acid (FA) compositions were determined. Morpho-functional parameters were evaluated through total hemocyte count (THC), mortality rate, phagocytosis ability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Both morpho-functional parameters and lipid composition were profoundly affected in neoplastic cells. These dedifferentiated cells displayed higher THC (5×), mortality rate (3×) and ROS production with addition of carbonyl cyanide m-chloro phenylhydrazone (1.7×) but lower phagocytosis ability (½×), than unaffected hemocytes. Total PL amounts were higher in neoplastic cells than in hemocytes (12.3 and 5.1 nmol×10(-6) cells, respectively). However, sterols and a particular subclass of PL (plasmalogens; 1-alkenyl-2-acyl PL) were present in similar amounts in both cell type membranes. This led to a two times lower proportion of these membrane lipid constituents in neoplastic cells when compared to hemocytes (20.5% vs. 42.1% of sterols in total membrane lipids and 21.7% vs. 44.2% of plasmalogens among total PL, respectively). Proportions of non-methylene interrupted FA- and 20:1n-11-plasmalogen molecular species were the most impacted in neoplastic cells when compared to hemocytes (⅓× and ¼×, respectively). These changes in response to this leukemia-like disease in bivalves highlight the specific imbalance of plasmalogens and sterols in neoplastic cells, in comparison to the greater stability of other membrane lipid components.
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Donaghy L, Kraffe E, Le Goïc N, Lambert C, Volety AK, Soudant P. Reactive oxygen species in unstimulated hemocytes of the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas: a mitochondrial involvement. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46594. [PMID: 23056359 PMCID: PMC3463542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is a sessile bivalve mollusc whose homeostasis relies, at least partially, upon cells circulating in hemolymph and referred to as hemocytes. Oyster's hemocytes have been reported to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), even in absence of stimulation. Although ROS production in bivalve molluscs is mostly studied for its defence involvement, ROS may also be involved in cellular and tissue homeostasis. ROS sources have not yet been described in oyster hemocytes. The objective of the present work was to characterize the ROS sources in unstimulated hemocytes. We studied the effects of chemical inhibitors on the ROS production and the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ(m)) of hemocytes. First, this work confirmed the specificity of JC-10 probe to measure Δψ(m) in oyster hemocytes, without being affected by ΔpH, as reported in mammalian cells. Second, results show that ROS production in unstimulated hemocytes does not originate from cytoplasmic NADPH-oxidase, nitric oxide synthase or myeloperoxidase, but from mitochondria. In contrast to mammalian cells, incubation of hemocytes with rotenone (complex I inhibitor) had no effect on ROS production. Incubation with antimycin A (complex III inhibitor) resulted in a dose-dependent ROS production decrease while an over-production is usually reported in vertebrates. In hemocytes of C. gigas, the production of ROS seems similarly dependent on both Δψ(m) and ΔpH. These findings point out differences between mammalian models and bivalve cells, which warrant further investigation about the fine characterization of the electron transfer chain and the respective involvement of mitochondrial complexes in ROS production in hemocytes of bivalve molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Donaghy
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané, France
- Department of Marine and Ecological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edouard Kraffe
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané, France
| | - Aswani K. Volety
- Department of Marine and Ecological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida, United States of America
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané, France
- * E-mail:
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Timmins-Schiffman E, Roberts S. Characterization of genes involved in ceramide metabolism in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:502. [PMID: 22974230 PMCID: PMC3517309 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lipid signaling molecule, ceramide, is a key component of the vertebrate stress response, however, there is limited information concerning its role in invertebrate species. In order to identify genes involved in ceramide metabolism in bivalve molluscs, Pacific oyster genomic resources were examined for genes associated with ceramide metabolism and signaling. Results Several genes were identified including full-length sequences characterized for serine palmitoyltransferase-1, 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase, acid ceramidase, and ceramide glucosyltransferase. Genes involved in ceramide synthesis and metabolism are conserved across taxa in both form and function. Expression analysis as assessed by quantitative PCR indicated all genes were expressed at high levels in gill tissue. The role of the ceramide pathway genes in the invertebrate stress response was also explored by measuring expression levels in adult oysters exposed to Vibrio vulnificus. Two genes demonstrated increased expression during the bacterial challenge: a gene involved in hydrolytic breakdown of ceramide (acid ceramidase) and a gene involved in de novo generation of ceramide (3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase), suggesting a possible role of ceramide in the invertebrate stress and immune responses. Conclusions In silico and laboratory results support that Pacific oysters have the basic components of the ceramide metabolism pathway. These results also indicate that ceramide may have analogous functions in vertebrates and invertebrates. The gene expression pattern of acid ceramidase and 3-kethodihydrosphingosine reductase in response to bacterial exposure especially supports that ceramide and sphingolipid metabolism may be involved in the oyster’s stress and/or immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Timmins-Schiffman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Xu J, Zhou H, Yan X, Zhou C, Zhu P, Ma B. Effect of unialgal diets on the composition of fatty acids and sterols in juvenile ark shell Tegillarca granosa Linnaeus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:3973-3980. [PMID: 22443233 DOI: 10.1021/jf300620e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study has investigated the effects of six different unialgal diets ( Chaetoceros calcitrans , Platymonas helgolandica , Chlorella sp., Isochrysis galbana , Nannochloropsis oculata , and Pavlova viridis ) on the composition of fatty acids and sterols in juvenile ark shell Tegillarca granosa Linnaeus. The best feeding effects on the growth of shellfish were found in C. calcitrans, followed by I. galbana and P. viridis, whereas Chlorella sp. and N. oculata exhibited relatively poor effects. The fatty acid and sterol compositions in the six microalgae and the juvenile ark shell after feeding were analyzed, and 39 fatty acids and 18 sterols were identified. Although the results demonstrate a close correlation between the sterol compositions in algal species and juvenile ark shell, a similar correlation was not observed between fatty acids. In the juvenile ark shell fed microalgae, the ratio of total saturated fatty acids (SFA) rapidly decreases, whereas the proportion of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increases considerably. The abundances of AA, EPA, and DHA increase most significantly in shellfish with better growth (fed C. calcitrans, I. galbana, and P. viridis). The number of sterol species is reduced, but the total sterol content in groups fed corresponding microalgae increases, and abundant plant sterols, instead of cholesterol, are accumulated in juvenile ark shell fed appropriate microalgae I. galbana and P. viridis. Therefore, to be more conducive to human health, I. galbana and P. viridis, of the six experimental microalgae, are recommended for artificial ark shell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University , Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
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